Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| phage orf family recombinases: conservation of activities and involvement of the central channel in dna binding. | genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that λ orf is a recombination mediator, promoting nucleation of either bacterial reca or phage redβ recombinases onto single-stranded dna (ssdna) bound by ssb protein. we have identified a diverse family of orf proteins that includes representatives implicated in dna base flipping and those fused to an hnh endonuclease domain. to confirm a functional relationship with the orf family, a distantly-related homolog, ybcn, from escherichia coli cryptic propha ... | 2014 | 25083707 |
| effect of gentle stroking and vocalization on behaviour, mucosal immunity and upper respiratory disease in anxious shelter cats. | emotional, behavioural, and health benefits of gentle stroking and vocalizations, otherwise known as gentling, have been documented for several species, but little is known about the effect of gentling on cats in stressful situations. in this study, 139 cats rated as anxious upon admission to an animal shelter were allocated to either a gentled or control group. cats were gentled four times daily for 10 min over a period of 10 days, with the aid of a tool for cats that were too aggressive to han ... | 2014 | 25064364 |
| identification of the minimal replicon and the origin of replication of the crenarchaeal plasmid prn1. | we have determined the minimal replicon of the crenarchaeal plasmid prn1. it consists of 3097 base pairs amounting to 58% of the genome of prn1. the minimal replicon comprises replication operon orf56/orf904 coding for a transcriptional repressor and the replication protein of prn1. an upstream region of 64 bp that contains the promoter of the replication operon is essential as well as 166 bp of sequence downstream of the orf904 gene. this region contains a putative transcriptional terminator an ... | 2014 | 25060695 |
| generation of an attenuated salmonella-delivery strains expressing adhesin and toxin antigens for progressive atrophic rhinitis, and evaluation of its immune responses in a murine model. | an expression/secretion plasmid containing genes encoding the fima, cp39, ptfa, toxa and f1p2 antigens associated with porcine pneumonic pasteurellosis and progressive atrophic rhinitis (par) was constructed and harbored in an attenuated salmonella typhimurium, which was used as the vaccine candidate. the immune responses induced by this delivery strain were investigated in a murine model. each antigen secreted from the delivery strain was confirmed by western blot analysis. thirty balb/c mice w ... | 2014 | 25045826 |
| cat and dog exposure and respiratory morbidities in cystic fibrosis. | to understand the triggers that may impact respiratory health in cystic fibrosis (cf), including the effects of pets, because environmental factors contribute to one-half of the variation in lung function in patients with cf. | 2014 | 25027361 |
| draft genome sequence of the bordetella bronchiseptica swine isolate km22. | bordetella bronchiseptica swine isolate km22 has been used in experimental infections of swine as a model of clinical b. bronchiseptica infections within swine herds and to study host-to-host transmission. here we report the draft genome sequence of km22. | 2014 | 25013141 |
| histopathology of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompetent laboratory rats. | the occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary lesions in laboratory rats, characterized by lymphohistiocytic interstitial pneumonia with dense perivascular lymphoid cuffs, has been reported over the past decade. although the term rat respiratory virus (rrv) was adopted to confer a putative viral etiology to the idiopathic pulmonary lesions, the etiology of this disease remains to be elucidated. recently, inflammatory lesions have been observed in the lungs of immunocompetent laboratory rats similar to ... | 2014 | 25009598 |
| guidelines for vaccination of dogs and cats in korea. | this guideline contains the recommended vaccination schedules of dogs and cats from world small animal veterinary association (wsava) and american animal hospital association (aaha). in 2010, wsava published guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. and, in 2011, aaha also published guidelines for vaccination of dogs. in korea, there is no published guideline for vaccination of dogs and cats yet. therefore, the plane of vaccination also reports the present situation of vaccination schedul ... | 2014 | 25003099 |
| jatropha gossypiifolia l. (euphorbiaceae): a review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of this medicinal plant. | jatropha gossypiifolia l. (euphorbiaceae), widely known as "bellyache bush," is a medicinal plant largely used throughout africa and america. several human and veterinary uses in traditional medicine are described for different parts and preparations based on this plant. however, critical reviews discussing emphatically its medicinal value are missing. this review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the traditional uses, as well as the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity data of j. ... | 2014 | 25002902 |
| pradofloxacin: a novel veterinary fluoroquinolone for treatment of bacterial infections in cats. | pradofloxacin is a novel third-generation oral veterinary fluoroquinolone with activity against gram-positive aerobic bacteria and anaerobes (lower minimum inhibitory concentrations in vitro). it also has activity against other bacterial species, including bartonella henselae, pasteurella multocida, bordetella bronchiseptica, extra-intestinal escherichia coli, and some mycobacterial species. this review focuses on the current knowledge of the mechanism of action, adverse effects, clinical applic ... | 2014 | 24997792 |
| host stress hormone norepinephrine stimulates pneumococcal growth, biofilm formation and virulence gene expression. | host signals are being shown to have a major impact on the bacterial phenotype. one of them is the endogenously produced catecholamine stress hormones, which are also used therapeutically as inotropes. recent work form our laboratories have found that stress hormones can markedly increase bacterial growth and virulence. this report reveals that streptococcus pneumoniae, a commensal that can also be a major cause of community acquired and nosocomial pneumonia, is highly inotrope responsive. thera ... | 2014 | 24996423 |
| detection of respiratory viruses and bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs with acute respiratory tract infections. | canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) is an acute, highly contagious disease complex caused by a variety of infectious agents. at present, the role of viral and bacterial components as primary or secondary pathogens in cird is not fully understood. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine influenza virus (civ), canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov), canine herpes virus-1 (chv-1), canine distempe ... | 2014 | 24980809 |
| suicin 90-1330 from a nonvirulent strain of streptococcus suis: a nisin-related lantibiotic active on gram-positive swine pathogens. | streptococcus suis serotype 2 is known to cause severe infections (meningitis, endocarditis, and septicemia) in pigs and is considered an emerging zoonotic agent. antibiotics have long been used in the swine industry for disease treatment/prevention and growth promoters. this pattern of utilization resulted in the spread of antibiotic resistance in s. suis worldwide. interestingly, pigs may harbor s. suis in their tonsils without developing diseases, while north american strains belonging to the ... | 2014 | 24973067 |
| genome sequences of nine bordetella holmesii strains isolated in the united states. | an increasing number of pertussis-like cases are attributed to the emergent pathogen bordetella holmesii. the genomes of 9 clinical isolates show that they are clonal, lack the virulence factors encoded by b. pertussis, and are more similar to nonpertussis bordetellae. new markers for b. holmesii can be developed using these sequences. | 2014 | 24948754 |
| a translocated effector required for bartonella dissemination from derma to blood safeguards migratory host cells from damage by co-translocated effectors. | numerous bacterial pathogens secrete multiple effectors to modulate host cellular functions. these effectors may interfere with each other to efficiently control the infection process. bartonellae are gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacteria using a virb type iv secretion system to translocate a cocktail of bartonella effector proteins (beps) into host cells. based on in vitro infection models we demonstrate here that bepe protects infected migratory cells from injurious effects trigger ... | 2014 | 24945914 |
| 'saving the lives of our dogs': the development of canine distemper vaccine in interwar britain. | this paper examines the successful campaign in britain to develop canine distemper vaccine between 1922 and 1933. the campaign mobilized disparate groups around the common cause of using modern science to save the nation's dogs from a deadly disease. spearheaded by landed patricians associated with the country journal the field, and funded by dog owners and associations, it relied on collaborations with veterinary professionals, government scientists, the medical research council (mrc) and the c ... | 2013 | 24941736 |
| 'saving the lives of our dogs': the development of canine distemper vaccine in interwar britain. | this paper examines the successful campaign in britain to develop canine distemper vaccine between 1922 and 1933. the campaign mobilized disparate groups around the common cause of using modern science to save the nation's dogs from a deadly disease. spearheaded by landed patricians associated with the country journal the field, and funded by dog owners and associations, it relied on collaborations with veterinary professionals, government scientists, the medical research council (mrc) and the c ... | 2013 | 24941736 |
| prevalence of upper respiratory pathogens in four management models for unowned cats in the southeast united states. | upper respiratory infection (uri) is a pervasive problem in cats and impacts the capacity and cost of sheltering programs. this study determined the pattern of respiratory pathogens in cats with and without clinical signs of uri in four different models for managing unowned cats, namely, (1) short-term animal shelters (sts), (2) long-term sanctuaries (lts), (3) home-based foster care programs (fcp), and (4) trap-neuter-return programs for community cats (tnr). conjunctival and oropharyngeal swab ... | 2014 | 24923756 |
| acellular pertussis vaccines and pertussis resurgence: revise or replace? | the resurgence of pertussis (whooping cough) in countries with high vaccination coverage is alarming and invites reconsideration of the use of current acellular pertussis (ap) vaccines, which have largely replaced the old, reactogenic, whole-cell pertussis (wp) vaccine. some drawbacks of these vaccines in terms of limited antigenic composition and early waning of antibody levels could be anticipated by the results of in-trial or postlicensure human investigations of b- and t-cell responses in ap ... | 2014 | 24917600 |
| the crystal structure of pyrimidine/thiamin biosynthesis precursor-like domain-containing protein cae31940 from proteobacterium bordetella bronchiseptica rb50, and evolutionary insight into the nmt1/thi5 family. | we report a 2.0 å structure of the cae31940 protein, a proteobacterial nmt1/thi5-like domain-containing protein. we also discuss the primary and tertiary structure similarity with its homologs. the highly conserved fggxmp motif was identified in cae31940, which corresponds to the gcccx motif located in the vicinity of the active center characteristic for thi5-like proteins found in yeast. this suggests that the fggxmp motif may be a unique hallmark of proteobacterial nmt1/thi5-like proteins. | 2014 | 24908050 |
| maternal immunity enhances mycoplasma hyopneumoniae vaccination induced cell-mediated immune responses in piglets. | passively acquired maternal derived immunity (mdi) is a double-edged sword. maternal derived antibody-mediated immunity (ami) and cell-mediated immunity (cmi) are critical immediate defenses for the neonate; however, mdi may interfere with the induction of active immunity in the neonate, i.e. passive interference. the effect of antigen-specific mdi on vaccine-induced ami and cmi responses to mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (m. hyopneumoniae) was assessed in neonatal piglets. to determine whether cmi an ... | 2014 | 24903770 |
| dna microarray-based detection of coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of q fever. | an easy-to-handle microarray assay based on the cost-effective arraytube™ platform has been designed for the rapid and unequivocal identification of coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of q fever. the gene targets include the chromosomally coded markers icd, omp/com1, and is1111 as well as the plasmid coded markers cbbe and cbhe. | 2014 | 24886299 |
| biosynthesis of trans-4-hydroxyproline by recombinant strains of corynebacterium glutamicum and escherichia coli. | trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline (trans-hyp), one of the hydroxyproline (hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals. although there are some natural biosynthetic pathways of trans-hyp existing in microorganisms, the yield is still too low to be scaled up for industrial applications. until now the production of trans-hyp is mainly from the acid hydrolysis of collagen. due to the increasing environmental concerns on those severe chemical processes and compli ... | 2014 | 24885047 |
| bordetella pertussis fbpa binds both unchelated iron and iron siderophore complexes. | bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough. this pathogenic bacterium can obtain the essential nutrient iron using its native alcaligin siderophore and by utilizing xeno-siderophores such as desferrioxamine b, ferrichrome, and enterobactin. previous genome-wide expression profiling identified an iron repressible b. pertussis gene encoding a periplasmic protein (fbpabp). a previously reported crystal structure shows significant similarity between fbpabp and previously character ... | 2014 | 24873326 |
| bordetella pertussis lipid a glucosamine modification confers resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides and increases resistance to outer membrane perturbation. | bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, has many strategies for evading the human immune system. lipopolysaccharide (lps) is an important gram-negative bacterial surface structure that activates the immune system via toll-like receptor 4 and enables susceptibility to cationic antimicrobial peptides (camps). we show modification of the lipid a region of lps with glucosamine increased resistance to numerous camps, including ll-37. furthermore, we demonstrate that this glucosam ... | 2014 | 24867963 |
| the role of the bacterial flagellum in adhesion and virulence. | the bacterial flagellum is a complex apparatus assembled of more than 20 different proteins. the flagellar basal body traverses the cell wall, whereas the curved hook connects the basal body to the whip-like flagellar filament that protrudes several µm from the bacterial cell. the flagellum has traditionally been regarded only as a motility organelle, but more recently it has become evident that flagella have a number of other biological functions. the major subunit, flagellin or flic, of the fl ... | 2013 | 24833223 |
| complete genome sequence of bordetella bronchiseptica s798, an isolate from a pig with atrophic rhinitis. | bordetella bronchiseptica colonizes the respiratory tracts of a wide variety of mammals and causes a range of diseases, from lethal pneumonia to asymptomatic chronic infection. we report the complete genome sequence of bordetella bronchiseptica strain s798, isolated from a pig with atrophic rhinitis in japan. | 2014 | 24831150 |
| development and validation of a real-time pcr for chlamydia suis diagnosis in swine and humans. | pigs are the natural host for chlamydia suis, a pathogen which is phylogenetically highly related to the human pathogen c. trachomatis. chlamydia suis infections are generally treated with tetracyclines. in 1998, tetracyline resistant c. suis strains emerged on u.s. pig farms and they are currently present in the belgian, cypriote, german, israeli, italian and swiss pig industry. infections with tetracycline resistant c. suis strains are mainly associated with severe reproductive failure leading ... | 2014 | 24816542 |
| bordetella bronchiseptica in the immunosuppressed population - a case series and review. | organisms that are not known to cause serious infection in the immunocompetent population can, in fact, cause devastating illness in immunosuppressed neutropenic populations especially those who are undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct), and solid organ transplantation or a history of malignancy. one organism of interest isolated from immunosuppressed patients at our institution was bordetella bronchiseptica. it is known to cause respiratory tract disease in the animal popula ... | 2014 | 24804004 |
| gram-negative marine bacteria: structural features of lipopolysaccharides and their relevance for economically important diseases. | gram-negative marine bacteria can thrive in harsh oceanic conditions, partly because of the structural diversity of the cell wall and its components, particularly lipopolysaccharide (lps). lps is composed of three main parts, an o-antigen, lipid a, and a core region, all of which display immense structural variations among different bacterial species. these components not only provide cell integrity but also elicit an immune response in the host, which ranges from other marine organisms to human ... | 2014 | 24796306 |
| biofilm formation of clostridium perfringens and its exposure to low-dose antimicrobials. | clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause food poisoning in humans and various enterotoxemia in animal species. very little is known on the biofilm of c. perfringens and its exposure to subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials. this study was undertaken to address these issues. most of the c. perfringens human and animal isolates tested in this study were able to form biofilm (230/277). porcine clinical isolates formed significantly more biofilm than the p ... | 2014 | 24795711 |
| comparative evaluation of the diagenode multiplex pcr assay on the bd max system versus a routine in-house assay for detection of bordetella pertussis. | this study looked at 128 nasopharyngeal aspirates (npa) and 162 throat swabs (ts) tested with the diagenode multiplex assay on the bd max system versus our in-house bordetella pertussis pcr. sensitivity and specificity were 97.3% and 100% for npa and 88.3% and 98% for ts, respectively. of positive npa, 42.1% were coinfected with respiratory viruses. | 2014 | 24789178 |
| effect of weak acid hypochlorous solution on selected viruses and bacteria of laboratory rodents. | weak acid hypochlorous solution (wahs) is known to have efficacy for inactivating pathogens and to be relatively safe with respect to the live body. based on these advantages, many animal facilities have recently been introducing wahs for daily cleaning of animal houses. in this study, we determined the effect of wahs in inactivating specific pathogens of laboratory rodents and pathogens of opportunistic infection. wahs with an actual chloride concentration of 60 ppm and a ph value of 6.0 was ge ... | 2014 | 24770639 |
| bacterial set domain proteins and their role in eukaryotic chromatin modification. | it has been shown by many researchers that set-domain containing proteins modify chromatin structure and, as expected, genes coding for set-domain containing proteins have been found in all eukaryotic genomes sequenced to date. however, during the last years, a great number of bacterial genomes have been sequenced and an important number of putative genes involved in histone post-translational modifications (histone ptms) have been identified in many bacterial genomes. here, i aim at presenting ... | 2014 | 24765100 |
| multiplex pcr assay for unequivocal differentiation of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serovars 1 to 3, 5 to 8, 10, and 12. | an improved multiplex pcr, using redesigned primers targeting the serovar 3 capsule locus, which differentiates serovars 3, 6, and 8 actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolates, is described. the new primers eliminate an aberrant serovar 3-indicative amplicon found in some serovar 6 clinical isolates. furthermore, we have developed a new multiplex pcr for the detection of serovars 1 to 3, 5 to 8, 10, and 12 along with apxiv, thus extending the utility of this diagnostic pcr to cover a broader range ... | 2014 | 24759717 |
| metalloproteins containing cytochrome, iron-sulfur, or copper redox centers. | 2014 | 24758379 | |
| global population structure and evolution of bordetella pertussis and their relationship with vaccination. | bordetella pertussis causes pertussis, a respiratory disease that is most severe for infants. vaccination was introduced in the 1950s, and in recent years, a resurgence of disease was observed worldwide, with significant mortality in infants. possible causes for this include the switch from whole-cell vaccines (wcvs) to less effective acellular vaccines (acvs), waning immunity, and pathogen adaptation. pathogen adaptation is suggested by antigenic divergence between vaccine strains and circulati ... | 2014 | 24757216 |
| lipopolysaccharide o antigen size distribution is determined by a chain extension complex of variable stoichiometry in escherichia coli o9a. | the lengths of bacterial polysaccharides can be critical for their biological function. unlike dna or protein synthesis, where polymer length is implicit in the nucleic acid template, the molecular mechanisms for regulating polysaccharide length are poorly understood. two models are commonly cited: a "molecular clock" regulates length by controlling the duration of the polymer extension process, whereas a "molecular ruler" determines length by measurement against a physical structure in the bios ... | 2014 | 24733938 |
| antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with porcine respiratory disease in australia. | the porcine respiratory disease complex greatly affects the health and production of pigs. while antimicrobial agents are used to treat the respiratory infections caused by bacterial pathogens, there is no current information on antimicrobial resistance in australian pig respiratory bacterial isolates. the aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance profiles, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of nine antimicrobial agents for 71 actinobacillus pleuropneumonia ... | 2014 | 24726505 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characterization of bordetella bronchiseptica strains isolated from pigs in poland. | a total of 209 bordetella bronchiseptica (bbr) strains isolated from pigs were examined. phenotypic study included: biochemical characterization (motility, catalase, oxidase, urease activity, nitrate reduction and growth on macconkey agar) and antimicrobial susceptibility (disc diffusion method). genotypic studies based on detection of three genes encoded virulence factors, such as: flagella (fla), dermonecrotoxin (dnt), and exogenous ferric siderophore receptor (bfrz), using pcr. most of the bb ... | 2014 | 24724472 |
| mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene regulation in bacterial biofilms. | biofilms are characterized by a dense multicellular community of microorganisms that can be formed by the attachment of bacteria to an inert surface and to each other. the development of biofilm involves the initial attachment of planktonic bacteria to a surface, followed by replication, cell-to-cell adhesion to form microcolonies, maturation, and detachment. mature biofilms are embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix composed primarily of bacterial-derived exopolysaccharides, ... | 2014 | 24724055 |
| innate immune response to a h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus in newborn porcine trachea cells, alveolar macrophages, and precision-cut lung slices. | viral respiratory diseases remain of major importance in swine breeding units. swine influenza virus (siv) is one of the main known contributors to infectious respiratory diseases. the innate immune response to swine influenza viruses has been assessed in many previous studies. however most of these studies were carried out in a single-cell population or directly in the live animal, in all its complexity. in the current study we report the use of a trachea epithelial cell line (newborn pig trach ... | 2014 | 24712747 |
| annotation of protein domains reveals remarkable conservation in the functional make up of proteomes across superkingdoms. | the functional repertoire of a cell is largely embodied in its proteome, the collection of proteins encoded in the genome of an organism. the molecular functions of proteins are the direct consequence of their structure and structure can be inferred from sequence using hidden markov models of structural recognition. here we analyze the functional annotation of protein domain structures in almost a thousand sequenced genomes, exploring the functional and structural diversity of proteomes. we find ... | 2011 | 24710297 |
| diversity of antibody responses to borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected beagle dogs. | lyme borreliosis (lb) is a common infection of domestic dogs in areas where there is enzootic transmission of the agent borrelia burgdorferi. while immunoassays based on individual subunits have mostly supplanted the use of whole-cell preparations for canine serology, only a limited number of informative antigens have been identified. to more broadly characterize the antibody responses to b. burgdorferi infection and to assess the diversity of those responses in individual dogs, we examined sera ... | 2014 | 24695775 |
| pulmonary disease potentially associated with nicoletella semolina in 3 young horses. | 2014 | 24689696 | |
| occurrence of bordetella infection in pigs in northern india. | bordetella bronchiseptica infection causing atrophic rhinitis in pigs is reported from almost all countries. in the present study, occurrence of bordetella infection in apparently healthy pigs was determined in 392 pigs sampled to collect 358 serum samples and 316 nasal swabs from northern india by conventional bacterioscopy, detection of antigen with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr), and detection of antibodies with microagglutination test (mat) and enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay ... | 2014 | 24688547 |
| evaluation of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay of the outer membrane protein p2 gene for the detection of haemophilus parasuis in clinical samples. | a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay of the outer membrane protein (omp) p2 gene was developed and used to test 97 putative haemophilus parasuis pure cultures and 175 clinical tissue samples. with standard culture isolation as the gold standard, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the pcr assay were determined to be 83% and 80%, respectively. | 2014 | 24688178 |
| [bacterial biofilms: their importance in animal health and public health]. | bacterial biofilms are structured communities of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymer matrix that is attached to a surface. biofilms protect and allow bacteria to survive and thrive in hostile environments. bacteria within biofilms can withstand host immune responses, and are much less susceptible to antibiotics and disinfectants when compared to their planktonic counterparts. the ability to form biofilms is now considered an attribute of many microorganisms. diseases associated w ... | 2014 | 24688172 |
| rna-seq-based analysis of cold shock response in thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis, a bacterium harboring a single cold shock protein encoding gene. | although cold shock responses and the roles of cold shock proteins in microorganisms containing multiple cold shock protein genes have been well characterized, related studies on bacteria possessing a single cold shock protein gene have not been reported. thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis mb4, a thermophile harboring only one known cold shock protein gene (ttescpc), can survive from 50° to 80 °c, but has poor natural competence under cold shock at 50 °c. we therefore examined cold shock responses ... | 2014 | 24667527 |
| transient contacts on the exterior of the hk97 procapsid that are essential for capsid assembly. | the g-loop is a 10-residue glycine-rich loop that protrudes from the surface of the mature bacteriophage hk97 capsid at the c-terminal end of the long backbone helix of major capsid protein subunits. the g-loop is essential for assembly, is conserved in related capsid and encapsulin proteins, and plays its role during hk97 capsid assembly by making crucial contacts between the hill-like hexamers and pentamers in precursor proheads. these contacts are not preserved in the flattened capsomers of t ... | 2014 | 24657766 |
| multiplex real-time pcr assay for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococci directly from positive blood cultures. | methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is the most prevalent cause of bloodstream infections (bsis) and is recognized as a major nosocomial pathogen. this study aimed to evaluate a newly designed multiplex real-time pcr assay capable of the simultaneous detection of meca, s. aureus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci (cons) in blood culture specimens. the real-mrsa and real-mrcons multiplex real-time pcr assays (m&d, republic of korea) use the taqman probes 16s rrna for staphylococ ... | 2014 | 24648566 |
| cytokine and chemokine mrna expression profiles in balf cells isolated from pigs single infected or co-infected with swine influenza virus and bordetella bronchiseptica. | pigs serve as a valuable animal experimental model for several respiratory pathogens, including swine influenza virus (siv) and bordetella bronchiseptica (bbr). to investigate the effect of siv and bbr coinfection on cytokine and viral rna expression, we performed a study in which pigs were inoculated with siv, bbr or both pathogens (siv/bbr). our results indicate that bbr infection alters siv clearance. pulmonary lesions in the siv/bbr group were more severe when compared to siv or bbr groups a ... | 2014 | 24629899 |
| multilocus sequence typing of mycoplasma hyorhinis strains identified by a real-time taqman pcr assay. | a real-time taqman pcr assay based on the gene encoding the protein p37 was developed to detect mycoplasma hyorhinis. its specificity was validated with 29 epidemiologically unrelated m. hyorhinis strains (28 field strains and one reference strain) and other mycoplasma species or with other microorganisms commonly found in pigs. the estimated detection limit of this qpcr assay was 125 microorganism equivalents/μl. the same 29 epidemiologically unrelated m. hyorhinis strains and four previously f ... | 2014 | 24622092 |
| antibacterial properties of the cftr potentiator ivacaftor. | ivacaftor increases cftr channel activity and improves pulmonary function for individuals bearing a g551d mutation. because ivacaftor structurally resembles quinolone antibiotics, we tested the hypothesis that ivacaftor possesses antibacterial properties. | 2014 | 24618508 |
| bordetella pertussis pathogenesis: current and future challenges. | pertussis, also known as whooping cough, has recently re-emerged as a major public health threat despite high levels of vaccination against the aetiological agent bordetella pertussis. in this review, we describe the pathogenesis of this disease, with a focus on recent mechanistic insights into b. pertussis virulence-factor function. we also discuss the changing epidemiology of pertussis and the challenges facing vaccine development. despite decades of research, many aspects of b. pertussis phys ... | 2014 | 24608338 |
| safety of fluralaner chewable tablets (bravecto), a novel systemic antiparasitic drug, in dogs after oral administration. | fluralaner is a novel systemic insecticide and acaricide that provides long acting efficacy in dogs after a single oral treatment. this study investigated the safety of oral administration of fluralaner in chewable tablets to dogs at the highest recommended treatment dose and at multiples of this dose. | 2014 | 24606886 |
| effects of single compared with pair housing on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and low-dose heroin place conditioning in adult male sprague-dawley rats. | whether social isolation of adult rats under standard laboratory conditions produces significant long-term alterations in behavior and physiology is unclear. in the present study, male sprague-dawley rats were singly or paired-housed for 10 wk. during this period, they were tested for acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition of heroin (0.3 mg/kg)-conditioned place preference. fecal corticoid metabolite levels were analyzed several times throughout the period of housing, and food consumption an ... | 2014 | 24602542 |
| diagnosis of canine leptospirosis by a highly sensitive fret-pcr targeting the lig genes. | canine leptospirosis is underdiagnosed due to its wide spectrum of clinical presentations and the lack of a rapid and sensitive test for the accurate diagnosis of acute and chronic infections. in this study, we developed a highly sensitive and specific fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret)-pcr to detect common pathogenic leptospires in dogs, including leptospira interrogans serovars autumnalis, canicola, copenhageni (icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup) and pomona, and leptospira kirschneri se ... | 2014 | 24586833 |
| polyphasic analysis of a middle ages coprolite microbiota, belgium. | paleomicrobiological investigations of a 14(th)-century coprolite found inside a barrel in namur, belgium were done using microscopy, a culture-dependent approach and metagenomics. results were confirmed by ad hoc pcr--sequencing. investigations yielded evidence for flora from ancient environment preserved inside the coprolite, indicated by microscopic observation of amoebal cysts, plant fibers, seeds, pollens and mold remains. seventeen different bacterial species were cultured from the coproli ... | 2014 | 24586319 |
| a genomic perspective on a new bacterial genus and species from the alcaligenaceae family, basilea psittacipulmonis. | a novel gram-negative, non-haemolytic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium was discovered in the lungs of a dead parakeet (melopsittacus undulatus) that was kept in captivity in a petshop in basel, switzerland. the organism is described with a chemotaxonomic profile and the nearly complete genome sequence obtained through the assembly of short sequence reads. | 2014 | 24581117 |
| pediatric feline upper respiratory disease. | infectious feline upper respiratory tract disease (urtd) continues to be a widespread and important cause of morbidity and mortality in kittens. multiple pathogens can contribute to urtd in kittens, and coinfections are common in overcrowded environments and contribute to increased disease severity. worldwide, the most prevalent pathogens are feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus. primary bacterial causes of urtd in cats include bordetella bronchiseptica, chlamydia felis, and mycoplasma sp ... | 2014 | 24580994 |
| prevalence of bordetella holmesii and bordetella bronchiseptica in respiratory tract samples from belgian patients with pertussis-like symptoms by sensitive culture method and mass spectrometry. | insertion sequences is481 and is1001 are targets for molecular detection of respectively bordetella pertussis and bordetella parapertussis. there is a raising concern about specificity of these targets due to sequence similarity with bordetella holmesii and bordetella bronchiseptica. the likelihood of false (para)pertussis diagnoses should be correlated with the prevalence of these organisms in the respiratory tract (rt). from october 2010 until september 2011, 2,207 rt samples were submitted to ... | 2016 | 24579240 |
| toward a new vaccine for pertussis. | to overcome the limitations of the current pertussis vaccines, those of limited duration of action and failure to induce direct killing of bordetella pertussis, a synthetic scheme was devised for preparing a conjugate vaccine composed of the bordetella bronchiseptica core oligosaccharide with one terminal trisaccharide to aminooxylated bsa via their terminal ketodeoxyoctanate residues. conjugate-induced antibodies, by a fraction of an estimated human dose injected into young outbred mice as a sa ... | 2014 | 24556987 |
| environmental enrichment does not impact on tumor growth in mice. | the effect of environmental enrichment (ee) on a variety of physiologic and disease processes has been studied in laboratory mice. during ee, a large group of mice are housed in larger cages than the standard cage and are given toys and equipment, enabling more social contact, and providing a greater surface area per mouse, and a more stimulating environment. studies have been performed into the effect of ee on neurogenesis, brain injury, cognitive capacity, memory, learning, neuronal pathways, ... | 2013 | 24555065 |
| development of real-time pcr assay for differential detection of bordetella bronchiseptica and bordetella parapertussis. | bordetella parapertussis is a causative agent of whooping cough in humans, and b. bronchiseptica is causing wide variety of respiratory infections in mammals, including humans. specific diagnostic tests are not currently available. our first objective was to develop a real-time pcr test for the specific detection of b. bronchiseptica based on the previously described end-point pcr, targeting an intergenomic sequence of the fla gene locus, but it has not been reached. however, there is cross-reac ... | 2014 | 24525142 |
| toll-like receptor 4 limits transmission of bordetella bronchiseptica. | transmission of pathogens has been notoriously difficult to study under laboratory conditions leaving knowledge gaps regarding how bacterial factors and host immune components affect the spread of infections between hosts. we describe the development of a mouse model of transmission of a natural pathogen, bordetella bronchiseptica, and its use to assess the impact of host immune functions. although b. bronchiseptica transmits poorly between wild-type mice and mice lacking other immune components ... | 2014 | 24497924 |
| self-poisoning of mycobacterium tuberculosis by interrupting siderophore recycling. | siderophores are small iron-binding molecules secreted by bacteria to scavenge iron. mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis, produces the siderophores mycobactin and carboxymycobactin. complexes of the mycobacterial membrane proteins mmps4 and mmps5 with the transporters mmpl4 and mmpl5 are required for siderophore export and virulence in mtb. here we show that, surprisingly, mycobactin or carboxymycobactin did not rescue the low-iron growth defect of the export mu ... | 2014 | 24497493 |
| lipopolysaccharide engineering in neisseria meningitidis: structural analysis of different pentaacyl lipid a mutants and comparison of their modified agonist properties. | engineering the lipopolysaccharide (lps) biosynthetic pathway offers the potential to obtain modified derivatives with optimized adjuvant properties. neisseria meningitidis strain h44/76 was modified by expression of the pagl gene encoding lipid a 3-o-deacylase from bordetella bronchiseptica and by inactivation of the lgtb gene encoding the terminal oligosaccharide galactosyltransferase. mass spectrometry analysis of purified mutant lps was used for detailed compositional analysis of all present ... | 2014 | 24492609 |
| swine infectious agents in tayassu pecari and pecari tajacu tissue samples from brazil. | peccaries and pigs, tayassuidae and suidae respectively, diverged approximately one million years ago from a common ancestor. because these families share some pathogens, peccaries can act as reservoirs of infectious pathogens for domestic and wild swine. we evaluated the presence of swine infectious agents in the spleen and lung tissues of white-lipped peccaries (wlp; tayassu pecari) and collared peccaries (cp; pecari tajacu) in brazil. samples from 10 adult cp and three wlp, which had been hun ... | 2014 | 24484498 |
| transcriptome analysis of vibrio parahaemolyticus in type iii secretion system 1 inducing conditions. | vibrio parahaemolyticus is an emerging bacterial pathogen capable of causing inflammatory gastroenteritis, wound infections, and septicemia. as a food-borne illness, infection is most frequently associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, particularly shellfish. it is the primary cause of vibrio-associated food-borne illness in the united states and the leading cause of food-borne illness in japan. the larger of its two chromosomes harbors a set of genes encoding type iii sect ... | 2014 | 24478989 |
| a simplified sequence-based identification scheme for bordetella reveals several putative novel species. | the differentiation of bordetella species, particularly those causing human infection, is problematic. we found that sequence analysis of an internal fragment of nrda allowed differentiation of the currently named bordetella species. analysis of 107 "bordetella" isolates recovered almost exclusively from human respiratory tract specimens identified several putative novel species. | 2014 | 24478511 |
| enzymatic modification of lipid a by arnt protects bordetella bronchiseptica against cationic peptides and is required for transmission. | pathogen transmission cycles require many steps: initial colonization, growth and persistence, shedding, and transmission to new hosts. alterations in the membrane components of the bacteria, including lipid a, the membrane anchor of lipopolysaccharide, could affect any of these steps via its structural role protecting bacteria from host innate immune defenses, including antimicrobial peptides and signaling through toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4). to date, lipid a has been shown to affect only the w ... | 2014 | 24478065 |
| the impact of fusarium mycotoxins on human and animal host susceptibility to infectious diseases. | contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a worldwide problem. at present, acute mycotoxicosis caused by high doses is rare in humans and animals. ingestion of low to moderate amounts of fusarium mycotoxins is common and generally does not result in obvious intoxication. however, these low amounts may impair intestinal health, immune function and/or pathogen fitness, resulting in altered host pathogen interactions and thus a different outcome of infection. this review summarizes the curr ... | 2014 | 24476707 |
| comparative analyses of a cystic fibrosis isolate of bordetella bronchiseptica reveal differences in important pathogenic phenotypes. | bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram-negative bacterium that infects and causes disease in a wide variety of animals. b. bronchiseptica also infects humans, thereby demonstrating zoonotic transmission. an extensive characterization of human b. bronchiseptica isolates is needed to better understand the distinct genetic and phenotypic traits associated with these zoonotic transmission events. using whole-genome transcriptome and cgh analysis, we report that a b. bronchiseptica cystic fibrosis isola ... | 2014 | 24470470 |
| isolation and characterization of numerous novel phages targeting diverse strains of the ubiquitous and opportunistic pathogen achromobacter xylosoxidans. | the clinical relevance of nosocomially acquired infections caused by multi-resistant achromobacter strains is rapidly increasing. here, a diverse set of 61 achromobacter xylosoxidans strains was characterized by multilocus sequence typing and phenotype microarray technology. the strains were further analyzed in regard to their susceptibility to 35 antibiotics and to 34 different and newly isolated bacteriophages from the environment. a large proportion of strains were resistant against numerous ... | 2014 | 24466294 |
| structural basis of thermal stability of the tungsten cofactor synthesis protein moab from pyrococcus furiosus. | molybdenum and tungsten cofactors share a similar pterin-based scaffold, which hosts an ene-dithiolate function being essential for the coordination of either molybdenum or tungsten. the biosynthesis of both cofactors involves a multistep pathway, which ends with the activation of the metal binding pterin (mpt) by adenylylation before the respective metal is incorporated. in the hyperthermophilic organism pyrococcus furiosus, the hexameric protein moab (pfumoab) has been shown to catalyse mpt-ad ... | 2014 | 24465852 |
| different effects of whole-cell and acellular vaccines on bordetella transmission. | vaccine development has largely focused on the ability of vaccines to reduce disease in individual hosts, with less attention to assessing the vaccine's effects on transmission between hosts. current acellular vaccines against bordetella pertussis are effective in preventing severe disease but have little effect on less severe coughing illness that can mediate transmission. | 2014 | 24443545 |
| hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a dog associated with geastrum triplex spores. | hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a syndrome reported in humans, and occasionally animals, that results from the inhalation of very small antigenic particles (usually <5 µm) that are able to reach the alveolar space. this is the first report of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a dog in australia and the first associated with geastrum triplex spores. diagnosis was based on known antigen exposure, physical findings, radiographic signs of interstitial lung disease and molecular identification of geast ... | 2013 | 24432234 |
| a phase i clinical study of a live attenuated bordetella pertussis vaccine--bpze1; a single centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating study of bpze1 given intranasally to healthy adult male volunteers. | acellular pertussis vaccines do not control pertussis. a new approach to offer protection to infants is necessary. bpze1, a genetically modified bordetella pertussis strain, was developed as a live attenuated nasal pertussis vaccine by genetically eliminating or detoxifying 3 toxins. | 2014 | 24421886 |
| communication between bacteria and their hosts. | it is clear that a dialogue is occurring between microbes and their hosts and that chemical signals are the language of this interkingdom communication. microbial endocrinology shows that, through their long coexistence with animals and plants, microorganisms have evolved sensors for detecting eukaryotic hormones, which the microbe uses to determine that they are within proximity of a suitable host and to optimally time the expression of genes needed for host colonisation. it has also been shown ... | 2013 | 24381789 |
| snapshot of spatio-temporal cytokine responses to single and co-infections with helminths and bacteria. | cytokines play a key role in maintaining communication between organs and in so doing modulate the interaction between concurrent infections. the extent of these effects depends on the properties of the organ infected and the intensity and type of infections. to determine systemic bystander effects among organs, ifn-γ, il-4 and il-10 gene expression was quantified at 7 days post-challenge in directly infected and uninfected organs during single and co-infections with the respiratory bacterium bo ... | 2011 | 24371558 |
| the bordetella bronchiseptica type iii secretion system is required for persistence and disease severity but not transmission in swine. | bordetella bronchiseptica is pervasive in swine populations and plays multiple roles in respiratory disease. most studies addressing virulence factors of b. bronchiseptica utilize isolates derived from hosts other than pigs in conjunction with rodent infection models. based on previous in vivo mouse studies, we hypothesized that the b. bronchiseptica type iii secretion system (t3ss) would be required for maximal disease severity and persistence in the swine lower respiratory tract. to examine th ... | 2014 | 24366249 |
| genome sequences of 28 bordetella pertussis u.s. outbreak strains dating from 2010 to 2012. | despite the availability of highly effective vaccines, bordetella pertussis incidence has been rapidly rising in highly vaccinated populations. recent outbreaks have received media attention, feeding concerns about the emergence of dangerous new strains with increased virulence or that escape vaccine-induced immunity. to accelerate the study of this reemerging pathogen, we sequenced the genomes of 28 b. pertussis strains isolated during outbreaks from 2010 through 2012, making both strains and s ... | 2013 | 24356839 |
| serum c-reactive protein as a diagnostic biomarker in dogs with bacterial respiratory diseases. | c-reactive protein (crp) is a major acute-phase protein in dogs. serum concentrations are low in healthy animals, but increase rapidly after inflammatory stimuli. | 2013 | 24351049 |
| serum c-reactive protein as a diagnostic biomarker in dogs with bacterial respiratory diseases. | c-reactive protein (crp) is a major acute-phase protein in dogs. serum concentrations are low in healthy animals, but increase rapidly after inflammatory stimuli. | 2013 | 24351049 |
| visual detection of canine parvovirus based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and with lateral flow dipstick. | loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (lamp-elisa) and with lateral flow dipstick (lamp-lfd) are rapid, sensitive and specific methods for the visual detection of clinical pathogens. in this study, lamp-elisa and lamp-lfd were developed for the visual detection of canine parvovirus (cpv). for lamp, a set of four primers (biotin-labeled forward inner primers) was designed to specifically amplify a region of the vp2 gene of cpv. the optimum t ... | 2013 | 24334855 |
| visual detection of canine parvovirus based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and with lateral flow dipstick. | loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (lamp-elisa) and with lateral flow dipstick (lamp-lfd) are rapid, sensitive and specific methods for the visual detection of clinical pathogens. in this study, lamp-elisa and lamp-lfd were developed for the visual detection of canine parvovirus (cpv). for lamp, a set of four primers (biotin-labeled forward inner primers) was designed to specifically amplify a region of the vp2 gene of cpv. the optimum t ... | 2013 | 24334855 |
| shared and distinct mechanisms of iron acquisition by bacterial and fungal pathogens of humans. | iron is the most abundant transition metal in the human body and its bioavailability is stringently controlled. in particular, iron is tightly bound to host proteins such as transferrin to maintain homeostasis, to limit potential damage caused by iron toxicity under physiological conditions and to restrict access by pathogens. therefore, iron acquisition during infection of a human host is a challenge that must be surmounted by every successful pathogenic microorganism. iron is essential for bac ... | 2013 | 24312900 |
| ght protein of neisseria meningitidis is involved in the regulation of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. | lipopolysaccharide (lps) is a major component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and is responsible for the barrier function of this membrane. a ght mutant of neisseria meningitidis that showed increased sensitivity to hydrophobic toxic compounds, suggesting a breach in this permeability barrier, was previously described. here, we assessed whether this phenotype was possibly caused by a defect in lps transport or synthesis. the total amount of lps appeared to be drastically reduced ... | 2014 | 24296673 |
| plasmids of carotenoid-producing paracoccus spp. (alphaproteobacteria) - structure, diversity and evolution. | plasmids are components of many bacterial genomes. they enable the spread of a large pool of genetic information via lateral gene transfer. many bacterial strains contain mega-sized replicons and these are particularly common in alphaproteobacteria. considerably less is known about smaller alphaproteobacterial plasmids. we analyzed the genomes of 14 such plasmids residing in 4 multireplicon carotenoid-producing strains of the genus paracoccus (alphaproteobacteria): p. aestuarii dsm 19484, p. hae ... | 2013 | 24260361 |
| two homologous ef-g proteins from pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibit distinct functions. | genes encoding two proteins corresponding to elongation factor g (ef-g) were cloned from pseudomonas aeruginosa. the proteins encoded by these genes are both members of the efg i subfamily. the gene encoding one of the forms of ef-g is located in the str operon and the resulting protein is referred to as ef-g1a while the gene encoding the other form of ef-g is located in another part of the genome and the resulting protein is referred to as ef-g1b. these proteins were expressed and purified to 9 ... | 2013 | 24260360 |
| the route less taken: pulmonary models of enteric gram-negative infection. | many pathogens are capable of causing a fulminant infection in pulmonary tissues of mammals. animal models have provided an extensive understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis as well as host immune response in the lungs. many clinically relevant gram-negative bacteria are host-restricted. thus, the powerful, informative tools of mouse models are not available for study with these organisms. however, over the past 30 years, enterprising work has demonstrated ... | 2013 | 24259516 |
| the route less taken: pulmonary models of enteric gram-negative infection. | many pathogens are capable of causing a fulminant infection in pulmonary tissues of mammals. animal models have provided an extensive understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis as well as host immune response in the lungs. many clinically relevant gram-negative bacteria are host-restricted. thus, the powerful, informative tools of mouse models are not available for study with these organisms. however, over the past 30 years, enterprising work has demonstrated ... | 2013 | 24259516 |
| conformational coupling between receptor and kinase binding sites through a conserved salt bridge in a signaling complex scaffold protein. | bacterial chemotaxis is one of the best studied signal transduction pathways. chew is a scaffold protein that mediates the association of the chemoreceptors and the chea kinase in a ternary signaling complex. the effects of replacing conserved arg62 of chew with other residues suggested that the scaffold protein plays a more complex role than simply binding its partner proteins. although r62a chew had essentially the same affinity for chemoreceptors and chea, cells expressing the mutant protein ... | 2013 | 24244143 |
| causes of mortality and pathological lesions observed post-mortem in red squirrels (sciurus vulgaris) in great britain. | the red squirrel population in great britain has declined dramatically in recent decades, principally due to squirrelpox. concern exists that red squirrels may become extinct nationally and, as there has been limited research in to diseases other than squirrelpox, this study aimed to identify additional causes of mortality. | 2013 | 24238087 |
| targeting antigens to dendritic cell receptors for vaccine development. | dendritic cells (dcs) are highly specialized antigen presenting cells of the immune system which play a key role in regulating immune responses. depending on the method of antigen delivery, dcs stimulate immune responses or induce tolerance. as a consequence of the dual function of dcs, dcs are studied in the context of immunotherapy for both cancer and autoimmune diseases. in vaccine development, a major aim is to induce strong, specific t-cell responses. this is achieved by targeting antigen t ... | 2013 | 24228179 |
| resident microbiota affect bordetella pertussis infectious dose and host specificity. | before contacting host tissues, invading pathogens directly or indirectly interact with host microbiota, but the effects of such interactions on the initial stages of infection are poorly understood. bordetella pertussis is highly infectious among humans but requires large doses to colonize rodents, unlike a closely related zoonotic pathogen, bordetella bronchiseptica, raising important questions about the contributions of bacterial competition to initial colonization and host selection. we obse ... | 2013 | 24227794 |
| resident microbiota affect bordetella pertussis infectious dose and host specificity. | before contacting host tissues, invading pathogens directly or indirectly interact with host microbiota, but the effects of such interactions on the initial stages of infection are poorly understood. bordetella pertussis is highly infectious among humans but requires large doses to colonize rodents, unlike a closely related zoonotic pathogen, bordetella bronchiseptica, raising important questions about the contributions of bacterial competition to initial colonization and host selection. we obse ... | 2013 | 24227794 |
| experimental infection of new zealand white rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculi) with leporid herpesvirus 4. | leporid herpesvirus 4 (lhv4) is a novel alphaherpesvirus recently identified in domestic rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculi). little is known about the pathogenesis or time course of disease induced by this virus. we therefore intranasally inoculated 22 female new zealand white rabbits with 8.4 × 10(4) ccid50 of a clinical viral isolate. rabbits were monitored for clinical signs, viral shedding in oculonasal secretions, and development and persistence of serum antibodies. rabbits were euthanized at 3 ... | 2013 | 24210019 |
| epidemiology of whooping cough & typing of bordetella pertussis. | bordetella pertussis is a gram-negative human-restricted bacterium that evolved from the broad-range mammalian pathogen, bordetella bronchiseptica. it causes whooping cough or pertussis in humans, which is the most prevalent vaccine-preventable disease worldwide. the introduction of the pertussis whole-cell vaccination for young children, followed by the introduction of the pertussis acellular vaccination (along with booster vaccination) for older age groups, has affected the bacterial populatio ... | 2013 | 24199799 |