Publications

immunological studies of scrapie infection.		1982	6183292
scrapie: strategies, stalemates, and successes.		1982	6122977
ultrastructural cytochemical studies of cerebral microvasculature in scrapie infected mice.	alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase nucleoside diphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase activities were studied by cytochemical method applied to electron microscopy of brain microvasculature in normal and scrapie infected mice. in control mice, the major location of all phosphatases studied was the luminal plasma membrane of the endothelial cells. in scrapie infected mice, changes in activity and distribution of the above mentioned phosphatases manifested themselves in the appearance of the ...	1981	6111887
dna synthesis in scrapie-affected mouse brain.		1967	6070059
the fatty composition of brain and myelin of normal and scrapie-affected mice.		1969	5813348
neurological illness after inoculation of tissue from tumour bearing animals.		1969	5813102
inherited characteristics affecting neurotropic behaviour of scrapie.		1969	5767040
glycosidase histochemistry in normal and scrapie mice, rats, sheep and goats.		1968	5690819
distribution of experimentally induced scrapie lesions in the brain.		1967	5625087
orientated tubules in axoplasm of cerebellar myelinated nerve fibres in the rat. a study of normal and scrapie animals.		1967	5624640
simple method of evaluating scrapie in mice.	mice in advanced scrapie characteristically clasp their hindlegs together. as the disease progresses into the clasping stage, mice exhibit a sequence of identifiable hindleg reactions which have categorized and assigned relative scores permitting objective, quantitative evaluation of disease.	1970	5466135
invasion of the nervous system by "slow" virus: a study with scrapie agent.		1969	5392819
scrapie--eradication and field trial study of the natural disease.		1969	5392186
brain cell cultures from mice affected with scrapie or fed with cuprizone.		1971	5107104
[new observations on the occurrence of a rna-dependent dna-polymerase].		1971	5102738
inoculation of voles, chinese hamsters, gerbils and guinea-pigs with scrapie brain material.		1972	5065061
[human and animal neuropathology and the slow and latent viruses].		1971	5003725
transmission and characterization of the agents of spongiform virus encephalopathies: kuru, creutzfeldt-jakob disease, scrapie and mink encephalopathy.		1971	5000225
[isolation and identification of maedi--visna virus from a german sheep herd].		1970	4992952
a comparison of some biological characteristics of the mouse-passaged scrapie agents, 22a and me7.		1969	4978935
slow, latent and temperate virus infections of the central nervous system.		1968	4978852
some factors controlling the incidence of scrapie in cheviot sheep injected with a cheviot-passaged scrapie agent.		1968	4970193
pathogenesis of scrapie virus infection in the mouse.		1967	4961240
multiple sclerosis and scrapie.		1965	4956117
altered plasma membranes in experimental scrapie.		1971	4942441
chronic viral infections of the central nervous system.		1971	4940819
scrapie in immunologically deficient mice.		1971	4940428
viruses and autoimmune diseases in animals other than man.		1971	4937605
naturally-occurring scrapie in goats.		1974	4859427
a cytological study of the karyotype of spleen cells from scrapie-affected chinese hamsters.		1973	4738622
replication of the factor in scrapie material that causes a decrease in polymorphonuclear neutrophils.		1973	4737373
clinical and histological recovery from the scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy produced in mice by feeding them with cuprizone.		1973	4737068
unsuccessful attempts to produce disease with tissues from mice fed on a diet containing cuprizone.		1973	4736048
changes in drinking and feeding habits of mice with experimental scrapie.		1972	4630696
scrapie: a prototype slow infection.		1972	4622954
no mouse pmn leukocyte depression after inoculation with brain tissue from multiple sclerosis or spongiform encephalopathies.		1974	4589575
a new hypothalamic pathway to the median eminence containing neurophysin and its hypertrophy in sheep with natural scrapie.		1973	4571633
further observations on the production of scrapie in sheep by oral dosing with foetal membranes from scrapie-affected sheep.		1974	4425935
[visna virus-like particles in cultures of choroid plexus cells of a goat with symptoms of visna infection].		1974	4363195
effects of antilymphocytic serum on host responses to infectious agents.		1970	4312737
congenital rubella: the significance of virus persistence.		1968	4304589
pathology of choroid plexus in spontaneous immune complex disease and chronic viral infections.		1974	4276256
slow virus diseases of the central nervous system.		1974	4213582
maternal and lateral transmission of scrapie in sheep.		1974	4212154
scrapie and transmissible mink encephalopathy: search for infectious nucleic acid.	brain preparations from animals with scrapie or transmissible mink encephalopathy were phenol extracted and examined for the presence of pathogenic nucleic acid. animals inoculated with various extracts remained healthy, and analysis on 2.6 to 5% polyacrylamide gels failed to detect a difference in extractable rna species between infected and normal mink brain.	1974	4207527
the occurrence of nerve fiber degeneration in brains of mice inoculated with scrapie.		1969	4185636
transmission of kuru to mice.		1968	4171608
the relative susceptibility of sheep, goats and mice to two types of the goat scrapie agent.		1966	4163198
an electron microscopic study of the scrapie mouse and rat: further observations on virus-like particles with ruthenium red and lanthanum nitrate as a possible trace and negative stain.		1974	4141754
susceptibility of mink to sheep scrapie.	a progressive, fatal spongiform polioencephalopathy was induced in mink intracerebrally inoculated with a suspension of brain from a suffolk sheep with naturally acquired scrapie. the clinical signs and pathological lesions of the experimental disease were indistinguishable from transmissible mink encephalopathy, a disease of undetermined origin that occurs in mink.	1971	4102123
drinking behaviour in scrapie.		1971	4101464
histopathological similarities between scrapie and cuprizone toxicity in mice.		1971	4101034
"slow infections"--a challenge to traditional concepts.		1985	3934107
retinal degeneration in experimental scrapie after intraperitoneal or subcutaneous inoculation of hamsters.	hamsters injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously with the scrapie agent developed photoreceptor degeneration. the degree of degeneration did not correlate well with infectivity titers of retinal tissue or stage of clinical encephalopathy, and was not as great as seen in intracerebrally injected animals. we conclude that retinal degeneration is universal in hamsters experimentally inoculated with the scrapie agent regardless of the route of inoculation.	1985	3921398
[prion antibodies and structure analysis clarify questions about atypical viruses. prion structure under the electron microscope].		1985	3920456
characterization of lipids in membrane vesicles from scrapie-infected hamster brain.	the lipid compositions of membrane vesicles from scrapie-infected and uninfected hamster brains were examined before and after detergent extraction. no differences were observed in polar lipids, glycolipids, gangliosides or neutral lipids examined by thin-layer chromatography. analysis of detergent-extracted cscl gradient fractions with high scrapie infectivity failed to reveal any glycerolphosphatides, although neutral lipids were demonstrated. the major neutral lipid associated with detergent- ...	1985	3920350
[light and electron microscopic observations of sheep scrapie].	two suffolk sheep diagnosed as scrapie clinically and epidemiologically were investigated light and electron microscopically. they were female and four years four months of age. spongiform lesions were found in the gray and white matter of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, spinal cord and the cerebellar white matter as well as the cerebral gray and white matter. ultrastructurally, the spongiform lesions were shown to be caused by vacuolation in neuronal perikarya, vacuolation and/or swelling of ...	1986	3768187
bovine spongiform encephalopathy: time to take scrapie seriously.		1988	3394240
immunostaining of scrapie cerebral amyloid plaques with antisera raised to scrapie-associated fibrils (saf).	brain sections from 16 different mouse scrapie models were immunostained with antisera to scrapie-associated fibrils (saf) from three experimental scrapie sources (hamster 263k, mouse me7 and mouse 22l). these models involved seven strains of scrapie injected intracerebrally or intraperitoneally into a range of inbred mouse strains, producing a wide variety of neuropathological changes. the only brain structures which were positively immunostained were amyloid plaque cores in those models in whi ...	1988	3221978
evidence that transmissible mink encephalopathy agent is biologically inactive in mice.	transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) is probably a form of the sheep disease, scrapie, introduced by accidentally feeding mink with scrapie-infected sheep tissues. although no successful transmissions of tme to mice have been achieved previous work has involved various limitations. to maximize the possibility of transmission, 176 mice, representing 14 different genotypes mostly not previously tested with tme, were injected with tme-infected mink brain from three sources with different histori ...	1986	2940470
isonicotinic hydrazide causes seizures in scrapie-infected hamsters with shorter latency than in control animals: a possible gabaergic defect.	isonicotinic hydrazide, a drug that decreases the level of gaba, when injected subcutaneously in control and scrapie-infected hamsters induced tonic-clonic seizures in scrapie hamsters significantly earlier (p less than 0.0001) than in control animals. this suggests depression of the gabaergic system in scrapie-infected hamsters. to determine whether this lesion is pre or postsynaptic we measured the level of gaba, glutamate, cgmp and camp and the gaba-benzodiazepine receptor complex.	1985	2857587
scrapie and the sheep mhc: claims of linkage refuted.		1989	2731967
classic genetics of scrapie.	many years ago, observations of natural scrapie revealed differences in clinical manifestations and in the areas of the brain that showed the most intense histopathological changes. in experimental work with scrapie in mice two fundamental points were established in early studies: (1) a mouse gene, termed sinc for scrapie incubation, affects the length of the incubation period. (2) in a single strain of mice, incubation periods of different "strains" of scrapie can differ by as much as 3-4 fold, ...	1989	2690115
bovine spongiform encephalopathy: a scrapie-like disease of british cattle.	scrapie is a cns degenerative infection of sheep and goats, which is invariably fatal after incubation periods of several months to years. related disorders are found naturally in man and other species. there is a impairment of protein catabolism in scrapie and related diseases which leads to the accumulation of sparingly-soluble protein deposits in brain. these protein aggregates may share with the amyloid of alzheimer's disease (ad) some common stage in the biochemical pathways of their format ...	1989	2574875
polyclonal increase in certain igg subclasses in mice persistently infected with the 87v strain of scrapie.	eight different combinations of seven strains of scrapie agent and the three known sinc genotypes of mice were screened for changes in the concentration of igg in serum. a single radial immunodiffusion assay was used to measure igg throughout the incubation period which in different models ranged from an average of 125 days to longer than the maximum observation period of about 600 days. the only major changes occurred with the 87v strain of scrapie injected intracerebrally (i.c.) or intraperito ...	1989	2507597
characterization of nucleic acids in membrane vesicles from scrapie-infected hamster brain.	this study reports the partial characterization of nucleic acids present in gradient fractions enriched for large membrane vesicles from scrapie-infected and uninfected hamster brains. labeling of phenol-extracted nucleic acids at the 3' or 5' ends revealed abundant amounts of low-molecular-weight rna and little or no dna. these nucleic acids survived nuclease treatment of membrane vesicles but were sensitive to rnase after phenol extraction. analysis of 5'-end-labeled nucleic acids by one- and ...	1985	2409296
specific proteins associated with creutzfeldt-jakob disease and scrapie share antigenic and carbohydrate determinants.	small amounts of brain tissue (2 g) infected with creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) can be fractionated by using a simple 1-day method that includes lysis with n-lauroylsarcosine. unique fibrils have been identified previously in scrapie- and cjd-infected tissue. these fibrils were abundant in final fractions. preparations from human cjd autopsy material and from experimental hamster and guinea pig cjd all displayed readily identifiable fibrils that were not seen in control preparations. thus, the ...	1985	2408277
link between scrapie and bse?		1990	2366871
the unexpected export?		1990	2348869
the scrapie control program in the united states.		1990	2347767
tainted feed, mad cows. could a british cattle disease infect u.s. herds?		1990	2333492
a questionnaire survey of the prevalence of scrapie in sheep in britain.	an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire has been used in two independent surveys to try to determine the prevalence of scrapie in the national sheep flock. the disease was recorded in 35 counties in england and wales. about a third (26.5 and 37.3 percent) of respondents owning 100 or more sheep indicated that they had seen sheep with scrapie in their flocks. the incidences of clinical cases recorded in affected flocks in the two surveys were 0.5 and 1.1 cases/100 ewes/year. at present ther ...	1990	2260251
bovine spongiform encephalopathy--a new disease transmissable to humans?	current concerns about the cattle disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy do not appear to take cognisance of the parallel with scrapie, the similar/identical disease of sheep/goats. this has existed for 200 years, and clearly involved a longstanding consumption of meat/offal from affected animals, but apparently without consequential human disease. a summary is given of the characteristics of the human and animal spongiform encephalopathy diseases and their causative agents. the conclusion of ...	1990	2233424
proceedings of an international roundtable on bovine spongiform encephalopathy.		1990	2189852
[the biology of prions, a response to the enigma of spongiform encephalopathies of sheep and humans].	prions are small proteinaceous infectious particles without nucleic acids. the prion protein arise from a cellular protein by a post-transduction event and constitute amyloid deposits. prions are the agent of animal and human spongiform encephalopathies which evolve on simultaneous infectious and genetic dependence in the absence of a detectable immune response.	1990	2094563
structure of scrapie-associated protein and its relation to infectivity.		1990	1971816
detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the united kingdom.		1990	1971813
experimental transmission of scrapie to cattle.		1990	1971338
naturally occurring scrapie-like spongiform encephalopathy in five domestic cats.	naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have been recognised in sheep, man, mink, captive deer and cattle. recently a similar disease was reported in a domestic cat. this paper describes the clinical and pathological findings in five cats with similar signs, including further observations on the original case. all the cats had a progressive, neurological disease involving locomotor disturbances, abnormal behaviour and, in most cases, altered sensory responses. histopatholog ...	1991	1957458
diagnosis of scrapie.		1991	1859542
epidemiological and experimental studies on a new incident of transmissible mink encephalopathy.	epidemiological investigation of a new incident of transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) in stetsonville, wisconsin, u.s.a. in 1985 revealed that the mink rancher had never fed sheep products to his mink but did feed them large amounts of products from fallen or sick dairy cattle. to investigate the possibility that this occurrence of tme may have resulted from exposure to infected cattle, two holstein bull calves were injected intracerebrally with mink brain from the stetsonville ranch. each ...	1991	1826023
natural transmission and genetic control of susceptibility of sheep to scrapie.		1991	1810708
genetic and environmental factors determining the development of creutzfeldt-jakob disease in libyan jews.	the cluster of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) among jews of libyan origin is one of the largest in the world. a number of hypotheses have been proposed to account for this cluster, the most prevalent but unsubstantiated hypothesis being that a transmissible agent was ingested in the form of scrapie-infected sheep brains. it has, however, been shown that a modified host protein encoded by the gene specifying the scrapie amyloid precursor is critically involved in the pathogenesis of transmissibl ...	1991	1798423
some problems of diagnosis of the spongiform encephalopathies in ruminants.	the difficulties of a positive diagnosis in the spongiform encephalopathies based only on epidemiological and clinical data are briefly reviewed. however, in b.s.e. as in scrapie, the epidemiology and the clinical data may frequently suggest these diseases. the main diseases which must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of both spongiform encephalopathies are discussed and the criteria of the differential diagnosis are tabulated.	1991	1761111
scrapie prion proteins accumulate in the cytoplasm of persistently infected cultured cells.	the cellular prion protein (prpc) is a sialoglycoprotein anchored to the external surface of cells by a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol moiety. during scrapie, an abnormal prp isoform designated prpsc accumulates, and much evidence argues that it is a major and necessary component of the infectious prion. based on the resistance of native prpsc to proteolysis and to digestion with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c as well as the enhancement of prpsc immunoreactivity after denaturation, ...	1990	1693623
bovine spongiform encephalopathy: a neuropathological perspective.	the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), recognition that it is a new scrapie-like disease epidemic in domestic cattle in the united kingdom and concern of a remote zoonotic potential has, in four years, produced a plethora of documented information. while much of this information has been communicated outwith the scientific literature, this review attempts to summarise, from a neuropathological viewpoint, the main findings to emerge. the initial studies established the nosologi ...	1991	1688299
molecular biology and pathology of scrapie and the prion diseases of humans.	scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy of animals and creutzfeldt-jakob and gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker diseases of humans are transmissible and genetic neurodegenerative diseases caused by prions. infectious prion particles are composed largely, if not entirely, of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein which is encoded by a chromosomal gene. an as yet unidentified post-translational process converts the cellular prion protein into an abnormal isoform. scrapie neuropathology, incubat ...	1991	1669719
[spongiform encephalopathies with special reference to bovine spongiform encephalopathy].	in switzerland bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) was detected for the first time in november 1990. it is a transmissible disease of the central nervous system similar to creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker syndrome (gss) and kuru in man, and, in animals, scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (cwd) in captive mule deer and elk of north america and transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) of farm reared mink. the infectious agent of the spongiform ence ...	1992	1615298
scrapie: a clinical assessment.		1992	1604786
purification of non-infectious ganglioside preparations from scrapie-infected brain tissue.	the extraction and purification of gangliosides from brains of animals infected with the scrapie agent was evaluated by scaling-down a large-scale procedure currently used with bovine brains. inactivation experiments employed hamster brains infected with the 263 k strain of scrapie. residual infectivity was determined at different points of the procedure and in the final preparation by an in vivo animal bioassay. the efficacy of single steps, which included chemicals or physical techniques known ...	1992	1571012
analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from field cases of some common ovine neurological diseases.	analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from normal sheep and from cases of some common neurological diseases revealed a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in the group mean csf protein concentration for meningitis, listeriosis and spinal abscess but not for scrapie, spinal injury, ovine pregnancy toxaemia or polioencephalomalacia. the csf white blood cell count (wbc) was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in the meningitis group and in those cases of listeriosis which failed ...	1992	1551009
molecular cloning of a mink prion protein gene.	transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) is a rare disease which is presumably transmitted to ranch-raised mink from scrapie-infected sheep offal or bovine spongiform encephalopathy-infected cattle products. although the infectious agent of tme has not been isolated, there is circumstantial evidence that tme is caused by prions. the experimental host range of tme includes sheep, cattle, monkeys and hamsters. however, tme has never been transmitted to mice. since experiments in transgenic animals ...	1992	1383401
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse): a stimulus to wider research.	the severity of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy which is currently afflicting cattle in the british isles has stimulated a considerable research effort, much of which is directed toward understanding the aetiology and pathogenesis of the bovine disease. however, a significant thrust has also been orchestrated to address more fundamental issues such as the nature of the uncharacterized causal agents of the wider range of unusual animal and human diseases which share similar chara ...	1992	1364085
hidden amyloidoses.	the pathogenesis as well as the genetic disposition to develop clinical symptoms in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (e.g. creutzfeldt-jakob disease, scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy) relate these diseases to classical noninfectious amyloidoses (familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy as an example) and to alzheimer's disease. this is not obvious to the nonexpert at first glance. this communication tries to elucidate this association, to reveal which immunochemical techniques have ...	1992	1364008
a specific rflp type associated with the occurrence of sheep scrapie in japan.	we have investigated restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) on the prp gene and the frequencies of rflp patterns in 35 healthy suffolk sheep randomly collected. according to the combinations of prp encoding dna fragments generated by restriction enzymes eco ri and hind iii, the rflp patterns were classified into six types and designated as types i to vi. the frequencies of these types were as follows: i, 8.6%; ii, 11.4%; iii, 17.6%; iv, 11.4%; v, 28.6%; and vi, 22.9%. in 10 sheep diagno ...	1992	1360795
immunoreactivity to ubiquitin-protein conjugates is present early in the disease process in the brains of scrapie-infected mice.	brains from mice infected with either the 87v or the me7 strains of mouse-passaged sheep scrapie were taken at stages during the disease process and immunostained to show the localization of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. in both models, conjugates were seen as fine, dot-like structures; as coarser, granular lesions within or adjacent to neurones; and in areas surrounding plaques. the dot-like structures were visible at 28 days post-me7 infection and at 55 days in 87v-infected mice. in both model ...	1992	1334140
[prion encephalopathies].	spongiform encephalopathies, also called prion encephalopathies, are characterized, in human as well as in animals, by (1) their clinical picture which indicates strict localisation in central nervous system, (2) their histological aspect: spongiform degeneration and neuronal loss, and (3) their transmissibility in the same animal species but also from man to animal. the nature of the pathogenic agent is still debated. this agent could be one isoform of the prion protein which, probably because ...	1992	1288542
nucleic acids associated with detergent-treated synaptosomal plasma membranes from normal and scrapie-infected mouse brain.		1976	828592
genetic markers in herdwick sheep: no correlation with succeptibility or resistance to experimental scrapie.	genetic markers were studied in herdwick sheep, bred at compton, with special reference to genetically selected lines which differ in susceptibility or resistance to experimentally produced scrapie. there were no correlations between susceptibility to the disease and albumin, pre-albumin, esterase and haemoglobin phenotypes, and between reduced glutathione levels and alpha-mannosidase isoenzymes, the latter possibly representing a previously undescribed genetic marker in sheep.	1977	606000
pathogenesis of mouse scrapie: effect of route of inoculation on infectivity titres and dose-response curves.		1978	563870