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synthesis and anti-microbial potencies of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-alkylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids: microbial viabilities at different ionic liquids concentrations.three 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-alkylimidazolium chloride room temperature ionic liquids (ils) [2ohimc(n)][cl]; (n=0, 1, 4) have been synthesized from the appropriate imidazole precursors and characterized by ir and nmr spectroscopies and elemental analysis. their anti-microbial activities were investigated using the well-diffusion method. the viabilities of escherichia coli, aeromonas hydrophila, listeria monocytogenes and salmonella enterica as a function of il concentrations were studied. the mini ...201323107478
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium st1660/06, a multidrug-resistant clinical strain isolated from a diarrheic patient.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is one of the most prevalent serovars of salmonella that causes human gastroenteritis. here, we report the draft genome sequence of the s. typhimurium multidrug-resistant strain st1660/06. comparative genomic analysis unveiled three strain-specific genomic islands that potentially confer the multidrug resistance and virulence of the strain.201223105062
immunological evaluation of vi capsular polysaccharide of salmonella enterica subsp. typhi vaccine by serum bactericidal assay.salmonella enterica subsp. typhi (s. typhi) vi antigen capsular polysaccharide (vi-cps) is a licensed vaccine against typhoid fever. as there is no animal model for s. typhi fever to evaluate the protective efficacy of the vi-cps vaccine, a serum bactericidal assay (sba) is the recommended 'gold standard' to evaluate its potency. vi-cps was extracted from s. typhi ty6s (csbpi-b191) using a modified gotschlich method. purified vi-cps (50 µg) was injected intramuscularly into three groups of five ...201323105026
the salmonella transcriptome in lettuce and cilantro soft rot reveals a niche overlap with the animal host intestine.fresh vegetables have been recurrently associated with salmonellosis outbreaks, and salmonella contamination of retail produce has been correlated positively with the presence of soft rot disease. we observed that population sizes of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sl1344 increased 56-fold when inoculated alone onto cilantro leaves, versus 2,884-fold when coinoculated with dickeya dadantii, a prevalent pathogen that macerates plant tissue. a similar trend in s. enterica populations was o ...201323104408
is nalidixic acid screening still valid for the detection of reduced susceptibility of fluoroquinolone with salmonella typhi?considering the limitations of screening with nalidixic acid to detect reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s.typhi) strains, we evaluated the use of a 30 µg nalidixic acid disc screening method in pakistan.201223103891
anthranilate phosphoribosyl transferase (trpd) generates phosphoribosylamine for thiamine synthesis from enamines and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate.anthranilate phosphoribosyl transferase (trpd) has been well characterized for its role in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway. here, we characterized a new reaction catalyzed by trpd that resulted in the formation of the purine/thiamine intermediate metabolite phosphoribosylamine (pra). the data showed that 4- and 5-carbon enamines served as substrates for trpd, and the reaction product was predicted to be a phosphoribosyl-enamine adduct. isotopic labeling data indicated that the trpd reaction ...201323101964
a tollgate for typhoid.humans are uniquely susceptible to typhoid fever caused by infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhi. mathur et al. now report that mice lacking toll-like receptor 11, which is absent in humans, can be lethally infected with s. typhi, a breakthrough that promises to speed the development of better vaccines.201223101620
evaluation of a simple blood culture amplification and antigen detection method for diagnosis of salmonella enterica serovar typhi bacteremia.in most areas where typhoid is endemic, laboratory diagnosis is not possible due to the lack of appropriate facilities. we investigated whether the combination of blood culture amplification of salmonella enterica serovar typhi with an s. typhi antigen rapid diagnostic test (rdt) could be an accurate and inexpensive tool for the accelerated diagnosis of patients with acute typhoid in laos. for a panel of 23 gram-negative reference pathogens, the standard diagnostics (catalog no. 15fk20; kyonggi- ...201323100346
impacts of salmonella enteritidis infection on liver transcriptome in broilers.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is an enteric bacterium that can contaminate chicken eggs and meat, resulting in production losses and consumer illness. to provide insight into the systemic metabolic effects of s. enteritidis infection, liver samples were harvested 10-days postinfection from broiler hens. hepatic global gene expression levels were assessed using a chicken 44k agilent microarray. forty-four genes were differentially expressed at a significance level of q value < 0.05. one ...201323097340
exchangeability of the flagellin (flic) and the cap protein (flid) among different species in flagellar assembly.flagellar filament self-assembles from the component protein, flagellin or flic, with the aid of the capping protein, hap2 or flid. depending on the helical parameters of filaments, flagella from various species are divided into three groups, family i, ii, and iii. each family coincides with the traditional classification of flagella, peritrichous flagella, polar flagella, and lateral flagella, respectively. to elucidate the physico-chemical properties of flagellin to separate families, we chose ...201323097231
the population structure of salmonella enterica enteritidis in iran analyzed by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis.salmonella enterica enteritidis is the most frequent etiological agent of salmonellosis in humans and poultry. to understand the genetic diversity of s. enteritidis in iran, we examined 69 chicken isolates from 18 broiler farms and six non-epidemic human isolates from six geographically distant provinces by multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva). among se2, se3, se5, se7, se8, sentr4, and sentr7, only se5 with four and sentr7 with two alleles, respectively, proved variable giv ...201323096767
characterization of chicken spleen transcriptome after infection with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.in this study we were interested in identification of new markers of chicken response to salmonella enteritidis infection. to reach this aim, gene expression in the spleens of naive chickens and those intravenously infected with s. enteritidis with or without previous oral vaccination was determined by 454 pyrosequencing of splenic mrna/cdna. forty genes with increased expression at the level of transcription were identified. the most inducible genes encoded avidin (avd), extracellular fatty aci ...201223094107
use of bioluminescence mutant screening for identification of edwardsiella ictaluri genes involved in channel catfish (ictalurus punctatus) skin colonization.initial invasion of the host is the first and vital part of any infection process. we have demonstrated that edwardsiella ictaluri is capable of colonizing and penetrating catfish skin. therefore, a mutant library was constructed by random insertion of the mar2xt7 transposon into the chromosome of e. ictaluri harboring the bioluminescence plasmid pakgfplux1. this library was then screened through a series of three consecutive challenges for mutants showing a decreased ability to colonize the cat ...201323092811
intestinal epithelial responses to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis: effects on intestinal permeability and ion transport.salmonella infection of chickens that leads to potential human foodborne salmonellosis continues to be a major concern. chickens serve as carriers but, in contrast to humans, rarely show any clinical signs including diarrhea. the present investigations aimed to elucidate whether the absence of diarrhea during acute salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) infection may be linked to specific changes in the electrophysiological properties of the chicken gut. immediately aft ...201223091155
optimized culturing and nucleic acid-based methods for the detection of salmonella enterica in poultry environments.the main objective of this trial was to set up a series of assays following quantified inoculation of salmonella samples in 2 initial enrichment methods to ultimately determine the most effective and fastest detection method for recovery of salmonella in a poultry environment matrix. samples were randomly split into 2 different containers containing either buffered peptone water (bpw) + yeast extract, or tetrathionate broth (tt) with added iodine and brilliant green solution 0.1%. a frozen stock ...201223091129
polyphasic characterization of salmonella enteritidis isolates on persistently contaminated layer farms during the implementation of a national control program with obligatory vaccination: a longitudinal study.since 2007, a national salmonella control program including obligatory vaccination has been ongoing in belgium. in this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the diversity of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolates on 5 persistently contaminated belgian layer farms and to examine the potential sources and transmission routes of salmonella enteritidis contamination on the farms during successive laying rounds. a collection of 346 salmonella isolates originating from th ...201223091125
genome expression analysis of nonproliferating intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium unravels an acid ph-dependent phop-phoq response essential for dormancy.genome-wide expression analyses have provided clues on how salmonella proliferates inside cultured macrophages and epithelial cells. however, in vivo studies show that salmonella does not replicate massively within host cells, leaving the underlying mechanisms of such growth control largely undefined. in vitro infection models based on fibroblasts or dendritic cells reveal limited proliferation of the pathogen, but it is presently unknown whether these phenomena reflect events occurring in vivo. ...201323090959
real-time evolution of new genes by innovation, amplification, and divergence.gene duplications allow evolution of genes with new functions. here, we describe the innovation-amplification-divergence (iad) model in which the new function appears before duplication and functionally distinct new genes evolve under continuous selection. one example fitting this model is a preexisting parental gene in salmonella enterica that has low levels of two distinct activities. this gene is amplified to a high copy number, and the amplified gene copies accumulate mutations that provide ...201223087246
live oral typhoid vaccine salmonella typhi ty21a - a surrogate vaccine against non-typhoid salmonella?non-typhoid salmonella (nts) is a leading cause of food-borne illness with more than 90 million annual cases and an emerging antimicrobial resistance among the strains worldwide. paradoxically, no vaccines are available against these pathogens. numerous nts strains share surface o-antigens with salmonella enterica serotype typhi. as intestinal antibodies against o-antigens have proven protective against nts in animal experiments, it appears conceivable that the oral whole-cell typhoid vaccine, s ...201223084770
characterization of curli a production on living bacterial surfaces by scanning probe microscopy.curli are adhesive surface fibers produced by many enterobacteriaceae, such as escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. they are implicated in bacterial attachment and invasion to epithelial cells. in this study, atomic force microscopy was used to determine the effects of curli on topology and mechanical properties of live e. coli cells. young's moduli of both curli-deficient and curli-overproducing mutants were significantly lower than that of their wild-type (wt) strain, while decay lengths ...201223083709
the pduq enzyme is an alcohol dehydrogenase used to recycle nad+ internally within the pdu microcompartment of salmonella enterica.salmonella enterica uses a bacterial microcompartment (mcp) for coenzyme b(12)-dependent 1,2-propanediol (1,2-pd) utilization (pdu). the pdu mcp consists of a protein shell that encapsulates enzymes and cofactors required for metabolizing 1,2-pd as a carbon and energy source. here we show that the pduq protein of s. enterica is an iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase used for 1,2-pd catabolism. pduq is also demonstrated to be a new component of the pdu mcp. in addition, a series of in vivo and i ...201223077559
extremely drug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg infections in patients in zambia.two cases of extremely drug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg isolated from patients in zambia were investigated by utilizing mic determinations and whole-genome sequencing. the isolates were resistant to, and harbored genes toward, nine drug classes, including fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins, contained two plasmid replicons, and differed by 93 single-nucleotide polymorphisms.201323077128
silencing of vamp3 expression does not affect brucella melitensis infection in mouse macrophages.it has been proposed that intracellular pathogens may interfere with expression or function of proteins that mediate vesicular traffic in order to survive inside cells. brucella melitensis is an intracellular pathogen that evades phagosome-lysosome fusion, surviving in the so-called brucella-containing vacuoles (bcv). vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (vamp3) is a v-snare protein that promotes the exocytosis of the proinflammatory cytokine tnf at the phagocytic cup when docking to its cognat ...201223076244
behaviour of co-inoculated pathogenic and spoilage bacteria on poultry following several decontamination treatments.the potential of chemical decontaminants to cause harmful effects on human health is among the causes of the rejection of antimicrobial treatments for removing surface contamination from poultry carcasses in the european union. this study was undertaken to determine whether decontaminants might give a competitive advantage to pathogenic bacteria on poultry and involve a potential risk to consumer. a total of 144 chicken legs were co-inoculated with similar concentrations of pathogenic bacteria ( ...201223072701
inactivation of salmonella enterica on tomato stem scars by antimicrobial solutions and vacuum perfusion.a study was conducted to identify sanitizing solutions effective at inactivating ca. 5logcfu of salmonella enterica inoculated onto the stem scar of red round tomatoes during two-minute immersion treatments. sixty-three antimicrobial combinations were tested. vacuum perfusion was applied to tomatoes during selected treatments to promote infiltration of sanitizer into porous tomato stem scar tissue. red round tomatoes were inoculated to ca. 6.9logcfu/stem scar with a four-serovar composite of sal ...201223072692
humanized tlr4/md-2 mice reveal lps recognition differentially impacts susceptibility to yersinia pestis and salmonella enterica.although lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulation through the toll-like receptor (tlr)-4/md-2 receptor complex activates host defense against gram-negative bacterial pathogens, how species-specific differences in lps recognition impact host defense remains undefined. herein, we establish how temperature dependent shifts in the lipid a of yersinia pestis lps that differentially impact recognition by mouse versus human tlr4/md-2 dictate infection susceptibility. when grown at 37°c, y. pestis lps is hy ...201223071439
immunological characterization of recombinant salmonella enterica serovar typhi flic protein expressed in escherichia coli.like any other enteric pathogen, salmonella also encounters acidic stress in the stomach as well as within the host macrophage milieu. however, the pathogen is reported to combat this stress through acid tolerance response (atr), expressing a number of genes and eventually the proteins. recently, an acid induced outer membrane phenotype encoded by flic gene in salmonella enterica serovar typhi has been identified. in the present study, flic gene was cloned to study its biological implications. t ...201223067582
a phosphotransferase system permease is a novel component of cadc signaling in salmonella enterica.in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-bound transcriptional regulator cadc acts as a switch to activate genes of the lysine decarboxylase system in response to low ph and lysine signals. to identify the genetic factors required for the proteolytic activation of cadc, we performed genome-wide random mutagenesis. we show that a phosphotransferase system (pts) permease stm4538 acts as a positive modulator of cadc function. the transposon insertion in stm45 ...201323066934
antibiotic resistant salmonella and escherichia coli isolated from indigenous gallus domesticus in nairobi, kenya.to characterise and investigate antimicrobial resistance of esherichia coli and salmonella strains isolated from indigenous gallus gallus in a leading slaughterhouse/market outlet in nairobi-kenya.201023057283
bioengineered nisin a derivatives with enhanced activity against both gram positive and gram negative pathogens.nisin is a bacteriocin widely utilized in more than 50 countries as a safe and natural antibacterial food preservative. it is the most extensively studied bacteriocin, having undergone decades of bioengineering with a view to improving function and physicochemical properties. the discovery of novel nisin variants with enhanced activity against clinical and foodborne pathogens has recently been described. we screened a randomized bank of nisin a producers and identified a variant with a serine to ...201223056510
flagella overexpression attenuates salmonella pathogenesis.flagella are cell surface appendages involved in a number of bacterial behaviors, such as motility, biofilm formation, and chemotaxis. despite these important functions, flagella can pose a liability to a bacterium when serving as potent immunogens resulting in the stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems. previous work showing appendage overexpression, referred to as attenuating gene expression (age), was found to enfeeble wild-type salmonella. thus, this approach was adapted to di ...201223056473
fast dna serotyping and antimicrobial resistance gene determination of salmonella enterica with an oligonucleotide microarray-based assay.salmonellosis caused by salmonella (s.) belongs to the most prevalent food-borne zoonotic diseases throughout the world. therefore, serotype identification for all culture-confirmed cases of salmonella infection is important for epidemiological purposes. as a standard, the traditional culture method (iso 6579:2002) is used to identify salmonella. classical serotyping takes 4-5 days to be completed, it is labor-intensive, expensive and more than 250 non-standardized sera are necessary to characte ...201223056321
host-pathogen interaction in invasive salmonellosis.salmonella enterica infections result in diverse clinical manifestations. typhoid fever, caused by s. enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) and s. paratyphi a, is a bacteremic illness but whose clinical features differ from other gram-negative bacteremias. non-typhoidal salmonella (nts) serovars cause self-limiting diarrhea with occasional secondary bacteremia. primary nts bacteremia can occur in the immunocompromised host and infants in sub-saharan africa. recent studies on host-pathogen interactio ...201223055923
engineering, conjugation, and immunogenicity assessment of escherichia coli o121 o antigen for its potential use as a typhoid vaccine component.state-of-the-art production technologies for conjugate vaccines are complex, multi-step processes. an alternative approach to produce glycoconjugates is based on the bacterial n-linked protein glycosylation system first described in campylobacter jejuni. the c. jejuni n-glycosylation system has been successfully transferred into escherichia coli, enabling in vivo production of customized recombinant glycoproteins. however, some antigenic bacterial cell surface polysaccharides, like the vi antige ...201323053636
bacterial coinfections in travelers with malaria: rationale for antibiotic therapy.malaria predisposes children in areas where malaria is endemic to concurrent bacteremia, often with severe outcomes. the importance of bacterial coinfections in patients diagnosed with malaria in nonendemic settings has, however, not been reported. a retrospective analysis of microbiology data was performed in 755 travelers diagnosed with malaria in sweden. bacterial cultures from blood and other locations were correlated to clinical outcome and antibiotic treatment. blood cultures were drawn fr ...201323052321
human infections due to salmonella blockley, a rare serotype in south africa: a case report.infections due to nontyphoidal salmonella have increased worldwide over the last couple of decades. salmonella enterica serotype blockley (salmonella blockley) infections is associated with chickens and is a rarely isolated serotype in human infections in most countries.201223050633
draft genome sequences of 21 salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strains.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is a common food-borne pathogen, often associated with shell eggs and poultry. here, we report draft genomes of 21 s. enteritidis strains associated with or related to the u.s.-wide 2010 shell egg recall. eleven of these genomes were from environmental isolates associated with the egg outbreak, and 10 were reference isolates from previous years, unrelated to the outbreak. the whole-genome sequence data for these 21 human pathogen strains ar ...201223045502
genome sequence and comparative pathogenomics analysis of a salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain associated with a typhoid carrier in malaysia.salmonella enterica serovar typhi is a human pathogen that causes typhoid fever predominantly in developing countries. in this article, we describe the whole genome sequence of the s. typhi strain cr0044 isolated from a typhoid fever carrier in kelantan, malaysia. these data will further enhance the understanding of its host persistence and adaptive mechanism.201223045488
effect of chemical sanitizers on salmonella enterica serovar poona on the surface of cantaloupe and pathogen contamination of internal tissues as a function of cutting procedure.survival of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar poona on surface and stem scar portions of inoculated cantaloupe following sanitizer application, transfer of pathogen from the rind to the flesh during cutting, and growth of salmonella poona on cantaloupe cubes over 15 days of refrigerated storage were investigated. cantaloupes inoculated with a rifampin-resistant strain of salmonella poona (10(7) cfu/ml) for 3 min and dried for 12 h were washed with chlorine (200 mg free chlorine per lit ...201223043824
typhoid and paratyphoid fever in western sydney local health district, nsw, january-june 2011.we undertook a study of enteric fever, caused by salmonella enterica enterica subtypes typhi and paratyphi a, presenting in residents of the western sydney local health district for the period january-june 2011. twelve cases of s. typhi and eight of s. paratyphi a were notified. patients were predominantly young adults (median age 26 years, 70% female) who had been visiting friends and relatives in india, samoa, bangladesh or sri lanka. no cases were associated with travel for less than 3 weeks; ...201223043747
population genetic structure of 4,12:a:- salmonella enterica strains from harbor porpoises.according to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) typing, 4,12:a:- salmonella enterica isolates from harbor porpoises are highly diverse. however, porpoise isolates belong to only two multilocus sequence types within the eburst group 18 (ebg18) genetic cluster, which also includes s. enterica serovars bispebjerg and abortusequi. isolates of other, serologically similar serovars belong to unrelated ebgs. these assignments to ebgs were supported by ebg-specific sequences of the flagellar gene f ...201223042176
genetic manipulation of pathogenicity loci in non-typhimurium salmonella.the traditional genetic tools used in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium rely heavily on a high-transducing mutant of bacteriophage p22. p22 recognizes its hosts by the structure of their o-antigens, which vary among serovars of salmonella; therefore, it cannot be used in most non-typhimurium salmonella, including the majority of those causing food-borne illnesses in both humans and livestock. bacteriophage p1 infects a variety of enteric bacteria, including gale mutants of serovar typhimur ...201223041268
interplay between fur and hns in controlling virulence gene expression in salmonella typhimurium.salmonella enterica is responsible for a large number of diseases in a wide-range of hosts. two of the global regulators involved in controlling gene expression during the infection cycle of the bacterium are fur and hns. in this paper, we demonstrate computationally that fur and hns have disproportionately high density of binding sites in the pathogenicity islands on the salmonella chromosome. moreover, the frequency of binding sites for the two proteins is correlated throughout the genome of t ...201223040276
evolution of transcriptional regulation in closely related bacteria.the exponential growth of the number of fully sequenced genomes at varying taxonomic closeness allows one to characterize transcriptional regulation using comparative-genomics analysis instead of time-consuming experimental methods. a transcriptional regulatory unit consists of a transcription factor, its binding site and a regulated gene. these units constitute a graph which contains so-called "network motifs", subgraphs of a given structure. here we consider genomes of closely related enteroba ...201223039862
structural insights into the function of the nicotinate mononucleotide:phenol/p-cresol phosphoribosyltransferase (arsab) enzyme from sporomusa ovata.cobamides (cbas) are cobalt (co) containing tetrapyrrole-derivatives involved in enzyme-catalyzed carbon skeleton rearrangements, methyl-group transfers, and reductive dehalogenation. the biosynthesis of cobamides is complex and is only performed by some bacteria and achaea. cobamides have an upper (coβ) ligand (5'-deoxyadenosyl or methyl) and a lower (coα) ligand base that contribute to the axial co coordinations. the identity of the lower coα ligand varies depending on the organism synthesizin ...201223039029
prevalence of salmonella spp. in cane toads (bufo marinus) from grenada, west indies, and their antimicrobial susceptibility.cloacal swabs and caecal contents sampled from 58 cane toads (bufo marinus) in st george's parish, grenada, during a 7-month period in 2011 were examined by an enrichment and selective culture method for presence of salmonella spp. twenty-four (41%) toads were positive for salmonella spp. of which eight were salmonella enterica serovar javiana, and eight were s. enterica serovar rubislaw. the other serovars were as follows: montevideo, 6; arechavaleta, 1; and serovar: iv:43:-:-, 1. the high freq ...201323035820
effect of x-ray treatments on pathogenic bacteria, inherent microbiota, color, and texture on parsley leaves.this work is a part of systematic studies of the effect of x-ray treatments on fresh produce. the main objective of this investigation was to study the effects of x-ray treatments in reducing the concentration of artificially inoculated escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica, and shigella flexneri, and inherent microbiota on parsley leaves. the secondary objective was to study the effects of x-ray treatments on color and texture parameters on treated parsley leaves ...201223035726
salmonella enterica subsp. enterica producing vim-1 carbapenemase isolated from livestock farms. 201323034713
a connecter-like factor, caca, links rssb/rpos and the cpxr/cpxa two-component system in salmonella.bacteria integrate numerous environmental stimuli when generating cellular responses. increasing numbers of examples describe how one two-component system (tcs) responds to signals detected by the sensor of another tcs. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain poorly defined.201223031642
on-cell mas nmr: physiological clues from living cells.while structural information on biomolecules is mainly obtained from purified in vitro samples, nmr can also be applied in the context of entire cells or organisms. the present study describes maturation processes in living salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, a prevalent cause for human gastroenteritis. in our physiological study, we follow the composition of the o-antigen on the outer bacterial membrane with high-resolution mas nmr spectroscopy. we detect and characterize an evolution of t ...201223030432
molecular characterization of the viab locus encoding the biosynthetic machinery for vi capsule formation in salmonella typhi.the vi capsular polysaccharide (cps) of salmonella enterica serovar typhi, the cause of human typhoid, is important for infectivity and virulence. the vi biosynthetic machinery is encoded within the viab locus composed of 10 genes involved in regulation of expression (tvia), polymer synthesis (tvib-tvie), and cell surface localization of the cps (vexa-vexe). we cloned the viab locus from s. typhi and transposon insertion mutants of individual viab genes were characterized in escherichia coli dh5 ...201223029132
pathogenicity of salmonella enterica in caenorhabditis elegans relies on disseminated oxidative stress in the infected host.feeding caenorhabditis elegans with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium significantly shortens the lifespan of the nematode. s. typhimurium-infected c. elegans, stained with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate which fluoresces upon exposure to reactive oxygen species, revealed intestinal luminal staining that along with the time of infection progressed to a strong staining in the hypodermal tissues of the nematode. still, we could not detect invasion beyond the nematode's intestinal e ...201223028994
a naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphism in the salmonella spi-2 type iii effector srfh/ssei controls early extraintestinal dissemination.cd18 expressing phagocytes associated with the gastro-intestinal (gi) epithelium can shuttle salmonella directly into the bloodstream within a few minutes following microbial ingestion. we have previously demonstrated that salmonella controls the cd18 pathway to deeper tissue, manipulating the migratory properties of infected cells as an unappreciated component of its pathogenesis. we have observed that one type iii effector, srfh (also called ssei) that salmonella secretes into infected phagocy ...201223028876
fruit, a scar-free system for targeted chromosomal mutagenesis, epitope tagging, and promoter replacement in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica.recombineering is a widely-used approach to delete genes, introduce insertions and point mutations, and introduce epitope tags into bacterial chromosomes. many recombineering methods have been described, for a wide range of bacterial species. these methods are often limited by (i) low efficiency, and/or (ii) introduction of "scar" dna into the chromosome. here, we describe a rapid, efficient, pcr-based recombineering method, fruit, that can be used to introduce scar-free point mutations, deletio ...201223028641
very long o-antigen chains enhance fitness during salmonella-induced colitis by increasing bile resistance.intestinal inflammation changes the luminal habitat for microbes through mechanisms that have not been fully resolved. we noticed that the fepe regulator of very long o-antigen chain assembly in the enteric pathogen salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (s. typhimurium) conferred a luminal fitness advantage in the mouse colitis model. however, a fepe mutant was not defective for survival in tissue, resistance to complement or resistance to polymyxin b. we performed metabolite profiling to ide ...201223028318
microbial amyloids induce interleukin 17a (il-17a) and il-22 responses via toll-like receptor 2 activation in the intestinal mucosa.the toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2)/tlr1 receptor complex responds to amyloid fibrils, a common component of biofilm material produced by members of the phyla firmicutes, bacteroidetes, and proteobacteria. to determine whether this tlr2/tlr1 ligand stimulates inflammatory responses when bacteria enter intestinal tissue, we investigated whether expression of curli amyloid fibrils by the invasive enteric pathogen salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium contributes to t helper 1 and t helper 17 respon ...201223027540
interplay between the qsec and qsee bacterial adrenergic sensor kinases in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium pathogenesis.the bacterial adrenergic sensor kinases qsec and qsee respond to epinephrine and/or norepinephrine to initiate a complex phosphorelay regulatory cascade that modulates virulence gene expression in several pathogens. we have previously shown that qsec activates virulence gene expression in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. here we report the role of qsee in s. typhimurium pathogenesis as well as the interplay between these two histidine sensor kinases in gene regulation. an s. typhimurium ...201223027532
effect of frequency and waveform on inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in salsa by ohmic heating.the effect of frequency of alternating current during ohmic heating on electrode corrosion, heating rate, inactivation of food-borne pathogens, and quality of salsa was investigated. the impact of waveform on heating rate was also investigated. salsa was treated with various frequencies (60 hz to 20 khz) and waveforms (sine, square, and sawtooth) at a constant electric field strength of 12.5 v/cm. electrode corrosion did not occur when the frequency exceeded 1 khz. the heating rate of the sample ...201323023752
intracontinental spread of human invasive salmonella typhimurium pathovariants in sub-saharan africa.a highly invasive form of non-typhoidal salmonella (ints) disease has recently been documented in many countries in sub-saharan africa. the most common salmonella enterica serovar causing this disease is typhimurium (salmonella typhimurium). we applied whole-genome sequence-based phylogenetic methods to define the population structure of sub-saharan african invasive salmonella typhimurium isolates and compared these to global salmonella typhimurium populations. notably, the vast majority of sub- ...201223023330
development of a custom 16s rrna gene library for the identification and molecular subtyping of salmonella enterica.the use of 16s rrna gene sequencing within the regulatory workflow may help to reduce the time and labor involved in the identification and differentiation of salmonella enterica isolates. however, a comprehensive, standardized reference library is needed in order to use this method with regulatory samples. the goal of this project was to acquire 16s rrna partial and full gene sequences for a variety of s. enterica isolates and to use these sequences to build a custom 16s rrna reference library. ...201223022443
studies on the substrate specificity of a gdp-mannose pyrophosphorylase from salmonella enterica.a series of methoxy and deoxy derivatives of mannopyranose-1-phosphate (manp-1p) were chemically synthesized, and their ability to be converted into the corresponding guanosine diphosphate mannopyranose (gdp-manp) analogues by a pyrophosphorylase (gdp-manpp) from salmonella enterica was studied. evaluation of methoxy analogues demonstrated that gdp-manpp is intolerant of bulky substituents at the c-2, c-3, and c-4 positions, in turn suggesting that these positions are buried inside the enzyme ac ...201223019451
the pmrab system-inducing conditions control both lipid a remodeling and o-antigen length distribution, influencing the salmonella typhimurium-host interactions.the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lipopolysaccharide consisting of covalently linked lipid a, non-repeating core oligosaccharide, and the o-antigen polysaccharide is the most exposed component of the cell envelope. previous studies demonstrated that all of these regions act against the host immunity barrier. the aim of this study was to define the role and interaction of pmrab-dependent gene products required for the lipopolysaccharide component synthesis or modification mainly during ...201223019341
multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica, democratic republic of the congo. 201223017665
functional characterization of quinolone-resistant mechanisms in a lab-selected salmonella enterica typhimurium mutant.correlation has been widely accepted between quinolone resistance and topoisomerase point mutations in quinolone resistance determination regions (qrdrs). acquirement of point mutations in qrdrs usually increases the microbial resistance to both nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones. the quinolone-resistant mechanisms accumulated in a lab-selected mutant were characterized through the construction of isogenic mutants using phage λ red recombinase system and phage p22. the function of a quinolone-r ...201323013383
salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolated from chicken carcasses and environment at slaughter in reunion island: prevalence, genetic characterization and antibiotic susceptibility.salmonella contamination of 71 chicken broiler flocks was investigated at the slaughterhouse in reunion island between october 2007 and january 2009. samples were collected from live broiler chickens and chicken carcasses as well as the slaughterhouse environment. salmonella spp. was isolated from 40 of 71 (56 % with a confidence interval 5 % [45-67]) broiler chicken flocks at slaughter. the most prominent serovars were blockley (31 %), typhimurium and brancaster (14 %), hadar (10 %), salmonella ...201323011670
engineering of acetyl-coa metabolism for the improved production of polyhydroxybutyrate in saccharomyces cerevisiae.through metabolic engineering microorganisms can be engineered to produce new products and further produce these with higher yield and productivities. here, we expressed the bacterial polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) pathway in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae and we further evaluated the effect of engineering the formation of acetyl coenzyme a (acetyl-coa), an intermediate of the central carbon metabolism and precursor of the phb pathway, on heterologous phb production by yeast. we engineered the ac ...201223009357
occurrence and characterization of monophasic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (1,4,[5],12:i:-) of non-human origin in poland.the epidemiological role of monophasic salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium tends to increase, indicating pandemic spread. the aim of the present study was to confirm the occurrence of this serological variant in poland and to report the first cases in belarus and ukraine. genetic similarity of monophasic isolates with salmonella typhimurium already present in these countries was assessed. serotyping, duplex-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay, antibiotic resistance and puls ...201223009171
effects of parabens and isothiazolinone on the microbiological quality of baby shampoo: the challenge test.an in vitro microbial challenge test has been developed to predict the likelihood of consumer contamination of baby shampoo. four preservatives were tested in our study: the parbens medcide d, medcide pb, sepicide hb. and isothiazolinone methylisothiazolinone/chloromethylisothiazolinone [mi/mci]. these preservatives were tested separately and in combination. the challenge test involved inoculating the product with micrococcus luteus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, salmonella enterica, ...201223007105
expression of stm4467-encoded arginine deiminase controlled by the stm4463 regulator contributes to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium virulence.arginine deiminase (adi), carbamate kinase (ck), and ornithine transcarbamoylase (otc) constitute the adi system. in addition to metabolic functions, the adi system has been implicated in the virulence of certain pathogens. the pathogenic intracellular bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium possesses the stm4467, stm4466, and stm4465 genes, which are predicted to encode adi, ck, and otc, respectively. here we report that the stm4467 gene encodes an adi and that adi activity plays a ro ...201223006851
targeting essential genes in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium with antisense peptide nucleic acid.we investigated the capability of antisense peptide nucleic acids (pnas) conjugated to the (kff)(3)k cell-penetrating peptide to target possible essential genes (liga, rpoa, rpod, enga, tsf, and kdta) in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and inhibit bacterial growth in vitro and in cell culture. all targeted pna-based gene inhibition has shown great potency in gene expression inhibition in a sequence-specific and dose-dependent manner at micromolar concentrations. among tested pnas, the an ...201223006748
detection and identification of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli, and shigella spp. via pcr-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: isolate testing and analysis of food samples.an assay to identify the common food-borne pathogens salmonella, escherichia coli, shigella, and listeria monocytogenes was developed in collaboration with ibis biosciences (a division of abbott molecular) for the plex-id biosensor system, a platform that uses electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (esi-ms) to detect the base composition of short pcr amplicons. the new food-borne pathogen (fbp) plate has been experimentally designed using four gene segments for a total of eight amplicon targe ...201223001674
inactivation of salmonella enterica by uv-c light alone and in combination with mild temperatures.the aim of this investigation was to study the efficacy of the combined processes of uv light and mild temperatures for the inactivation of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica and to explore the mechanism of inactivation. the doses to inactivate the 99.99% (4d) of the initial population ranged from 18.03 (salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium stcc 878) to 12.75 j ml(-1) (salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis atcc 13076). the ph and water activity of the treatment medium did not change the uv ...201223001665
prevalence of quinolone resistance and mutations in the topoisomerase genes in salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis isolates from serbia.the prevalence of quinolone resistance was studied in salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis isolates collected during 2005-2010 in southern bačka county, serbia. a total of 878 clinical isolates were examined, among which 19 (2.2%) nalidixic acid (nal)-resistant s. enteritidis were detected by selection on agar plates containing 64 mg/l nal. antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was tested by the agar dilution method. according to clinical and laboratory standards institute (clsi) brea ...201222999768
comparison of dkgb-linked intergenic sequence ribotyping to dna microarray hybridization for assigning serotype to salmonella enterica.two dna-based methods were compared for the ability to assign serotype to 139 isolates of salmonella enterica ssp. i. intergenic sequence ribotyping (isr) evaluated single nucleotide polymorphisms occurring in a 5s ribosomal gene region and flanking sequences bordering the gene dkgb. a dna microarray hybridization method that assessed the presence and the absence of sets of genes was the second method. serotype was assigned for 128 (92.1%) of submissions by the two dna methods. isr detected mixt ...201222998607
natural lysogenization and transduction in salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis by bacteriophage p1.it has been reported that bacteriophage p1 injects dna into serovar choleraesuis without evidence of productive infection. however, we found that p1 generates progeny and is capable of transduction in serovar choleraesuis. this is not the case with other serovars of salmonella enterica we tested. therefore, p1 could play a role in serovar choleraesuis evolution and contribute to its genetic manipulation and analysis.201222995628
prevalence of salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- in england and wales, 2010.difficulties in accurately identifying serovar 4,[5],12:i:- as monophasic variants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium mean there is confusion in the reporting of serovars typhimurium and 4,[5],12:i:-. to gain insight into the prevalence and diversity of these monophasic variants in england and wales, screening for fljb, hin and the serovar 4,[5],12:i:- dt193-associated genomic island was conducted on 609 s. enterica isolates designated as definitive phage type (dt) 193, and 142 isolates ...201222995432
immunization with outer membrane protein a from salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis induces humoral immune response but no protection against homologous challenge in chickens.vaccination of poultry is one promising strategy to mitigate salmonella infection in poultry and, in turn, humans as well. we evaluated the efficacy of outer membrane protein a (ompa) as a novel vaccine candidate against salmonella in poultry. native ompa purified from salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis was mixed with adjuvant and administered intramuscularly to 41-d-old chicks. the vaccinated birds showed no decrease in cecal excretion and tissue colonization compared with the unvaccinated ...201222991526
ygiw homologous gene from pseudomonas aeruginosa 25w is responsible for tributyltin resistance.a tributyltin (tbt) resistance gene was isolated from the tbt-resistant marine origin bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa 25w. this gene was identical to pa0320 deposited in the p. aeruginosa pao1 database (http://www.pseudomonas.com). the deduced amino acid sequence of pa0320 appears to be homologous to the ygiw proteins of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. the deletion mutant of pa0320 showed a reduction of growth rate in the presence of tbt. a susceptibility test to cadmium, mercury, hyd ...201222990488
transposon mutagenesis of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis identifies genes that contribute to invasiveness in human and chicken cells and survival in egg albumen.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is an important food-borne pathogen, and chickens are a primary reservoir of human infection. while most knowledge about salmonella pathogenesis is based on research conducted on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, s. enteritidis is known to have pathobiology specific to chickens that impacts epidemiology in humans. therefore, more information is needed about s. enteritidis pathobiology in comparison to that of s. typhimurium. we used transposon mutag ...201222988017
[meningitis due to salmonella enterica]. 201222987268
persistence of salmonella enterica during dehydration and subsequent cold storage.despite the fact that salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium sl 1344 has served as a model pathogen in many studies, information regarding its desiccation response is still scarce. in this study, we investigated environmental conditions that affect salmonella survival following dehydration and subsequent cold storage, using a 96-well polystyrene plate model. the sl 1344 strain exhibited high survival compared with other typhimurium isolates and s. enterica serotypes. further characterization o ...201222986208
characterization of lactic acid bacteria from naturally-fermented manzanilla aloreña green table olives.manzanilla aloreña (or aloreña) table olives are naturally fermented traditional green olives with a denomination of protection (dop). the aim of this study was to search for lactic acid bacteria (lab) with technological properties of interest for possible inclusion in a starter or protective culture preparation or also as probiotics. a collection of 144 lab obtained from aloreña green table olives naturally-fermented by four small-medium enterprises (smes) from málaga (spain), including lactoba ...201222986194
quantification of bacterial indicators and zoonotic pathogens in dairy wastewater ponds.zoonotic pathogens in land-applied dairy wastewaters are a potential health risk. the occurrence and abundance of 10 pathogens and 3 fecal indicators were determined by quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) in samples from 30 dairy wastewaters from southern idaho. samples tested positive for campylobacter jejuni, stx(1)- and eaea-positive escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and salmonella enterica, with mean recoveries of genomic dna corresponding t ...201222983964
discovery and biological characterization of geranylated rna in bacteria.a general ms-based screen for unusually hydrophobic cellular small molecule-rna conjugates revealed geranylated rna in escherichia coli, enterobacter aerogenes, pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonella enterica var. typhimurium. the geranyl group is conjugated to the sulfur atom in two 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine nucleotides. these geranylated nucleotides occur in the first anticodon position of trna(glu)(uuc), trna(lys)(uuu) and trna(gln)(uug) at a frequency of up to 6.7% (~400 geranylated n ...201222983156
reptile pets-associated salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae gastroenteritis in a neonate. 201222982955
synthesis and characterization of vo(ii), co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii) and zn(ii) complexes of chromone based azo-linked schiff base ligand.azo-schiff-base complexes of vo(ii), co(ii), ni(ii), cu(ii) and zn(ii) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, ir, uv-vis, (1)h nmr, mass spectra, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurement, electron spin resonance (epr), cv, fluorescence, nlo and sem. the conductance data indicate the nonelectrolytic nature of the complexes, except vo(ii) complex which is electrolytic in nature. on the basis of electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility octahedral geometry ...201222982386
subtype specific risk factor analyses for sporadic human salmonellosis: a case-case comparison in lower saxony, germany.with the intention to deepen the knowledge of the vertical transmission of particular subtypes of salmonella enterica from "the stable to the table" a case1-case2 analysis in lower saxony, germany, was conducted. the data collection was based on standardised telephone interviews with 1741 salmonella case persons. single-factor-analyses revealed statistically significant associations between s. typhimurium infections and animal keeping (odds ratio (or): 1.4; 95%-confidence-interval (ci): 1.2-1.7) ...201322981706
annual cost of illness and quality-adjusted life year losses in the united states due to 14 foodborne pathogens.in this article we estimate the annual cost of illness and quality-adjusted life year (qaly) loss in the united states caused by 14 of the 31 major foodborne pathogens reported on by scallan et al. (emerg. infect. dis. 17:7-15, 2011), based on their incidence estimates of foodborne illness in the united states. these 14 pathogens account for 95 % of illnesses and hospitalizations and 98 % of deaths due to identifiable pathogens estimated by scallan et al. we estimate that these 14 pathogens caus ...201222980013
ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the united states using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation.understanding the relative public health impact of major microbiological hazards across the food supply is critical for a risk-based national food safety system. this study was conducted to estimate the u.s. health burden of 14 major pathogens in 12 broad categories of food and to then rank the resulting 168 pathogen-food combinations. these pathogens examined were campylobacter, clostridium perfringens, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, norovirus, salmonella enterica, toxoplasma ...201222980012
survival and growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in membrane-processed liquid egg white with ph, temperature, and storage conditions as controlling factors.processing temperature and ph are known to influence the lethality and cell injury in many microbial interventions. a study was undertaken to determine the effects of variations in solution ph and process temperature on the removal and growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in liquid egg white (lew) by microfiltration (mf) membrane process. the effects of various storage conditions on the growth of salmonella in membrane-separated lew were evaluated. pretreated and ph-adjusted (ph 6 t ...201222980004
membrane topology of salmonella invasion protein sipb confers osmotolerance.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a major cause of human gastrointestinal illness worldwide. this pathogen can persist in a wide range of environments, making it of great concern to public health. here, we report that the salmonella pathogenicity island (spi)-1 effector protein sipb exhibits a membrane topology that confers bacterial osmotolerance. disruption of the sipb gene or the invg gene (spi-1 component) significantly reduced the osmotolerance of s. typhimurium lt2. biochemical as ...201222975346
colistin resistance in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica strains isolated from swine in brazil.reports about acquired resistance to colistin in different bacteria species are increasing, including e. coli of animal origin, but reports of resistance in wild s. enterica of different serotypes from swine are not found in the literature. results obtained with one hundred and twenty-six e. coli strains from diseased swine and one hundred and twenty-four s. enterica strains from diseased and carrier swine showed a frequency of 6.3% and 21% of colistin-resistant strains, respectively. when compa ...201222973166
phenotypic analysis of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium rpoe mutants encoding rna polymerase extracytoplasmic stress response sigma factors σ(e) with altered promoter specificity.we previously identified mutants in the rpoe gene of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) encoding rna polymerase extracytoplasmic stress response sigma factors σ(e) with altered promoter specificity. the replacement of the conserved r171 residue in the conserved region 4.2 of σ(e) by different amino acid residues exhibited different phenotypes. while r171a almost completely abolished sigma factor activity, r171g and r171c mutant changes imparted a relaxed recognition phenoty ...201322972381
current fluoroquinolone susceptibility criteria for salmonella needs re-evaluation.disc diffusion technique is the routine susceptibility testing procedure for isolates of enteric fever, the most common clinical diagnosis among febrile patients in nepal.201322971857
mapping the aetiology of non-malarial febrile illness in southeast asia through a systematic review--terra incognita impairing treatment policies.an increasing use of point of care diagnostic tests that exclude malaria, coupled with a declining malaria burden in many endemic countries, is highlighting the lack of ability of many health systems to manage other causes of febrile disease. a lack of knowledge of distribution of these pathogens, and a lack of screening and point-of-care diagnostics to identify them, prevents effective management of these generally treatable contributors to disease burden. while prospective data collection is v ...201222970193
impact of maternally-derived antibodies against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium on the bacterial load in suckling piglets.the significance of maternal immunity against non-typhoid salmonella spp. acquired by piglets via colostrum and milk was evaluated in a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium challenge experiment. piglets from sows vaccinated with an experimental inactivated vaccine exhibited high levels of serum immunoglobulins g and a against s. typhimurium 4 days after birth, just prior to experimental oral challenge. the s. typhimurium load in the ileal and caecal wall of piglets 3 days after experimental i ...201322967925
complete genome sequence of bacteriophage ssu5 specific for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium rough strains.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium rough strain-specific phage ssu5 was isolated, and its whole genome was sequenced. the 103,229-bp-long double-stranded dna genome of ssu5 encodes 130 open reading frames with one trna for asparagine. genomic analysis revealed that ssu5 might be the phylogenetic origin of cryptic plasmid phcm2 harbored by salmonella typhi ct18.201222966187
lack of direct effects of agrochemicals on zoonotic pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria.agrochemicals, fecal indicator bacteria (fib), and pathogens frequently contaminate water simultaneously. no significant direct effects of fertilizer, atrazine, malathion, and chlorothalonil on the survival of escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, salmonella enterica, human polyomaviruses, and adenovirus were detected, supporting the assertion that previously observed effects of agrochemicals on fib were indirect.201222961900
increased resistance to multiple antimicrobials and altered resistance gene expression in cmy-2-positive salmonella enterica following a simulated patient treatment with ceftriaxone.salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of food-borne disease in the united states. increasing antimicrobial resistance and corresponding increases in virulence present serious challenges. currently, empirical therapy for invasive salmonella enterica infection includes either ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin (e. l. hohmann, clin. infect. dis. 32:263-269, 2001). the bla(cmy-2) gene confers resistance to ceftriaxone, the antimicrobial of choice for pediatric patients with invasive salmonella en ...201222961898
analysis of thic variants in the context of the metabolic network of salmonella enterica.in bacteria, the 4-amino-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyrimidine (hmp) moiety of thiamine is synthesized from 5-aminoimidazole ribotide (air), a branch point metabolite of purine and thiamine biosynthesis. thic is a member of the radical s-adenosylmethionine (adomet) superfamily and catalyzes the complex chemical rearrangement of air to hmp-p. as reconstituted in vitro, the thic reaction requires adomet, air, and reductant. this study analyzed variants of thic in vivo and in vitro to probe the metaboli ...201222961850
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