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sero- and genotyping of salmonella in slaughter pigs, from farm to cutting plant, with a focus on the slaughter process.the objective of this study was to investigate the role of the slaughtering process in salmonella carcass contamination by typing isolates recovered previously in a double study of the following: (1) a tracking survey from the farm to the slaughterhouse and (2) a survey of the slaughterhouse environment (i.e., lairage area, slaughter line, cutting plant and carcasses). the salmonella serotypes identified on the carcasses of the 16 tracked batches were frequently linked to lairage, whereas the se ...201323261811
safety and protective efficacy of live attenuated salmonella gallinarum mutants in rhode island red chickens.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, an important systemic disease of poultry with economic consequences in developing nations. a live attenuated orally applied s. gallinarum vaccine could provide a low cost method for controlling this disease. we constructed s. gallinarum strains in which the expression of the crp, rfc and rfah genes, important for virulence of salmonella typhimurium in mice, were under the control of an arabinose-regulated promoter. we ...201323261043
zoonotic fecal pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in county fair animals.livestock fairs present a unique opportunity for the public to experience close contact with animals, but may also expose people to zoonotic pathogens through contact with animal feces. the goal of this study was to screen cattle, sheep, goat, chicken, rabbit and horse feces from a livestock fair in california for the potentially zoonotic pathogens escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella, campylobacter, vibrio, cryptosporidium and giardia spp., as well as determining the level of antimicrobial resi ...201323260373
antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils against escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella on lettuce.foodborne outbreaks associated with the consumption of fresh produce have increased. in an effort to identify natural antimicrobial agents as fresh produce-wash, the effect of essential oils in reducing enteric pathogens on iceberg and romaine lettuce was investigated. lettuce pieces were inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of escherichia coli o157:h7 or salmonella enterica (5 log cfu/g) and then immersed in a treatment solution containing 5 ppm free chlorine, cinnamaldehyde, or sporan(®) (80 ...201323256843
dna sequence analysis of plasmids from multidrug resistant salmonella enterica serotype heidelberg isolates.salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg is among the most detected serovars in swine and poultry, ranks among the top five serotypes associated with human salmonellosis and is disproportionately associated with invasive infections and mortality in humans. salmonella are known to carry plasmids associated with antimicrobial resistance and virulence. to identify plasmid-associated genes in multidrug resistant s. enterica serovar heidelberg, antimicrobial resistance plasmids from five isolates were ...201223251446
the b subunit of an ab5 toxin produced by salmonella enterica serovar typhi up-regulates chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules in human macrophage, colonic epithelial, and brain microvascular endothelial cell lines.the principal function of bacterial ab5 toxin b subunits is to interact with glycan receptors on the surfaces of target cells and mediate the internalization of holotoxin. however, b subunit-receptor interactions also have the potential to impact cell signaling pathways and, in so doing, contribute to pathogenesis independently of the catalytic (toxic) a subunits. various salmonella enterica serovars, including salmonella enterica serovar typhi, encode an ab5 toxin (artab), the a subunit of whic ...201323250951
detection of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis using real time pcr, immunocapture assay, pna fish and standard culture methods in different types of food samples.several methods for the rapid and specific detection of salmonella in food samples have been described. here, we compare 4 of those methods in terms of assay time, procedure complexity, detection limit, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. milk, eggs and mayonnaise samples were artificially contaminated with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis cell concentrations ranging from 1×10(-2) to 1×10(2) cfu per 25 g or ml of food. samples were then pre-enriched and analyzed by either: i) real-time ...201323246608
intranasal vaccination in mice with an attenuated salmonella enterica serovar 908htr a expressing cp15 of cryptosporidium: impact of malnutrition with preservation of cytokine secretion.cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite associated with acute and persistent diarrhea that, even in asymptomatic persons, can impair normal growth and potentially cognitive and physical development in young children. the recent availability of the complete gene sequence for cryptosporidium hominis antigen cp15 allows examination of innovative vaccine regimens involving intra-nasal antigen priming with live bacterial vectors applicable to human populations. we used a recently described weaned mou ...201323246541
l-asparaginase ii produced by salmonella typhimurium inhibits t cell responses and mediates virulence.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium avoids clearance by the host immune system by suppressing t cell responses; however, the mechanisms that mediate this immunosuppression remain unknown. we show that s. typhimurium inhibit t cell responses by producing l-asparaginase ii, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-asparagine to aspartic acid and ammonia. l-asparaginase ii is necessary and sufficient to suppress t cell blastogenesis, cytokine production, and proliferation and to downmodulate express ...201223245323
salmonella enterica serovar typhi variants in long-term carriers.long-term typhoid carriers can simultaneously excrete salmonella enterica serovar typhi variants with considerable genetic differences, a situation that complicates the interpretation of the subtyping data used in outbreak investigations and disease surveillance.201323241373
a novel target of iscs in escherichia coli: participating in dna phosphorothioation.many bacterial species modify their dna with the addition of sulfur to phosphate groups, a modification known as dna phosphorothioation. dnda is known to act as a cysteine desulfurase, catalyzing a key biochemical step in phosphorothioation. however, bioinformatic analysis revealed that 19 out of the 31 known dnd gene clusters, contain only four genes (dndb-e), lacking a key cysteine desulfurase corresponding gene. there are multiple cysteine desulfurase genes in escherichia coli, but which one ...201223240007
bifidobacterium infantis 35624 protects against salmonella-induced reductions in digestive enzyme activity in mice by attenuation of the host inflammatory response.salmonella-induced damage to the small intestine may decrease the villi-associated enzyme activity, causing malabsorption of nutrients and diarrhea, and thus contribute to the symptoms of infection. the objective of this study was to determine the mechanism by which different doses and durations of salmonella infection and lipopolysaccharide (lps) affect brush border enzyme activity in the mouse, and to determine if the probiotic bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis 35624 could attenuate t ...201223238232
attenuated salmonella typhimurium lacking the pathogenicity island-2 type 3 secretion system grow to high bacterial numbers inside phagocytes in mice.intracellular replication within specialized vacuoles and cell-to-cell spread in the tissue are essential for the virulence of salmonella enterica. by observing infection dynamics at the single-cell level in vivo, we have discovered that the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi-2) type 3 secretory system (t3ss) is dispensable for growth to high intracellular densities. this challenges the concept that intracellular replication absolutely requires proteins delivered by spi-2 t3ss, which has bee ...201223236281
quantification of the effects of antibodies on the extra- and intracellular dynamics of salmonella enterica.antibodies are known to be essential in controlling salmonella infection, but their exact role remains elusive. we recently developed an in vitro model to investigate the relative efficiency of four different human immunoglobulin g (igg) subclasses in modulating the interaction of the bacteria with human phagocytes. our results indicated that different igg subclasses affect the efficacy of salmonella uptake by human phagocytes. in this study, we aim to quantify the effects of igg on intracellula ...201323235264
genome sequencing and analysis of salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain cr0063 representing a carrier individual during an outbreak of typhoid fever in kelantan, malaysia.salmonella typhi is a human restricted pathogen with a significant number of individuals as asymptomatic carriers of the bacterium. salmonella infection can be effectively controlled if a reliable method for identification of these carriers is developed. in this context, the availability of whole genomes of carrier strains through high- throughput sequencing and further downstream analysis by comparative genomics approaches is very promising. herein we describe the genome sequence of a salmonell ...201223234298
molecular identification in monophasic and nonmotile variants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.variant strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, lacking one or both flagellar phases have been widely reported. the monophasic s.1,4,[5],12:i:- variant has emerged worldwide in the past few years and has become one of the most frequently encountered in many countries. in contrast, monophasic s.1,4,[5],12:-:1,2 and nonmotile s.1,4,[5],12:-:- strains are rarely described. this study investigated seven molecular markers to identify and delineate monophasic s.1,4,[5],12:i:- (n = 90), s.1 ...201223233427
ensuring safety of home-produced eggs to control salmonellosis in poland: lessons from an outbreak in september 2011.implementation of control measures in line with european commission regulations has led to a decrease in salmonellosis in the european union since 2004. however, control programmes do not address laying hens whose eggs are produced for personal consumption or local sale. this article reports an investigatxion of a salmonellosis outbreak linked to home-produced eggs following a family event held in a farm in september 2011 near warsaw, poland. in the outbreak, 34 people developed gastroenteritis ...201223231857
exposure of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to a protective monoclonal iga triggers exopolysaccharide production via a diguanylate cyclase-dependent pathway.sal4 is a monoclonal polymeric iga antibody directed against the o antigen (o-ag) of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), which is sufficient to protect mice against intestinal infections from s. typhimurium. we recently reported that the exposure of s. typhimurium to sal4 results in the immediate loss of flagellum-based motility, in alterations to the outer membrane (om) integrity, and in the concomitant appearance of a mucoid phenotype that is reminiscent of cells in the e ...201323230292
effects of natural mutations in the ramra locus on invasiveness of epidemic fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates.fluoroquinolone (fq) resistance is increasing worldwide among salmonella species. among the mechanisms involved, increased efflux via the tripartite acrab-tolc efflux system is mainly modulated through control of expression via the ramra regulatory locus gene products. interestingly, in some reference strains these have also been experimentally shown to regulate cell invasion-related genes of the type iii secretion system 1 (t3ss-1). in this study, we investigated whether natural mutations occur ...201323230062
neurologic manifestations associated with an outbreak of typhoid fever, malawi--mozambique, 2009: an epidemiologic investigation.the bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhi causes typhoid fever, which is typically associated with fever and abdominal pain. an outbreak of typhoid fever in malawi-mozambique in 2009 was notable for a high proportion of neurologic illness.201223226492
interactions of salmonella enterica with dendritic cells.dendritic cells (dcs) form an important link between innate and adaptive immunity. however, dcs are also deployed as vehicles for systemic spread of pathogens. salmonella is an important gastrointestinal pathogen causing diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever. dcs play an important role in the immunity against salmonella infection, but this pathogen has also evolved efficient mechanisms to persist after phagocytosis by dcs, to spread using dcs as vehicles and to interfere with th ...201223221476
pleural empyema due to salmonella typhi.salmonella serotypes most often produce gastroenteritis, enteric fever, bacteremia, vascular infection and chronic carrier state. localized infection may occur at any site after salmonella bacteremia. pulmonary involvement due to salmonella infection is rare. empyema occurs usually in elderly patients or in patients with underlying diseases such as diabetes mellitus, malignancy, or pulmonary disease. we report the case of an 83-year-old male diabetic patient who presented with fever, productive ...201223217492
lack of evidence of spill-over of salmonella enterica between cattle and sympatric iberian ibex (capra pyrenaica) from a protected area in catalonia, ne spain.salmonella enterica is a zoonotic agent of worldwide importance found in a wide range of wild hosts. however, its prevalence in many popular game species has never been assessed. iberian ibex (capra pyrenaica) is the main game caprinae of the iberian peninsula and around two thousand individuals are hunted every year for trophy or for home consumption. in this work, 313 iberian ibexes from the ports de tortosa i beseit national game reserve (ne spain) were tested for salmonella enterica in faece ...201423217161
a fresh view of the cell biology of copper in enterobacteria.copper ions are essential but also very toxic. copper resistance in bacteria is based on export of the toxic ion, oxidation from cu(i) to cu(ii), and sequestration by copper-binding metal chaperones, which deliver copper ions to efflux systems or metal-binding sites of copper-requiring proteins. in their publication in this issue, osman et al. (2013) demonstrate how tightly copper resistance, homeostasis and delivery pathways are interwoven in salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium. copper is trans ...201323217080
[real-time pcr detection and quantification of emerging waterborne pathogens (ewps) and antibiotic resistance genes (args) in the downstream area of jiulong river].the emerging waterborne pathogens (ewps) and antibiotic resistance genes (args) are important for drinking water safety. the detection and quantification of 7 ewps and 4 args were carried out in jiulong river, which is the main water source of southwestern fujian province. the water samples were collected from four sites of the jiulong river downstream area and a drinking water treatment plant nearby. dna was extracted and quantified by real-time (sybr green) pcr methods after the samples were f ...201223213891
complete fiber structures of complex trimeric autotransporter adhesins conserved in enterobacteria.trimeric autotransporter adhesins (taas) are modular, highly repetitive surface proteins that mediate adhesion to host cells in a broad range of gram-negative pathogens. although their sizes may differ by more than one order of magnitude, they all follow the same basic head-stalk-anchor architecture, where the head mediates adhesion and autoagglutination, the stalk projects the head from the bacterial surface, and the anchor provides the export function and attaches the adhesin to the bacterial ...201223213248
detection of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica in air and droplets at three u.s. commercial beef processing plants.bacteria are known to be present in the air at beef processing plants, but published data regarding the prevalences of airborne escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica are very limited. to determine if airborne pathogens were present in beef processing facilities, we placed sedimentation sponges at various locations in three commercial beef plants that processed cattle from slaughter through fabrication. for the 291 slaughter area air samples, e. coli o157:h7 was isolated from 15.8% and ...201223212019
modeling to predict growth/no growth boundaries and kinetic behavior of salmonella on cutting board surfaces.this study developed models to predict the growth probabilities and kinetic behavior of salmonella enterica strains on cutting boards. polyethylene coupons (3 by 5 cm) were rubbed with pork belly, and pork purge was then sprayed on the coupon surface, followed by inoculation of a five-strain salmonella mixture onto the surface of the coupons. these coupons were stored at 13 to 35°c for 12 h, and total bacterial and salmonella cell counts were enumerated on tryptic soy agar and xylose lysine deox ...201223212007
salmonella and campylobacter baseline in retail ground beef and whole-muscle cuts purchased during 2010 in the united states.salmonella enterica and campylobacter spp. cause a considerable number of human illnesses each year, and the vast majority of cases are foodborne. the purpose of this study was to establish the baseline of salmonella and campylobacter in beef products purchased from u.s. retail markets. sampling was carried out in 38 american cities. retail raw ground and whole-muscle beef (n = 2,885) samples were purchased and examined for the presence of salmonella. samples testing positive for salmonella were ...201223212006
infection cycle of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in latent carrier mice.this work reports the distribution of an oral dose of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) in c57bl/6-bcgr mice, to study its pathogenesis in a latent carrier animal. mice orally inoculated with a high dose of se developed a latent infection characterized by the absence of clinical symptoms in which the cecum is functioning as a "strategic site" of se proliferation, releasing bacteria into feces intermittently over the 4-week study. a sequence of disruptions occurred in the small intesti ...201223210996
a trade-off between the fitness cost of functional integrases and long-term stability of integrons.horizontal gene transfer (hgt) plays a major role in bacterial microevolution as evident from the rapid emergence and spread of antimicrobial drug resistance. few studies have however addressed the population dynamics of newly imported genetic elements after hgt. here, we show that newly acquired class-1 integrons from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and acinetobacter baumannii, free of associated transposable elements, strongly reduce host fitness in acinetobacter baylyi. insertional in ...201223209414
utilization and accessibility of healthcare on pemba island, tanzania: implications for health outcomes and disease surveillance for typhoid fever.salmonella enterica serotype typhi (s. typhi) was estimated to cause over 200,000 deaths and more than 21 million illnesses worldwide, including over 400,000 illnesses in africa. the current study was conducted in four villages on pemba island, zanzibar, in 2010. we present data on policy makers', health administrators', and village residents' and leaders' perceptions of typhoid fever, and hypothetical and actual health care use among village residents for typhoid fever. qualitative data provide ...201323208887
epithelial cells augment barrier function via activation of the toll-like receptor 2/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway upon recognition of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium curli fibrils in the gut.curli fibrils, the best-characterized functional bacterial amyloids, are an important component of enterobacterial biofilms. we have previously shown that curli fibrils are recognized by the toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2)/tlr1 heterodimer complex. utilizing polarized t-84 cells, an intestinal epithelial cell line derived from colon carcinoma grown on semipermeable tissue culture inserts, we determined that infection with a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium csgba mutant, which does not express ...201323208603
prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens in dairy cattle in the eastern part of japan.to investigate the prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens [campylobacter spp., shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), listeria monocytogenes and salmonella spp.] in dairy cows, rectal content grab samples were collected from 250 dairy cows reared on 25 dairy farms in eastern japan from december 2010 through february 2011. campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 106 (42%) cows on 23 (92%) farms, stec o157 from three cows on one farm, l. monocytogenes from three cows on anot ...201323208291
characterization of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in enterobacteriaceae clinical strains and characterization of the plasmids implicated in their diffusion.a total of 788 clinical enterobacteriaceae were collected to describe the aminoglycoside-modifying genes (ame genes) and to characterize the plasmids that carry these genes. among the 788 strains collected, 330 (41.8%) were aminoglycoside-resistant: 264 escherichia coli (80%), 33 proteus mirabilis (10%), 10 klebsiella pneumoniae (3%), six k. oxytoca (1.8%), five enterobacter cloacae (1.5%), three morganella morganii (0.9%), three providencia stuartii (0.9%), two salmonella enterica (0.6%), and o ...201323206280
isolation of highly persistent mutants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium reveals a new toxin-antitoxin module.bacterial persistence is characterized by the ability of a subpopulation within bacterial cultures to survive exposure to antibiotics and other lethal treatments. the surviving persisters are not the result of genetic changes but represent epigenetic variants that are in a physiological state where growth is inhibited. since characterization of persisters has been performed mainly in escherichia coli k-12, we sought to identify mechanisms of persistence in the pathogen salmonella enterica serova ...201323204462
a dry-inoculation method for nut kernels.a dry-inoculation method for almonds and walnuts was developed to eliminate the need for the postinoculation drying required for wet-inoculation methods. the survival of salmonella enterica enteritidis pt 30 on wet- and dry-inoculated almond and walnut kernels stored under ambient conditions (average: 23 °c; 41 or 47% rh) was then compared over 14 weeks. for wet inoculation, an aqueous salmonella preparation was added directly to almond or walnut kernels, which were then dried under ambient cond ...201323200663
analysis of bacterial diversity during the fermentation of inyu, a high-temperature fermented soy sauce, using nested pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and the plate count method.the diversity of bacteria associated with the fermentation of inyu, also known as black soy sauce, was studied through the nested pcr-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) of samples collected from the fermentation stages of the inyu production process. the dgge profiles targeted the bacterial 16s rdna and revealed the presence of citrobacter farmeri, enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter hormaechei, enterococcus faecium, klebsiella pneumoniae, pantoea agglomerans, salmonella enterica, ser ...201323200659
comparison of heat stress responses of immobilized and planktonic salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonellae are often present as immobilized cells in food products in the form of micro-colonies. despite this, most research into salmonella physiology has been performed with bacteria grown as planktonic cultures. in the current study, we compared the transcriptome of planktonic and immobilized salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) subjected to 30 min of heat stress at 45 °c. the expression of 538 genes was differently regulated between the two conditions af ...201323200655
multiplex fiber optic biosensor for detection of listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica from ready-to-eat meat samples.listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica are the most common foodborne bacterial pathogens and are responsible for many outbreaks. therefore, multiplex detection of these three using a single assay platform is highly desirable. the objective was to develop and optimize a fiber optic sensor for simultaneous detection of these three from food. the streptavidin coated optical waveguides were immobilized with biotinylated polyclonal antibodies and exposed to the bacte ...201323200648
genomic paradigms for food-borne enteric pathogen analysis at the usfda: case studies highlighting method utility, integration and resolution.modern risk control and food safety practices involving food-borne bacterial pathogens are benefiting from new genomic technologies for rapid, yet highly specific, strain characterisations. within the united states food and drug administration (usfda) center for food safety and applied nutrition (cfsan), optical genome mapping and dna microarray genotyping have been used for several years to quickly assess genomic architecture and gene content, respectively, for outbreak strain subtyping and to ...201323199033
immunological characterization of a gida mutant strain of salmonella for potential use in a live-attenuated vaccine.salmonella is often associated with gastrointestinal disease outbreaks in humans throughout the world due to the consumption of contaminated food. our previous studies have shown that deletion of glucose-inhibited division gene (gida) significantly attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (stm) virulence in both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. most importantly, immunization with the gida mutant protected mice from a lethal dose challenge of wild-type stm. in this study, we fu ...201223194372
chip-seq and transcriptome analysis of the ompr regulon of salmonella enterica serovars typhi and typhimurium reveals accessory genes implicated in host colonization.ompr is a multifunctional dna binding regulator with orthologues in many enteric bacteria that exhibits classical regulator activity as well as nucleoid-associated protein-like characteristics. in the enteric pathogen salmonella enterica, using chromatin immunoprecipitation of ompr:flag and nucleotide sequencing, 43 putative ompr binding sites were identified in s. enterica serovar typhi, 22 of which were associated with ompr-regulated genes. mutation of a sequence motif (tgtwacaw) that was asso ...201323190111
interferon-γ- and glucocorticoid-mediated pathways synergize to enhance death of cd4(+) cd8(+) thymocytes during salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection.thymic atrophy is known to occur during infections; however, there is limited understanding of its causes and of the cross-talk between different pathways. this study investigates mechanisms involved in thymic atrophy during a model of oral infection by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium). significant death of cd4(+) cd8(+) thymocytes, but not of single-positive thymocytes or peripheral lymphocytes, is observed at later stages during infection with live, but not heat-killed, ...201323186527
salmonella enterica serovar typhi plasmid pr st98 -mediated inhibition of autophagy promotes bacterial survival in infected fibroblasts.pr (st98) is a chimeric plasmid isolated from salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) and mediates both drug-resistance and virulence of s. typhi. autophagy has been recently reported as an important component of the innate immune response against intracellular pathogen. in this study, we investigated the effect of pr (st98) on cellular autophagy, apoptosis and bacterial survival in infected fibroblasts. s. typhi strain st 8 carrying pr (st98) , salmonella typhimurium strain sr-11 carrying ...201223183467
extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and ampc β-lactamase-producing salmonella enterica strains isolated from domestic retail chicken meat from 2006 to 2011. 201223183214
molecular characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in contaminated chicken meat sold at supermarkets in bangkok, thailand.we assessed contamination by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in chicken meat obtained from supermarkets in bangkok, thailand. the prevalence of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli was 18.7% (14/75) and 53% (106/200), respectively. most probable number (mpn) analysis showed that 56.7% of the samples (34/60) were in violation of the limit of allowable coliform bacteria in chicken meat, for which the maximum is 46,000 mpn/g. multidrug-resistant phenotypes of both s. enterica and e. coli were fou ...201223183206
failure of oral antibiotic therapy, including azithromycin, in the treatment of a recurrent breast abscess caused by salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a.we report a case of recurrent, multifocal salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a breast abscesses, resistant to ciprofloxacin, which relapsed despite surgery, aspiration and multiple courses of antibiotics, including co-trimoxazole and azithromycin. the patient was cured after a prolonged course of intravenous ceftriaxone.201223182142
phenotypic and genetic traits of salmonella enterica subsp. serovar typhimurium strains causing salmonellosis foci in rabbit farms from southern italy in 1999-2003.in this study, we characterised the salmonella typhimurium strains responsible for four outbreaks which occurred in distinct rabbit farms (southern italy) from 1999 to 2003. strains were typed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and the genetic basis of antimicrobial resistance was established. a major group of clonally related isolates, pulsotype stymxb.0061, accounted for three of the salmonellosis foci. strains were resistant to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin a ...201323178046
strain variability of the biofilm-forming ability of salmonella enterica under various environmental conditions.the biofilm-forming ability of 60 salmonella enterica strains was assessed at different ph values (3.8-7.0), nacl concentrations (0.5-8.0%) and temperatures (4-37°c). a total of 4320 biofilm formation tests (60 strains×12 different environmental conditions×6 replicates) were carried out. biofilm formation was evaluated in tryptone soy broth after 48h of incubation in polystyrene microtiter plates using crystal violet staining, and its quantification was based on the difference between the optica ...201223177057
occurrence of pathogens in wild rodents caught on swedish pig and chicken farms.a total of 207 wild rodents were caught on nine pig farms, five chicken farms and five non-farm locations in sweden and surveyed for a selection of bacteria, parasites and viruses. lawsonia intracellularia and pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica were only detected in rodents on pig farms (9% and 8% prevalence, respectively) which indicate that these agents are more likely to be transmitted to rodents from pigs or the environment on infected farms. brachyspira hyodysenteriae (1%), brachyspira inte ...201323174339
the copper supply pathway to a salmonella cu,zn-superoxide dismutase (sodcii) involves p(1b)-type atpase copper efflux and periplasmic cuep.periplasmic cu,zn-superoxide dismutases (cu,zn-sods) are implicated in bacterial virulence. it has been proposed that some bacterial p(1b)-type atpases supply copper to periplasmic cupro-proteins and such transporters have also been implicated in virulence. here we show that either of two p(1b)-type atpases, copa or golt, is needed to activate a periplasmic cu,zn-sod (sodcii) in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. a δcopa/δgolt mutant accumulates inactive zn-sodcii which can be activated by ...201323171030
multiplicity of salmonella entry mechanisms, a new paradigm for salmonella pathogenesis.the salmonella enterica species includes about 2600 diverse serotypes, most of which cause a wide range of food- and water-borne diseases ranging from self-limiting gastroenteritis to typhoid fever in both humans and animals. moreover, some serotypes are restricted to a few animal species, whereas other serotypes are able to infect plants as well as cold- and warm-blooded animals. an essential feature of the pathogenicity of salmonella is its capacity to cross a number of barriers requiring inva ...201223170225
multistate outbreak of salmonella serotype bovismorbificans infections associated with hummus and tahini--united states, 2011.on september 27, 2011, three clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serotype bovismorbificans with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns were identified by the district of columbia public health laboratory (phl). human infection with s. bovismorbificans is rare in the united states. through query of pulsenet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance, six additional cases with indistinguishable pfge patterns were identified in thre ...201223169315
salmonella serotype diversity and seasonality in urban and rural streams.to investigate the prevalence, seasonality and genetic diversity of salmonella enterica serotypes, particularly those of human and veterinary health significance, in urban and rural streams.201323167768
salmonella typhi in the democratic republic of the congo: fluoroquinolone decreased susceptibility on the rise.drug resistance of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (salmonella typhi) to first-line antibiotics is emerging in central africa. although increased use of fluoroquinolones is associated with spread of resistance, salmonella typhi with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility (dcs) has rarely been reported in central africa.201223166855
an altered immune response, but not individual cationic antimicrobial peptides, is associated with the oral attenuation of ara4n-deficient salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in mice.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) uses two-component regulatory systems (tcrs) to respond to stimuli in the local microenvironment. upon infection, the salmonella tcrss phop-phoq (phopq) and pmra-pmrb (pmrab) are activated by environmental signals in the intestinal lumen and within host cells. tcrs-mediated gene expression results in lipopolysaccharide (lps) modification and cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance. the pmra-regulated pmrhfijklm operon mediates 4-amino-4- ...201223166721
complete genome sequence of the novel lytic avian pathogenic coliphage nj01.bacteriophages of the c3 morphotype, characterized by very long heads that exceed their width several times, are extremely rare among the podoviridae family members and constitute only 0.5% of over 5,500 phages that have been examined by the electron microscope (h. w. ackermann, arch. virol. 152:227-243, 2007; h. w. ackermann, arch. virol. 146:843-857, 2001). to date, among those phages proven to be c3, only coliphage phieco32, lactococcus phage ksy1, vibrio phage 71a-6, and salmonella enterica ...201223166270
the "decline and fall" of nontyphoidal salmonella in the united kingdom.remarkable changes in the epidemiology of human nontyphoidal salmonellosis have occurred in the united kingdom over the last century. between 1981 and 1991, the incidence of nontyphoidal salmonellosis in the united kingdom rose by >170%, driven primarily by an epidemic of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar enteritidis phage type (pt) 4, which peaked in 1993. measures introduced to control this epidemic included legislation, food safety advice, and an industry-led vaccination program ...201323166188
solar inactivation of four salmonella serovars in fresh and marine waters.sunlight-mediated disinfection of water is of interest to both the drinking and recreational water quality community of researchers due to its potential to reduce microbial contamination and waterborne illness. photo-inactivation of enteric bacteria has primarily been investigated using escherichia coli and laboratory strains of model bacteria. the present study sought to document the photo-inactivation of environmental isolates of salmonella in filter-sterilized natural seawater and freshwater ...201223165707
expression of hila in response to mild acid stress in salmonella enterica is serovar and strain dependent.salmonella enterica is the leading cause of foodborne illness with poultry and poultry products being primary sources of infection. the 2 most common s. enterica serovars associated with human infection are typhimurium and enteritidis. however, kentucky and heidelburg and the 2 most prevalent serovars isolated from poultry environments. given the prevalence of other serovars in poultry products and environments, research is needed to understand virulence modulation in response to stress in serov ...201223163946
glycoengineering of host mimicking type-2 lacnac polymers and lewis x antigens on bacterial cell surfaces.bacterial carbohydrate structures play a central role in mediating a variety of host-pathogen interactions. glycans can either elicit protective immune response or lead to escape of immune surveillance by mimicking host structures. lipopolysaccharide (lps), a major component on the surface of gram-negative bacteria, is composed of a lipid a-core and the o-antigen polysaccharide. pathogens like neisseria meningitidis expose a lipooligosaccharide (los), which outermost glycans mimick mammalian epi ...201323163552
comparative study of the protective capacity against salmonella infection between probiotic and nonprobiotic lactobacilli.to investigate the immunoprotective ability of three lactobacilli strains against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in a mouse model. to identify the probiotic properties involved in the protection against infection caused by this pathogen.201323163296
salmonella inhibits retrograde trafficking of mannose-6-phosphate receptors and lysosome function.salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates within membrane-bound vacuoles through the action of effector proteins translocated into host cells. salmonella vacuoles have characteristics of lysosomes but are reduced in hydrolytic enzymes transported by mannose-6-phosphate receptors (mprs). we found that the effector sifa subverted rab9-dependent retrograde trafficking of mprs, thereby attenuating lysosome function. this required binding of sifa to its host cell targ ...201223162002
deletion of invh gene in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium limits the secretion of sip effector proteins.the type-iii secretion system-i (t3ss-i) of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is an essential component to mediate active invasion and subsequent inflammation in genetically susceptible c57bl/6 mice. s. typhimurium translocates its effector proteins through salmonella pathogenicity island-i (spi-i) encoded t3ss-i needle complex. this study focuses on invh gene of s. typhimurium, which plays an active role in spi-i mediated effector protein translocation. the deletion of in ...201323159244
m cell differentiation: distinct lineage or phenotypic transition? salmonella provides answers.whether m cells arise from a distinct lineage or result from phenotypic transition is a matter of debate. in this issue of cell host & microbe, tahoun et al. (2012) provide evidence that sopb, a virulence factor of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, can induce phenotypic transition of lymphoid follicle-associated enterocytes into m cells.201223159049
[pyopneumothorax caused by salmonella choleraesuis: a case report and review of the literature].to improve understanding of the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of pyopneumothorax caused by salmonella choleraesuis.201223158072
neutrophil elastase alters the murine gut microbiota resulting in enhanced salmonella colonization.the intestinal microbiota has been found to play a central role in the colonization of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the gastrointestinal tract. in this study, we present a novel process through which salmonella benefit from inflammatory induced changes in the microbiota in order to facilitate disease. we show that salmonella infection in mice causes recruitment of neutrophils to the gut lumen, resulting in significant changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. this oc ...201223155475
systemic flagellin immunization stimulates mucosal cd103+ dendritic cells and drives foxp3+ regulatory t cell and iga responses in the mesenteric lymph node.mucosal immunity is poorly activated after systemic immunization with protein ags. nevertheless, induction of mucosal immunity in such a manner would be an attractive and simple way to overcome the intrinsic difficulties in delivering ag to such sites. flagellin from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (flic) can impact markedly on host immunity, in part via its recognition by tlr5. in this study, we show that systemic immunization with soluble flic (sflic) drives distinct immune responses c ...201223152564
structural insights into the mechanism of four-coordinate cob(ii)alamin formation in the active site of the salmonella enterica atp:co(i)rrinoid adenosyltransferase enzyme: critical role of residues phe91 and trp93.atp:co(i)rrinoid adenosyltransferases (acats) are enzymes that catalyze the formation of adenosylcobalamin (adocbl, coenzyme b(12)) from cobalamin and atp. there are three families of acats, namely, coba, eutt, and pduo. in salmonella enterica, coba is the housekeeping enzyme that is required for de novo adocbl synthesis and for salvaging incomplete precursors and cobalamin from the environment. here, we report the crystal structure of coba in complex with atp, four-coordinate cobalamin, and fiv ...201223148601
first detection of oqxab in salmonella spp. isolated from food.food-borne salmonellosis is an important public health problem worldwide and the second leading cause of food-borne illnesses in hong kong. in this study, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella in meat products in hong kong were determined. interestingly, a plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr) gene combination, oqxab, which mediates resistance to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, and olaquindox, was for the first time detectable on the chromosomes of two salmonella ente ...201323147728
type 1 interferon-associated necroptosis: a novel mechanism for salmonella enterica typhimurium to induce macrophage death. 201223147719
o:2-crm(197) conjugates against salmonella paratyphi a.enteric fevers remain a common and serious disease, affecting mainly children and adolescents in developing countries. salmonella enterica serovar typhi was believed to cause most enteric fever episodes, but several recent reports have shown an increasing incidence of s. paratyphi a, encouraging the development of a bivalent vaccine to protect against both serovars, especially considering that at present there is no vaccine against s. paratyphi a. the o-specific polysaccharide (o:2) of s. paraty ...201223144798
structural insight into the clostridium difficile ethanolamine utilisation microcompartment.bacterial microcompartments form a protective proteinaceous barrier around metabolic enzymes that process unstable or toxic chemical intermediates. the genome of the virulent, multidrug-resistant clostridium difficile 630 strain contains an operon, eut, encoding a bacterial microcompartment with genes for the breakdown of ethanolamine and its utilisation as a source of reduced nitrogen and carbon. the c. difficile eut operon displays regulatory genetic elements and protein encoding regions in co ...201223144756
landscape and meteorological factors affecting prevalence of three food-borne pathogens in fruit and vegetable farms.produce-related outbreaks have been traced back to the preharvest environment. a longitudinal study was conducted on five farms in new york state to characterize the prevalence, persistence, and diversity of food-borne pathogens in fresh produce fields and to determine landscape and meteorological factors that predict their presence. produce fields were sampled four times per year for 2 years. a total of 588 samples were analyzed for listeria monocytogenes, salmonella, and shiga toxin-producing ...201323144137
influence of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection on the development of the cecum microbiota in newly hatched chicks.terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and quantitative pcr showed that the cecal microbiota of chicks up to the age of 21 days was dominated by representatives of the orders enterobacteriales, clostridiales, and lactobacillales. salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection caused the greatest changes in the gut microbiota when 1-day-old chicks were infected, compared with the infection of 4- and 16-day-old chicks.201323144133
a scalable method for o-antigen purification applied to various salmonella serovars.the surface lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria is both a virulence factor and a b cell antigen. antibodies against o-antigen of lipopolysaccharide may confer protection against infection, and o-antigen conjugates have been designed against multiple pathogens. here, we describe a simplified methodology for extraction and purification of the o-antigen core portion of salmonella lipopolysaccharide, suitable for large-scale production. lipopolysaccharide extraction and delipidation are per ...201323142430
immunogenicity of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis virulence protein, invh, and cross-reactivity of its antisera with salmonella strains.acellular vaccines containing bacterial immunodominant components such as surface proteins may be potent alternatives to live attenuated vaccines in order to reduce salmonellosis risk to human health. invh gene, an important part of needle complex in type three secretion system (ttss) plays important role in efficient bacterial adherence and entry into epithelial cells. in this work we hypothesize that use of a 15 kda recombinant invh as salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis surface protein co ...201323141708
adhesion and splash dispersal of salmonella enterica typhimurium on tomato leaflets: effects of rdar morphotype and trichome density.salmonella enterica strains with rdar (red dry and rough) and saw (smooth and white) morphotypes have previously been associated with tomato outbreaks but the dispersal mechanisms of these morphotypes are still poorly understood. in this study, salmonella adhesion was distinguished from attachment by comparing different contact periods. initial adhesion of rdar and saw morphotypes of salmonella was compared in relation to tomato plants with different leaf trichome densities. trichome densities w ...201223141646
phenotypic and genotypic features of antibiotic resistance in salmonella enterica isolated from chicken meat and chicken and quail carcasses.one hundred and twenty-three salmonella enterica isolated in italy from chicken meat and carcasses and from quail carcasses were analyzed to determine their levels of antibiotic resistance using antibiograms (phenotypic method) and pcr amplification of antimicrobial resistance-associated genes (genotypic method). the isolates were screened for the ability to grow in the presence of antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline) and for the presence of the following genes ...201223141641
oligosaccharide structure determines prebiotic role of β-galactomannan against salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium in vitro.prebiotics and probiotics are considered natural alternatives to dietary antibiotics in animal production. plant extracts and yeast cell walls are mannose-rich products that can be used as substrate for adhesion of gram-negative bacteria. we assessed whether the structure of these saccharides is relevant to develop their role as prebiotics and therefore, their suitability to be used as alternatives to antibiotics to prevent intestinal infections in pigs. the prebiotic functionality of β-galactom ...201523137964
tissue dyslipidemia in salmonella-infected rats treated with amoxillin and pefloxacin.this study investigated the effects of salmonella infection and its chemotherapy on lipid metabolism in tissues of rats infected orally with salmonella typhimurium and treated intraperitoneally with pefloxacin and amoxillin.201223137290
genetic analysis of non-hydrogen sulfide-producing salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and s. enterica serovar infantis isolates in japan.whole-genome sequencing of non-h(2)s-producing salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and s. enterica serovar infantis isolates from poultry meat revealed a nonsense mutation in the phsa thiosulfate reductase gene and carriage of a cmy-2 β-lactamase. the lack of production of h(2)s might lead to the incorrect identification of s. enterica isolates carrying antimicrobial resistance genes.201323135931
perturbations in histidine biosynthesis uncover robustness in the metabolic network of salmonella enterica.phosphoribosylamine (pra) is an intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway that is common to thiamine and purines. glutamine phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (prpp) amidotransferase is the product of the purf gene in salmonella enterica and catalyzes the synthesis of pra from prpp and glutamine. strains lacking purf require exogenous addition of purines for growth. however, under some growth conditions or with specific secondary mutations these strains grow in the absence of exogenous thiamine. mutant ...201223133571
immunological changes at point-of-lay increase susceptibility to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection in vaccinated chickens.chicken eggs are the main source of human salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection. s. enteritidis infects the oviduct and ovary of the chicken leading to infection of developing eggs. therefore, control in poultry production is a major public health priority. vaccination of hens has proved successful in control strategies in united kingdom leading to a 70% drop in human cases since introduced. however, as hens reach sexual maturity they become immunosuppressed and it has been postulate ...201223133568
polythiophene synthesis coupled to quartz crystal microbalance and raman spectroscopy for detecting bacteria.a simple electrochemical procedure was used for the synthesis of a polythiophene containing para-benzenesulfonyl chloride groups. the obtained polymer was shown to be very reactive and directly able to covalently bind nucleophile biomolecules. protein a and a specific antibody were then successively immobilized on the conductive polymer through a covalent bonding of protein a with the as-prepared linker for bacteria trapping purpose. all reactions were controlled in situ by cyclic voltammetry, q ...201223129343
the effect of environmental pollutants and food processing on the development of antibiotic resistance.the purpose of this study was to determine how various compounds known to be positive mutagens, contribute to the development of mutations leading to ciprofloxacin resistance in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium. the molecular mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in treated strains was investigated.201423128813
salmonella enterica serotype bovismorbificans, a new host for ctx-m-9. 201323127480
carbon and clay nanoparticles induce minimal stress responses in gram negative bacteria and eukaryotic fish cells.we investigated in vitro the potential mutagenic and toxic effects of two clay-based nanoparticles, cloisite® na(+) (cloisite) and halloysite; and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnt), commonly used in the polymer composite industry. using the ames test, the three nanoparticles did not have a true mutagenic effect, although growth of salmonella enterica var. typhimurium (s.typhimurium) was diminished at higher nanoparticle concentrations. we investigated the impact of nanoparticles on escherich ...201423125163
epidemic of salmonellosis in passerine birds in switzerland with spillover to domestic cats.a die-off of passerine birds, mostly eurasian siskins (carduelis spinus), occurred in multiple areas of switzerland between february and march 2010. several of the dead birds were submitted for full necropsy. bacteriological examination was carried out on multiple tissues of each bird. at gross examination, common findings were light-tan nodules, 1 to 4 mm in diameter, scattered through the esophagus/crop. histologically, a necroulcerative transmural esophagitis/ingluvitis was observed. bacteria ...201323125146
a novel synthetic peptide from a tomato defensin exhibits antibacterial activities against helicobacter pylori.defensins are a class of cysteine-rich proteins, which exert broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. in this work, we used a bioinformatic approach to identify putative defensins in the tomato genome. fifteen proteins had a mature peptide that includes the well-conserved tetradisulfide array. we selected a representative member of the tomato defensin family; we chemically synthesized its γ-motif and tested its antimicrobial activity. here, we demonstrate that the synthetic peptide exhibits potent ...201223124812
persistence and leaching potential of microorganisms and mineral n in animal manure applied to intact soil columns.pathogens may reach agricultural soils through application of animal manure and thereby pose a risk of contaminating crops as well as surface and groundwater. treatment and handling of manure for improved nutrient and odor management may also influence the amount and fate of manure-borne pathogens in the soil. a study was conducted to investigate the leaching potentials of a phage (salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium bacteriophage 28b) and two bacteria, escherichia coli and enterococcus spec ...201323124240
enteric fever in cambodian children is dominated by multidrug-resistant h58 salmonella enterica serovar typhi with intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.infections with salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates that are multidrug resistant (mdr: resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole) with intermediate ciprofloxacin susceptibility are widespread in asia but there is little information from cambodia. we studied invasive salmonellosis in children at a paediatric hospital in siem reap, cambodia. between 2007 and 2011 salmonella was isolated from a blood culture in 162 children. there were 151 children with enteric ...201223122884
inactivation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium on fresh produce by cold atmospheric gas plasma technology.cold atmospheric gas plasma treatment (cap) is an alternative approach for the decontamination of fresh and minimally processed food. in this study, the effects of growth phase, growth temperature and chemical treatment regime on the inactivation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) by nitrogen cap were examined. furthermore, the efficacy of cap treatment for decontaminating lettuce and strawberry surfaces and potato tissue inoculated with s. typhimurium was evaluated. it ...201323122497
composition and antimicrobial activity of the skin peptidome of russian brown frog rana temporaria.a nano-hplc-esi-orbitrap study involving hcd and etd spectra has been carried out to clarify the composition of the skin peptidome of brown russian frogs rana temporaria. this approach allowed determinantion of 76 individual peptides, increasing 3-fold the identified portion of the peptidome in comparison to that obtained earlier with fticr ms. a search for the new bradykinin related peptides (brps) was carried out by reconstructing mass chromatograms based on the ion current of characteristic b ...201223121565
bloodstream infection among children presenting to a general hospital outpatient clinic in urban nepal.there are limited data on the etiology and characteristics of bloodstream infections in children presenting in hospital outpatient settings in south asia. previous studies in nepal have highlighted the importance of murine typhus as a cause of febrile illness in adults and enteric fever as a leading bacterial cause of fever among children admitted to hospital.201223115652
increased susceptibility of melanin-concentrating hormone-deficient mice to infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.melanin-concentrating hormone (mch) was initially identified in mammals as a hypothalamic neuropeptide regulating appetite and energy balance. however, the wide distribution of mch receptors in peripheral tissues suggests additional functions for mch which remain largely unknown. we have previously reported that mice lacking mch develop attenuated intestinal inflammation when exposed to clostridium difficile toxin a. to further characterize the role of mch in host defense mechanisms against inte ...201323115043
detection of non-pcr amplified s. enteritidis genomic dna from food matrices using a gold-nanoparticle dna biosensor: a proof-of-concept study.bacterial pathogens pose an increasing food safety and bioterrorism concern. current dna detection methods utilizing sensitive nanotechnology and biosensors have shown excellent detection, but require expensive and time-consuming polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to amplify dna targets; thus, a faster, more economical method is still essential. in this proof-of-concept study, we investigated the ability of a gold nanoparticle-dna (aunp-dna) biosensor to detect non-pcr amplified genomic salmonella ...201223112611
manipulation of innate immunity by a bacterial secreted peptide: lantibiotic nisin z is selectively immunomodulatory.innate immunity is triggered by a variety of bacterial molecules, resulting in both protective and potentially harmful pro-inflammatory responses. further, innate immunity also provides a mechanism for the maintenance of homeostasis between the host immune system and symbiotic or non-pathogenic microorganisms. however, the bacterial factors that mediate these protective effects have been incompletely defined. here, it was demonstrated that the lantiobiotic nisin z is able to modulate host immune ...201323109507
porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) vaccination reduces pcv2 in a pcv2 and salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis coinfection model.we previously reported that prior porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) infection potentiates the severity of clinical signs, lung lesions, and fecal shedding and tissue dissemination of salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis in infected pigs. here, we evaluated whether pcv2 vaccination is effective in reducing fecal shedding and tissue dissemination of s. choleraesuis and improving clinical signs associated with pcv2 and s. choleraesuis infection in 15 cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs ran ...201323107657
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