Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| analysis of antigenic drifts of h3n2 subtype of influenza type a viruses by monoclonal antibodies. | 1983 | 6630430 | |
| influenza surveillance in the pacific northwest 1976-1980. | between june 1976 and june 1980 active year-round surveillance for influenza was carried out in seattle in order to establish an early warning system. this report compares yield by different community groups and age. waves of influenza virus infection appearing in three successive springs were followed in each instance by epidemics with the same subtype virus(es) in the following winter. these included two co-circulating a/h3n2 variants (a/victoria/75 and a/texas/77) in spring 1977 and winter 19 ... | 1983 | 6629625 |
| excess deaths attributable to influenza in england and wales: age at death and certified cause. | the multiple regression statistical method has already been used to estimate excess deaths attributable to influenza in england and wales by winter period. now we report further studies of deaths by age group and certified cause of death. during the ten winters since the influenza a/hong kong (h3n2) virus first arrived (1968/69 to 1977/78) there have been about 120,000 excess deaths. of these about 82% were estimated to be in those aged 65+ years, 17% in the 40-64 year age group and 1% in younge ... | 1983 | 6629624 |
| [isolation and characteristics of the hemagglutinin and its light and heavy chains from influenza virus a/leningrad (h3n2)]. | 1983 | 6628199 | |
| reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and antibody persistence in adults given inactivated influenza virus vaccines - 1978. | monovalent a/ussr/77 (h1n1) and trivalent a/ussr/77, a/texas/77 (h3n2), and b/hong kong/72 influenza virus vaccines from four manufacturers were tested in 292 adult volunteers. systemic reactions were mild and resembled those with 1976 (swine) vaccines containing similar doses (in micrograms) of viral hemagglutinin. trivalent vaccines caused more local inflammation than did monovalent, especially in older women. two doses containing 7 micrograms of hemagglutinin each were required to induce a ti ... | 1983 | 6622888 |
| variation in frequency of natural reinfection with influenza a viruses. | to investigate the frequency of natural reinfection with influenza a viruses, 55 children followed from birth along with the 44 other children and 85 adults in their families were observed for varying periods between 1975 and 1981 in the houston family study. persons infected in 1976 or early 1977 with influenza a subtype h3n2 experienced a high rate of reinfection during the 1977-78 season (63% in one group of young children) and additional reinfections in 1980-81. persons in whom h3n2 infectio ... | 1983 | 6619811 |
| direct isolation of h1n2 recombinant virus from a throat swab of a patient simultaneously infected with h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses. | two h1n2 recombinant viruses were isolated by a plaquing method from a throat swab of a patient who was simultaneously infected with h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses during the tokyo epidemic of 1981. this is the first direct evidence that recombination of influenza viruses occurred in the human body. | 1983 | 6619292 |
| evaluation of the a/seal/mass/1/80 virus in squirrel monkeys. | an influenza a virus isolated from seals [a/seal/mass/1/80 (h7n7)] and an isolate of this virus obtained from a human conjunctiva were evaluated for replication and virulence in squirrel monkeys. when the seal virus was administered intratracheally, it replicated in lungs and nasopharynges and induced illness almost to the same extent that a human influenza a virus [a/udorn/72 (h3n2)] did. in one monkey that died of pneumonia, the seal virus was recovered from spleen, liver, and muscle as well a ... | 1983 | 6618672 |
| phenotypic variation in influenza virus reassortants with identical gene constellations. | to determine which gene segments of influenza a viruses are responsible for the property of tissue tropism, reassortants were produced between the avian influenza strain, a/mal/ny/6750/78 [h2n2] (mal/ny), and a human strain, a/udorn/307/72 [h3n2] (udorn). the avian strain replicates in the intestinal tract of ducks and the human strain does not. eight reassortants were shown by hybridization analysis to have the same gene constellation, having received hemagglutinin gene segment 4 from udorn and ... | 1983 | 6612991 |
| human influenza virus infection in mink: serological evidence of infection in summer and autumn. | during the period from july to november 1981, 42 out of 128 young mink of a flock were found to possess antibodies against the viruses a/bangkok/1/79 (h3n2) and a/kumamoto/37/79 (h1n1), which were currently prevailing human influenza viruses. seroconversion against a/bangkok/1/79 was found in 12 mink from august to november. hi antibody titers of greater than 1: 128 were found in 8 out of 42 mink at the first examination in july and august. these findings suggest that infection with these human ... | 1983 | 6612982 |
| results of a two-year study of humoral immunity to influenza a and b viruses in children under the age of 14 years in moscow and its suburbs. | a serological survey of antibodies to influenza a(h1n1), a(h2n2), a(h3n2) and b viruses was done with sera collected in moscow in october 1980 and november 1981 from 542 children under 14 years of age. the results of the study showed convincingly that influenza a(h2n2) viruses were not circulating in moscow in 1980-81. low titres found in the sera from four young children were due to cross-reactions which were eliminated from the sera by absorption with a/ussr/174/79(h3n2) virus. low-level hi ti ... | 1984 | 6609021 |
| [humoral immunity to influenza a and b viruses in the blood sera of children younger than 14 in 1981]. | blood sera from 317 children with the history of noninfectious diseases or normal children pretreated with rde were collected and examined for antihemagglutinins to 7 influenza virus strains in order to check the results of studies of 1980 and to study the immunity status to influenza a (h1n1), a (h2n2), a (h3n2) and b in the preepidemic period of 1981. negative results of antihemagglutinin detection to influenza a/iksha/1/57 (h2n2) in sera of all the children have confirmed the conclusion made ... | 1983 | 6606903 |
| specificity of in vitro anti-influenza virus antibody production by human lymphocytes: analysis of original antigenic sin by limiting dilution cultures. | the fine specificity of the antibody produced in in vitro cultures of human lymphocytes stimulated with influenza virus was investigated. the antibody was specific for the stimulating type of virus in that cultures stimulated with type b influenza virus made little or no antibody to type a viruses and vice versa. there was a degree of cross-reactivity among the type a viruses, however, both within and between subtypes. in general, more antibody was made to the stimulating strain of virus than to ... | 1984 | 6606679 |
| priming of virus-immune memory t cells in newborn mice. | neonatal balb/c mice can be primed at birth by intravenous inoculation of a small dose of a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) (pr8) influenza virus. uv-inactivated pr8 virus, or pr8 virus complexed with monoclonal antibody to give a secondary cytotoxic t lymphocyte response when restimulated in vitro as adults. the frequency of responding t cells after secondary stimulation in vitro is approximately 40% of that found for adult mice primed intraperitoneally with a large dose of pr8 virus. the majority of t ... | 1984 | 6606624 |
| laboratory-based surveillance of influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) viruses in 1980-81: antigenic and genomic analyses. | during 1981, the a/brazil/11/78-like strains of influenza virus that had been prevalent from 1978 to 1980 were displaced by a new set of heterogeneous, but closely related, variants (reference strain, a/england/333/80). genomic analysis revealed that these new variants were almost exclusively nonrecombinant h1n1 viruses, i.e., they contained no genes of h3n2 origin. however, a few recombinant viruses containing the new variant ha and genes of h3n2 origin were identified. antigenic analysis of h3 ... | 1983 | 6601537 |
| shared idiotopes among monoclonal antibodies specific for a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) and x-31(h3n2) influenza viruses. | a monoclonal antibody specific for the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a x-31 (h3n2) virus (x-31) was obtained during a fusion of spleen cells from a balb/c mouse immunized with influenza a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) virus (pr8). this monoclonal antibody (py206) shares crossreactive idiotopes expressed on several monoclonal antibodies specific for pr8 ha and x-31 ha as well as an individual idiotope shared with one monoclonal antibody specific for x-31 ha. the presence of shared idiotypy among antibodies of ... | 1984 | 6584913 |
| [nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin gene of the influenza virus a/udorn/307/72 (h3n2)]. | 1984 | 6548691 | |
| peculiarities of influenza infection caused by highly and poorly immunogenic strains of influenza virus. | the authors studied the peculiarities of the course of experimental influenza infection induced by the administration of highly and poorly immunogenic strains of influenza virus to mice. influenza viruses with varying immunogenic activity were obtained from the vaccine strain a/victoria/35/72/50 (h3n2) by immunoselection modelling the process of natural selection. the administration of strains with high and poor immunogenicity to mice of the f1 (cba x c57b1) line led to the development of acute ... | 1984 | 6544322 |
| influenza surveillance in rio de janeiro between 1980-1981: a virological and serological study. | laboratory surveillance of influenza has shown a low virus activity in rio de janeiro during 1980 and 1981. a few influenza a (h3n2) viruses were isolated in both years during the winter months. serological investigations showed that this subtype has circulated mostly among children under 10 years of age. no h1n1 virus was isolated but an increase in the proportion of adults with antibody to this virus was noted in sera collected in 1981. influenza b virus was isolated from children in the sprin ... | 1984 | 6535914 |
| [epidemiologic surveillance of influenza in rome (1981-1982)]. | in the period from september 1981 to april 1982, one strain of influenza virus (a-h3n2) was isolated from 121 throat cultures obtained from patients with acute febrile respiratory disease. a sero-epidemiological survey on 520 serum samples and evaluation of excess mortality from respiratory diseases did not show significant activity of influenza viruses during the period from october 1981 to october 1982. | 1984 | 6534394 |
| use of zwitterionic detergent for the preparation of an influenza virus vaccine. 1: preparation and characterization of disrupted virions. | the zwitterionic, empigen bb an alkylbetaine based on a c12-c14 alcohol was shown to disrupt influenza a and b viruses in such a way as to retain the biological activity of the surface haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) antigens. the optimal conditions required to obtain the maximum recovery of ha and na activity from purified influenza x47 (h3n2) virus concentrate after treatment with empigen, and the nature and the morphological appearance of the empigen-treated preparations both befor ... | 1984 | 6531961 |
| characterization of the genotype and level of attenuation of an influenza a reassortant virus produced by mating the xia-ts donor virus with a/beijing/70 (h1n1) wild type virus. | two h1n1 progeny viruses derived by mating the attenuated donor virus, the a/ningxia/72-ts (h3n2), and the a/beijing/70 (h1n1) wild type virus were characterized for their genotype and their level of attenuation in susceptible adult volunteers. one progeny virus, clone px62, was not a reassortant since it received each of its eight rna segments from the h1n1 wild type virus. this virus caused febrile influenza illness. another progeny virus, clone pxh107, was a reassortant which received the gen ... | 1984 | 6531960 |
| inactivated influenza virus vaccines in man: a comparative study of subunit and split vaccines using two methods for assessment of antibody responses. | the serum antibody responses and reactions of volunteers to a trivalent subunit influenza virus vaccine prepared using cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (ctab) or trivalent split vaccine prepared by ether-extraction, were essentially similar, although the antibody levels to the a/brazil/78 (h1n1) components of the vaccine were greater in volunteers receiving the subunit preparation. antibody responses to the vaccines were assessed using both the haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and single radial ... | 1984 | 6531953 |
| responses to one or two doses of a deoxycholate subunit influenza vaccine in a primed population. | a trial with a trivalent influenza subunit vaccine prepared with sodium deoxycholate was carried out in 88 volunteers between may and november 1981. each haemagglutinin antigen was present at 7 micrograms per dose. fourfold or greater haemagglutination inhibition antibody (hi) responses to the h1n1 virus a/brazil/11/78 occurred in 70% of volunteers following a single dose. for the h3n2 virus a/bangkok/1/79 and b/singapore/222/79 these figures were 52 and 11%, respectively. no increase in the ant ... | 1984 | 6531951 |
| comparison of monoclonal antibodies with ferret sera for the characterization of influenza a (h3n2) virus strains in a computer system. | a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies was generated against five different influenza a (h3n2) virus strains, isolated between 1977 and 1980. monoclonal antibodies with defined specificities in haemagglutination inhibition tests for the strains against which they had been raised were selected. eventually 18 of these were chosen and tested against a large number of recent h3n2 isolates. the results were compared with those obtained with antisera from ferrets immunized with the five strains menti ... | 1984 | 6526140 |
| studies on the adaptation of influenza viruses to mdck cells. | the amino acid sequences and biological properties of the haemagglutinin of three variants of the influenza virus x-31 (h3n2) selected for their capacity to grow in mdck cells are reported. in two variants, amino acid substitutions at ha1 residues 8 and 144 correlated with the loss of a site for glycosylation and specific changes in antigenicity, respectively. in all three variants substitution of an arginine residue for histidine at ha1 position 17 was correlated with increased ph optima of hae ... | 1984 | 6526017 |
| [changes in the population composition of the peripheral blood lymphocytes and the humoral immune response of persons inoculated with live influenza vaccines]. | live influenza vaccines prepared from influenza virus strains h/32/5 (h1n1) and h/1/2/17 (h3n2) induce the formation of humoral immunity only in a part of the vaccinees and cause the transitory quantitative deficiency of t-lymphocytes in their blood, resulting in the poorly pronounced booster effect of the subsequent revaccination. | 1984 | 6524175 |
| [persistent influenza virus infection in a mdck cell culture]. | a model of persistent influenza infection (pii) induced by influenza a/victoria/35/72 (h3n2) virus in mdck cell culture has been constructed. the model was observed for 165 days. it was characterized by the lack of visible signs of virus reproduction, a low number of antigen-containing cells (0.02-0.05%), irregular virus isolation (at 20, 28, 32, 44, 52, 62, 92, 135, 148, 158 days after primary inoculation) which was possible only with special methods. interferon and dip were found not to be the ... | 1984 | 6516326 |
| [immunity against influenza virus types a and b in the ruhr region]. | haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against influenza virus types a and b were determined in the sera of 733 healthy persons among the population of the ruhr region. the receptivity rate for the total population to strains a/philippines 2/82 (h3n2) and a/brazil 1/78 (h1n1) was 60% and 80%, respectively. it was as high as greater than 95% with respect to type b (hongkong). these findings support the call for more widespread anti-influenza vaccination during the winter half-year. | 1984 | 6510247 |
| live attenuated influenza a virus vaccines in children: results of a field trial. | one hundred three young children were inoculated intranasally with either influenza a/california/10/78 cold-recombinant vaccine (10(6.7) 50% tissue culture infective doses [tcid50] per child), cr-37 (h1n1), or influenza a/washington/897/80 cold-recombinant vaccine (10(6.5) tcid50 per child), cr-48 (h3n2). the vaccine was well tolerated. of the 51 children vaccinated with cr-37 (h1n1), 45 were initially seronegative for this virus; 33 of the 45 became infected with the vaccine virus, as indicated ... | 1984 | 6501927 |
| [detection of influenza virus a antigens by radioimmunological methods in patients' nasopharyngeal washings]. | 9olid-phase radioimmunoassay (spria) was used for the detection of influenza a (h3n2,h1n1) and b viruses in nasopharyngeal washings of patients admitted in january-march, 1983, to the 1st clinical hospital of moscow city with acute respiratory diseases. the solid phase consisted of nitrocellulose filters and plastic plates which were coated with nasopharyngeal washings of the patients. rabbit or horse antiviral immunoglobulins were used as antibodies. 125i-labeled protein a was the indicator sys ... | 1984 | 6495704 |
| safety of prolonged administration of rimantadine hydrochloride in the prophylaxis of influenza a virus infections in nursing homes. | we evaluated the safety of rimantadine hydrochloride (rh) prophylaxis in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in three nursing homes during a community epidemic of influenza a (h3n2). although daily monitoring of the 35 participants revealed an association between rh administration (100 mg twice a day) and the development of nausea and anxiety (p less than 0.05), these and other potential side effects were transient and were rarely considered to be clinically significant. serum rh levels mea ... | 1984 | 6476812 |
| transplacental passage of influenza a/bangkok (h3n2) mimicking amniotic fluid infection syndrome. | influenza virus infection complicating pregnancy remains a matter of concern because of the frequency of these infections and possible associated increased maternal and perinatal risks. influenza a/bangkok (h3n2) infection occurred in a gravid woman in association with fever, chills, and uterine tenderness and contractions together with maternal and fetal tachycardia. initial evaluations led to consideration of amniotic fluid infection syndrome with planned termination of the pregnancy. examinat ... | 1984 | 6465250 |
| [immunogenic properties of epidemic and recombinant strains of influenza viruses h1n1 and h3n2]. | the study of the immunogenic properties of epidemic influenza viruses h1n1 and h3n2 isolated from patients in 1979-1982 revealed a high immunogenic activity of h3n2 viruses. recombinant strains of both subtypes (h1n1 and h3n2) had a higher immunogenicity than the original viruses. the intensity of immunity determined for an antigenically close pathogenic strain was considerably higher than for an antigenically remote pathogenic virus which is important for obtaining accurate information on the i ... | 1984 | 6464424 |
| [comparative indices of the formation and protective activity of antibodies during honk kong influenza a epidemics]. | in the period of circulation of influenza a/hong kong (h3n2) virus and its antigenic varieties in 1969-1976, more than 45,000 serum specimens from patients, donors, and subjects of various ages from permanently observed contingents were examined serologically by hi and cft. the long persistence in the human population of heterologous immunity to viruses of new or old subtypes was shown to be due to its constant stimulation in the period of any subsequent influenza a epidemic. under conditions of ... | 1981 | 6455011 |
| the role of hypothalamic centres in the immune specific response. | four groups of rats were bilaterally lesioned in the anterior, lateral, tuberal and mammillary areas of hypothalamus. seven days later these rats, as well as controls, were immunized concomitantly with three antigens: salmonella enteritidis, sheep red blood cells and myxovirus influenzae a (h3n2). the primary and the secondary response were tested. the bacterial and erythrocytic antigens, with marked immunogenetic capacity, produced immune responses, which were not significantly influenced by hy ... | 1984 | 6441174 |
| analysis by monoclonal antibodies of h3n2 subtype of influenza a viruses in japan and south east asia during 1980-1982. | 1984 | 6431023 | |
| [comparative studies on the detection of antibodies to influenza virus antigen using enzyme immunoassay and counterimmunoelectrophoresis]. | antibodies to influenza nib-6 (h1n1) and a/bangkok/1/79 (h3n2) were measured by enzyme immunoassay (eia) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) in sera from 87 adult volunteers following influenza vaccination. the results of both methods correlated with each other (r = 0,41 and r = 0,32 for both viruses). the eia procedure employed in the present study was more sensitive than the cie. | 1984 | 6390994 |
| influenza virus in ruminants: a review. | the host range and pathology of influenza viruses in ruminants is not yet known. however, based on published results of serological and viral studies the following epidemiological features are documented. positive serology using the complement-fixation technique has been reported for a2/japan/305/57, sw/15, sw/shope/58, a/equi/prague/57, and b/johannesburg/59 in the united states and against a and b viruses in italy. using the hemagglutination inhibition test, positive findings have been reporte ... | 1984 | 6390588 |
| interpretation of responses and protective levels of antibody against attenuated influenza a viruses using single radial haemolysis. | antibody determinations against h3n2 and h1n1 type a influenza viruses were carried out on paired sera obtained from volunteers taking part in influenza virus vaccine studies, using both the haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) and single radial haemolysis (srh) test. good correlation between the hi and srh test was found for both h3n2 and h1n1 antibody and the zone area increases corresponding to significant srh antibody rises determined for both virus strains. in both h3n2 and h1n1 vaccine studie ... | 1984 | 6389697 |
| trials of live attenuated influenza virus vaccine in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. (mrc advisory group on pulmonary function tests in relation to live influenza vaccines). | three controlled trials of attenuated live influenza vaccines in patients with chronic bronchitis with airways obstruction are described. a recombinant virus with parentage from pr8/34 (h1n1) and a/alaska/77 (h3n2) was present in the vaccine (rit 4199) used in the first two trials. in the third trial a cold-adapted recombinant virus vaccine (a/washington/80, h3n2) was used. no adverse effects were noted in the first two trials in which half of the patients responded serologically to the vaccine. ... | 1984 | 6378239 |
| influenza a virus infection imitating bacterial sepsis in early infancy. | clinical and laboratory data of 12 previously healthy infants under 3 months of age hospitalized for suspected sepsis and subsequently diagnosed as suffering from influenza a viral infection were obtained prospectively during two epidemics of influenza a/bangkok/h3n2 epidemics. the onset of the illness was generally acute, and the infants presented with high fever, lethargy often alternating with irritability, anorexia and signs of upper respiratory tract infection. history of contact with at le ... | 1984 | 6377255 |
| nucleoproteins of animal influenza viruses, in contrast to those of human strains, are not cleaved in infected cells. | we previously reported that nucleoproteins (nps) of human influenza viruses are cleaved in infected cells and, as a result, two forms of np, uncleaved (mol. wt. 56000) and cleaved (mol. wt. 53000) were accumulated late in infection. here, we report that nps of animal influenza viruses of non-human origin (isolated from pigs, equids , seals, whales, birds) exhibited proteolytic resistance in infected cells and did not undergo a change in mol. wt. in the course of infection. the resistance of the ... | 1984 | 6374032 |
| immunity to influenza in man. | the observations summarized in this review indicate immunity to infection with type a influenza viruses is subtype specific since little or none is conveyed to subtypes possessing immunologically distinct ha and na proteins. however, within a subtype, a prior antigenic experience with one variant may prevent or modify illness to another. the resulting degree of subtype immunity depends on the extent of relatedness between variants. observations with h3n2 viruses indicate that homotypic resistanc ... | 1983 | 6357060 |
| antigenicity and reactogenicity of influenza a/ussr/77 virus vaccine in children--a multicentered evaluation of dosage and safety. | clinical trials of monovalent a/ussr/77 (h1n1) and trivalent a/ussr/77 (h1n1), a/texas/77 (h3n2), and b/hong kong/72 inactivated influenza virus vaccines were carried out in 358 children and adolescents. only split-virus vaccines were administered to children younger than 13 years of age. no serious local or systemic reactions were observed among the study participants. two doses of vaccine containing 7-20 micrograms of the a/ussr/77 (h1n1) viral antigen were required to achieve serum titers of ... | 1983 | 6353530 |
| summary of clinical trials of inactivated influenza vaccine - 1978. | this report summarizes the clinical trials of the a/ussr/77 (h1n1) influenza vaccines performed in 1978. a total of 2,091 subjects participated in these trials. the results of these clinical trials indicated that two doses of h1n1 viral antigen were necessary to produce serum titers of hemagglutinin-inhibiting (hai) antibody of greater than 1:40 in 80% or more of the test subjects younger than 25 years of age, who were unlikely to have experienced natural infection during the earlier period of p ... | 1983 | 6353529 |
| fine specificity of the in vitro antibody response to influenza virus by human blood lymphocytes. | the fine specificity of anti-influenza antibody produced in vitro by human pbm stimulated with different strains of influenza virus was examined by competition binding in solid phase enzyme immunoassay. most of the antibody produced in vitro is directed to strain-specific or cross-reactive determinants on the hemagglutinin molecule. the extent of cross-reactivity is dependent on the strain of virus used to stimulate pbm as well as the individual tested and presumably on his previous exposure to ... | 1983 | 6350452 |
| the use of a radial haemolysis test for neuraminidase antibodies in the diagnosis of influenza a infection. | a radial haemolysis test designed to detect antibody specifically directed against the neuraminidase is described and compared with currently available techniques for the routine diagnosis of infection with influenza viruses. paired sera were available from two outbreaks of influenza a, one with the n1n1 subtype and the other with the h3n2 subtype. this technique confirmed diagnosis in 92% of cases diagnosed by other laboratory methods. | 1983 | 6350441 |
| detection and identification of influenza virus antigens by nylon-coupled enzyme-linked immunoassay. | a direct solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay for rapid detection and typing of influenza virus was developed utilizing antibodies immobilized by covalent linkage to nylon beads. covalent linkage of antibody to nylon was accomplished by treatment of partially hydrolyzed nylon with glutaraldehyde. for comparison to conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa), igg fractions were adsorbed to polystyrene beads. influenza type-specific immunoglobulins coupled to nylon beads were used in ... | 1983 | 6339533 |
| distribution of viral antigen with the lower respiratory tract of ferrets infected with a virulent influenza virus: production and release of virus from corresponding organ cultures. | using fluorescent antibody techniques, a semi-quantitative survey has been made of the distribution of influenza virus antigen in the trachea, main bronchi, and three zones (hilar, intermediate and alveolar) of all four lung lobes of ferrets following intranasal inoculation of a virulent clone (7a) of the recombinant influenza virus a/pr/8/34-a/england/939/69 (h3n2). the results confirm the indications from our previous quantitative surveys of infectious virus and histological damage in these ar ... | 1983 | 6338151 |
| lung alterations in guinea-pigs infected with influenza virus. | guinea-pigs were infected intranasally with influenza a hong kong 68 (h3n2) virus. infective particles were re-isolated from lung homogenates up to 3 days after inoculation and indicated local replication. the subsequent lung inflammatory stages were studied by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (tem). lung alterations appeared after 24 h and intensified up to 7 days after virus inoculation, progressively decreasing until 3 weeks thereafter. the damage was reversible ... | 1984 | 6330181 |
| zoonotic studies on influenza in pigs and birds, india, 1980-81. | five hundred and twenty pig sera collected from pune, maharashtra state, india during 1980 were examined in haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests to determine the antibody prevalence to nine human influenza virus strains covering the subtypes a(hon1), a(h1n1), a(h2n2), a(h3n2), type b and one swine influenza virus strain a(hsw1n1). this study indicated considerable prevalence of antibodies to the four h3n2 strains isolated from 1973 onwards, particularly to the two recent h3n2 strains, limited ... | 1983 | 6315619 |
| [effect of influenza epidemics on acute respiratory morbidity of noninfluenzal etiology]. | the use of correlation analysis has made it possible to reveal a high degree of influence exerted by influenza epidemics on morbidity rate in adenoviral, respiratory-syncytial, parainfluenza and mycoplasmic infections among the population. during the months of influenza epidemic considerable concomitant incidence of respiratory-syncytial, adenoviral and especially mixed infections was observed in all age groups in comparison with periods free from influenza epidemic. the study of concomitant mor ... | 1983 | 6308927 |
| the follow-up study of swine and hong kong influenza virus infection among japanese hogs. | pigs in miyagi prefecture, japan were examined for swine (hssw1n1) and hong kong (h3n2) influenza virus infection by serological tests. the results obtained revealed that a swine influenza was prevalent with relatively high positive ratios throughout that time, and that the hong kong influenza virus closely related to a recent human epidemic strain, a/yamanashi/2/77, also persisted, corresponding to a human endemic. these epidemiological findings strongly suggested the possibility of direct tran ... | 1982 | 6285546 |
| serological studies on swine influenza in egypt. | 480 pig serum samples collected from november 1979-october 1980 and 200 human sera collected in the same period, nearly have been used in serological investigations. 52.5% sera were positive against swine influenza (hsw1n1) 10% only of human sera were positive against (hsw1n1) virus. by using (h3n2) human virus, 10.4% of pig sera were positive, while 41% of human sera were positive against this virus. | 1981 | 6282772 |
| lack of interference of guanosine with ribavirin aerosol treatment of influenza a infection in mice. | guanosine or guanosine 5'-monophosphate did not reduce the protective effect of ribavirin aerosol in influenza virus a/aichi/68 h3n2 infection of mice. both compounds partially interfered with the action of a wide range of ribavirin concentrations against influenza virus a/wsn replication in cell culture. | 1981 | 6282193 |
| [influenza epizootic in swine due to strain a (victoria/3/75 h3n2)]. | studies were carried out on the first grippe epizootic in pigs in bulgaria. the affected animals showed a rise in temperature (40.5 to 41.8 degrees c), loss of appetite, abdominal type of respiration, and noisy and painful cough. the infection ran its course with a picture typical of a virus disease which did not respond to broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment. on an average the duration of the clinical course lasted 4 to 5 days, affecting almost all swine on a pig breeding farm, with single deat ... | 1981 | 6274080 |
| functional expression in primate cells of cloned dna coding for the hemagglutinin surface glycoprotein of influenza virus. | we have used simian virus 40 (sv40) dna as a vector for expression of functional activity of a cloned influenza viral dna segment in primate cells. cloned full-length dna sequences coding for the hemagglutinin of influenza a virus (udorn/72/[h3n2]) were inserted into the late region of a viable deletion mutant of sv40, and the hybrid dna was propagated in the presence of an early sv40 mutant (tsa28) helper. infection of primate cells with the hybrid virus produced a polypeptide similar in molecu ... | 1981 | 6272305 |
| investigations concerning the cultivation of myxo- and paramyxoviruses on chorioallantoic membrane fragments. note i. data on the multiplication of several myxo- and paramyxoviruses. | influenza viruses a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) and parainfluenza viruses (sendai mumps) were cultivated in chorioallantoic membrane (cam) fragments maintained in media with different formulae, with or without daily medium changes, in roller or stationary tubes. inoculation was performed either directly on cam fragments in petri dishes or by dilution of the virus-containing material in the medium. infectant titers obtained in cam fragments were similar to those recorded in embryonated eggs at 48 hours pos ... | 1981 | 6264662 |
| virus infection of endothelial cells. | endothelial injury is important in the pathogenesis of thrombosis, atherosclerosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and vasculitis. the ability of several common human viruses to infect cultures of endothelial cells obtained from human umbilical veins or bovine thoracic aorta was demonstrated. indicators of infection included cytopathology, viral growth curves, and antigen detection by immunofluorescence. herpes simplex virus type 1, adenovirus type 7, measles virus, and parainfluenza vi ... | 1981 | 6260874 |
| the role of wild birds in the spread of influenza viruses. | eggs deposited by different migrating wild bird species in pond farm areas in hungary were examined for yolk antibodies to different variants of human a/h3n2 influenza virus. antibodies to victoria/75 and texas/77 occurred in 17.9 and 32.0% of gull eggs, and 5.6 and 16.4% of common tern eggs, respectively, while antibodies to a/h1n1/77 occurred in roughly similar proportions (10.2 and 13.4%) in the eggs of both species. infection of the gull and tern populations of given areas by human and avian ... | 1980 | 6258400 |
| evidence of prior infection with influenza a/texas/77 (h3n2( virus in dogs with clinical parainfluenza. | eighty dogs exhibiting clinical signs of respiratory disease were sampled for influenza virus isolation and serologically tested for hemagglutination inhibiting antibody to influenza a/hong kong/68, a/victoria/75, a/texas/77 and a/ussr/77. forty-one animals without clinical signs of respiratory disease were also examined serologically. hemagglutinating agents were isolated from nasal and/or pharyngeal swabs taken from 21 of the 80 dogs with clinical respiratory disease. twenty of these 21 isolat ... | 1980 | 6256039 |
| isolation of a recombinant influenza virus (hsw 1 n2) from swine in japan. | outbreaks of swine influenza were first observed in japan in 1978. a number of influenza viruses were isolated from diseased swine. almost all viruses isolated were swine influenza virus (hsw 1 n1) but two viruses isolated from the nasal swabs of swine showing clinical signs of influenza in the kanagawa prefecture were characterized antigenically as hsw 1 n2. analysis of swine sera showed that influenza virus hsw 1 n2 was epidemic in the farm from which the virus had been isolated. the new virus ... | 1980 | 6255900 |
| antioncogenic activity of influenza virus on polyoma virus induced renal and brain tumors in newborn wistar rats. | simultaneous inoculation of newborn wistar rats with intact a/pr 8/34 (hon 1) influenza virus and the s.e. strain of polyoma virus resulted in significant reduction of the rates of both kidney sarcomas and brain tumors in comparison to controls given polyoma virus, only. this antioncogenic activity (aoa) of influenza virus was observed independently whether or not influenza and polyoma virus were injected on different sites or were inoculated as a combined vaccine. ether-treated a/pr 8/34 influe ... | 1980 | 6252720 |
| cloning dna sequences from influenza viral rna segments. | dna sequences corresponding to gene segments that code for the nonstructural protein, the matrix protein, and the hemagglutinin of influenza a virus [strain a/udorn/72 (h3n2)] were cloned in escherichia coli pbr 322. initially, positive and negative cdna strands were prepared separately by reverse transcription. the positive strands of cdna were transcribed from genomic rna segments by using a specific dodecamer dna sequence as a primer; the negative strands of cdna were transcribed from cytopla ... | 1980 | 6244544 |
| [characteristics of the causative agents of the influenza a (h3n2) epidemic in leningrad in 1983]. | investigation of influenza a (h3n2) epidemic of 1983 in leningrad revealed simultaneous circulation of 3 antigenic variants similar to a/bangkok/1/79, a/bangkok/2/79, and a/philippines/2/82 with significant predominance of the first antigenic variant. the viruses related to a/philippines/2/82 comprising one-third of all isolations produced antibodies of a wide spectrum unlike the other two variants whose antisera neutralize actively the homologous virus only. the possibility of selecting epidemi ... | 1984 | 6235673 |
| [circulation of influenza a virus (h3n2) and its role in the occurrence of epidemics 1976-1981]. | in 1976-1981 the etiology of influenza epidemics was mixed, influenza viruses a(h3n2), a(h1n1) and b taking part in them simultaneously. the active circulation of influenza virus strains with different antigenic structures was established: influenza virus a(h3n2) circulated in 1976, and since november 1977 simultaneous spread of influenza viruses a(h3n2) and a(h1n1) was observed, the epidemic activity of strain a(h3n2) being noticeably decreased during this period; in the autumn and winter month ... | 1984 | 6231786 |
| comparative study and grouping of nonstructural (ns1) proteins of influenza a viruses by the method of oligopeptide mapping. | oligopeptide mapping of 35s-methionine labeled non-structural (ns1) proteins of 23 influenza. a virus strains showed the presence of both common and variable oligopeptides. analysis of the oligopeptide maps revealed at least four groups of ns1 proteins. the first group includes ns1 proteins of several human h1n1 influenza viruses (that were designated as h0n1 according to the old classification). the second group is composed of ns1 proteins of h1n1 and h2n2 viruses. the third group includes ns1 ... | 1983 | 6229233 |
| antigenic analyses of influenza virus haemagglutinins with different receptor-binding specificities. | monoclonal antibodies were used to compare the antigenicities of the haemagglutinins of two receptor binding mutants of x-31 (h3n2) influenza virus. the mutants which differed from each other in recognizing sialic acid in either alpha 2-6 linkage or alpha 2-3 linkage to galactose also differed exclusively at residue 226 of the ha1 polypeptides of their haemagglutinins (g. n. rogers, j. c. paulson, r. s. daniels, j. j. skehel, i. a. wilson, and d. c. wiley, nature (london) 304, 76-78, 1983). the ... | 1984 | 6208680 |
| [inhibition of the hemolytic activity of influenza viruses by antibody]. | haemolysis caused by influenza viruses is known to occur below ph 6; the ph-optimum for each virus strain is different. clear dose-effect correlations were found to prevail between the amount of haemolysis and virus concentration. antibody-mediated inhibition of haemolysis has been investigated with the strain a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) and the recombinant x-73 (h3n2). inhibition of haemolysis by antisera against different influenza. a virus subtypes suggests that haemolysis inhibiting antibodies are not ... | 1984 | 6207814 |
| the influenza a virus nucleoprotein gene controls the induction of both subtype specific and cross-reactive cytotoxic t cells. | using genetically typed recombinant influenza a viruses that differ only in their genes for nucleoprotein, we have demonstrated that repeated stimulation in vitro of c57bl/6 spleen cells primed in vivo with e61-13-h17 (h3n2) virus results in the selection of a population of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) whose recognition of infected target cells maps to the gene for nucleoprotein of the 1968 virus. influenza a viruses isolated between 1934 and 1979 fall into two groups defined by their ability t ... | 1984 | 6206181 |
| the dynamics of serum antibodies and metaplasia of the lung respiratory epithelium in influenza-virus-preimmunized mice subjected to immunosuppression. | mice preimmunized with influenza virus a scotland 840/74 h3n2 were given cyclophosphamide or hydrocortisone, then challenged with the same active virus. serum antibody levels and metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium were followed for the next two weeks. administration of the immunosuppressors was found to decrease antibody levels, and to delay the appearance of metaplasia by 7 days as compared with controls. | 1984 | 6205551 |
| metaplasia of the lung respiratory epithelium and antibody dynamics in mice repeatedly infected with various subtypes of influenza virus a. | mice were repeatedly infected with consecutive doses of mouse-adapted strains of influenza virus a hon1, h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2. homo- and heterologous antibody levels as well as the incidence of metaplasia were followed. statistically significant correlation was found between the metaplasia incidence and higher level of antibodies homologous to virus used for a given challenge dose. | 1984 | 6205549 |
| an antigenic map of the haemagglutinin of the influenza hong kong subtype (h3n2), constructed using mouse monoclonal antibodies. | panels of monoclonal antibodies were raised to the haemagglutinin of strains of the hong kong subtype of influenza (h3n2), namely hong kong 1968, england 1972, port chalmers 1973, victoria 1975 and texas 1977. the probable binding sites of individual antibodies in each panel were determined by correlation of cross-reactivity with 16 heterologous strains from the same subtype, and amino acid differences between their haemagglutinin molecules. this led to an approximation of the "average repertoir ... | 1984 | 6205255 |
| [combined use of interferon inducers and recombinant influenza viruses for protection from the disease]. | the data on the use of national interferon inducers ( polyguacyl and double-stranded rna) in combination with original h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses and recombinant strains with the same antigenic properties in laboratory animals are presented. recombinants were found to produce a more marked effect: 3--6-fold increased protection of mice depending on the interferon inducer, higher titres of interferon and antibody, than the original influenza viruses. a simultaneous use of interferon inducers ... | 1984 | 6203227 |
| recognition of influenza a virus nucleoprotein by an h-2-restricted cytotoxic t-cell clone. | cytotoxic t-cell clones raised against x-31 (h3n2) influenza virus in c57bl/6 mice can be directed against an influenza a virus subtype specific determinant (1). a representative t-cell clone (a3.1) has been used in combination with a set of genetically typed recombinant viruses, to show that the a/pr/8/34 nucleoprotein can be responsible for cytotoxic t-lymphocyte recognition of infected target cells. | 1984 | 6200990 |
| suppression of influenza virus replication in infected mice by protease inhibitors. | administration of the protease inhibitors, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or aprotinins, to mice infected with mouse-adapted influenza virus strain a/pr/8/34 (hon1) and a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) reduced virus replication in the lungs. up to 100-fold reduction of virus titre and virus-induced neuraminidase activity were revealed in mouse lungs under protease inhibitor treatment. as a result, drug-treated mice rapidly cleared the virus from their lungs. the predominant synthesis was of non-infectious virions ... | 1984 | 6198446 |
| antigenic characteristics and genome composition of a naturally occurring recombinant influenza virus isolated from a pig in japan. | we performed antigenic analysis of the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of a recombinant virus (a/swine/kanagawa/2/78) isolated from a pig in japan in 1978, using a series of monoclonal antibodies to h1 (hsw1) haemagglutinin and n2 neuraminidases of h2n2 and h3n2 viruses. results obtained in haemagglutination inhibition tests with five monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin of a/nj/8/76 (h1n1) revealed that the haemagglutinin of three h1n1 and the recombinant viruses were indisting ... | 1983 | 6198440 |
| most influenza a virus-specific memory cytotoxic t lymphocytes react with antigenic epitopes associated with internal virus determinants. | this paper shows that most murine (c57bl/6) influenza a virus-specific memory cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) clones tested in limiting dilution did not react with the influenza a virus surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). this lysis of syngeneic target cells infected with the influenza a virus strains, aichi (h3n2), pr8 (h1n1), or recombinant strain x31 (h3n2) indicates that most antigenic epitopes recognized are associated with internal virus determinants. x31 and pr8 ... | 1984 | 6198430 |
| from the national institutes of health. summary of a meeting on the origin of pandemic influenza viruses. | influenza type a virus periodically undergoes major antigenic shifts in which the hemagglutinin (hag) and sometimes the neuraminidase (na) antigens are replaced by hag and na antigens of another subtype. three such shifts have taken place since the virus was first isolated, and all appear to have occurred in china. the way in which these "new" influenza type a viruses suddenly appear (or reappear) in the human population is not known. at a meeting held in beijing, china, on november 10-12, 1982, ... | 1984 | 6198405 |
| analysis by monoclonal antibodies of h3n2 subtype influenza a viruses in japan and southeast asia prior to 1983. | 1983 | 6197497 | |
| influence of interferon induction with influenza a virus upon the modification of anti-srbc humoral response. | the investigations carried out showed the dependence of immunosuppression induced by a/usrr/053/74(h3n2) virus upon the activity of its neuraminidase. high activity of this enzyme influenced interferon (ifn) induction which, in turn, reduced the primary humoral response to sheep red blood cells (srbc) or stimulated the production of igm and igg antibody producing cells. | 1983 | 6197038 |
| mechanism of interferon action iii--significance of pppa2'p5'a2'p5'a in the antiviral action of interferon. | this paper is to evidence that the antiviral effect of pppa2'p5'a2'p5'a(2'-5'p3a3) could cover a wide spectrum of viruses, the rna viruses such as influenza h3n2/77, influenza h1n1/77, echo11, rhino, sendai, sindbis and vsv, and the dna viruses such as herpes (type i). in addition, the antiviral effect of 2'-5'p3a3 on echo11 virus, as compared with other viruses, is more efficient than that of ifn. it seems likely that 2'-5'p3a3 plays an important role in the antiviral action of ifn. after compa ... | 1983 | 6194560 |
| antigenic drift in influenza virus h3 hemagglutinin from 1968 to 1980: multiple evolutionary pathways and sequential amino acid changes at key antigenic sites. | surveys of the antigenic properties of a wide range of variants of the h3n2 (hong kong) influenza virus subtype have revealed complex patterns of variants cocirculating during each of the main epidemic eras of the subtype. we determined hemagglutinin (ha) gene sequences for 14 isolates chosen to give the wildest possible spread of variant types. the addition of these data to existing ha gene sequence information for other variants provides a comprehensive picture of ha gene evolution during anti ... | 1983 | 6193288 |
| surveillance of influenza in houston, texas, usa: gradual transition from a/victoria/75 (h3n2) to a/texas/77 (h3n2) predominance and antigenic characterization of "intermediate" strains. | influenza epidemics in houston, texas, usa, during the winters of 1975-76, 1976-77, and 1977-78 were attributed to a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), b/hong kong/5/72, and a/texas/1/77 (h3n2)-like viruses, respectively. both a/victoria and a/texas viruses were detected towards the end of the 1976-77 epidemic and throughout the 1977-78 epidemic. to determine if there had been a gradual transition in the predominant strain, 267 viral isolates from the 1975-76 epidemic were tested for a/texas virus. eight spe ... | 1983 | 6190585 |
| defective in vitro production of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes in ataxia-telangiectasia. | peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (a-t) were studied for their capacity to proliferate and to generate influenza virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) after in vitro stimulation with influenza a/hong kong (a/hk (h3n2)) virus. pbmc from 11 patients proliferated poorly to a/hk and 10 of the 11 patients failed to exhibit significant ctl effector activity when tested on influenza a/hk virus-infected autologous target cells. in contrast, pbmc fr ... | 1983 | 6189897 |
| [correlations of the antigenic specificity of human blood with the levels of antihemagglutinins to influenza viruses]. | the results of the observations show that after active circulation of influenza a (h1n1), a (h3n2), and b viruses the degree of immune response (a rise in antihemagglutinin titres to the causative agent of an epidemic) differed significantly in subjects with different blood groups of the abo(h) system. after active circulation of influenza a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) viruses, rises in the antibody titres to the etiological factor of the epidemic was more marked in subjects with blood groups o and a than ... | 1983 | 6189297 |
| effect of influenza a virus on leukocyte histamine release. | viral respiratory infections provoke asthma in many patients. in the following study we examined the effect of an in vitro incubation of influenza a on leukocyte histamine release. after incubation with a live influenza a (h3n2) virus, calcium ionophore a23187 (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 microgram/ml)-induced leukocyte histamine release (hr) was enhanced (p less than 0.05). this effect was also found with heat- or ether-inactivated virus. similarly, influenza a-exposed leukocytes had augmented leukocyte ... | 1983 | 6187791 |
| [antigenic characteristics of different variants of influenza virus a(h3/n2) and their circulation in the ussr and people's republic of bulgaria in 1968-1980]. | influenza a (h3n2) virus strains isolated in 1968-1980 in the ussr (1908 strains), prb (1413 strains) and in other countries were studied comparatively. among 15 drift variants described in the literature only 6 were found to have sequential epidemic spread. in all the instances the epidemics occurred after importation of the virus from abroad, the interval between the emergence of a new drift variant and its detection in the study areas ranged from 2 1/2 months to 1 1/2 years and was not synchr ... | 1982 | 6186088 |
| human influenza a viruses in pigs: isolation of a h3n2 strain antigenically related to a/england/42/72 and evidence for continuous circulation of human viruses in the pig population. | an influenza virus strain isolated in northern italy in 1977 was identified as belonging to the h3n2 subtype (a/swine/italy/1850/77). a close antigenic relationship to the human strain a/england/42/72 was demonstrated. serologic surveys of 548 pig sera from 53 farms in two provinces in northern italy demonstrated the existence of antibodies to the swine/italy/1850/77 strain and to a/hong kong/1/68, a/victoria/3/75 and h 1 n 1 (hsw 1 n 1) strains in the pig population. | 1982 | 6184032 |
| analysis of the genome structure of influenza a virus strains isolated during the epidemics of 1977-1980. | the genome structure of different a(h1n1) and a(h3n2) influenza virus strains isolated from 1977 to 1980 was analysed by electrophoresis of single-stranded rna and of the double-stranded rna obtained by hybridization with complementary rna of the a/stavropol 188/79 (h3n2) strain. the differences in genome structure are insignificant within the a(h1n1) subtype, and considerable (involving almost all the 8 rna fragments) between the two a(h3n2) strains (a/texas 1/77 and a/stavropol 188/79). the gr ... | 1982 | 6183817 |
| reassortant virus derived from avian and human influenza a viruses is attenuated and immunogenic in monkeys. | an influenza a reassortant virus that contained the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a virulent human virus, a/udorn/72 (h3n2), and the six other influenza a virus genome segments from an avirulent avian virus, a/mallard/new york/6750/78 (h2n2), was evaluated for its level of replication is squirrel monkeys and hamsters. in monkeys, the reassortant virus was as attenuated and as restricted in its level of replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract as its avian influenza virus p ... | 1982 | 6183749 |
| the possible origin h1n1 (hsw1n1) virus in the swine population of japan and antigenic analysis of the isolates. | virus isolation and serological studies on swine sera collected during 1973 to 1978 showed that h1n1 (hsw1n1) influenza viruses first appeared in the swine population of japan about may 1977. with the exception of one strain, both haemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of all the h1n1 viruses isolated from swine in japan and from pigs imported from north america were antigenically indistinguishable from those of a/nj/8/76 virus, suggesting the introduction of swine influenza virus into japan ... | 1982 | 6182266 |
| mapping of antigenic changes in the haemagglutinin of hong kong influenza (h3n2) strains using a large panel of monoclonal antibodies. | a panel of 125 monoclonal antibodies (igg) was raised against the haemagglutinin of an early representative of the hong kong (h3n2) subtype of influenza. they were classified into groups based on their cross-reactions with 16 other virus strains from the same subtype. this classification was performed using methods of numerical taxonomy. statistical tests supported the validity of the grouping. ten such groups were identified. nine antibodies remained unclassified. the locations on the haemagglu ... | 1982 | 6182265 |
| killer t cell responses to influenza a during a drift period: studies in mice. | after intravenous immunization of mice with any influenza a h3n2 drift strain attempts to restimulation of cytotoxic t cell (ctl) activities with the same virus or other drift period variants were unsuccessful for up to 6 weeks. cross-stimulation 4-5 months after primary sensitization yielded, in most situations, positive but lower--as compared to primary--secondary cytotoxic t cell responses. homotypic challenge was also effective after priming with some influenza a subtypes (a/e/72, a/pc/73, a ... | 1982 | 6178951 |
| influenza in the united kingdom 1977-1981. | the laboratory surveillance of influenza in the uk has continued to demonstrate the regularity of influenza outbreaks each winter even in the absence of increase in the other indices which reflect the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. the period of five years from 1976 to 1981 has seen the appearance of a second sub-type of influenza. a with the return of the historic h1n1 virus; and the continued circulation of h3n2 concurrently with h1n1 virus. variants of both these influenza ... | 1982 | 6177743 |
| anti-influenza response achieved by immunization with a synthetic conjugate. | the peptide corresponding to sequence 91--108 of the hemagglutinin of type a h3n2 influenza virus has been synthesized by the solid-phase peptide synthesis method and covalently attached to several macromolecular carriers. the conjugate with tetanus toxoid was used for immunization of rabbits and mice. the immunoglobulin fraction of the rabbit antiserum showed the presence and antipeptide antibodies by both agar gel diffusion and radioimmunoassay. in the latter assay, the antibodies showed marke ... | 1982 | 6176996 |
| [characteristics of the antigenic composition of influenza a (h3n2) virus hemagglutinins isolated 1979-1080]. | the results of comparative immunological analysis of epidemic influenza virus strains of 1979-1980 indicate an emergence in the antigenic composition of virus hemagglutinins of two qualitatively new antigenic determinants differing from those of previously investigated influenza h0n1, h1n1, h2n2, h3n2 viruses. it is suggested that the viruses of recent years having completely lost the relationship with the ancestor of the h3n2 subtype and having very little similarity with viruses occuring in 19 ... | 1982 | 6176071 |
| antigenic and genetic analysis of a/hong kong (h3n2) influenza viruses isolated from swine and man. | two h3n2 strains of influenza a virus isolated from pigs in japan and thailand were characterized antigenically and genetically. a/swine/wadayama/5/69 (isolated in japan in 1969) was antigenically similar to a human strain, a/aichi/2/68, while a/swine/bangkok/9/78 (a swine isolate in thailand) was closely related to a/bangkok/36/78, a contemporary human isolate. gel electrophoresis and oligonucleotide mapping of the virus rna revealed genetic similarity between a/swine/wadayama/5/69 and a/aichi/ ... | 1981 | 6171614 |
| genome analysis of influenza a virus strains isolated during an epidemic of 1979-1980. | the genome and polypeptides of influenza a virus h3n2 strains isolated during the epidemic of 1979-1980 in the u.s.s.r. and g.d.r. have been analysed. five varieties of h3n2 strains differing in a number of genes have been found. the isolates of the first group was similar to the a/texas/1/77 strain in all the genes; the isolates of the second group were similar to the a/bangkok/1/79 strain in all the genes; the strain representative of the third variety, contained all the genes except gene 4 cl ... | 1981 | 6171610 |