Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| characterization of human metapneumovirus from pediatric patients with acute respiratory infections in a 4-year period in beijing, china. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was discovered by scientists in the netherlands as a novel respiratory virus in 2001 and had been found in children with acute respiratory tract infections (arti) in china. the objective of this study was to determine the importance of hmpv infection in children in beijing and the genotypes of the circulating virus by the surveillance during a four-consecutive-year period. | 2011 | 21740766 |
| breathing easy: implementing a bronchiolitis protocol. | in 2005, a protocol for patients with bronchiolitis in the pediatric unit was created, but compliance was less than desired. therefore, revisions based on staff feedback and current literature were implemented in 2007. a pre- and post-implementation design was used. descriptive statistics were used to measure the following variables: use of protocol, frequency of suctioning, use of beta2 agonist medication, length of stay, and charges per case. a chart review was used. after implementing the rev ... | 2011 | 21739745 |
| comparison of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for the diagnosis of eight respiratory viruses by real-time reverse transcription-pcr assays. | many acute respiratory illness surveillance systems collect and test nasopharyngeal (np) and/or oropharyngeal (op) swab specimens, yet there are few studies assessing the relative measures of performance for np versus op specimens. | 2011 | 21738731 |
| paediatric intensive care admissions for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in france: results of a retrospective survey and evaluation of the validity of a medical information system programme. | summarythe purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients with bronchiolitis admitted to a paediatric intensive care unit (picu), and to evaluate a national registry of hospitalizations (programme de m+®dicalisation des syst+¿mes d'information; pmsi) as a potential source of epidemiological data. of the 49 french picus invited to take part in a retrospective survey of children aged <2 years who were hospitalized during the 2005-2006 epidemic season, 24 agreed to participat ... | 2011 | 21733254 |
| systemic signature of the lung response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus is a frequent cause of severe bronchiolitis in children. to improve our understanding of systemic host responses to rsv, we compared balb/c mouse gene expression responses at day 1, 2, and 5 during primary rsv infection in lung, bronchial lymph nodes, and blood. we identified a set of 53 interferon-associated and innate immunity genes that give correlated responses in all three murine tissues. additionally, we identified blood gene signatures that are indicative of ac ... | 2011 | 21731757 |
| self-collected mid-turbinate swabs for the detection of respiratory viruses in adults with acute respiratory illnesses. | the gold standard for respiratory virus testing is a nasopharyngeal (np) swab, which is collected by a healthcare worker. midturbinate (mt) swabs are an alternative due to their ease of collection and possible self-collection by patients. the objective of this study was to compare the respiratory virus isolation of flocked mt swabs compared to flocked np swabs. | 2011 | 21731708 |
| low ccr7-mediated migration of human monocyte derived dendritic cells in response to human respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) and, to a lesser extent, human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hpiv3), can re-infect symptomatically throughout life without significant antigenic change, suggestive of incomplete or short-lived immunity. in contrast, re-infection by influenza a virus (iav) largely depends on antigenic change, suggestive of more complete immunity. antigen presentation by dendritic cells (dc) is critical in initiating the adaptive immune respon ... | 2011 | 21731495 |
| replacement of previously circulating respiratory syncytial virus subtype b strains with the ba genotype in south africa. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants, the immunocompromised, and the elderly in both developed and developing countries. reinfections are common, and g protein variability is one mechanism to overcome herd immunity. this is illustrated by the appearance of the ba genotype with a 60-nucleotide duplication dominating the subtype b genotypes in epidemics worldwide. to investigate the evolution of subtype b in south africa since 2002, the genet ... | 2011 | 21715483 |
| real-world comparison of two molecular methods for detection of respiratory viruses. | abstract: | 2011 | 21714915 |
| bioengineering rna silencing across the life kingdoms. | rna silencing negatively regulates gene expression at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, guided by small rna molecules. it modulates core regulatory pathways across the eukaryotes, such as developmental processes or stress responses. the widespread existence of this phenomenon and the key pathways regulated have led to the development of a new technology based on the modification of gene expression, which has been applied successfully in different areas such as medicine or agricultu ... | 2011 | 21707526 |
| il-17-induced pulmonary pathogenesis during respiratory viral infection and exacerbation of allergic disease. | severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections are characterized by airway epithelial cell damage, mucus hypersecretion, and th2 cytokine production. less is known about the role of il-17. we observed increased il-6 and il-17 levels in tracheal aspirate samples from severely ill infants with rsv infection. in a mouse model of rsv infection, time-dependent increases in pulmonary il-6, il-23, and il-17 expression were observed. neutralization of il-17 during infection and observations from il ... | 2011 | 21703407 |
| Preschool asthma after bronchiolitis in infancy. | Asthma risk is lower after wheezing associated with RSV than with non-RSV infection in infancy. RSV is the main wheezing-associated virus in infants aged <6 months. We evaluated the outcome of children hospitalised for bronchiolitis at <6 months of age, with special focus on viral etiology and early risk factors. Out of 205 infants hospitalised for bronchiolitis at <6 months of age, 127 (62%) attended the control visit at age (mean) 6.5 years, and the parents of additional 39 children were inter ... | 2011 | 21700604 |
| establishment of a novel ovine kidney cell line for isolation and propagation of viruses infecting domestic cloven-hoofed animal species. | a sheep kidney-derived cell line, flk-n3, was successfully established after serial (>100) passages. persistent infection of this cell line with viruses and mycoplasma was not detected. the cells grew well and showed susceptibility to a wide variety of viruses derived from ovine, bovine, and porcine species, including orf virus, maedi visna virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine parainfluenza virus 3, bovine viral diarrhea viruses 1 and 2, bovine coronavirus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bov ... | 2011 | 21695582 |
| steroids for respiratory syncytial virus: is it finally time to just say "no"? | 2011 | 21685761 | |
| attenuated interleukin-8/leukocyte immunoresponse in preterm infants compared with term infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a pilot study. | decreased transplacental transfer of antibodies and altered immunoresponsiveness may place preterm (pt) infants at higher risk for serious consequences from respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. we hypothesize that among infants hospitalized with rsv bronchiolitis, immune response in pt infants may be different when compared with that of term infants. nasal-wash samples were collected from 11 pt (<37 weeks of gestation) and 13 term infants (ôëñ37 weeks of gestation) hospitalized with ... | 2011 | 21683109 |
| topology and cellular localization of the small hydrophobic protein of avian metapneumovirus. | the small hydrophobic protein (sh) is a type ii integral membrane protein that is packaged into virions and is only present in certain paramyxoviruses including metapneumovirus. in addition to a highly divergent primary sequence, sh proteins vary significantly in size amongst the different viruses. human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) encodes the smallest sh protein consisting of only 64 amino acids, while metapneumoviruses have the longest sh protein ranging from 174 to 179 amino acids in l ... | 2011 | 21683102 |
| increased eosinophilic cationic protein in nasal fluid in hospitalized wheezy infants with rsv infection. | background: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major respiratory pathogen which causes bronchiolitis with dyspnea and wheezing in children less than 2 years old. rsv bronchiolitis in infancy severe enough to cause hospitalization might be a risk factor for allergic sensitization and bronchial asthma in future. however, the pathophysiology behind this development has not been clearly characterized. to evaluate the existence of airway inflammation and characteristic of rsv bronchiolitis, we an ... | 2011 | 21681019 |
| identification of deletion mutant respiratory syncytial virus strains lacking most of the g protein in immunocompromised children with pneumonia in south africa. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) g protein deletion mutants replicate effectively in vitro but have not been detected in nature. subtyping of rsv strains in hospitalized children in south africa identified g protein pcr amplicons significantly reduced in size in 2 out of 209 clinical specimens screened over 4 years. sequence analysis revealed subtype b strains lacking nearly the entire g protein ectodomain in one hiv-positive and one hiv-exposed child hospitalized with pneumonia. the associatio ... | 2011 | 21680500 |
| secondary lymphoid tissue as an important site for wu polyomavirus infection in immunocompetent children. | the polyomaviruses ki and wu (kipyv and wupyv) have been identified in respiratory specimens from children with acute respiratory infections, which suggests the respiratory tract as a possible site of infection. however, the persistence of infection in the lymphoid system is unknown. fresh samples (n = 211) of tonsils, adenoids, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from 83 immunocompetent children (mean age 4.8 years) were tested for amplification of the kipyv vp1 and wupyv vp2 genes. ... | 2011 | 21678449 |
| wu polyomavirus infection among children in south china. | this study aimed at investigating the prevalence and clinical characteristics of children with respiratory infection by wu polyomavirus (wupyv) in southern china. nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected from 771 children with acute respiratory tract infection admitted to hospital and 82 samples from healthy subjects for routine examination at the outpatient service at the second affiliated hospital of shantou university, medical college from july 2008 to june 2009. wupyv was detected by t ... | 2011 | 21678448 |
| antibiotics for bronchiolitis in children. | bronchiolitis is a serious, potentially life-threatening respiratory illness commonly affecting babies. it is often caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). antibiotics are not recommended for bronchiolitis unless there is concern about complications such as secondary bacterial pneumonia or respiratory failure. nevertheless, they are used at rates of 34% to 99% in uncomplicated cases. | 2011 | 21678346 |
| a multi-tiered time-series modelling approach to forecasting respiratory syncytial virus incidence at the local level. | summaryrespiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of documented viral respiratory infections, and the leading cause of hospitalization, in young children. we performed a retrospective time-series analysis of all patients aged <18 years with laboratory-confirmed rsv within a network of multiple affiliated academic medical institutions. forecasting models of weekly rsv incidence for the local community, inpatient paediatric hospital and paediatric intensive-care unit (picu) were cr ... | 2011 | 21676348 |
| [contemporary clinical diagnostics of respiratory tract infections]. | the patient population at risk pulmonary infections has increased during the last decade. the spectrum of organisms causing infections has also grown, most of them are viruses baseline diagnostic assessment include history, clinical examination, radiography and measurements of procalcitonin (pct), highly sensitive c-reactive protein (hscrp) and leukocyte count. pct represents a good biological marker for difficult diagnoses in critically ill patients and is superior to crp. chest x-rays seldom g ... | 2011 | 21675131 |
| epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children during the circulation of influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009. | please cite this paper as: zuccotti et┬áal. (2011) epidemiological and clinical features of respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children during the circulation of influenza virus a(h1n1) 2009. influenza and other respiratory viruses. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00263.x. backgroundôçé seasonal influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are primary causes of acute respiratory tract infections (artis) in children. new respiratory viruses including human metapneumovirus (hmpv ... | 2011 | 21668662 |
| multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children. | please cite this paper as: martin et┬áal. (2011) multiple versus single virus respiratory infections: viral load and clinical disease severity in hospitalized children. influenza and other respiratory viruses. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00265.x00 (00), 000-000. backgroundôçé molecular testing for viral pathogens has resulted in increasing detection of multiple viruses in respiratory secretions of ill children. the clinical impact of multiple virus infections on clinical presentation and outco ... | 2011 | 21668660 |
| seroepidemiological study of bovine respiratory viruses (brsv, bohv-1, pi-3v, bvdv, and bav-3) in dairy cattle in central region of iran (esfahan province). | respiratory diseases in calves are responsible for major economic losses in both beef and dairy production. several viruses, such as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine herpes virus-1 (bohv-1), bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (bpi-3v), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and bovine adenoviruses (bav), are detected in most clinical cases with respiratory signs. the aim of this study is to define seroprevalences of five major viral causes of bovine respiratory infections in cattle in ce ... | 2011 | 21667075 |
| hospital-acquired viral infection increases mortality in children with severe viral respiratory infection. | objective:: to investigate the association of method of acquisition (hospital-acquired vs. community-acquired) and mortality in children with severe viral respiratory infection. design:: retrospective cohort study. setting:: pediatric intensive care unit at an urban academic tertiary care children's hospital. patients:: all patients aged <18 yrs admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit with laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, parainfluenza, or adenovirus infection b ... | 2011 | 21666538 |
| economic evaluation of palivizumab in children with congenital heart disease: a canadian perspective. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common cause of bronchiolitis in infants. in children with congenital heart disease (chd), it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody that reduces the number of rsv-associated hospitalizations in children with chd. we sought to assess cost savings and cost-effectiveness of palivizumab in children < 2 years old with hemodynamically significant chd in a provincially administered rsv prophylaxis program. | 2011 | 21664100 |
| a molecular epidemiological study of respiratory viruses detected in japanese children with acute wheezing illness. | recent studies strongly suggest that some respiratory viruses are associated with the induction of acute wheezing and/or exacerbation of bronchial asthma. however, molecular epidemiology of these viruses is not exactly known. | 2011 | 21663657 |
| prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection among hospitalized children presenting with acute lower respiratory tract infections. | objective: to evaluate the prevalence of rsv among hospitalized young children presenting with alri in bangalore, india. methods: respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) antigen detection was performed by direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) staining on 77 nasopharyngeal wash samples collected from hospitalized children below 2 years of age with a diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri). results: out of 77 samples tested for rsv with dfa, 17 (22.1%) were found rsv-positive with a mea ... | 2011 | 21660398 |
| severity of viral coinfection in hospitalized infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. | to compare the severity of single respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections with that of coinfections. | 2011 | 21655684 |
| viral agents causing lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children: evaluation of the speed-oligo® rsv assay for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the viral agent which is more frequently involved in lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in infants under 1 year of age in developed countries. a new oligochromatographic assay, speed-oligo® rsv, was designed and optimized for the specific detection and identification of rsv subtypes a and b. the test was evaluated in 289 clinical samples from 169 hospitalized children using an immunochromatography (ic) test, virus isolation by culture, and an in-house ... | 2011 | 21647616 |
| classification of acute encephalopathy in respiratory syncytial virus infection. | infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is known to be associated with central nervous system symptoms such as convulsions. we investigated cytokines, nitrogen oxide (no)( x ), and the viral genome in cerebrospinal fluid (csf) obtained from children with rsv infection-related convulsions or central nervous symptoms and compared the data with type of encephalopathy. of nine patients enrolled (six boys and three girls; aged 10 days-3 years), one metabolic error, five excitotoxicity, one c ... | 2011 | 21647570 |
| differential effects of corticosteroids on serum eosinophil cationic protein and cytokine production in rhinovirus- and respiratory syncytial virus-induced acute exacerbation of childhood asthma. | little information is available on eosinophil activation and the cytokine profile in virus-induced acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma; therefore, we examined the effects of treatments that included systemic corticosteroids on serum eosinophil cationic protein (ecp) and 17 cytokines/chemokines in rhinovirus- and respiratory syncytial (rs) virus-induced acute exacerbation of childhood asthma. | 2011 | 21646800 |
| intrinsic phenotypic differences of asthmatic epithelium and its inflammatory responses to rsv and air pollution. | a substantial proportion of the healthcare costs associated with asthma are due to exacerbations of the disease. within the airway, the epithelium forms the mucosal immune barrier, the first structural cell defense against common environmental insults such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and particulate matter. objective: to characterize the phenotype of differentiated asthmatic derived airway epithelial cultures and their intrinsic inflammatory responses to environmental challenges. method ... | 2011 | 21642587 |
| nationwide surveillance of 18 respiratory viruses in patients with influenza-like illnesses: a pilot feasibility study in the french sentinel network. | the aim of the present study was to test the feasibility of integrating the diagnosis of 18 respiratory viruses into clinical surveillance of influenza-like illness using a pcr-dna microarray detection assay. the study took place in the french sentinel network, a nationwide surveillance network of general practitioners (gps) representative of french gps in terms age, location, and type of practice (urban/rural). three virological laboratories also participated in the study. the study was planned ... | 2011 | 21638286 |
| n-acetyl-l-cysteine (nac) inhibit mucin synthesis and pro-inflammatory mediators in alveolar type ii epithelial cells infected with influenza virus a and b and with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). | 64% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) exacerbations are caused by respiratory infections including influenza (strains a and b) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). they affect the airway epithelium increasing inflammatory and apoptosis events through mechanisms involving ros generation, and induce the release of mucins from epithelial cells that are involved in the deterioration of the patient's health during the course of the disease. the antioxidant nac has proved useful in the ... | 2011 | 21635874 |
| a novel mechanism for inhibition of irf-3-dependent gene expression by human respiratory syncytial virus ns1 protein. | human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, inhibits type i interferon (ifn)-dependent signaling, as well as ifn synthesis. rsv nonstructural protein ns1 plays a significant role in this inhibition, however the mechanism(s) responsible are not fully known. the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (irf)-3 is essential for viral-induced ifn-α synthesis. in this study, we found that ns1 protein inhibits irf-3-dependent gene trans ... | 2011 | 21632562 |
| the human metapneumovirus: a case series and review of the literature. | s. shahda, w.g. carlos, p.j. kiel, b.a. khan, c.a. hage. the human metapneumovirus: a case series and review of the literature transpl infect dis 2011: 13: 324-328. all rights reserved abstract: human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is an emerging human pulmonary pathogen that is genetically related to respiratory syncytial virus. it has been increasingly associated with respiratory illnesses over the last few decades. immunocompromised patients are particularly susceptible with resultant morbidity and m ... | 2011 | 21631655 |
| microbiology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in children with acute nonresponding or recurrent community-acquired pneumonia: identification of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae as a major pathogen. | background. precise etiologic diagnosis in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia (cap) remains challenging. methods. we conducted a retrospective study of cap etiology in 2 groups of pediatric patients who underwent flexible bronchoscopy (fob) with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal); children with acute nonresponsive cap (nr-cap; n = 127) or recurrent cap (rec-cap; n = 123). procedural measures were taken to limit contamination risk and quantitative bacterial culture of bal fluid (significance cutoff ... | 2011 | 21628484 |
| approach to a child with lower airway obstruction and bronchiolitis. | lower airway obstruction can occur at the level of trachea, bronchi or bronchioles. it is characterized clinically by wheeze and hyperinflated chest, apart from other signs of respiratory distress. common causes include bronchiolitis, asthma, pneumonia, laryngotracheo-bronchitis, congenital malformations and foreign body inhalation. bronchiolitis usually occurs in children aged 2 months to 2 years. it is most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus infection. the diagnosis is mainly clini ... | 2011 | 21625831 |
| spontaneous pneumothorax in an allogeneic cell transplant recipient with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and antecedent rsv pneumonitis. | we report a case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa) following respiratory syncytial virus infection in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipient with chronic graft-versus-host disease. delayed diagnosis of ipa resulted in the development of a pneumothorax, a rare consequence of fungal pneumonia. respiratory virus infections are often harbingers of other infective organisms in hsct recipients. more aggressive diagnostic investigations such as computed tomography sca ... | 2011 | 21625303 |
| a cost-effective method for simultaneous homo-oligomeric size determination and monodispersity conditions for membrane proteins. | the use of blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (bn-page) has been reported in the literature to retain both water-soluble and membrane protein complexes in their native hetero-oligomeric state and to determine the molecular weight of membrane proteins. however, membrane proteins show abnormal mobility when compared with water-soluble markers. although one could use membrane proteins as markers or apply a conversion factor to the observed molecular weight to account for the bound cooma ... | 2011 | 21624344 |
| [characteristics and the prevalence of respiratory viruses and the correlation with climatic factors of hospitalized children in suzhou children's hospital.] | objective: to study the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory virus infection and its relations to climatic factors in suzhou. methods: from 2006 to 2009, viral etiology surveillance was conducted among 6655 children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infections (aris). direct immunofluorescence method was used to test respiratory secretion samples for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza viruses a and b (inf-a, inf-b), parainfluenza virus types i, ii, and iii (pinf-i, pi ... | 2011 | 21624230 |
| inhibition activities of polysaccharide (rg4-1) from gentiana rigescens against rsv. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. with the emergence of drug-resistant strains of rsv, new antiviral agents are needed urgently. gentiana rigescens is a kind of chinese herb, belonging to gentianaceae, which has long been used as a folk medicine for curing inflammation, bacterial infection, viral infection, and so on. in this research, polysaccharide designated rg4-1 was isolated from g. rigescens by ... | 2011 | 21623514 |
| viral ventilator-associated pneumonia: uncovering tip of the iceberg. | context: hospital-acquired infections are frequently encountered by the physicians for ailments demanding prolonged hospitalization, especially in intensive care units, where patients are often mechanically ventilated. the organisms most often implicated are bacteria; viral etiology is infrequent. aims: the study aims at reviewing lung pathology at autopsy in mechanically ventilated children admitted in pediatric intensive care unit (picu) to assess the incidence of viral ventilator-associated p ... | 2011 | 21623086 |
| genes controlling vaccine responses and disease resistance to respiratory viral pathogens in cattle. | farm animals remain at risk of endemic, exotic and newly emerging viruses. vaccination is often promoted as the best possible solution, and yet for many pathogens, either there are no appropriate vaccines or those that are available are far from ideal. a complementary approach to disease control may be to identify genes and chromosomal regions that underlie genetic variation in disease resistance and response to vaccination. however, identification of the causal polymorphisms is not straightforw ... | 2011 | 21621277 |
| detection of nine respiratory rna viruses using three multiplex rt-pcr assays incorporating a novel rna internal control transcript. | real-time pcr is a significant improvement over viral isolation and immunofluorescence for routinely detecting respiratory viruses. we developed three real-time internally controlled multiplex rt-pcr assays for detecting nine respiratory viruses. an internal control transcript consisting of a chimeric plasmid was synthesised and incorporated into each multiplex to monitor amplification efficiency, including inhibition. each multiplex assay was developed on the rotor-gene 3000 and evaluated using ... | 2011 | 21620897 |
| relationship between rantes polymorphisms and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in a japanese infant population. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important virus associated with bronchiolitis in infants and young children. the regulated upon activation, normal t-cell expressed and secreted protein (rantes, also known as ccl5) appears to be a key player in the etiology of rsv-infected airway inflammation. in this study, we genotyped three single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the rantes gene: -403g/a, -28c/g, and in1.1t/c in 59 infants with severe rsv bronchiolitis and 201 control subjects. the fr ... | 2011 | 21617311 |
| structure of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein in the post-fusion conformation reveals preservation of neutralizing epitopes. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) invades host cells via a type i fusion (f) glycoprotein that undergoes dramatic structural rearrangements during the fusion process. neutralizing monoclonal antibodies such as 101f, palivizumab, and motavizumab, target two major antigenic sites on the rsv f glycoprotein. structures of these sites as peptide complexes with motavizumab and 101f have been previously determined, but a structure of the trimeric rsv f glycoprotein ectodomain has remained elusive. to a ... | 2011 | 21613394 |
| development of a low-resource rna extraction cassette based on surface tension valves. | nucleic acid-based diagnostics are highly sensitive and specific, but are easily disrupted by the presence of interferents in biological samples. in a laboratory or hospital setting, the influence of these interferents can be minimized using an rna or dna extraction procedure prior to analysis. however, in low-resource settings, limited access to specialized instrumentation and trained personnel presents challenges that impede sample preparation. we have developed a self-contained nucleic acid e ... | 2011 | 21604768 |
| respiratory syncytial virus infection as a precipitant of thyroid storm in a previously undiagnosed case of graves' disease in a prepubertal girl. | graves' disease is less common in prepubertal than pubertal children, and initial presentation with thyroid storm is rare. we report an 11-year-old prepubertal hispanic girl who presented with a one-day history of respiratory distress, fever, and dysphagia. she had exophthalmos, a diffuse bilateral goiter and was agitated, tachycardic, and hypertensive. nasal swab was positive for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). she was diagnosed with thyroid storm and admitted to the pediatric intensive care ... | 2011 | 21603250 |
| management of upper respiratory tract infections in children. | upper respiratory tract infection (urti) occurs commonly in both children and adults and is a major cause of mild morbidity. it has a high cost to society, being responsible for absenteeism from school and work and unnecessary medical care, and is occasionally associated with serious sequelae. urtis are usually caused by several families of virus; these are the rhinovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza, enterovirus and ... | 2008 | 21603094 |
| sp-a1, sp-a2 and sp-d gene polymorphisms in severe acute respiratory syncytial infection in chilean infants. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the principal pathogen that causes acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri) in infants. severe rsv-alri has been associated with the host genetic susceptibility. to assess whether severe rsv disease in infants is associated with certain single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) into the gene of sp-a1, sp-a2 and sp-d, a prospective study was performed among blood donors and rsv-infected infants aged <or=6 months, considering their severity, according to a str ... | 2011 | 21601013 |
| mutation of the elongin c binding domain of human respiratory syncytial virus non-structural protein 1 (ns1) results in degradation of ns1 and attenuation of the virus. | abstract: background: human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract disease in the paediatic population, immunocompromised individuals and the elderly worldwide. however, despite global efforts over the past several decades there are no commercially available vaccines. rsv encodes 2 non-structural proteins, ns1 and ns2, that are type i interferon antagonists. rsv restricts type i interferon signaling and the expression of antiviral genes by degrading st ... | 2011 | 21600055 |
| protection from persistent infection with a bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) type 1b strain by a modified-live vaccine containing bvdv types 1a and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, parainfluenza 3 virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. | recent studies showed that bvdv-1b subgenotype is dominant in north and south american field bvdv isolates. however, nearly all commercially available bvdv-1 vaccines contain bvdv-1a strains. in order to study the efficacy of bvdv-1a vaccine against bvdv-1b infection, this study was designed to evaluate a modified-live vaccine (mlv) containing bvdv-1a and bvdv-2 strains for its efficacy in prevention of persistent infection of fetuses against bvdv-1b strain, when the heifers were vaccinated prio ... | 2011 | 21596076 |
| protocol for recombinant rbd-based sars vaccines: protein preparation, animal vaccination and neutralization detection. | based on their safety profile and ability to induce potent immune responses against infections, subunit vaccines have been used as candidates for a wide variety of pathogens (1-3). since the mammalian cell system is capable of post-translational modification, thus forming properly folded and glycosylated proteins, recombinant proteins expressed in mammalian cells have shown the greatest potential to maintain high antigenicity and immunogenicity (4-6). although no new cases of sars have been repo ... | 2011 | 21587153 |
| structural basis for immunization with postfusion respiratory syncytial virus fusion f glycoprotein (rsv f) to elicit high neutralizing antibody titers. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the main cause of infant bronchiolitis, remains a major unmet vaccine need despite more than 40 years of vaccine research. vaccine candidates based on a chief rsv neutralization antigen, the fusion (f) glycoprotein, have foundered due to problems with stability, purity, reproducibility, and potency. crystal structures of related parainfluenza f glycoproteins have revealed a large conformational change between the prefusion and postfusion states, suggesting that ... | 2011 | 21586636 |
| commentary: why are young healthy term infants protected against respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis? | 2011 | 21577175 | |
| [characteristics of human metapneumovirus respiratory tract infection in children and the relationship between the infection and meteorological conditions]. | to study the epidemiology of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infection in children and its relations with meteorological conditions in suzhou. | 2011 | 21575373 |
| animal models of human respiratory syncytial virus disease. | infection with the human pneumovirus pathogen, respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), causes a wide spectrum of respiratory disease, notably among infants and the elderly. laboratory animal studies permit detailed experimental modeling of hrsv disease and are therefore indispensable in the search for novel therapies and preventative strategies. current animal models include several target species for hrsv, including chimpanzees, cattle, sheep, cotton rats and mice, as well as alternative animal pne ... | 2011 | 21571908 |
| the effect of steroid use in hospitalized adults with respiratory syncytial virus related illness. | abstractrationale: systemic glucocorticosteroids (steroids) are commonly prescribed in patients with exacerbations of copd during acute viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the effects of short term high dose steroid treatment on viral load and adaptive immunity to rsv have not been examined in adults. objectives: to measure peak viral load and duration of viral shedding, serum and nasal cytokines, rsv specific antibody response and lymphocyte subsets in patients admitted ... | 2011 | 21565965 |
| exposure to sodium tungstate and respiratory syncytial virus results in hematological/immunological disease in c57bl/6j mice. | the etiology of childhood leukemia is not known. strong evidence indicates that precursor b-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-b all) is a genetic disease originating in utero. environmental exposures in two concurrent, childhood leukemia clusters have been profiled and compared with geographically similar control communities. the unique exposures, shared in common by the leukemia clusters, have been modeled in c57bl/6 mice utilizing prenatal exposures. this previous investigation has sugges ... | 2011 | 21565177 |
| [rsv infection course in infants and young children during hospitalization]. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a widespread among the youngest group of pediatric patients, especially in the young infant, when the immune system is just being formed. a lot of children up to 5 year-old suffer infection many times, not only because of easy pathogen transfer, but also primary incidence of disease doesn't give permanent immunity. this study retrospectively analyses a group of children with confirmed during epidemic period rsv infection. particular attention was pa ... | 2011 | 21563448 |
| an nf-{kappa}b signaling pathway via pkc{delta} regulates replication of respiratory syncytial virus in polarized normal human nasal epithelial cells. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of bronchitis, asthma and severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children. the airway epithelium, which has a well-developed barrier regulated by tight junctions, is the first line of defense during respiratory virus infection. however, in upper airway human nasal epithelial cells (hnecs) the primary site of rsv infection, the mechanisms of replication and budding of rsv and the epithelial cell responses, including the tig ... | 2011 | 21562222 |
| inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus in vitro and in vivo by the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the primary cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children worldwide and is often the cause of infections in bone marrow, solid organ transplant, cystic fibrosis and congenital heart disease patients, as well as respiratory tract disease in elderly adults. treatment options are limited to ribavirin, which is only marginally effective, and passive immunoprophylaxis, which is very expensive. the immunosuppressive agent leflunomide has been s ... | 2011 | 21555813 |
| cord blood vitamin d deficiency is associated with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important pathogen causing severe lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in infants. epidemiologic and basic studies suggest that vitamin d may protect against rsv lrti. | 2011 | 21555499 |
| high mortality in patients with influenza a ph1n1 2009 admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit: a predictive model of mortality. | objective:: to describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients admitted to pediatric intensive care with influenza a (ph1n1) 2009 in argentina. design:: retrospective observational study. setting:: thirteen pediatric intensive care units in argentina. subjects:: •••. interventions:: none. measurements and main results:: we included 142 critically ill patients. the median age was 19 months (range, 2-110 months) with 39% of the patients <24 months of age. ninety-nine patients (70%) h ... | 2011 | 21552180 |
| design and characterization of epitope-scaffold immunogens that present the motavizumab epitope from respiratory syncytial virus. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in infants, but an effective vaccine has not yet been developed. an ideal vaccine would elicit protective antibodies while avoiding virus-specific t-cell responses, which have been implicated in vaccine-enhanced disease with previous rsv vaccines. we propose that heterologous proteins designed to present rsv-neutralizing antibody epitopes and to elicit cognate antibodies have the potential to fulfill these vaccine ... | 2011 | 21549714 |
| detection of ki polyomavirus and wu polyomavirus dna by real-time pcr in nasopharyngeal swabs and in normal lung and lung adenocarcinoma tissues. | polyomaviruses ki (kipyv) and wu (wupyv) were detected from 7 (3.0%) and 38 (16.4%) of 232 children with respiratory tract infections by real-time pcr. the rates of single infection of kipyv and wupyv were 3 (42.9%) of 7 and 20 (52.6%) of 38, respectively. in other samples, various viruses (human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus (hmpv), human rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus 1 and human bocavirus) were detected simultaneously. one case was positive for kipyv and wupyv and also f ... | 2011 | 21545509 |
| frequent detection of respiratory viruses without symptoms: towards defining clinically relevant cut-off values? | highly sensitive techniques like pcr have greatly improved the detection of respiratory viruses. however, the sensitivity of pcr tests at the same time complicates clinical interpretation as the presence of low amounts of viral targets may not necessarily have clinical relevance. we performed a prospective case control study in asymptomatic and symptomatic young children. pcr detection of 14 respiratory viruses was performed in nasal washes, and results were quantified in copies per milliliter. ... | 2011 | 21543571 |
| a classification study of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) inhibitors by variable selection with random forest. | experimental pec(50)s for 216 selective respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) inhibitors are used to develop classification models as a potential screening tool for a large library of target compounds. variable selection algorithm coupled with random forests (vs-rf) is used to extract the physicochemical features most relevant to the rsv inhibition. based on the selected small set of descriptors, four other widely used approaches, i.e., support vector machine (svm), gaussian process (gp), linear dis ... | 2011 | 21541057 |
| rhinovirus-induced bronchiolitis and asthma development. | to cite this article: jartti t, korppi m. rhinovirus-induced bronchiolitis and asthma development. pediatr allergy immunol 2011; 22: 350-355. abstract: human rhinovirus (hrv) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are commonly associated with bronchiolitis. the breaking point in the dominance is approximately 12 months - rhinovirus dominates in the older children. predisposition may markedly increase the prevalence of hrv bronchiolitis. especially, low interferon responses and atopy-related facto ... | 2011 | 21535176 |
| viral and atypical bacterial detection in acute respiratory infection in children under five years. | acute respiratory infection (ari) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. this study aimed to determine the viral and atypical bacterial causes of different severities and clinical manifestations of ari in preschool children from low-income families in north-east brazil. | 2011 | 21533115 |
| respiratory syncytial virus interferon antagonist ns1 protein suppresses and skews the human t lymphocyte response. | we recently demonstrated that the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) ns1 protein, an antagonist of host type i interferon (ifn-i) production and signaling, has a suppressive effect on the maturation of human dendritic cells (dc) that was only partly dependent on released ifn-i. here we investigated whether ns1 affects the ability of dc to activate cd8+ and cd4+ t cells. human dc were infected with rsv deletion mutants lacking the ns1 and/or ns2 genes and assayed for the ability to activate autolo ... | 2011 | 21533073 |
| mxa rna quantification in febrile patients who underwent hematopoietic cell transplantation for primary immunodeficiency. | the presence of myxovirus resistance protein a (mxa) rna was studied in 55 febrile children with primary immunodeficiency, 27 of whom underwent hematopoietic cell transplantation, and in 28 age-matched controls. the level of mxa rna was above the cutoff, established as the 95th percentile found in controls, with primary immunodeficiency either undergoing transplantation or not in febrile patients, and with a documented diagnosis of infection by adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, re ... | 2011 | 21532489 |
| clinical study concerning the relationship between community-acquired pneumonia and viral infection in northern thailand. | objective the etiological agents associated with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in thailand have been studied extensively in bacterial pathogens, but not in viral pathogens. to clarify the association of viral pathogens with cap, we conducted a comprehensive study of viral and bacterial pathogens in patients with cap. methods we enrolled 119 hospitalized patients with cap in nakornping hospital, chiang mai, thailand between 2006 and 2008. the severity of pneumonia was classified and the risk ... | 2011 | 21532221 |
| [prokaryotic expression for fusion protein of human metapneumovirus and its preliminary application as an antigen for antibody detection]. | to understand the effectiveness of prokaryotic expression of fusion protein (f) of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) and its application as antigen, f proteins from different genotypes of hmpv were expressed in prokaryotic expression system and purified by ni-nta affinity chromatography column. according to the hydrophobicity, antigen index and surface probability of f protein, the subunit 1 (f1) region of f protein was generated and expressed in e. coil. bl21(de3). the 6-his-f1 proteins with molecul ... | 2011 | 21528539 |
| are empiric antibiotics for acute exudative tonsillitis needed in children? | background: empiric antibiotics are frequently given for children with acute exudative tonsillitis. a few studies have investigated the causative agent of acute "exudative" tonsillitis in children to evaluate the necessity of antibiotic therapy. this study tried to explore the common causative agent of acute exudative tonsillitis among children. methods: from april 2009 to march 2010, throat swabs were obtained and cultured for viruses and bacteria from children who visited the pediatric emergen ... | 2011 | 21524968 |
| viral etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized young children in northern taiwan. | lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) comprise a great proportion of diagnoses among hospitalized children. this study identifies the viral pathogens causing lrtis in young children and compares their clinical features and disease severity. | 2011 | 21524612 |
| current progress on development of respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. | human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a major cause of upper and lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children worldwide. despite its importance as a respiratory pathogen, there is currently no licensed vaccine for prophylaxis of hrsv infection. there are several hurdles complicating the development of a rsv vaccine: 1) incomplete immunity to natural rsv infection leading to frequent re-infection, 2) immature immune system and maternal antibodies of newborn infants who are ... | 2011 | 21524347 |
| association of rsv lower respiratory tract infection and subsequent healthcare use and costs: a medicaid claims analysis in early-preterm, late-preterm, and full-term infants. | abstract objective: healthcare use and costs within 1 year of a respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection (rsv-lri) among medicaid early-preterm and late-preterm infants compared with full-term infants were evaluated. methods: infants born during 2003-2005 were identified from the thomson reuters marketscan multi-state medicaid database. infants <1 year of age were grouped based on rsv-lri and unspecified bronchiolitis/pneumonia (ubp) diagnosis codes and stratified by inpatie ... | 2011 | 21524154 |
| clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infection in neonates and young infants. | infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) occurs during the first year of life in 50% of children and 20%-40% of them have signs of lower respiratory tract infection (bronchiolitis or pneumonia). there is an increased risk for complicated course and death from rsv infection in premature infants, especially those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd) or congenital heart disease. the aim of our study was to analyze clinical characteristics of laboratory confirmed rsv infection in order to e ... | 2011 | 21524004 |
| 1h, 13c, and 15n resonance assignment of the central domain of hrsv transcription antitermination factor m2-1. | m2-1 is an essential co-factor of the respiratory syncytial virus, an important respiratory pathogen in infants and calves. it acts as a transcription antitermination factor which enhances the processivity of the polymerase. within the polymerase complex, m2-1 interacts with a second co-factor, the phosphoprotein p. it has been shown previously that p and rna bind to m2-1 in a competitive manner in vitro and that these properties are related to a central domain located between residues glu59 and ... | 2011 | 21523439 |
| a randomized controlled trial of motavizumab versus palivizumab for the prophylaxis of serious respiratory syncytial virus disease in children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. | children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (chd) are at risk for serious respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease. this study was designed to assess the safety and tolerability of motavizumab versus palivizumab in children with chd and was not powered for efficacy. patients (n=1236) aged ≤24 months were randomized to receive 5 monthly doses (15 mg/kg) of motavizumab or palivizumab during the rsv season. adverse events (aes) and serious aes were recorded through 30 days a ... | 2011 | 21522037 |
| respiratory viruses in lung transplant recipients: a critical review and pooled analysis of clinical studies. | lung transplant recipients present an increased risk for severe complications associated with respiratory infections. we conducted a review of the literature examining the clinical relationship between viral respiratory infection and graft complications. thirty-four studies describing the clinical impact of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, enterovirus, coronavirus, bocavirus or adenovirus were identified. the detection rate of respiratory ... | 2011 | 21521473 |
| modeling the variations in pediatric respiratory syncytial virus seasonal epidemics. | abstract: | 2011 | 21510889 |
| use of palivizumab in germany: data from 2002-2007. | background: the german palivizumab registry refers to a post-marketing observational study of palivizumab administration during 5 consecutive respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasons (2002/2003 -2006/2007). patients and methods: the registry provided data on drug administration, risk factors for complicated rsv disease, rehospitalisation rates for infants receiving rsv prophylaxis, and parental adherence. 49 608 administrations were documented in 10 686 patients (average of 4.6 per patient). re ... | 2011 | 21509705 |
| evaluation and clinical validation of an alcohol-based transport medium for preservation and inactivation of respiratory viruses. | the clinical and public health importance of influenza and other respiratory viruses has accelerated the development of highly sensitive molecular diagnostics, but data are limited regarding preanalytical stages of diagnostic testing. we evaluated cymol, an alcohol-based transport medium, for its ability to maintain specimen integrity for up to 21 days of storage at various temperatures; for its ability to inactivate virus; and for its compatibility with antigen- or nucleic acid-based diagnostic ... | 2011 | 21508158 |
| [clinical characteristics of human bocavirus infection in 90 children]. | to study the clinical characteristics of human bocavirus (hbov) infection in children. | 2011 | 21507299 |
| repeated virus identification in the airways of patients with mild and severe asthma during prospective follow-up. | to cite this article: turchiarelli v, schinkel j, molenkamp r, foschino barbaro mp, carpagnano ge, spanevello a, lutter r, bel eh, sterk pj. repeated virus identification in the airways of patients with mild and severe asthma during prospective follow-up. allergy 2011; doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02600.x. abstract: background: respiratory viruses may persist in the airways of asthmatics between episodes of clinical worsening. we hypothesized that patients with clinically stable, severe asthma ... | 2011 | 21507005 |
| uteroglobulin-related protein 1 and severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children admitted to hospital. | there are several reports suggesting that genetic factors contribute to the severity of infection with the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). infants hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) due to rsv are at a significantly increased risk for both recurrent wheezing and childhood asthma. uteroglobin-related protein 1 (ugrp1) is a secretory protein expressed in the airways, and speculated to have anti-inflammatory activity. the presence of the -112g/a polymorphism in the ugrp1 ... | 2011 | 21503925 |
| organic synthesis toward small-molecule probes and drugs special feature: identification of broad-spectrum antiviral compounds and assessment of the druggability of their target for efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). | the search for novel therapeutic interventions for viral disease is a challenging pursuit, hallmarked by the paucity of antiviral agents currently prescribed. targeting of viral proteins has the inextricable challenge of rise of resistance. safe and effective vaccines are not possible for many viral pathogens. new approaches are required to address the unmet medical need in this area. we undertook a cell-based high-throughput screen to identify leads for development of drugs to treat respiratory ... | 2011 | 21502533 |
| an evaluation of the emerging interventions against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-associated acute lower respiratory infections in children. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory infections (alri) in children. it is estimated to cause approximately 33.8 million new episodes of alri in children annually, 96% of these occurring in developing countries. it is also estimated to result in about 53,000 to 199,000 deaths annually in young children. currently there are several vaccine and immunoprophylaxis candidates against rsv in the developmental phase targeting active and passive immunization. | 2011 | 21501449 |
| a decade of respiratory syncytial virus epidemiology and prophylaxis: translating evidence into everyday clinical practice. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common infection in infancy, with nearly all children affected by two years of age. approximately 0.5% to 2.0% of all children are hospitalized with lower respiratory tract disease, of which 50% to 90% have bronchiolitis and 5% to 40% have pneumonia. morbidity and mortality are highest in children with nosocomial infection and in those with underlying medical illnesses such as cardiac and chronic lung disease. aboriginal children residing in remote northern ... | 2011 | 21499597 |
| human dendritic cells promote an antiviral immune response when stimulated by cvt-e002. | there is interest in developing new compounds to enhance the immune response to airway virus infections. cvt-e002 is a patented ginseng extract shown to decrease symptoms of virus infection in clinical trials. we hypothesized that the mechanism for this antiviral effect could be through modulation of dendritic cells leading to enhanced t-cell activation. | 2011 | 21492169 |
| epidemiology and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections among infants and young children. | since its discovery in 1956, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been recognized as one of the most common causes of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children worldwide. while considered a high priority, development of a safe and effective vaccine has remained elusive. prevention of rsv disease relies on infection control and hygiene measures, as well as providing immunoprophylaxis in select infants. the prophylaxis, however, is costly, and so targeting the recipient populat ... | 2011 | 21487331 |
| the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in children less than 5 years of age in indonesia. | background:: although the epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infections (lri) is well known in industrialized countries, the burden in developing asian countries is not well studied. methods:: to define the burden of rsv disease in children <5 years of age in rural and urban indonesia, infants and children were enrolled from peri-urban and rural subdistricts, in the following 2 cohorts: (a) a cross-sectional cohort of approximately 100 children from each of ... | 2011 | 21487330 |
| bronchiolitis. | bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants, occurring in a seasonal pattern, with highest incidence in the winter in temperate climates and in the rainy season in warmer countries. bronchiolitis is a common reason for attendance at and admission to hospital. methods and outcomes: we conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: what are the effects of prophylactic interventions for bronchiolitis in high-risk children? what ... | 2011 | 21486501 |
| llama-derived single domain antibodies to build multivalent, superpotent and broadened neutralizing anti-viral molecules. | for efficient prevention of viral infections and cross protection, simultaneous targeting of multiple viral epitopes is a powerful strategy. llama heavy chain antibody fragments (vhh) against the trimeric envelope proteins of respiratory syncytial virus (fusion protein), rabies virus (glycoprotein) and h5n1 influenza (hemagglutinin 5) were selected from llama derived immune libraries by phage display. neutralizing vhh recognizing different epitopes in the receptor binding sites on the spikes wit ... | 2011 | 21483777 |