Publications

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and sheep-brain derived rabies vaccines.		1994	8068316
methods for the purification of equine rabies immunoglobulin: effects on yield and biological activity.	since rabies is still a major cause of human death in many developing countries and the implementation of recommended post-exposure prophylaxis by vaccination and specific immunoglobulin therapy is largely hampered by its high cost, the development of cheap rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin preparation are a high priority in these countries. in this paper various purification methods of equine rabies immunoglobulin based on different principles are compared with respect to their effect on final ...	1994	8068308
survey of fox trappers in northern alaska for rabies antibody.	the purpose of this research was to determine whether trappers in northern alaska acquired immunity to rabies virus from non-bite exposures while trapping and skinning arctic foxes (alopex lagopus). in coastal alaska recurring epizootics presumably provide trappers ample opportunity for contact with rabid animals. serum neutralization analyses of blood samples collected from 26 individuals were conducted. all but three had negative rabies neutralizing antibody levels (< 0.05 i.u./ml). two of the ...	1994	8062870
[the action of reserpine in experimental rabies infection].	experimental studies in laboratory animals showed reserpine in doses of 0.01-0.05 mg/kg body weight to inhibit the development of rabies infection in white mice and rabbits by 40.0-83.4% depending on the dose and mode of administration. the inhibiting properties of reserpine were demonstrated for both fixed and street rabies virus strains. the protective effect of the drug was manifested after parenteral and oral administration to the infected animals. the experimental data suggest that reserpin ...	1993	8059529
a simple method to test the ability of individual viral proteins to induce immune responses.	immune responses to a mouse fibroblast line, transfected with a plasmid that causes expression of the rabies virus glycoprotein under the control of a simian virus 40 early promoter, were studied. transfected cells were shown to be recognized in vitro by a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed to conformational epitopes of the different antigenic sites of the glycoprotein. they stimulated rabies virus glycoprotein-specific t helper cells in the presence of antigen-presenting cells and were, fu ...	1994	8051219
structural and antigenic analysis of the nucleoprotein of bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus.	the nucleotide sequence of the bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) genome has been determined from the 3' terminus to the end of the nucleoprotein (n) gene. the 3' leader sequence comprises 50 nucleotides and shares a common terminal three nucleotides (3'-ugc-) and a downstream u-rich domain with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus. the n gene comprises 1328 nucleotides from the transcription initiation consensus sequence (aacagg) to the conserved transcription termination-poly(a) ...	1994	8046391
human rabies--united states, 1993.		1994	8038750
immune response of the elderly to rabies vaccines.	a serological study has been performed to detect the antibody response to full schedules of two anti-rabies vaccines (pdev and hdcv). subjects aged > 50 years, compared with subjects 11-25 years, showed significantly lower titres after the 4th dose (and, to a lesser extent, after the 5th dose), suggesting that, among the elderly, the 6th dose is strongly desirable.	1994	8036825
a simplified and economical intradermal regimen of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine for postexposure prophylaxis.	healthy volunteers were randomized to receive either intradermal purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcec) alone (0.1 ml at each of two sites on days 0, 3 and 7, and at one site on days 28 and 90) (n = 81), or intradermal pcec with one dose of human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) intramuscularly at 20 iu kg-1 on day 0 (n = 52). neutralizing antibody (nab) was detectable in every volunteer, in both groups, from day 14 up to day 365. the peak nab occurred on day 28 in both groups. no signific ...	1994	8036824
analysis of the nucleocapsid gene of lettuce necrotic yellows rhabdovirus.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the nucleocapsid (n) gene of lettuce necrotic yellows virus (lnyv), the type member of the genus cytorhabdovirus of plant rhabdoviruses, has been determined from cdna clones of both the viral genomic and messenger rnas. the previously identified n gene was adjacent to the 3' leader rna and began at position 91 from the 3' end of the lnyv genome. analysis of the sequence showed that the n mrna contained a 78-nt 5' untranslated region, followed by a 1377-nt open ...	1994	8030210
from the centers for disease control and prevention. human rabies--california, 1994.		1994	8028154
rabies in african wild dogs of tanzania.		1994	8028123
hungary remains free of scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse).	brains from 44 sheep and 43 cattle with cns clinical signs not due to rabies virus infection were collected from diagnostic institutes throughout hungary. the brains were examined for histological lesions diagnostic of scrapie/bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and all were found to be negative. these findings confirm that hungary remains free of scrapie and bse.	1993	8017235
[new data on the spread of p-41-positive strains of the rabies virus in arctic and extra-arctic regions].	271 strains of rabies virus, isolated in different regions of the former ussr, were studied with the use of monoclonal antibodies p-41 (germany). all strains isolated in the arctic regions, as well as some of the strains isolated in nonarctic regions situated 300-1700 km south of the polar circle (the baltic countries, central yakutia, the eastern part of the transbaikal region), gave positive reaction with these antibodies. cases of hydrophobia caused by virus with the 41 (+) marker were descri ...	1994	8017128
cholinergic system in experimental rabies in mice.	a defect in cholinergic synaptic neurotransmission could explain the neuronal dysfunction that has been observed in rabies. the enzymatic activities of choline acetyltransferase (chat), acetylcholinesterase (ache), and enolase were assessed in the brains of rabies virus strain cvs-infected and uninfected mice. no statistically significant differences in activities of chat, ache, or enolase were observed in the cerebral cortex or hippocampus of moribund cvs-infected mice versus controls. binding ...	1993	8010187
the role of sialic acid and ca2+ ions in rabies virus-infected foxes brain.	the receptors for rabies virus on the neuron membranes are polysialogangliosides arranged in multicomponent gelate structures. the impulse conductivity at the synapse membranes also depends on the interactions between negatively charged sialic acid from the oligosaccharide parts of gangliosides and positively charged ca ions. from individual brain regions of healthy foxes and foxes naturally infected with rabies virus glycolipoprotein preparations were isolated. in them, the presence of polysial ...	1994	8004936
[advances in rabies research].	recent advances in research into rabies, based on the technological process of the biological sciences mainly molecular biology and genetic engineering, are mentioned. the current knowledge of the characteristics, properties pathogeny and immunology of the rabies views is presented, as well as the development of new diagnostic and vaccine evaluation techniques. the epidemiological importance of the identification of different immunogenic rabies virus strains and the role in immunoprophylaxis of ...	1994	7997828
[isolation and multiplication of rabies virus in cell lines under conditions of routine rabies diagnosis].	isolation of rabies street virus from brains of animals with rabies was performed on cells of mouse neuroblastoma, infecting cells with suspension of tested brain tissue diluted 1:10, incubating at 37 degrees c in standard incubator (culture in legroux bottles and leighton tubes with rubber stoppers) and in 37 degrees c in an incubator with moist chamber and regulated flow of carbon dioxide (mirco-well plates, bottom-flat tubes, bottles produced by nuc, 25-chamber plates produced by flow). the m ...	1994	7996940
the epidemiology of bat rabies in new york state, 1988-92.	in 1993 new york and texas each reported a human rabies case traced to a rare variant of rabies virus found in an uncommon species of bat. this study examined the epidemiology of bat rabies in new york state. demographic, species, and animal-contact information for bats submitted for rabies testing from 1988-92 was analysed. the prevalence of rabies in 6810 bats was 4.6%. nearly 90% of the 308 rabid bats identified to species were the common big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus), which comprised 62% ...	1994	7995360
nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the glycoprotein gene of rabies virus vaccine strain vnukovo-32.	the glycoprotein gene of the rabies virus vaccine strain vnukovo-32 was sequenced and the deduced protein sequence was analyzed and compared with that of various laboratory and street strains. the amino acid sequence homologies of strain vnukovo-32 were compared with fixed strains era, sad b19, pv, hep-flury, cvs and two street strains, canine and cxx89-1, were 98.9% (6 replacements), 98.3% (9), 96.2% (20), 91.4% (45), 87.0% (68), 93.5% (34) and 91.4% (45), respectively. sequence alignments of t ...	1994	7979981
rabies ribonucleocapsid as an oral immunogen and immunological enhancer.	the administration of rabies ribonucleocapsid (rnp) by oral as well as parenteral routes was found to prime specific t cells and elicit n-protein-specific antibodies. per os and intramuscular immunization led to the production of antibodies of the iga and igg isotypes, respectively. mice primed orally with rnp produced significantly enhanced amounts of virus-neutralizing antibody, compared with non-immune controls, upon subsequent parenteral booster immunization with inactivated rabies virus. th ...	1994	7971982
rabies and bats in a rabies-endemic area of southern africa: application of two commercial test kits for antigen and antibody detection.	in southern africa, isolates of rabies-related viruses (i.e. duvenhage virus and lagos bat virus) have been made from insectivorous and frugivorous bats. as no recent formal bat virus survey has been reported in southern africa, a survey of bats in rabies-endemic areas was undertaken. five hundred and forty-seven bats (13 species) were collected from 21 localities in the orange free state, lesotho and the northern cape province. none of the 190 bat sera tested using the "trousse platelia rage" e ...	1993	7970582
a unique mutation of glycoprotein gene of the attenuated rc-hl strain of rabies virus, a seed virus used for production of animal vaccine in japan.	although the rc-hl strain of rabies virus is avirulent in adult mice, the amino acid at position 333 of its g protein is arginine, which is thought to be necessary for virulence in adult mice upon intracerebral inoculation of the virus. this result suggests that besides arginine at position 333, some other positions of g protein might also be involved in determining the virulence of rabies virus.	1994	7968680
in vivo interaction of rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) and nucleoprotein (n): existence of two n-binding sites on p protein.	the rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) and nucleoprotein (n) are involved in transcription and replication of the viral genome. interaction between n and p was studied in vivo in transfected cells expressing both proteins. co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that the n-p complex is present in cells expressing both proteins as well as in infected cells. furthermore, immunostaining showed that coexpression of n and p was sufficient to induce the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions similar to those ...	1994	7964600
viral superantigen-induced hyporesponsiveness of t cells and polyclonal b cell activation in hiv-1 infection.	the mechanisms of cd4 depletion and hyporesponsiveness during human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection are still unknown. given the ability of superantigens to stimulate a higher number of lymphocytes than conventional antigens, they may play a major role in this process. recently, a novel superantigen, the rabies virus nucleocapsid (nc), was described in humans. in the present work, we tested the responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes from asymptomatic hiv-infected patients to this super ...	1994	7957553
[the role of small terrestrial mammals in the epidemiology of rabies].	the examination should help to elucidate the possibility of virus occurrence in free living small terrestrial rodents. the examination was oriented on the following: 1. animals living in natural surroundings. 2. rodents examined after injuring man. the examination was carried out by means of the direct immunofluorescent test and, partially, also by biological assay on suckling laboratory mice. in the first part of experiment, more than 10,000 small terrestrial mammals were entrapped, belonging t ...	1994	7953086
[synthesis of functionally active gene for rabies virus (strain "vnukovo-32") glycoprotein g by polymerase chain reaction (pcr)].		1994	7951022
a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus in central ontario and western quebec.	rabies persists in ontario wildlife in two predominant species: the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and the striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). a protocol applying reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (rt/pcr) and restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) to the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was previously reported by nadin-davis et al. (journal of general virology 74, 829-837, 1993) to be useful for discrimination of rabies virus variants in ontario. four main types, which showed no host spec ...	1994	7931145
neonatal deletion and selective expansion of mouse t cells by exposure to rabies virus nucleocapsid superantigen.	the nucleocapsid (nc) of the rabies virus behaves as an exogenous superantigen (sag) in humans. in the present report, we analyzed whether it is also a sag in mice by studying the effect of nc on t cell receptor (tcr) v beta expression in balb/c mice. repeated injection of nc in newborn balb/c mice led to a marked reduction by two- to sixfold of v beta 6 expressing cd4+ t cells in spleen and in peripheral blood. decrease of v beta 6-expressing cd3+ mature t cells was also observed in thymus. sin ...	1994	7931058
infectious rabies viruses from cloned cdna.	the generation of infectious rabies virus (rv), a non-segmented negative-stranded rna virus of the rhabdoviridae family, entirely from cloned cdna is described. simultaneous intracellular expression of genetically marked full-length rv antigenome-like t7 rna polymerase transcripts and rv n, p and l proteins from transfected plasmids resulted in formation of transcriptionally active nucleocapsids and subsequent assembly and budding of infectious rabies virions. in addition to authentic rv, two no ...	1994	7925265
[quantification of levels of serum antirabies antibodies in vaccinated individuals].	the authors developed a kit for the purpose of assessment of anti-rabies antibodies by the elisa immunoenzymatic method in human immunized sera. the results of the detection and quantification of anti-rabies antibodies acquired by the elisa method were compared with those originating from classical procedures (virusneutralizing test on mice, indirect hemagglutination test), and a sufficient correlation and sensitivity of the immunoenzymatic method were detected. by means of the developed test it ...	1994	7922630
effects of incidental infections and immune activation on disease progression in experimentally feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats.	specific pathogen-free cats were experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and subsequently exposed to common infectious pathogens and immune stimuli over a 3-year period. cats with preexisting fiv infection showed signs of disease after exposure to haemobartonella felis, toxoplasma gondii, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus similar to signs in non-fiv-infected cats, although they were more severe. no adverse effects of immunization with inactivated rabies virus ...	1994	7916048
manipulation of the immune response to a plasmid-encoded viral antigen by coinoculation with plasmids expressing cytokines.	inoculation of plasmid vectors encoding a viral protein into muscle tissue was shown to result in expression of the transantigen and, consequently, an antiviral immune response. here, we show that coinoculation of a plasmid expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus with plasmids encoding mouse cytokines modulated the immune response to the viral protein. coinoculation with a vector expressing mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) enhanced the b and t helper cell activ ...	1995	7895169
towards rabies elimination in belgium by fox vaccination using a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus.	oral immunization of foxes by distributing vaccine baits was experimentally assessed and subsequently employed in the whole of the infected area of belgium (10,000 km2). a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus (vr-g) was used as vaccine because of its efficacy, safety and heat stability. five 'full' campaigns of fox vaccination, carried out from 1989 until 1991, induced a drastic decrease in the incidence of rabies. the disease has disappeared from the major part of the initial infected ...	1994	7887012
antiviral protection by vesicular stomatitis virus-specific antibodies in alpha/beta interferon receptor-deficient mice.	the role of innate, alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta)-dependent protection versus specific antibody-mediated protection against vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) was evaluated in ifn-alpha/beta receptor-deficient mice (ifn-alpha/beta r0/0 mice). vsv is a close relative to rabies virus that causes neurological disease in mice. in contrast to normal mice, ifn-alpha/beta r0/0 mice were highly susceptible to infection with vsv because of ubiquitous high viral replication. adoptive transfer exper ...	1995	7884863
early high-affinity neutralizing anti-viral igg responses without further overall improvements of affinity.	affinity maturation of igg antibodies in adaptive immune responses is a well-accepted mechanism to improve effector functions of igg within 2 weeks to several months of antigen encounter. this concept has been defined mainly for igg responses against chemically defined haptens. we have evaluated this concept in a viral system and analyzed neutralizing igg antibody responses against vesicular stomatitis virus (a close relative of rabies virus) with a panel of monoclonal antibodies obtained early ...	1995	7877965
relationship between apoptosis and thymocyte depletion in rabies-infected mice.	the apoptosis of thymocytes from rabies-infected mice was investigated in a kinetic study covering the entire course of the infection. for this study, balb/c mice (6-7-week old females) were inoculated intracerebrally with 100 ld50 of challenge virus strain, a fixed rabies virus strain, and three animals were sacrificed per time point to remove thymuses. when thymocytes were fixed, stained with propidium iodide and analyzed by flow cytometry, a distinct subpopulation of cells was observed below ...	1994	7874026
stable secretion of a soluble, oligomeric form of rabies virus glycoprotein: influence of n-glycan processing on secretion.	rabies virus glycoprotein (rgp) is a 505 amino acid type i transmembrane glycoprotein that is important in the pathogenesis of rabies virus infection. rgp also stimulates the development of neutralizing antibodies by the host. n-linked glycosylation is required for both cell surface expression and immunogenicity of rgp. in the current study, a soluble form of rgp, constructed by insertion of a stop codon external to the transmembrane domain, was expressed in transfected chinese hamster ovary cel ...	1995	7873541
clinical evaluation of purified vero-cell rabies vaccine in patients bitten by rabid animals in india.	fifty-five individuals bitten by rabid animals were administered purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (pvrv) at who collaborative centre for rabies epidemiology for south-east asia at national institute of communicable diseases, delhi to test its immunogenicity, inocuity, safety and clinical efficacy. fifty-two (94.5 per cent) of these individuals underwent complete course of treatment. sera samples collected prior to the commencement of treatment showed all these persons to be sero-negative for an ...	1994	7868836
development of human monoclonal antibodies to rabies.	a total of nine human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to rabies virus were generated from peripheral b lymphocytes of subjects immunized with human diploid cell rabies vaccine by somatic cell hybridization. the mabs were analyzed for their antigen-binding specificities using elisa, western blot, and immunoprecipitation assays. the different assays made it possible to identify mabs directed to the surface glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, nominal phosphoprotein, and matrix protein. one of the mabs that r ...	1994	7860096
the pathogenesis of rabies and other lyssaviral infections: recent studies.		1994	7859501
animal models of rabies virus neurovirulence.		1994	7859500
the molecular basis for altered pathogenicity of lyssavirus variants.		1994	7859499
beyond pasteur to 2001: future trends in lyssavirus research?		1994	7859497
rabies epidemiology: some ecological and evolutionary perspectives.		1994	7859496
the biology of southern african lyssavirus variants.		1994	7859494
bat lyssaviruses in europe.		1994	7859491
production of human monoclonal antibodies against rabies virus.		1994	7859490
human rabies: clinical aspects, pathogenesis, and potential therapy.		1994	7859488
target cells of cytotoxic t lymphocytes directed to the individual structural proteins of rabies virus.	target cells of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) directed to the individual structural proteins (except for the large polymerase (l) protein) of rabies virus were established by expressing only the respective protein in murine neuroblastoma (na) and murine macrophage (j774-1) cell lines. mice infected with the era strain of rabies virus developed ctl responses to all of these rabies virus proteins. the cytotoxic activity was abrogated by pretreatment of the effector cells with anti-cd8 monoclonal a ...	1994	7854213
mokola virus glycoprotein and chimeric proteins can replace rabies virus glycoprotein in the rescue of infectious defective rabies virus particles.	a reverse genetics approach which allows the generation of infectious defective rabies virus (rv) particles entirely from plasmid-encoded genomes and proteins (k.-k. conzelmann and m. schnell, j. virol. 68:713-719, 1994) was used to investigate the ability of a heterologous lyssavirus glycoprotein (g) and chimeric g constructs to function in the formation of infectious rv-like particles. virions containing a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) reporter gene (sdi-cat) were generated in cells ...	1995	7853476
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in south africa: evidence for two distinct virus groups.	in order to derive phylogenetic relationships between rabies virus isolates from different geographical locations and host species in south africa, two genome regions of the virus, viz. the cytoplasmic domain of the glycoprotein and the g-l intergenic region (pseudogene), were sequenced. a high level of nucleic acid sequence conservation indicated a close phylogenetic relationship between virus isolates from domestic dogs, jackals and bat-eared foxes, i.e. canidae. these isolates appeared to be ...	1995	7844544
dna technology and vaccines.	it has been 20 years since the concepts that are now embraced in the term recombinant dna technology were first described. the technology has been used to design new vaccines, and one product--that for hepatitis b--has been in widespread use for almost a decade. several other engineered vaccines have shown considerable promise in laboratory trials. nevertheless, the potential of the approach is still to be realized. this article describes the principles that are involved in the design of these n ...	1994	7843880
bilateral optic neuritis with branch retinal artery occlusion associated with vaccination.	a case of a 40-year old marine with bilateral optic neuritis and a branch retinal artery occlusion after vaccination is presented. blood investigations showed no abnormalities. cerebrospinal fluid studies revealed a lymphocytic pleocytosis and igg antibodies against hepatitis a and rabies. computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain were negative. a diagnosis of vaccine-induced auto-immune demyelinative optic neuritis was made. the clinical picture improved after systemic ...	1994	7835178
rabies virus glycoprotein gene contains a long 3' noncoding region which lacks pseudogene properties.	analysis of a limited number of laboratory strains of rabies virus had demonstrated the presence of a genome region bounded by two transcription termination and polyadenylation-like (ttp) signals (approximately 400 to 450 nucleotides apart) which was located between the end of the glycoprotein (g) coding sequence and the beginning of the l polymerase coding sequence. although this region had been suggested to represent a remnant or pseudogene (psi), no detailed analysis had been carried out to e ...	1995	7831831
cellular actin-binding ezrin-radixin-moesin (erm) family proteins are incorporated into the rabies virion and closely associated with viral envelope proteins in the cell.	cellular ezrin-radixin-moesin (erm) family proteins, members of the actin-binding proteins of the band 4.1 superfamily, were detected in the virions of enveloped viruses, such as rabies, vesicular stomatitis, newcastle disease, and influenza viruses. to elucidate the mechanism of erm protein incorporation, we investigated possible association of erm proteins with viral components in rabies virus-infected bhk-21 cells. double immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that the erm proteins are conce ...	1995	7831804
[post-exposure antirabies vaccination. early serological response to vaccine cultivated on vero cells using a reduced 2-1-1 schedule].	an abbreviated 2-1-1 schedule for post-exposure rabies vaccination would theoretically lead to more rapid production of specific antibodies than the classical schedule. we measured early serological response to the 2-1-1 schedule.	1994	7831241
[improving the laboratory diagnosis of rabies and titration of rabies viruses].	for primary isolation and titration of street strains of the rabies virus from brains of suspected animals, an assay prepared on the cell culture bhk-21/c 13 (rabies infection test - rtcit) was used. the above assay proved to be reliable and its sensitivity proved to be comparable to the standard mouse inoculation test. through this test, the results were obtained within 24 to 48 hrs on lab-tek tissue culture chamber/slides. it was found out that deae-dextran added to the cell culture only sligh ...	1994	7817499
rabies virus replication in primary murine bone marrow macrophages and in human and murine macrophage-like cell lines: implications for viral persistence.	to determine whether rabies viruses replicate in macrophage or macrophage-like cells, several human and murine macrophage-like cell lines, as well as primary cultures of murine bone marrow macrophages, were incubated with the evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth (era) virus and several different street rabies viruses (srv). era rabies virus replicated well in human monocytic u937 and thp-1 cells and murine macrophage ic-21 cells, as well as primary cultures of murine macrophages. minimal replication was d ...	1995	7815541
translation initiation at alternate in-frame aug codons in the rabies virus phosphoprotein mrna is mediated by a ribosomal leaky scanning mechanism.	the phosphoprotein of rabies virus is a 297-amino-acid polypeptide encoded by the longest open reading frame of the p gene. immunoprecipitation experiments using a monoclonal antiserum directed against the p protein detected the p protein and at least four additional shorter products in infected cells, cells transfected with a plasmid encoding the wild-type p protein, and purified virus (cvs strain). by means of deletion analyses, these proteins were shown to be translated from secondary downstr ...	1995	7815533
rabies virus typing--preliminary survey in botswana.	a survey was made of the subtypes of rabies isolates made in botswana using monoclonal antibodies. two subtypes were detected, termed canine and mongoose. the canine subtype predominated in the north and west and appeared to be related to the distribution of both the domestic dog and wild jackal. the mongoose subtype was found in the south-east and was associated with feline and viverrid wildlife. the geographical distribution also matched reports of isolates examined in the neighbouring countri ...	1994	7809987
[distribution of rabies antigen in human tongue and salivary gland].	the distribution of rabies virus antigen (rvag) in human tongue and salivary glands from three cases was studied with abc immunohistochemical method. of the 5 tissue blocks from 2 tongues, large amounts of rvag were found in 4 tissue blocks, located in the serous glands, terminal nerves, some striated muscle fibers and some covering epithelium including taste cells of circumvallate papillae. only small amounts of rvag were present in 4 of the 9 salivary gland blocks, either within the acini or i ...	1994	7805154
antigenic analysis of rabies-virus isolates from latin america and the caribbean.	a total of 288 rabies-virus samples from 17 latin american and caribbean countries were reacted with an array of monoclonal antibodies. identification of eight distinct antigenic variants among these samples permitted epidemiologic studies of the geographic distribution of different concentrations of rabies in the region and of the animal species serving as maintenance sources for rabies within a concentrated area. two variants were broadly distributed and associated with enzootic disease in dog ...	1994	7801717
[studies on morphological superstructure of inactivated rabies virus and uninactivated rabies virus].	rabies is widely epidemic in human and animals. it is a very dangerous disease at present. in 1919, semple has shown that antigenicity was not destroyed by chemicals. after that inactivated rabies vaccine was widely used in human being up to more than seventy years. but the afferration of morphological superstructure between inactivation and uninactivated, we have not see any report on the world.	1994	7801637
rabies virus vaccines.	many years of research and observations on bait uptake, efficacy, behavioural studies of foxes, reduction and elimination of rabies, population dynamics of foxes following oral vaccination, as well as annual exchanges of researchers' experiences, formed the scientific background for field trials extending over many years. these are the most extensive field studies for the testing of a rabies vaccine so far. the use of the techniques and strategies of oral immunisation of foxes against rabies usi ...	1995	7796967
target and non-target effects of a recombinant vaccinia-rabies virus developed for fox vaccination against rabies.		1995	7796953
immunohistochemical test for rabies: identification of a diagnostically superior monoclonal antibody.		1995	7793037
field trials of a recombinant rabies vaccine.	to improve both safety and stability of the vaccines used in the field to vaccinate foxes against rabies by the oral route, a recombinant vaccinia virus, expressing the glycoprotein of rabies virus (vvtggrab) has been developed. vvtggrab innocuity was verified in target species and in domestic animals as well as in numerous wild animal species that could compete with the red fox in consuming vaccine baits in europe. oral immunization of foxes, by distributing vvtggrab vaccine-baits, was undertak ...	1995	7784127
the hydroxy amino acid in an asn-x-ser/thr sequon can influence n-linked core glycosylation efficiency and the level of expression of a cell surface glycoprotein.	n-linked glycosylation usually occurs at the sequon, asn-x-ser/thr. in this sequon, the side chain of the hydroxy amino acid (ser or thr) may play a direct catalytic role in the enzymatic transfer of core oligosaccharides to the asn residue. using recombinant variants of rabies virus glycoprotein (rgp), we examined the influence of the hydroxy amino acid on core glycosylation efficiency. a variant of rgp containing a single asn-x-ser sequon at asn37 was modified by site-directed mutagenesis to c ...	1995	7782341
immune responses to nucleic acid vaccines to rabies virus.	a plasmid vector expressing the full-length rabies virus glycoprotein (g protein) under the control of the simian virus 40 (sv40) promoter has previously been shown to induce upon intramuscular (i.m.) inoculation into mice a specific b- and t-cell-mediated immune response and protection against challenge with a virulent strain of the virus. here we tested two parameters that might affect the efficacy of this dna vaccine. first, we replaced the sv40 promoter of the original vector with the early ...	1995	7778289
genetic polymorphism in the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene.	in an attempt to compare intrinsic and extrinsic genetic diversity of the lyssavirus genotypes, 69 rabies virus isolates from various part of the world were partially sequenced and compared to 13 representative isolates of the 6 lyssavirus genotypes. the analysis of their phylogenetic relationships, performed on the complete nucleoprotein (n) coding gene (1350 bases), established that the rabies virus isolates all belonged to genotype 1 and that at least 11 phylogenetic lineages could be identif ...	1995	7778285
sag-2 oral rabies vaccine.	the live modified rabies virus vaccine strain sag-2 was selected from sadberne in a two step process employing anti-rabies glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies. the first two nucleotides coding for the amino acid in position 333 of the rabies glycoprotein are mutated. arginine at position 333, which is associated with rabies pathogenicity, was substituted first by lysine and then by glutamic acid. the two nucleotide differences at position 333 in sag-2 to any of six possible arginine triplets tran ...	1993	7777336
canine rabies.	dog rabies is still epizootic in most countries of africa, asia and south america and in these countries dogs are responsible for most human deaths from the disease. the incubation period in dogs may vary from one week to several months and may be influenced by the site of infection and the virus dose and strain. diagnosis by clinical signs alone is inadequate since many rabid dogs develop dumb rabies which can easily be overlooked and others die without showing signs of rabies. rabies virus may ...	1993	7777331
aspects of rabies infection and control in the conservation of the african wild dog (lycaon pictus) in the serengeti region, tanzania.	lycaon pictus is amongst the most endangered wildlife species in africa. in 1990 rabies virus was isolated from the brain of an adult lycaon found dead in the serengeti region of tanzania. one adult and six pups of the same pack feeding on the carcass showed clinical signs and rabies was suspected; within two days they had disappeared and are presumed to have died. subsequently, two lycaon packs in the serengeti national park were given inactivated rabies vaccine either by dart or by parenteral ...	1993	7777330
the role of the yellow mongoose (cynictis penicillata) in the epidemiology of rabies in south africa--preliminary results.	ninety-seven yellow mongooses were captured in six different localities in south africa and blood specimens for rabies antibody determination as well as brain and salivary glands for virus isolation were collected. no rabies virus or antibody to it was detected in any of the specimens. parallel to the field study, two experimental infections were undertaken in which yellow mongooses were artificially infected with serial dilutions of two different rabies isolates (one from a dog and the other of ...	1993	7777323
wildlife rabies in perspective.	populations of a number of species of the orders carnivora and chiroptera maintain independent rabies epidemics in different parts of the world. however, in large parts of africa, asia, and latin america, rabid dogs outnumber diagnosed wildlife cases. rabies virus variants circulating in different host populations can be distinguished by the use of monoclonal antibodies and by genomic analysis. rabies virus strains and their hosts have to be co-adapted in order to allow their prolonged co-existe ...	1993	7777318
rabies in wild and domestic carnivores of africa: epidemiological and historical associations determined by limited sequence analysis.	virus isolates from three important reservoirs for rabies in africa (domestic dogs, jackals and yellow mongooses) were compared by their reaction with a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed to the nucleocapsid protein and by the nucleotide sequence of a 200 base pair segment of the nucleocapsid gene. although antigenically dissimilar, the variants commonly transmitted in dogs and jackals were very closely related by genetic analysis. phylogenetic analysis and historical accounts support a com ...	1993	7777316
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in south africa.	nucleic acid sequence analysis was used to determine the phylogenetic relationships amongst rabies viruses isolated from typical canid hosts such as bat-eared fox, jackal and dog in south africa (sa). geographical factors were taken into account in the selection of isolates and three different regions within the genomes of the isolates were compared for their use as phylogenetic indicators. the three genome regions, being the cytoplasmic domain of the g-gene, the g-l intergenic pseudogene and th ...	1993	7777315
canid and viverrid rabies viruses in south africa.	historical records suggest that in south africa rabies was present in viverrids in the early 1800s. in the early 1950s a wave of canine rabies spread from namibia through botswana into the northern transvaal and by 1961 a second front had penetrated south from mozambique into swaziland and northern natal. today, rabies is regularly confirmed in a number of canid and viverrid species in most regions of south africa. a panel of anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies was used to examine 83 virus ...	1993	7777314
molecular analysis of rabies-related viruses from ethiopia.	from brain samples collected from domestic animals in ethiopia, two rabies-related viruses were isolated. according to their reactivity pattern with anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies, they were characterized as lagos bat virus (isolate eth-58) and mokola virus (isolate eth-16). this classification was confirmed by neutralization experiments with mokola and lagos bat specific antisera. two potent anti-rabies vaccines were unable to protect mice against the two rabies-related viruses. in ord ...	1993	7777313
monoclonal antibody studies on rabies-related viruses.	rabies and rabies-related viruses are divided into four serotypes, although it has been suggested that the inclusion of european bat lyssaviruses results in six genotypes. sixty-four rabies-related viruses were tested against a panel of 36 anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies prepared from the immunization of balb/c mice with five prototypic rabies-related viruses. reaction patterns obtained confirmed the original distinction between serotype 1-4 viruses and revealed multiple variants of lago ...	1993	7777312
the rabies virus genome: an overview.	the replication strategy, genome organization and extent of variation within the genome of the genus lyssavirus is briefly reviewed. strategies used in the approach to genome studies are discussed.	1993	7777310
antigen detection in vivo after immunization with different presentation forms of rabies virus antigen: involvement of marginal metallophilic macrophages in the uptake of immune-stimulating complexes.	several mechanisms have been postulated to explain the relatively high immunogenicity of antigens presented in immune-stimulating complexes (iscom). their potency can in part be explained by the specific targeting of these structures to cells presenting antigens to the immune system. however, until now no method for the subcellular detection of iscom in situ was available. in the present study, a novel, fast and simple method for the detection of iscoms in situ is demonstrated. by making use of ...	1995	7774649
evaluation of the new serum-free medium (mdss2) for the production of different biologicals: use of various cell lines.	the presence of serum in cell culture raises safety problems for the production of biologicals, thus a new serum-free medium (mdss2) was developed. the evaluation of this medium for the growth of different cell lines (bhk-21 c13, bsr and vero) has shown that cells grew in this medium similarly to standard serum-containing medium, independently of the culture system used: in static (as monolayer) as well as in agitated systems (in suspension in spinner and perfusion reactors). bhk-21 and bsr cell ...	1994	7765112
immunogenic and antigenic activity of an experimental oral rabies vaccine prepared from the strain vnukovo-32/107.	the immunogenic and antigenic activity of an experimental live oral rabies vaccine prepared from the strain vnukovo-32/107 was evaluated on the basis of results obtained in 3 sets of experiments. these were carried out as model experiments on white mice, then on target animals--red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and a related species--farm-bred polar foxes (alopex lagopus). for quantitative determination of the immunogenic activity of the orally or subcutaneously administered rabies vaccines in model exp ...	1995	7762124
serologic survey of selected canine pathogens among free-ranging jackals in kenya.	serum samples from 76 free-ranging adult jackals of three species from four localities in kenya were examined for circulating antibodies against four canine pathogens: rabies virus, canine parvovirus (cpv-2), canine distemper virus (cdv), and ehrlichia canis. samples were collected between april 1987 and january 1988. among black-backed jackals (canis mesomelas), the most sampled species, the mean prevalence of antibodies to cpv-2, cdv, rabies virus, and e. canis was 34% (14 positive/55 sampled) ...	1994	7760476
molecular mimicry between the rabies virus and human immunodeficiency virus.		1995	7748062
the earliest events in vesicular stomatitis virus infection of the murine olfactory neuroepithelium and entry of the central nervous system.	after intranasal instillation of mice with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), olfactory receptor neurons are infected. by 12 to 24 hr postinfection, vsv antigens are observed in adjoining supporting and basal cells and in other structures of the olfactory epithelium and lamina propria. peripheral deafferentation of the olfactory epithelium with triton x-100 or bilateral surgical bulbectomy does not prevent spread of vsv to the central nervous system (cns); the route of spread differs considerably ...	1995	7747478
appearance of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat central nervous system after rabies virus infection and during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis but not after peripheral administration of endotoxin.	the cellular localization of inducible (inos) and constitutive (cnos) nitric oxide synthase was studied in rats by immunocytochemical techniques involving specific inos and cnos directed antibodies and by nadph-diaphorase histochemistry. paraformaldehyde-fixed vibratome sections of brains and cryostat sections of peripheral lymph nodes were studied of rats treated with endotoxin (2.5 micrograms/kg or 2.5 mg/kg i.v.), rats infected with rabies virus, and rats exposed to experimental allergic ence ...	1995	7745618
rabies in a vaccinated wolf-dog hybrid.	in march 1993, an 11-month-old neutered male wolf-dog hybrid with a 5-day history of progressive neurologic signs was determined to have rabies. the animal was currently vaccinated for rabies with a usda-approved canine rabies vaccine. one month prior to becoming ill, the animal was observed carrying a dead skunk in its enclosure in a rabies-endemic foothills region of northern california. the diagnosis was made by direct fluorescent antibody testing and confirmed by use of polymerase chain reac ...	1994	7744645
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1993.	in 1993, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 9,495 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention. greater than 93% (8,889 cases) were wild animals, whereas 6.4% (606 cases) were domestic species. the total number of reported cases increased 9.9% over that of 1992 (8,645 cases), with most of the increase resulting from continued spread of rabies in raccoons (37.1% increase in reported cases over 1992). t ...	1994	7744643
[rabies antibody production in ferrets after immunization with four different rabies vaccines].	the development of rabies antibodies in ferrets after injection of four different types of rabies vaccines. experiments aimed at proving the suitability of ferrets in the routine testing of rabies vaccines for human and animal use were carried out. a total of 40 ferrets received four vaccines, two for use in humans and two for use in animals. for the determination of rabies antibodies, blood was taken on days 28 and 56, respectively, after inoculation of the vaccines. all animals developed antib ...	1994	7740856
quantification of residual virulence of the vnukovo-32/107 rabies virus vaccination strain.	the present work summarizes the results of 11 groups of experiments carried out with the aim to complexly quantify the residual virulence of a cold mutant of the vnukovo-32/107 rabies virus vaccination strain intended for the preparation of an oral rabies vaccine (kamark) for the immunization of free-living carnivores. according to who prescriptions, residual virulence was quantified in experiments on carnivores, mainly red foxes (vulpes vulpes)--the presumed target species, and farm-bred polar ...	1995	7740717
a liquid-phase blocking elisa for the detection of antibodies to rabies virus.	a liquid-phase blocking elisa was adapted to the detection and titration of antibodies to principally the nucleoprotein of rabies virus. sera from animals that had either been vaccinated against rabies or inoculated with street rabies viruses, as well as sera from animals that had no recorded contact with rabies, were tested. these included sera from people, cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, laboratory mice, rabbits, yellow mongooses, wild dogs and lions. where possible, the results were compared with ...	1995	7730435
rabies veterinary virus vaccine produced in bhk-21 cells grown on microcarriers in a bioreactor.	bhk-21 cells were grown in microcarriers in the celligen cl 50 bioreactor to produce a stock of rabies veterinary virus vaccine pv (pasteur virus) strain. perfusion mode operation of this bioreactor produced between two- and fourfold larger yields (cells/ml) than traditional stationary cell culture systems (i.e., blake, and roller bottles or cell factory multitrays). the method employed harvested 281 of rabies virus in 200 h (infectivity titer 0.6 +/- 1.4 x 10(7) ld50 per ml) in a single operati ...	1995	7711449
the cvs strain of rabies virus as transneuronal tracer in the olfactory system of mice.	the sequential distribution of transneuronally infected neurons was studied in the olfactory pathway of mice after unilateral inoculation of the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain in the nasal cavity. a first cycle of viral multiplication was observed in a subpopulation of receptor cells scattered in the main olfactory epithelium and in the septal organ. no viral spread from cell body to cell body was reported even in later stages of infection. the second round of viral replication which took ...	1993	7690671
structural and functional studies on a unique linear neutralizing antigenic site (g5) of the rabies virus glycoprotein.	the core of a unique linear neutralization epitope (g5) on the glycoprotein of rabies virus, recognized by a virus-neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibody (mab 6-15c4), was determined by pepscan analysis. the g5 epitope was defined as an octapeptide (lhdfrsde). the contribution of the individual amino acids of the g5 epitope to the binding of mab 6-15c4 was analysed with a set of synthetic peptides in which the individual amino acids had been replaced in turn by each of the other 19 naturally occ ...	1993	7688410
secretion and purification of hepatitis c virus ns1 glycoprotein produced by recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells.	recombinant baculoviruses that produce a putative non-structural protein 1 (ns1) of hepatitis c virus (hcv), predicted to be the second envelope glycoprotein, were constructed. the recombinant ns1 protein (re-ns1) produced in infected insect cells was localized on the cell surface and was apparently glycosylated, because it was susceptible to treatment with both tunicamycin and n-glycanase. furthermore, re-ns1 was effectively secreted into the culture supernatant when the putative ns1 signal pep ...	1993	7686870
mechanisms of rabies virus neutralization.	the number of immunoglobulins necessary to neutralize rabies virus (cvs strain) was estimated using igg and igm monoclonal antibodies (mab) specific to the three antigenic sites of the glycoprotein. it was estimated that below 130 igg or 30 igm bound per virions, infectivity was totally preserved. neutralization occurred for an average of 1 or 2 igg for 3 spikes and 1 igm for 9 to 10 spikes on the virus surface. saturation was obtained for 1 to 3 igg per spike, depending on the antibody, and 1 i ...	1993	7683158
in vivo expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in experimentally induced neurologic diseases.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) mrna in the brain tissue of rats and mice under the following experimental conditions: in rats infected with borna disease virus and rabies virus, in mice infected with herpes simplex virus, and in rats after the induction of experimental allergic encephalitis. the results showed that inos mrna, normally nondetectable in the brain, was present in animals after viral infection or after induction o ...	1993	7681993