Publications

oxidized low density lipoprotein inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced binding of nuclear factor-kappab to dna and the subsequent expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in macrophages.	a large body of evidence suggests that oxidized ldl (oxldl) has a role in atherogenesis. one effect is the impact on macrophage function. we have studied the effects of oxldl and oxysterols on the binding of the transcription factors nuclear factor (nf)-kappab and ap-1 to dna. these transcription factors are involved in the regulation of several genes and expressed during activation of macrophages, for example by endotoxin (lps). oxldl did not induce binding of nf-kappab. however, the lps-induce ...	1996	8690807
macrophage function in deer.	macrophage inflammatory and immune functions were characterised in red deer (cervus elaphus), for use as a model for natural infection with bovine tuberculosis. highly enriched populations of deer macrophages were obtained from 14 day cultures of plastic-adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells. cervine macrophages produced superoxide anion in response to respiratory burst stimuli (serum-opsonised zymosan and phorbol myristic acetate), but nitric oxide production could not be detected under t ...	1996	8677637
multiple p21ras effector pathways regulate nuclear factor of activated t cells.	the transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated t cells (nfat) is a major target for p21ras and calcium signalling pathways in the il-2 gene and is induced by p21ras signals acting in synergy with calcium/calcineurin signals. one p21ras effector pathway involves the map kinase erk-2, and we have examined its role in nfat regulation. expression of dominant negative mapkk-1 prevents nfat induction. constitutively active mapkk-1 fully activates erk-2 and the transcription factor elk-1, but do ...	1996	8670897
determinants of dna-binding specificity of ets-domain transcription factors.	several mechanisms are employed by members of transcription factor families to achieve sequence-specific dna recognition. in this study, we have investigated how members of the ets-domain transcription factor family achieve such specificity. we have used the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily as an example. erk2 mitogen-activated protein kinase stimulates serum response factor-dependent and autonomous dna binding by the tcfs elk-1 and sap-la. phosphorylated elk-1 and sap-la exhibit specifici ...	1996	8668149
cdna cloning, molecular characterization, and chromosomal localization of net(epht2), a human eph-related receptor protein-tyrosine kinase gene preferentially expressed in brain.	by screening a human fetal brain cdna expression library using a monoclonal anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, we have isolated a cdna clone encoding a receptor type protein-tyrosine kinase belonging to the eph family, net (neuronally expressed eph-related tyrosine kinase). net shows 87% homology in nucleotide sequence and 99% homology in the deduced amino acid sequence to rat elk, suggesting that net is the human homologue of elk. the net gene is mapped to human chromosome 3q21-q23 by pcr screening ...	1995	8666391
primary care physicians' use of office resources in the provision of preventive care.	to assess (1) the extent to which office resources (eg, chart aids, educational materials, office staff) are used by primary care physicians in the provision of preventive care; (2) the characteristics of physicians associated with this use; and (3) the relationship of office resource use to reported preventive service provision.	1996	8664998
studies on migration and orientation of elk (alces alces l. mammalia)		1996	8664839
forest planning in an oregon case study: defining the problem and attempting to meet goals with a spatial-analysis technique	five major management goals were identified for the upper grande ronde river basin on the wallowa-whitman national forest in northeastern oregon: to produce high-quality fish habitat, to maintain elk habitat, to restore and maintain forest conditions within the natural range of viability, and to contribute to community economic stability. from the broad goals, specific goals for stream temperature, habitat effectiveness index (hei), habitat corridors, maintenance of land in late or old seral sta ...	1996	8661622
the gene encoding lerk-7 (eplg7, epl7), a ligand for the eph-related receptor tyrosine kinases, maps to human chromosome 5 at band q21 and to mouse chromosome 17.	the eph-related receptors are the largest subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. recently, we and others have identified seven different, but related, cdnas encoding membrane-bound ligands for this family of receptors. one member, lerk-7, is attached to the cell membrane via glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol linkage and has been found to be a ligand for the eph-family receptors hek, elk, eck, and rek. using pcr-based screening of human x rodent somatic cell hybrid dnas, we have assigned the gene th ...	1996	8661153
the genes encoding the eph-related receptor tyrosine kinase ligands lerk-1 (eplg1, epl1), lerk-3 (eplg3, epl3), and lerk-4 (eplg4, epl4) are clustered on human chromosome 1 and mouse chromosome 3.	hek and elk are members of the eph-related family of receptor tyrosine kinases. recently, we isolated five cdnas encoding membrane-bound ligands to hek and elk. because of the promiscuous nature of their binding, we have termed these proteins ligands of the eph-related kinases or lerks. the lerks can be divided into two subgroups by virtue of their sequence identity, binding properties, and mode of cell membrane attachment. for example, lerk-2 (eplg2, epl2) and lerk-5 (eplg5, epl5) are type 1 tr ...	1996	8660976
serum copper concentrations and clinical signs in red deer (cervus elaphus) during drought in central victoria.		1996	8660242
structural changes in fluorosed dental enamel of red deer (cervus elaphus l.) from a region with severe environmental pollution by fluorides.	a macroscopic, microradiographic and scanning electron microscope study was performed on the structure of fluorosed dental enamel in red deer from a fluoride polluted region (north bohemia, czech republic). as was revealed by analysis of mandibular bone fluoride content, the rate of skeletal fluoride accumulation in the fluorotic deer was about 6 times that in controls taken from a region not exposed to excessive fluoride deposition. in all fluorosed mandibles, the 1st molar was consistently les ...	1996	8655406
selective interaction of jnk protein kinase isoforms with transcription factors.	the jnk protein kinase is a member of the map kinase group that is activated in response to dual phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine. ten jnk isoforms were identified in human brain by molecular cloning. these protein kinases correspond to alternatively spliced isoforms derived from the jnk1, jnk2 and jnk3 genes. the protein kinase activity of these jnk isoforms was measured using the transcription factors atf2, elk-1 and members of the jun family as substrates. treatment of cells with int ...	1996	8654373
occupational asthma due to deer dander.	the literature on allergy to deer is limited. the allergenic component remains to be identified.	1996	8630715
susceptibility of elk (cervus elaphus) to experimental infection with anaplasma marginale and a. ovis.	anaplasma ovis was experimentally transmitted from domestic sheep to elk (cervus elaphus) and back to splenectomized sheep. no rickettsemias were detected but serum from three of seven experimentally inoculated elk developed anaplasma spp.-reactive antibody as measured by indirect immunofluorescence (iif) or by the rapid card agglutination and complement fixation assays. three elk were experimentally infected with a. marginale. the rickettsiae were detected in blood of these elk and caused disea ...	1996	8627938
seroprevalence of psoroptes sp. mites in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) as determined by kinetic elisa.	western blots and a kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were used to characterize and quantify the prevalence of antibodies to psoroptes sp. mites in elk (cervus elaphus) from nine herds in north america. sera from infested (n = 18) and non-infested (n = 22) elk were used to optimize test methodology and to define cut-off values for negative, suspect, and positive samples. among 357 samples, 35 (9.8%) of the animals were seropositive, 259 (73%) were negative, and 63 (18%) were susp ...	1996	8627936
leptospira interrogans exposure in free-ranging elk in washington.	exposure to one or more serovars of leptospira interrogans was observed in five of six sampled elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) killed in november 1993, from an isolated herd in southwest washington, usa (46 degrees 45'n, 123 degrees 6'w). in april 1994, exposure to l. interrogans serovars was documented in nine of 11 captured cow elk from the same herd. leptospires were not isolated from any of the exposed elk, and 10 of the 11 cows were pregnant. the high seroprevalence is evidence that exposur ...	1996	8627923
mkk3- and mkk6-regulated gene expression is mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway.	the p38 mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase signal transduction pathway is activated by proinflammatory cytokines and environmental stress. the detection of p38 map kinase in the nucleus of activated cells suggests that p38 map kinase can mediate signaling to the nucleus. to test this hypothesis, we constructed expression vectors for activated mkk3 and mkk6, two map kinase kinases that phosphorylate and activate p38 map kinase. expression of activated mkk3 and mkk6 in cultured cells caused a ...	1996	8622669
multiple requirements for shptp2 in epidermal growth factor-mediated cell cycle progression.	using transient overexpression and microinjection approaches, we examined shptp2's function in growth factor signaling. overexpression of catalytically inactive shptp2 (ptp2cs) but not catalytically inactive shptp1, inhibited mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase activation and elk-1 transactivation following epidermal growth factor (egf) stimulation of 293 cells. an shptp2 mutant with both c-terminal tyrosyl phosphorylation sites converted to phenylalanine (ptp2yf) was also without effect; mor ...	1996	8622663
phosphorylation-dependent formation of a quaternary complex at the c-fos sre.	the rapid and transient induction of the human proto-oncogene c-fos in response to a variety of stimuli depends on the serum responses element (sre). in vivo footprinting experiments show that this promoter element is bound by a multicomponent complex including the serum response factor (srf) and a ternary complex factor such as elk-1. srf is thought to recruit a ternary complex factor monomer into an asymmetric complex. in this report, we describe a quaternary complex over the sre which, in add ...	1996	8622654
signal transduction pathways regulated by mitogen-activated/extracellular response kinase kinase kinase induce cell death.	mitogen-activated/extracellular response kinase kinase (mek) kinase (mekk) is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates sequential protein phosphorylation pathways, leading to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk), including members of the jun kinase (jnk)/stress-activated protein kinase (sapk) family. in swiss 3t3 and ref52 fibroblasts, activated mekk induces cell death involving cytoplasmic shrinkage, nuclear condensation, and dna fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis. ...	1996	8621725
the conserved elk-homeodomain of knotted-1 contains two regions that signal nuclear localization.	nuclear localization serves as a regulatory mechanism in the activity of several transcription factors. knotted-1 (kn1) is a homeodomain protein likely to regulate vegetative development in maize. at least twelve genes related to kn1 are known in maize and six in arabidopsis. ectopic expression of the maize, rice and arabidopsis kn1-related genes have been shown to alter cell fate determination. in this paper, we study the nuclear localization capabilities of the kn1 homeodomain and the proximal ...	1996	8616227
elk-1 can recruit srf to form a ternary complex upon the serum response element.	the initial genomic response to serum growth factors is the transcriptional activation of a set of immediate-early genes. serum-induced transcriptional activation of several of these genes involves the formation of a ternary complex that includes the serum response factor (srf), a 62 kda ternary complex factor (tcf) and a serum response element (sre). tcf alone does not bind the sre of the protooncogene c-fos, but requires the prior assembly of the srf-sre binary complex for it to be recruited i ...	1996	8614640
transcriptional regulation by map kinases.	tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors activate map kinase by a complex mechanism involving the sh2/3 protein grb2, the exchange protein sos, and ras. the gtp-bound ras protein binds to the raf kinase and initiates a protein kinase cascade that leads to map kinase activation. three map kinase kinase kinases have been described--c-raf, c-mos, and mekk--that phosphorylate and activate mek, the map kinase kinase. activated mek phosphorylates and activates map kinase. subsequently, the activated ma ...	1995	8607977
radionuclide uptake by red deer (cervus elaphus) on mountain grazing.	forty-two red deer (cervus elaphus) were shot during the 1992 annual cull in glenveagh national park, ireland. samples of rumen, kidney and faeces were removed from each animal. kidney samples were used to estimate flesh radiocaesium (137cs) concentrations and the 95% confidence interval for the mean was 203 +/- 12 bq kg-1. the maximum recorded 137cs concentration in kidney was 367 bq kg-1 (fresh weight). the altitude of the cull, the age and sex of each animal were recorded. neither age nor sex ...	1995	8605580
effects of season and nutrition on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-i in male red deer.	gh and insulin-like growth factor (igf)-i are important components of the growth axis. we undertook to determine how plasma levels of these hormones altered with different seasonal and nutritional states in young male red deer to provide an insight into how the growth axis changes under these conditions. growth rate alters dramatically with season in male red deer, providing an opportunity to sample the same animals at two different growth rates within a short period of time. gh was measured eve ...	1996	8593820
[serologic investigations on the occurrence of maedi-visna antibodies in game ruminants].	the lentiviruses of small domestic ruminants (maedi-visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus) have been shown to be infective for each other. there are only few investigations of virus susceptibility of other species of animals. the aim of our study reported here was to evaluate sera of wild animal species for lentivirus antibodies. 344 sera of capreolus capreolus, cervus elaphus and dama dama from a territory with known sheep populations prevalence were tested in the agar gel immunodiffus ...	1995	8593775
diagnosing pregnancy in free-ranging elk using fecal steroid metabolites.	we validated fecal metabolite analysis as a noninvasive means of diagnosing pregnancy in uncaptured, free-ranging rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). during november 1991, we collected blood samples from 21 radiocollared, 1- to 10-year-old female elk in yellowstone national park, wyoming (usa), and determined their pregnancy status by radioimmunoassay of serum pregnancy specific protein b and serum progesterone concentrations. from december 1991 through april 1992, we collected three to ...	1995	8592383
studies on the hypodermosis affecting red deer in central and southern spain.	from november 1992 to february 1993, 455 red deer (cervus elaphus) were surveyed in order to estimate the prevalence of warble fly (hypoderma actaeon) larvae under the skin of this ungulate species. material came from montes de toledo, sierra morena, sierra de alcaraz, and sierras de cazorla, segura y las villas natural park (central and southern spain). we observed a prevalence of 92%, with a mean +/- sd intensity of 35.7 +/- 41.3 grubs per parasitized host; there was a maximum of 317 larvae pe ...	1995	8592379
experimental infections of sarcocystis spp. in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) calves.	four 4-mo-old elk calves (cervus elaphus) obtained from northeastern oregon (usa) each were inoculated orally with 250,000 sporocysts of sarcocystis spp., including s. sybillensis and s. wapiti. three similar elk calves of comparable ages and weights served as uninoculated controls maintained with the inoculated elk during the experimental period between september and december 1993. body weights were evaluated at 0 and 90 days postinoculation (pi); packed cell volumes of whole blood were evaluat ...	1995	8592375
application of a competitive elisa for the detection of bluetongue virus antibodies in llamas and wild ruminants.	a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa), using a group-specific monoclonal antibody against bluetongue virus (btv), was applied to detect anti-btv antibodies in serum samples from two llamas (llama glama) experimentally infected with btv serotype 10. antibodies were detected in both llamas by 1 wk or 2 wk post-infection. antibodies to btv increased exponentially during the first 4 wk in both llamas and stabilized at an elevated level during the remaining 5-wk-period of the expe ...	1995	8592352
simultaneous comparison between transtympanic and extratympanic electrocochleography.	electrocochleography (ecog) has become a mainstay in the diagnostic armamentarium used by otolaryngologists and audiologists in the evaluation of patients suffering auditory and vestibular symptoms. controversy exists, however, regarding the relative accuracy of ecog when recorded with a non-invasive external auditory canal (eac) electrode as compared to that recorded using a transtympanic electrode. in an effort to resolve this controversy, 19 healthy volunteers (37 ears) with no history of oto ...	1995	8588643
neither erk nor jnk/sapk map kinase subtypes are essential for histone h3/hmg-14 phosphorylation or c-fos and c-jun induction.	the effects of egf, tpa, uv radiation, okadaic acid and anisomycin on erk and jnk/sapk map kinase cascades have been compared with their ability to elicit histone h3/hmg-14 phosphorylation and induce c-fos and c-jun in c3h 10t1/2 cells. egf and uv radiation activate both erks and jnk/sapks but to markedly different extents; egf activates erks more strongly than jnk/sapks, whereas uv radiation activates jnk/sapks much more strongly than erks. anisomycin and okadaic acid activate jnk/sapks but not ...	1995	8586671
immobilization of rocky mountain elk with telazol and xylazine hydrochloride, and antagonism by yohimbine hydrochloride.	ten trapped rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) were successfully immobilized with a combination of 500 mg telazol and 60 mg xylazine hydrochloride (hcl) from 9 july to 25 august 1993 in custer state park, south dakota (usa). mean (sd) dosages of 2.5 (0.6) mg/kg telazol and 0.3 (0.1) mg/kg xylazine hcl, respectively, were administered, resulting in a mean (sd) induction time of 4.6 (0.8) min. induction time varied with weight and dosage. respiratory rate (breaths/min) increased following ...	1995	8583649
bovine virus diarrhea and mucosal disease in free-ranging and captive deer (cervidae) in germany.	from 1990 until 1992, 355 blood samples of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) (n = 123), red deer (cervus elaphus) (n = 60), fallow deer (dama dama) (n = 87) and other cervid species (n = 85) from three different habitats (n = 180) and 11 wildlife parks or zoos (n = 175) in germany were tested for prevalence of pestivirus antibodies. seventeen samples were seropositive for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv); only one animal had antibodies for border disease virus. microneutralization test titers ran ...	1995	8583646
[evaluation of the meat quality of game].	the carcasses of 140 roe deer, 129 wild boars, 81 red deer and 55 fallow deer were examined to determine meat quality with respect to the influence of typical hunting situations. after hunting, many carcasses had not been cooled, which significantly influenced meat-quality parameters. the ph-value, detected electrochemically, gave the most reliable results out of all the meat-quality parameters investigated. determination of the ph-value with regard to the ph indexes ascertained for different po ...	1995	8578914
locations of the ets subfamily members net, elk1, and sap1 (elk3, elk1, and elk4) on three homologous regions of the mouse and human genomes.	net, elk1, and sap1 are related members of the ets oncoprotein family. we show by in situ hybridization on banded chromosomes with specific cdna probes that their map positions on mouse and human chromosomes (respectively) are net, 10c-d1 and 12q22-q23 (now called elk3), sap1, 1e3-g and 1q32 (elk4), and elk1, xa1-a3 and xp11.2-p11.1 (elk1), as well as a second locus 14q32 (elk2) unique to the human genome. the results for the mouse net, sap1, and elk1 and human elk3 genes are new. the human elk1 ...	1995	8575773
ligands for eph-related tyrosine kinase receptors are developmentally regulated in the cns.	elk is a member of the eph family of receptor-like tyrosine kinases. although its function is unknown, elk is postulated to play a role in nervous system development. using northern analysis, we examined the developmental regulation of rnas encoding elk, and several ligands for the eph family of rtks, the lerks. expression of elk, lerk-1, and lerk-2 rnas is high in all regions examined in the embryonic and postnatal rat brain and decreases to low levels with age. one exception is the adult olfac ...	1995	8568920
plant compositional constituents affecting between-plant and animal species prediction of forage intake.	the purpose of the study was to identify plant compositional constituents that influence forage intake. emphasis was put on the ratio in vitro digestibility of organic matter (ivdom):ndf because preliminary work with cattle and a limited number of forages showed the ratio to account for more variation in intake than either ivdom or ndf alone. the compositional constituents were tested in intake prediction models using local and published data (n = 302) on grass pastures, silages, hays, straws, l ...	1995	8567482
pasteurellosis in elk (cervus elaphus): dna fingerprinting of isolates.		1995	8560727
isolation of lerk-5: a ligand of the eph-related receptor tyrosine kinases.	hek and elk are members of the eph-related family of receptor tyrosine kinases. recently we isolated four cdnas encoding membrane-bound ligands to hek and elk [beckman et al. (1994) embo j. 13, 3757-3762; kozlosky et al. (1995) oncogene 10, 299-306]. because of the promiscuous nature of their binding, we have termed these proteins ligands of the eph-related kinases or lerks. a search of genbank revealed an expressed sequence tag (est) with homology to the lerks. using this est as a probe, we hav ...	1995	8559144
activation of ternary complex factor elk-1 by stress-activated protein kinases.	the mammalian response to stress results in the activation of stress-activated protein kinases (also known as cjun n-terminal kinases; sapks or jnks), which are a sub-group of the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase family. the sapks are involved in the upregulation of activity of the transcription factor ap-1 by post-translational modification of two of its components, cjun and atf2. ap-1 activity can also be elevated by increased expression of the fos protein, a further ap-1 component. elk- ...	1995	8548291
serum response element and flanking sequences mediate the synergistic transcriptional activation of c-fos by 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and cholera toxin in akr-2b cells.	12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa) and cholera toxin have been shown previously to act synergistically to stimulate traverse of g0-g1 and entry into s phase in quiescent mouse fibroblasts. these agents also have a synergistic effect on the induction of the endogenous c-fos gene, as well as a transfected reporter construct containing the mouse fos promoter/enhancer region from -397 to +1 cloned upstream of luciferase. a detailed mutational analysis of the c-fos-regulatory region revealed ...	1995	8547224
embryo brain kinase: a novel gene of the eph/elk receptor tyrosine kinase family.	a new gene belonging to the eph/eck/elk receptor tyrosine kinase family has been cloned from mouse brain. the gene maps to mouse chromosome 4. in the adult brain it is expressed exclusively and abundantly in the hippocampus. we propose to name it ebk (embryo brain kinase), as in situ hybridisation shows expression in many parts of the developing mouse brain. the most abundant expression is in the subcommissural organ, and the earliest expression is in the forebrain neural folds, in rhombomeres 2 ...	1995	8541219
biochemical analysis of sh2 domain-mediated protein interactions.		1995	8531711
one known sarcocystis species and one found for the first time in fallow deer (dama dama).	sarcocysts of free-ranging indigenous fallow deer (dama d. dama) from northeast germany and captive persian fallow deer (dama dama mesopotamica) from the zoo berlin-friedrichsfelde were described using the transmission electron microscope. two sarcocystis species (sporozoa, sarcocystidae) were found in d. d. dama, one of them already known, the other new for this host. the known species was also found in d. dama mesopotamica. comparing the literature, former own findings in roe deer, red deer or ...	1995	8528305
one known sarcocystis species and two found for the first time in red deer and wapiti (cervus elaphus) in europe.	three species of sarcocysts from indigenous red deer and captive wapiti (cervus elaphus, cervidae) were characterized by means of light and electron microscopy. two of them were found in this intermediate host species for the first time. comparison of the literature and our results led to the conclusion that the three sarcocystis species (sporozoa, sarcocystidae) should be provisionally designated as s. cf. grueneri, s. cf. capreolicanis and s. cf. hofmanni.	1995	8528304
the ets-domain transcription factors elk-1 and sap-1 exhibit differential dna binding specificities.	the ets dna-binding domain is conserved amongst many eukaryotic transcription factors. ets-domains bind differentially to specific dna sites containing a central gga trinucleotide motif. the nucleotides flanking this motif define the binding specificity of individual proteins. in this study we have investigated binding specificity of the ets-domains from two members of the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily, elk-1 and sap-1. the ets dna-binding domains of elk-1 (elk-93) and sap-1 (sap-92) se ...	1995	8524663
forensic identification of ungulate species using restriction digests of pcr-amplified mitochondrial dna.	a survey of mitochondrial d-loop variation in 15 species of ungulates was conducted via amplification by the polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. this survey included moose (alces alces), caribou (rangifer tarandus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), black-tailed deer (o. h. columbianus), white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), waipiti (cervus elaphus), pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis), stone's she ...	1995	8522926
red deer antlers as biomonitors for lead contamination.		1995	8520137
diversionary role of hoofed game in the transmission of lyme disease spirochetes.	to determine whether the presence of ungulates may inhibit transmission of the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi) while promoting the abundance of its european vector tick (ixodes ricinus), we compared the feeding density of subadult ticks on roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), and wild sheep (ovis ammon) near berlin and in brandenburg state, germany. the prevalence of spirochetal infection in these ticks was compared with that in ticks s ...	1993	8517488
heavy metals in muscle, liver, and kidney from finnish elk in 1980-81 and 1990.		1993	8495060
occurrence and overlapping of pharyngeal bot flies pharyngomyia picta and cephenemyia auribarbis (oestridae) in red deer of southern spain.	from 1985 to 1990, 372 red deer (cervus elaphus) from southern spain were examined for larvae of pharyngeal bot flies pharyngomyia picta and cephenemyia auribarbis. the infestation was related to age, sex and intensity of infection. fawns and adult deer (more than 5 years old) had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher prevalence and intensity of infection than younger deer. conversely, no significant difference has been noted between sexes. ninety percent of deer were found to be infested. a simulta ...	1993	8493758
[microstructure of fossil mammalian bones from the rixdorfer horizon of weichsel-kaltzeit at niederlehme near königs wusterhausen (brandengurg)].	the structure is reported of bones of glacial-period mammals, which were found in 1973 to 1989 in gravel-sandy soil of the fossiliferous layer "rixdorfer horizont" at niederlehme near königs wusterhausen. the findings, probably, date from one of the interstages of the glacial period "weichsel-kaltzeit" before the stage "brandenburger stadium". their embedding took place more than 20,000 years ago. changes of the deposit of bones and teeth from older sediments are not to exclude in the finding pl ...	1993	8489038
[occurrence of leptospira antibodies in the blood of game animals].	the blood serum of game was examined for the presence of antibodies to leptospiras in 1987-1989. a total of 792 blood sera from animals belonging to 14 zoo-species were examined (tab. i). the blood serum of red deer (cervus elephus) was examined the most often within the group of animals, in 398 cases, i.e. 50.2%, followed by 165 blood sera of wild boar (sus scrofa), representing 20.8%, and by 136 blood sera of roedeer (capreolus capreolus), representing 18.6%. small numbers of blood sera of the ...	1993	8488630
functional analysis of a growth factor-responsive transcription factor complex.	serum response factor (srf) forms a ternary complex at the c-fos serum response element (sre) with an accessory factor, elk-1. we constructed altered-binding specificity derivatives of srf and elk-1 that form a ternary complex at a mutated, inactive sre; like elk-1, the elk-1 variant only binds its target as part of a ternary complex with srf. simultaneous expression of these srf and elk-1 derivatives restores serum-regulated activity to the mutated sre in transfected cells. efficient transcript ...	1993	8477450
nematode egg output and plasma concentration of ivermectin after its administration to red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus).	blood and faecal samples were analysed in a study to evaluate the use of ivermectin in red deer hinds (cervus elaphus elaphus). it was demonstrated that ivermectin, when used at 400 micrograms/kg bodyweight, proved to be more efficient than 200 micrograms/kg bodyweight although positive worm egg counts together with the isolation of lungworm (dictyocaulus species) larvae were recorded from hinds having received the anthelmintic at the higher dose.	1993	8456547
paratuberculosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in ireland.	paratuberculosis was diagnosed in one 18-month-old and two 30-month-old hinds in a herd of 70 red deer (cervus elaphus) in ireland. loss of condition and intermittent diarrhoea were the main clinical findings. clumps of acid-fast organisms were found in the faeces of the three deer. post mortem examination of one deer showed a slight swelling and pallor of the intestinal tract and associated lymph nodes. histopathology showed a severe, granulomatous enteritis and lymphadenitis, with extensive ce ...	1993	8451813
a 27-mer oligonucleotide probe for the detection and measurement of the mrna for uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue of different species.	1. data from rats, cattle, mice, rabbits and humans indicate considerable species heterogeneity in the sequence of the gene coding for the mitochondrial uncoupling protein (ucp) in brown adipose tissue. a 27-base sequence of an exon region of the gene is, however, identical in rats and cattle; in mice, rabbits, and humans this same region shows only a single base difference from the sequence in rats and cattle. 2. a 27-mer oligonucleotide (3'-tggaagggcgacctgtggcggtttcag-5') complementary to the ...	1993	8448986
neuropathology of chronic wasting disease of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	the pathology of the central nervous system of nine mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and six elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease, a spongiform encephalopathy of mule deer and elk, was studied by light microscopy. lesions were similar in both species and were characterized by spongiform transformation of gray matter, intracytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons, neuronal degeneration and loss, astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia, occurrence of amyloid plaques, and absence of si ...	1993	8442326
[thiocyanate blood levels in roe deer, red deer, fallow deer and wild boar].	the following serum levels of thiocyanate (scn-) were found in game: roe 6.6 +/- 4 mg/l, red deer 5.5 +/- 3.2 mg/l, fallow-deer 5.1 +/- 2.8 mg/l, and wild boar 4.8 +/- 4.5 mg/l (variation 0.6-32.6 mg scn-/l). these levels are distinctly higher than in domestic animals under stall-feeding with exception of mast calves which were fed milk-substitutes. the scn- serum level of calves, sheep and horses reach at pasturing nearly the level of game. the higher scn- serum level of cloven-hoof game resp. ...	1993	8431200
disbudding of red deer stag calves to prevent antler growth.	red deer stag calves aged five to seven months were disbudded with a standard cattle disbudding iron as a means of preventing antler growth and development. two sizes of iron, one 2.2 cm in diameter and one 1.5 cm in diameter, were compared at disbudding in november or january. disbudding in november and january with the 2.2 cm iron had success rates of 97 per cent and 92 per cent, respectively. treatment with the 1.5 cm iron was less effective at both times. there was no significant difference ...	1993	8430483
delta elk-1, a variant of elk-1, fails to interact with the serum response factor and binds to dna with modulated specificity.	the ets oncogene superfamily codes for a family of transcriptional factors that are involved in gene regulation not only by autonomous dna binding but also by indirect dna binding through interaction with cellular factors. we have previously shown that a member of this superfamily, elk-1, is a sequence specific transcriptional activator, which forms a serum response factor (srf) dependent ternary complex with serum response element (sre) similar to p62tcf. we describe here an alternatively splic ...	1993	8417810
biological and biochemical activities of a chimeric epidermal growth factor-elk receptor tyrosine kinase.	eph, elk, and eck are prototypes of a large family of transmembrane protein-tyrosine kinases, which are characterized by a highly conserved cysteine-rich domain and two fibronectin type iii repeats in their extracellular regions. despite the extent of the eph family, no extracellular ligands for any family member have been identified, and hence, little is known about the biological and biochemical properties of these receptor-like tyrosine kinases. in the absence of a physiological ligand for th ...	1993	8413296
pedicle and antler development following sectioning of the sensory nerves to the antlerogenic region of red deer (cervus elaphus).	sensory nerves supplying the deer antlerogenic region were sectioned about 60 days prior to pedicle initiation to determine the extent of neural influence on pedicle and first antler growth. our results from a combination of histological examination and immunohistochemical localization showed that all 12 antlerogenic regions were successfully deprived of sensory nerve supply, but in 10 of 12 cases there was partial regeneration during the experimental period. in the two cases where no sensory re ...	1993	8409900
subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy, polyneuritis and ganglionitis in aged wild and exotic mammalians.	subclinical lumbar polyradiculopathy was present in the intradural dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets of 19 aged individuals of the following wild and exotic mammalian species: woodrat, raccoon, mink, lynx, reindeer, red deer, musk ox, scimitar-horned oryx, arabian oryx, hybrid waterbuck, persian onager, przewalski's wild horse, malayan sun bear, asian elephant, east african river hippopotamus, vervet monkey and rhesus monkey. it was characterized by mild to severe multifocal ballooning of myelin ...	1993	8408784
the 'individualization' of large north american mammals.	the enforcement of wildlife laws and the captive breeding of threatened/endangered species requires the ability to identify individual animals. dna profiles of a variety of large north american mammals, birds, and fish were generated using ten different oligonucleotide probes. the probes tested were four multilocus probes [33.6, 33.15, je46, and (tgtc)5] and six 'human unilocus' probes [ms1 (d1s7), cmm101 (d14s13), ynh24 (d2s44), efd52 (d17s26), tbq7 (d10s28), and ms43 (d12s11). each of the prob ...	1993	8400711
pcr mediated detection of a new human receptor-tyrosine-kinase, hek 2.	we have previously amplified cdna subfragments of protein-tyrosine-kinases (ptks) by using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and specific sets of oligonucleotide primers derived from nucleotide sequences of their kinase domain. in this study we have used a more directed approach to identify new members of the eph/elk-family by pcr of human embryonic cdna: we utilized oligonucleotide primers specifically designed to a highly conserved n-terminal motif and the kinase region of eph/elk-ptks in rn ...	1993	8397371
the srf accessory protein elk-1 contains a growth factor-regulated transcriptional activation domain.	the elk-1 and srf transcription factors form a ternary complex at the c-fos serum response element (sre). growth factor stimulation rapidly induces a reversible change in the electrophoretic mobility of the ternary complex, accompanied by increased phosphorylation of the elk-1 c-terminal region and by the activation of a 42 kd cellular elk-1 kinase. phosphorylation of elk-1 in vitro by partially purified p42/p44 map kinase induces a similar reduction in ternary complex mobility but has little ef ...	1993	8386592
fibrils in brain of rocky mountain elk with chronic wasting disease contain scrapie amyloid.	chronic wasting disease (cwd), a progressive, fatal neurological disorder of captive mule deer and rocky mountain elk, is characterized neuropathologically by spongiform change in the neuropil, intraneuronal vacuolation and astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia. recently, scrapie amyloid-immunoreactive plaques have been demonstrated in brain tissues of cwd-affected captive mule deer, rocky mountain elk and hybrids of captive mule deer and white-tailed deer. we now report on the presence of abno ...	1993	8372644
characterization of megatrypanum trypanosomes from european cervidae.	megatrypanum trypanosomes have been isolated from a number of different european cervidae, but on the basis of morphology it has not been possible to define the species to which these isolates belong. we isolated trypanosoma (megatrypanum) theileri from 10 cattle, and megatrypanum trypanosomes from 11 fallow deer (cervus dama), 9 red deer (cervus elaphus), and 4 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) by blood culture on a biphasic medium (nnn agar slopes). trypanosomes were propagated in schneider's dro ...	1993	8355998
spiculopteragia spiculoptera and s. asymmetrica (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) from red deer (cervus elaphus) in texas.	specimens of spiculopteragia spiculoptera and s. asymmetrica were recovered from the abomasa of five of ten naturally infected red deer (cervus elaphus) in texas (usa). female specimens of spiculopteragia were present in all five animals. male specimens of s. spiculoptera and s. asymmetrica were present in one of five and three of five red deer, respectively. spiculopteragia spiculoptera has not previously been recognized in the united states and the present report constitutes the first records ...	1993	8355362
genetic analysis of evolutionary relationships among deer (subfamily cervinae).	the evolutionary relationships among 10 taxa of deer from the four genera of the subfamily cervinae (cervus, elaphurus, axis, and dama) were examined by a comparison of their electrophoretic types for 22 proteins. we analyzed the data using both phenetic and cladistic methods and found that the genera of the cervinae were not monophyletic. the genus cervus was split into two distinct groups with red deer, wapiti (c. elaphus ssp.), and sika (c. nippon) in one clade and sambar (c. unicolor) and ru ...	1993	8340615
elk-1 proteins are phosphoproteins and activators of mitogen-activated protein kinase.	mitogen-activated protein kinases (map kinases) or meiosis-activated myelin basic protein kinase (p44mpk) are known to be activated by a mechanism involving dual phosphorylation at both tyrosine and serine/threonine in response to many extracellular stimuli. there has been considerable speculation as to whether map kinases are autophosphorylated and activated by an upstream protein kinase (map kinase kinase) or an activator of autophosphorylation or both. here we report that the ets-related prot ...	1993	8339245
analysis of the dna-binding and transcriptional activation functions of human fli-1 protein.	three of the ets oncogene superfamily members v-ets, spi-1/pu.1 and fli-1, have been shown to be directly involved in retroviral-mediated acute erythroleukemias. the fli-1 gene was found to be rearranged in 75% of the erythroleukemias induced by friend murine leukemia virus (f-mulv), suggesting that it could play a key role in cellular transformation. we have previously isolated and characterized the human fli-1 gene and have found it to be highly homologous (80%) to the human erg-2 gene. human ...	1993	8336942
pharyngeal bot flies (oestridae) from sympatric wild cervids in southern spain.	the prevalence of 2 species of pharyngeal bot flies parasitizing sympatric wild ungulates from southern spain is given. pharyngomyia picta was found in all red deer and fallow deer whereas cephenemyia auribarbis was found in 59% of fallow deer and 81% of red deer examined. the mean number of p. picta larvae was 3-6 times more than that of c. auribarbis larvae. these data suggest that red deer are more heavily parasitized than fallow deer and that they are predominantly infested with p. picta lar ...	1993	8331487
hormones and hair growth: variations in androgen receptor content of dermal papilla cells cultured from human and red deer (cervus elaphus) hair follicles.	many hair follicles produce different types of hair in response to environmental changes or the mammals age, that are translated to the follicle by hormones. androgens cause many changes, such as transforming vellus follicles producing insignificant hairs on the face to terminal beard ones at puberty or the reverse on the scalp. in male red deer the breeding season rise in androgens causes the annual production of a mane on the neck that is lost during the spring. because the dermal papilla situ ...	1993	8326143
noninvasive electrodes for electrocochleography in the chinchilla.	this study compares noninvasive vs invasive electrodes for electrocochleography in chinchillas. summating potential (sp) amplitude, action potential (ap) amplitude, and ap threshold, recorded with five types of noninvasive electrodes, were compared with simultaneous bulla recordings. noninvasive electrodes included a needle electrode over the bulla, gold tiptrode (etymotic research, elk grove village, ill), enhancer i (nicolet instrument corp, madison, wis), coats (lifetech inc, austin, tex) ele ...	1993	8318207
the nosology of wegener's granulomatosis utilizing the elk format augmented by c-anca.		1993	8296609
characterization of sap-1, a protein recruited by serum response factor to the c-fos serum response element.		1994	8293474
activation of ternary complex factor elk-1 by map kinases.	ternary complex factors (tcfs), one of which is elk-1, have been implicated in mediation of c-fos induction. they have been shown to be phosphorylated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) in vitro. we demonstrate that recombinant elk-1 is hyperphosphorylated in vivo upon joint overexpression of mapks and constitutively activated raf-1 kinase, the latter serving as an indirect in vivo activator of mapks. this phosphorylation is accompanied by a conformational change and results in an elev ...	1993	8262053
a serologic survey for some bacterial and viral zoonoses in game animals in the czech republic.	between 1986 and 1991, sera were collected from 33 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 24 red deer (cervus elaphus), four fallow deer (dama dama), two mouflon (ovis musimon), 34 wild boars (sus scrofa), and 48 hares (lepus europaeus) shot in two areas of the czech republic. collectively, the sera contained antibodies to coxiella burnetii (prevalence of 12%), francisella tularensis (4%), brucella spp. (2%), central european tick-borne encephalitis virus (8%), tahyna (california serogroup) virus (36%) ...	1993	8258864
enzootic ataxia in red deer, cervus elaphus.		1993	8257325
real-time ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and foetal ageing in fallow deer.	three groups of 15 to 17 adult fallow does with some additional yearling does in 2 of the groups were treated to synchronize oestrous cycles, and mated. all does were scanned by ultrasound at 4 weeks of gestation and at weekly intervals from week 7 to week 14 of gestation. growth rates of 13 foetal and uterine characters, which have been used for ageing foetuses of red deer, were similar for adult and yearling does and among the 3 groups. transrectal ultrasound scanning was a reliable and accura ...	1993	8257315
transcriptional activation domains of elk-1, delta elk-1 and sap-1 proteins.	elk-1, an ets related gene codes for a sequence specific dna binding transcriptional activator which in association with serum response factor (srf) forms a ternary complex at the c-fos serum response element (sre). recently the c-terminal region of both elk-1 and delta elk-1 proteins was shown to undergo phosphorylation by map kinases and function as an activator of map kinases. here we show that delta elk-1 and two other elk-1 related proteins sap-1a and sap-1b, like elk-1, can function as tra ...	1993	8247551
prevalence of bluetongue virus expression in leukocytes from experimentally infected ruminants.	replication of bluetongue virus (btv) in leukocytes from the blood of sheep, cattle, elk, and mule deer inoculated with btv serotype 10 or 17 was assessed by immunocytochemical staining and dot blot northern hybridization to determine if differences in the prevalence of infection in this blood fraction might account for the differences in clinical disease among these species. viremia was confirmed by virus isolation in all inoculated animals. analysis of leukocytes with monoclonal antibodies spe ...	1993	8239132
[long term survival of first stage larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi (nematoda, metastrongyloidea) in a frozen state].	faeces of red deer from białowieza forest containing first stage larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi have been stored during five years in -20 degrees c. after this time 52% of the larvae survived. these larvae were fully alive and in experimentally infected snails helix pomatia developed to the infectious stage.	1993	8237006
receptors for insulin-like growth factor-ii in the growing tip of the deer antler.	insulin-like growth factor-ii (igf-ii) binding in the growing tip of the deer antler was examined using autoradiographical studies, radioreceptor assays and affinity cross-linking studies. antler tips from red deer stags were removed 60 days after the commencement of growth, and cryogenically cut into sections. sections were incubated with radiolabelled igf-ii, with or without an excess of competing unlabelled igf-ii and analysed autoradiographically. radiolabelled igf-ii showed high specific bi ...	1993	8228732
the biology and molecular biology of scrapie-like diseases.	the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse's) are degenerative diseases of the central nervous system which naturally affect man (creutzfeldt-jakob disease [cjd], gerstmann-sträussler syndrome [gss], kuru), sheep and goats (scrapie), cattle (bovine spongiform encephalopathy [bse]), mink (transmissible mink encephalopathy), mule deer, elk and antelope (chronic wasting disease). spongiform encephalopathies have also been diagnosed in captive species of zoo antelope and in domestic cats. mu ...	1993	8219804
heavy metal contamination in organs of red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) and the effect on some trace elements.	in order to determine the contamination level for cadmium (cd) and lead (pb) in free ranging red deer (n = 50) and wild boar (n = 118) in 'the veluwe', a nature reserve in the central part of the netherlands, concentrations of these metals were measured in liver and kidney. in addition relations between cd and pb concentrations and iron (fe), copper (cu) and zinc (zn) concentrations in these organs were studied. the levels of cd and pb in wild animals were higher than in farmed animals of the sa ...	1994	8209228
elk-1 proteins interact with map kinases.	mitogen activated protein kinases (map) or extracellular signal regulated protein kinases (erk) are a family of protein serine/threonine kinases that are activated very rapidly in response to many extracellular stimuli. elk-1, an ets related gene codes for two transcriptional factors elk-1, which regulates c-fos transcription and delta elk-1, both of which are substrates for map kinases. a part of the c-terminal transcriptional activation domain (eta-2) which is common to both the proteins was p ...	1994	8208531
pedicle and antler regeneration following antlerogenic tissue removal in red deer (cervus elaphus).	the physiological control mechanisms underlying the histogenesis of the pedicle, which precedes antler growth, from the frontal bones of male deer are poorly understood. the aim of this study was to investigate the extent of pedicle/antler regeneration after removal (for histological evaluation) of the antlerogenic region or pedicle tissue during pedicle development to determine whether the subsequent pattern of regeneration could contribute to the understanding of pedicle histogenesis and the m ...	1994	8207380
study on the partial purification of gonadotropins and thyrotropin from deer (cervus elaphus) pituitaries.	deer pituitaries were extracted with tris-cl buffer and the extract was fractionated on concanavalin a-sepharose into an unadsorbed cona i fraction and an adsorbed cona ii fraction. the cona ii fraction was chromatographed on cm-cellulose to yield an unadsorbed cm i fraction and an adsorbed cm ii fraction. the cm i and cm ii fractions were then respectively subjected to ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose to give the resultant unadsorbed deae i and adsorbed deae ii fractions. the cona ...	1993	8193586
ternary complex factors: growth factor regulated transcriptional activators.	members of a family of ets domain proteins, the ternary complex factors (tcfs), are recruited to the c-fos serum response element by interaction with the serum response factor. recent findings indicate that phosphorylation of tcfs occurs in response to activation of the map kinase pathway, and that regulation of tcf activity is an important mechanism by which the serum response element responds to growth factor signals.	1994	8193547
effects of exogenous melatonin on prolactin secretion, lactogenesis and reproductive seasonality of adult female red deer (cervus elaphus).	the effects of administration of exogenous melatonin to pregnant red deer hinds on prolactin secretion, lactogenesis and reproductive seasonality were studied. mature hinds (n = 23) were allocated to one of four treatments. hinds in treatment 1 (n = 6) each received two subcutaneous melatonin implants (regulin) at monthly intervals starting on 2 october, about 80 days before expected parturition. hinds in treatment 2 (n = 6) received similar treatment starting on 2 november, about 40 days before ...	1994	8182577
some toxic and trace metals in big game hunted in the northern part of poland in 1987-1991.	game animal meats (muscle, liver and kidneys) collected from different regions in northern part of poland in 1987-1991 were analysed for mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, manganese, zinc and iron. toxic mercury, cadmium and lead occurred in relatively low concentrations in muscle and organ meats, with the exception of lead in muscle and cadmium in kidneys, which were relatively more contaminated. the concentrations of essential trace metals in samples examined seemed to be natural. roe-deer contai ...	1994	8178124
the transcription factors elk-1 and serum response factor interact by direct protein-protein contacts mediated by a short region of elk-1.	transcriptional induction of the c-fos gene in response to epidermal growth factor stimulation is mediated in part by a ternary nucleoprotein complex within the promoter consisting of serum response factor (srf), p62tcf/elk-1 and the serum response element (sre). both srf and p62tcf/elk-1 contact the dna and bind in a cooperative manner to the sre. in this study, we demonstrate that srf and elk-1 interact directly in the absence of the sre. a 30-amino-acid peptide from elk-1 (b-box) is both nece ...	1994	8164681
concurrent sick building syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome: epidemic neuromyasthenia revisited.	sick building syndrome (sbs) is usually characterized by upper respiratory complaints, headache, and mild fatigue. chronic fatigue syndrome (cfs) is an illness with defined criteria including extreme fatigue, sore throat, headache, and neurological symptoms. we investigated three apparent outbreaks of sbs and observed another more serious illness (or illnesses), characterized predominantly by severe fatigue, that was noted by 9 (90%) of the 10 teachers who frequently used a single conference roo ...	1994	8148452
isolation and characterization of bsk, a growth factor receptor-like tyrosine kinase associated with the limbic system.	neuronal degeneration has been shown to be involved in various neurological disorders. growth/trophic factors and their receptors are known to be important for the regeneration and survival of neurons. we report here the molecular cloning of a receptor-like protein tyrosine kinase, bsk, (for brain specific kinase). bsk is highly related to the eph/elk receptor-like kinase family members. northern blot analysis shows that it is expressed specifically in the brain, with no expression detected in a ...	1994	8145300
functional dissection of the transcription factor elk-1.	the ternary complex factor elk-1 belongs to the ets oncoprotein family. we demonstrate that this transcription factor is localized predominantly in the nucleus, for which at least two regions of elk-1 are required. one of these regions is part of the n-terminal ets-domain, while the other encompasses amino acids 137-157. in conjunction with the ets-domain, which mediates autonomous binding of elk-1 to some dna target sequences, the conserved b-region is both necessary and sufficient for ternary ...	1994	8134131