Publications

hepatitis e: intrafamilial transmission versus waterborne spread.	the relative significance of intrafamilial transmission and continued water contamination in the spread of hepatitis e is not known. to resolve this question, two surveys were conducted during a large bimodal waterborne epidemic of hepatitis e in kanpur, india, affecting an estimated 79,000 persons: i) april 1991: covering 420 houses (60 houses each in seven municipal wards) selected using multistage sampling and random number tables, and ii) may 1992: covering the same families in five municipa ...	1994	7890884
hepatitis e virus and hiv infection in homosexual men.		1995	7888010
hepatitis e.		1995	7873940
a new chinese isolate of hepatitis e virus: comparison with strains recovered from different geographical regions.	the full-length cdna of a new chinese strain (ks2-87) of hepatitis e virus (hev) has been constructed and sequenced. the 5' noncoding region of ks2-87 is 26 nucleotides in length, which is one nucleotide shorter than that of hev (b1) (burma) and 23 nucleotides longer than that of hev (mexico). comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of ks2-87 with all other published hev sequences showed that ks2-87 was closer to two other chinese strains (cht-88, cht-87) and sar-55 (pakistan) than ...	1994	7871758
occupational infection with hepatitis c virus in the healthcare setting.	our understanding of the types of hepatitis described previously as non-a, non-b hepatitis has been revolutionized by the discovery of two new viruses, hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis e virus. hcv is transmitted parenterally, and poses a potential occupational hazard to health care workers, including dental staff. no vaccine is currently available, and it is important that an assessment of infection risk is made available to clinicians.	1994	7867856
hepatitis e.		1994	7863397
age-specific prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a and e viruses in pune, india, 1982 and 1992.	the age-specific seroprevalence of antibody to hepatitis a virus (hav) and antibody to hepatitis e virus (hev) were studied in persons in pune, india, where both viruses are endemic. the data showed that hav infected the majority of persons by age 3 years and virtually 100% by late childhood. in contrast, infection with hev was rare in children and did not reach peak prevalence (33%-40%) until early adulthood. the reason for the differences in infection rates between hav and hev is not known. ag ...	1995	7844387
[advances in the study of hepatitis e].		1994	7842885
[hepatitis e virus].	hepatitis e, a faecal-oral waterborne acute viral hepatitis, occurs most frequently in epidemic outbreaks in developing countries. hepatitis e virus (hev) is spherical, nonenveloped and varied in size from 27 to 34 nm with a spiked surface. experimental hev infection in primates, molecular cloning involving cdna libraries and recombinant protein technology indicate that the genome can be assigned to a 7.6 kb single stranded positive polyadenylated rna. in a 5'ns-s poly a 3' molecular structure, ...	1994	7840426
response of specific-pathogen-free turkeys to vaccines derived from marble spleen disease virus and hemorrhagic enteritis virus.	tissue-culture-propagated marble spleen disease virus (msdv-tc) and two preparations of spleen homogenate (msdv-sh and msdv-sh-tc) were compared as anti-hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) vaccines in specific-pathogen-free turkeys. both types of vaccines spread horizontally among turkeys, induced anti-hev antibodies, and protected turkeys against challenge with virulent hev. antibody development and horizontal spread of virus occurred earlier in turkeys given msdv-sh or msdv-sh-tc than in those g ...	1994	7832705
[new knowledge about viral hepatitis].	epidemics caused by a faecaloral transmitted hepatitis virus other than the hepatitis a virus are reported from developing countries. this type of hepatitis is called hepatitis e and is caused by a calicivirus termed hepatitis e virus. many characteristics of this disease are similar to those of hepatitis a. the groups usually infected are older children and young adults in developing countries with poor sanitary facilities. faecal contamination of the drinking water is assumed to be the main pa ...	1994	7825133
[water and viral hepatitis].	the main agents responsible for acute viral hepatitis throughout the world are the hepatitis a virus (hav) and the hepatitis e virus (hev). both are transmitted by fecal-oral route and can provoke large epidemics, hav in developed countries and hev in developing countries. water is a major vehicle of spread. however, two different epidemiological patterns have to be distinguished: level of hav excretion is short but high. because of its resistance to physical and chemical agents, hav remains inf ...	1993	7819806
hepatitis e virus and hiv infection in homosexual men.		1995	7815864
[hepatitis e virus infection].		1994	7813953
protracted viremia during acute sporadic hepatitis e virus infection.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is associated with epidemic and sporadic hepatitis in developing countries. the disease is largely self-limited with no long-term sequelae. the source of hev for maintenance of the disease in an endemic area is unknown. this study investigated the occurrence and duration of viremia in patients with acute sporadic hev infection.	1995	7806046
hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence.		1994	7802828
high prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibody in haemodialysis patients.		1994	7802786
atypical strain of hepatitis e virus (hev) from north india.	hepatitis e virus (hev) infection was detected during an epidemic in north india. virus particles present in the stool of an acutely ill patient (yam-67) was transmitted intravenously into rhesus monkeys (m. mulata) and orally to a human volunteer. virus-like particles (vlps) of 32-34 nm were detected in the bile of monkeys and in the stools of the human volunteer by means of solid phase immune electron microscopy (spiem) with acute homologous and heterologous sera. the vlps were confirmed to be ...	1994	7798881
experimental hepatitis e in pregnant rhesus monkeys: failure to transmit hepatitis e virus (hev) to offspring and evidence of naturally acquired antibodies to hev.	in an attempt to reproduce experimentally the fulminant hepatitis of pregnant women infected with hepatitis e virus (hev), 4 nonpregnant and 6 pregnant rhesus monkeys in the first, second, or third trimester of pregnancy were inoculated intravenously with approximately 10(5.5) id50 of hev. comparison of biochemical, histopathologic, and serologic profiles in pregnant and nonpregnant monkeys did not reveal an increase in the severity of hepatitis in the pregnant animals. hematology and serum clin ...	1995	7797939
current therapeutic approaches to viral hepatitis.		1995	7795067
[progress in hepatitis diagnosis].	until today only five pathogens of viral hepatitis have been discovered: hepatitis virus a (hav), b (hbv), c (hcv), d (hdv) and e (hev). an update on the state of the art of actually established diagnostic procedures is briefly summarized. some recent topics and problems are covered more extensively; in the case of hbv the value of hbsag concentration as a prognostic marker, the finding 'anti-hbc only' the role of hbv mutants, the determination of circulating hbv genomic material, and modalities ...	1995	7792463
etiology of acute sporadic hepatitis in adults in senegal and tunisia.	markers for acute hepatitis a, b, c and e virus infections were examined in the sera of 72 patients suffering from acute hepatitis in senegal and tunisia. hepatitis b was responsible for 36% and hepatitis c for 21% of the cases. acute hepatitis a was not diagnosed. hev infection was not observed in senegal and represents only 4% of the acute hepatitis cases in tunisia.	1995	7784826
seroepidemiology of hepatitis e in selected australian populations.	the presence of hepatitis e virus-specific antibodies (anti-hev) was determined in selected australian groups. anti-hev was detected initially using a recombinant antigen-based enzyme immunoassay (eia). it was found that 1 of 279 (0.4%) blood donors, 14 of 182 (7.7%) indochinese refugees, 2 of 89 (2.2%) sera submitted for amoebic serology (generally people who had visited developing countries), 1 of 13 (7.7%) patients with non-a, non-b hepatitis, none of 7 (0%) patients with fulminant non-a, non ...	1995	7775956
serological evidence for hepatitis e virus infection in israel.	israel is suspected to be endemic for hepatitis e virus (hev) because of its geographic location and the large-scale immigration from endemic countries. although no cases of local hev infection have been diagnosed, a serological survey would provide indirect evidence for such infection. we examined sera from 1,416 healthy subjects, including 1,139 jews from various regions of israel and 277 arabs, most of whom reside in the west bank of the jordan river. in addition, we tested 13 non-a, non-b, a ...	1995	7775954
morphology and morphogenesis of hepatitis e virus (strain 87a).	the morphology and morphogenesis of isolated hepatitis e virus (hev, strain 87a) were observed by electron microscopy (em) and immune electron microscopy (iem). progressively developing local vesicles, virions accumulation in crystalline arrays and viroplasmic focus were seen in cytoplasm of infected cells. replication and assembly of the new generation viruses were closely associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer), inclusion body (ib) and microfibrils. condensation and margination of ch ...	1995	7774387
[hepatitis e: enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis].		1995	7772623
[hepatitis virus].		1995	7772620
[hepatitis e].		1994	7768421
[viral markers of acute hepatitis: a, b, c, d, and e in dakar. october 92 - october 93].	inside of 95 patients presented in hospital with presumed hepatitis: 77 were recruted with liver cytolysis (amino-transferases at > 80 ui/ml) and included in this study. study of serologic viral markers (a, b, c, d and e type) permited to prove viral acute hepatitis infection and 49 patients were recruted inside the 77 cytolytic cases. inside these 49 cases: 44% presented enteritic contamination with hav/hev markers, 36% with hbv markers: hbs/hbc, 6% with hbs/hbe markers, 10% with hdv marker, 4% ...	1993	7758379
[synthesis and antigenic activity of peptides from the orf3 protein sequence of hepatitis e virus].	the hepatitis e virus (hev) is an infection agent (detected recently) responsible for an enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis [1,2]. hepatitis e is a big problem in many developing countries, including the central asian areas of the former soviet union [2]. by cloning followed by sequence analysis of the hev genome, three open reading frames (orf) have been identified, among them orf3 encoding a protein containing 123 amino acid residues, the function of this protein being unknown. rec ...	1995	7748209
sporadic hepatitis e in pakistan.		1995	7741602
short report: hepatitis e infection in the brazilian amazon.	this is the first report of serologic evidence of hepatitis e infection in brazil. during a community-based survey of healthy individuals, six of 97 gold miners in the amazon region of mato grosso had antibody to the virus. the mining camps have poor sanitation with a great potential for fecal-oral transmission of disease. since levels of hepatitis e antibodies may quickly wane, studies to directly measure the incidence of seroconversion are planned to determine the intensity of transmission in ...	1995	7741175
[hepatitis viruses].	five different hepatitis viruses that cause acute and chronic hepatitis in human beings have been identified. hepatitis viruses are designated by the letters a, b, c, d and e and abbreviated as hav, hbv, hcv, hdv, and hev, respectively. although each belongs to a distinctly different virologic group, they share the feature of hepatotropism, which remains poorly understood. hav and hev are transmitted through a fecal-oral route. hdv, also referred to as the delta agent, is a defective, parenteral ...	1995	7725016
vertical transmission of hepatitis e virus.	little is known about vertical transmission of hepatitis e virus from infected mothers to their infants. we studied eight babies born to mothers infected with hepatitis e in third trimester. one baby was icteric at birth with elevated transaminases and four babies had anicteric hepatitis. two babies were born with hypothermia and hypoglycaemia and died within 24 h; one had massive hepatic necrosis. hepatitis e virus rna was detected by pcr in cord or birth blood samples of five infants. six infa ...	1995	7723501
[differential diagnosis of hepatitis a, b, c, d and e. clinical, biochemical and viral serologic criteria. 6: hepatitis e serology].		1995	7721220
hepatitis e.		1995	7718205
[further study of experimental hepatitis e in piglets].	experimental infection of piglets with a fecal pool containing hepatitis e virus (hev) strains osh-25 and osh-228 confirmed previous results obtained with hev strain osh-205 on susceptibility of these animals to hepatitis e. a biphasic increase of transaminase activities, histopathologic changes in the liver, virus excretion with feces were observed in the animals. the genome of viral particles in piglet feces conformed, at least partially, to human hev rna. ultrastructural abnormalities of pigl ...	1994	7716903
locally acquired hepatitis e in the northern territory of australia.		1995	7715497
effect of infection with hemorrhagic enteritis virus on susceptibility of turkeys to escherichia coli.	the present study was designed to investigate hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) as a predisposing factor influencing the susceptibility of young turkeys to escherichia coli infections. in addition, the pathologic changes caused by administration of e. coli by various routes were compared. following oral infection with hev, groups of turkeys were inoculated with various doses of pathogenic e. coli by intravenous (iv), intra-air sac (ia), or intratracheal (it) routes. a synergistic effect was obse ...	1994	7702502
fulminant hepatic failure due to hepatitis e virus.		1994	7699253
the epidemiology of hepatitis c in turkey.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis e virus (hev) are the principal causes of non-a, non-b hepatitis worldwide, and in turkey one-third of the cases of acute hepatitis are non-a, non-b. to explore the epidemiology of hcv in turkey (including the association of hcv with hev), a seroprevalence study of hcv was conducted. sera from residents from five distinct regions of the country were tested for antibodies to hcv (anti-hcv) and hev (anti-hev). anti-hcv was detected in 21 (1.5%) of 1,374 person ...	1994	7698839
the role of hepatitis e virus in acute sporadic non-a, non-b hepatitis.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is the cause of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis. water-borne epidemics have been reported in many developing countries primarily affecting young and middle-aged adults. to determine the role of hev in acute sporadic nanb hepatitis, we have studied the profiles of anti-hev igg in the sera of patients previously diagnosed for nanb hepatitis. we tested the sera of 53 patients with acute nanb hepatitis and 100 healthy people as a control group for anti-h ...	1994	7698838
failure to incriminate hepatitis b, hepatitis c, and hepatitis e viruses in the aetiology of fulminant non-a non-b hepatitis.	sporadic non-a, non-b hepatitis is the most common indication for liver transplantation in patients presenting with fulminant and subacute liver failure. this study used serological, histological, and molecular biological techniques to examine specimens from 23 consecutive patients transplanted for sporadic non-a, non-b hepatitis. no evidence was found of hepatitis c virus, hepatitis e virus, or 'cryptic' hepatitis b virus infection.	1995	7698704
mapping of linear b cell epitopes on open reading frames 2- and 3-encoded proteins of hepatitis e virus using synthetic peptides.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of non-a, non-b hepatitis which is transmitted by the fecal-oral route and occurs principally in the form of large epidemics and outbreaks in developing countries. two overlapping synthetic peptides corresponding to overlapping dna sequences of the orf 3 of hev genome were found to be immunoreactive with sera from patients involved in two epidemics of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis. the results suggested the existence of two distinct ...	1993	7687968
epitope mapping in proteins of hepatitis e virus.	a series of synthetic peptides derived from proteins encoded by open reading frames 2 and 3 (orf2 and orf3) of the hepatitis e virus was used in an enzyme immunoassay to determine the localization of epitopes in these proteins. five peptides spanning almost the entire orf3 protein sequence and 12 peptides from the orf2 protein were synthesized. serum samples collected from outbreaks in three different regions of the world (turkmenistan, kenya, and mexico) were analyzed by a peptide-based enzyme ...	1993	7683162
risk factors and prevalence of hepatitis e in german immigrants from the former soviet union.	worldwide there is only limited information on the epidemiology of hepatitis e virus (hev) and its association with other hepatotropic viruses. endemic regions have been described in some asian countries, whereas in europe only sporadic cases have been reported. the prevalence of hev and a series of other viral hepatitis infections was investigated in a group of 1,025 individuals immigrating into germany from the former soviet union. serum samples were tested for anti-hev by a commercial enzyme ...	1995	7666043
two years' investigation of epidemic hepatitis e virus transmission in west kalimantan (borneo), indonesia.	two years' follow-up investigation of a hepatitis e virus (hev) outbreak in west kalimantan, indonesia in 1991 was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of epidemic hev transmission and the persistence of the immunoglobulin g (igg) antibody response. sixty cases identified as anti-hev igg positive during the outbreak in 1991 were matched with 67 controls and examined, together with 318 members of their families. overall, the prevalence of anti-hev igg among the 445 subjects (representing 1 ...	1995	7660427
hepatitis e: a virus in waiting.		1995	7658774
[hepatitis e virus: a new infective agent for an old disease].		1995	7647139
genomic relationship of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus to bovine coronavirus and human coronavirus oc43 as studied by the use of bovine coronavirus s gene-specific probes.	the genomic relationship of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) to bovine coronavirus (bcv) and human coronavirus (hcv) strain oc43 was examined by dot blot hybridization assays. two bcv s gene-specific probes were generated by polymerase chain reaction from the avirulent l9-strain of bcv. probes were located in the s1 and the s2 region of the peplomeric (s) glycoprotein gene. the s1 probe (726 bp) hybridized with bcv and hcv-oc43, but not with hev under moderate stringency hy ...	1995	7646353
[hepatitis e].		1995	7644796
hepatitis e virus infection in hemophiliacs.	israel is endemic for hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of enteric non-a, non-b hepatitis. transmission is via the feco-oral route but the possibility of transmission through blood transfusion has been raised. this question was addressed by examining sera from 188 hemophilic patients in israel, screening was performed with an enzyme immunoassay (eia) for antibody against hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) and confirmed with a neutralization test. sixteen patients (9%) were seropositive for ...	1995	7636504
short report: relative risk of hepatitis a and e among foreigners in nepal.	sera from two groups of patients in nepal with acute hepatitis were examined for the presence of antibodies to the hepatitis a, b, c, and e viruses to determine the etiology of viral hepatitis. the first group consisted of 43 consecutive acute hepatitis patients presenting at a clinic for tourists and foreign residents in kathmandu from january 1987 to june 1988. the other group consisted of 95 consecutive acute hepatitis patients admitted during the same period at a hospital used predominantly ...	1995	7611554
[incidence of hepatitis e in austria].	sera from 1274 patients were tested for igg antibodies to hepatitis e using the newly developed abbott enzyme immunoassay (eia). all tested patients had previously proved to be negative for hepatitis a, b, and c. 180 suffered from hepatitis, in the remaining 1094 the hepatitis tests were done for other reasons (presurgical, pregnancy etc.). no clear-cut distinction was found between positive and negative sera in the abbott elisa: therefore the cut-off value was set somewhat higher than as stated ...	1995	7610659
hemorrhagic enteritis virus induced changes in the lymphocyte subpopulations in turkeys and the effect of experimental immunodeficiency on viral pathogenesis.	we examined the changes in the lymphocyte subpopulations in the spleen and peripheral blood of turkeys and the effects of experimental immunodeficiency in the b and t cell compartments on the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis (he) in turkeys. inoculation of turkeys with hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) induced a drop in the relative proportions of igm bearing cells on day 2, 3, and 9 post-infection and an elevation in the relative proportions of cd4+ cells on day 4 and 6 post-infection. ele ...	1995	7604531
risk of hepatitis "e" virus infection among some schistosomiasis patients in egypt.	this study was carried out to demonstrate hepatitis "e" virus antibodies (igg) among individuals living in different rural areas. the study included 200 individuals. one hundred were suffering from s. mansoni as confirmed by stool egg count, rectal snip, abdominal ultrasound and liver biopsy. the second hundred (group ii) were parasite-free individuals serving as normal control. the main symptoms of group i were dyspepsia, fatigue, dysentery, bleeding per rectum and hepatomegaly. there was no si ...	1995	7602154
hepatitis e virus: a brief review of the biology, molecular virology, and immunology of a novel virus.	our basic understanding of the biology, molecular virology, and immunology of hepatitis e virus (hev) is briefly reviewed. hev is a small, round, nonenveloped virus with morphologic and biophysical properties most similar to viruses found in the family caliciviridae. the genome of hev is approximately 7.5 kb in length and consists of a positive-sense, single-stranded rna molecule that contains three distinct open reading frames (orf1, orf2, orf3) that appear to encode for nonstructural and struc ...	1995	7602068
cross-challenge studies in rhesus monkeys employing different indian isolates of hepatitis e virus.	the aim of this study was to determine if rhesus monkeys infected with one isolate of hepatitis e virus (hev) were immune to subsequent challenge with other isolates of the virus. three epidemic and one sporadic indian hev isolates were employed in the study. the interval between primary inoculation and challenge varied from 1 year and 6 months to 2 years and 9 months. evidence of hev infection was ascertained by rise in serum alanine transaminase (alt) levels and/or seroconversion to antibodies ...	1995	7595413
the risk of viral hepatitis a, b, c, and e among north american missionaries.	the seroprevalence and incidence of hepatitis a, b, c, and e virus infection were determined among north american missionaries (n = 328) serving in various geographic locations between 1967 and 1984. the mean age of subjects at entry into the study was 39.7 years (range 5-73 years); 65% were female; 89% had lived outside the united states before the study began. seventy-eight percent of subjects served in sub-saharan africa during the study. at initial evaluation, 50.9% of the subjects had antib ...	1995	7573702
detection of hepatitis e virus infections among domestic swine in the kathmandu valley of nepal.	the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) infections among 55 domestic swine living in the kathmandu valley of nepal was investigated. sera and stool specimens were collected from 47 free-roaming swine and examined for the presence of hev genomic sequences by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. sera from these animals, as well as sera from eight other swine, were also examined for the presence of hev-specific antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by a fluorescen ...	1995	7573701
[hepatitis e: etiology and clinics of another enterically transmitted hepatitis].		1995	7571450
high prevalence of hepatitis b, c, and e markers in young sexually active adults from the central african republic.	the central african republic is located in tropical africa, where both the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) are highly endemic. the exact prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis e virus (hev) markers in this country is unknown. the aim of the study was to determine, according to hiv and hbv serostatus, the prevalence of these markers in young sexually active adults in the central african republic. one hundred and fifty-seven consecutive patients attendin ...	1995	7561802
hepatitis e virus antibodies among patients with hemophilia, blood donors, and hepatitis patients.	the presence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) was studied among hemophiliacs, blood donors, and hepatitis patients. four of 296 (1.4%) hemophiliacs and 5 of 1,275 (0.4%) donors were confirmed as positive for hev antibodies (difference was not significant: p = 0.07). parenteral transmission of hev to hemophiliacs was thus rare or nonexistent. seven of 187 hepatitis patients were found with hev antibodies (igg and igm). six persons fell ill shortly after arriving from hev-endemic countries ...	1995	7561797
viremia, fecal shedding, and igm and igg responses in patients with hepatitis e.	viremia, fecal shedding and antibody responses to hepatitis e virus (hev) infections are poorly understood. to better characterize hev infections, these responses were examined in 67 patients with acute markers for hepatitis e who were admitted to the infectious disease hospital in kathmandu, nepal in 1993. a single stool and multiple sera from each patient were examined using polymerase chain reaction to detect hev rna. sera were also examined for antibodies to hev. viremia, fecal shedding, and ...	1995	7561211
detection of hepatitis e virus genome and gene products in two patients with fulminant hepatitis e.	non-isotopic in situ hybridization (digoxigenin-labeled probe directed towards hepatitis e virus orf1) and immunohistochemistry (against hepatitis e virus orf2 and orf3) were applied to detect hepatitis e virus genome and gene product in the liver tissue of two patients with fulminant hepatitis e seropositive for hepatitis e virus rna. both hepatitis e virus rna and hepatitis e virus antigens were detected exclusively in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and not detected in other cell types. in both ...	1995	7560853
[an expanding spectrum of hepatitis viruses].		1994	7555796
hepatitis e probably contracted via a chinese herbal medicine, demonstrated by nucleotide sequencing.	hepatitis e is endemic in developing countries and may occur as imported hepatitis in industrialized countries. a 46-year-old japanese man developed immunoserologically diagnosed acute hepatitis e in japan 4 months after he had made a trip to china. he had bought a chinese herbal medicine there, taking it occasionally until approximately 6 weeks prior to the onset of acute hepatitis. nucleotide sequencing of the 3' terminal region of the viral cdna amplified from the patient's serum by polymeras ...	1995	7550868
viral specificity of hepatitis e virus antigens identified by fluorescent antibody assay using recombinant hev proteins.	a fluorescent antibody (fa) assay for hepatitis e virus antigen (hevag) in infected liver tissue was used to confirm the presence of virus-specific antigens in hepatocytes during the course of infection. with the cloning of the hev genome it is now possible to determine which viral antigens are recognized by this fa assay. recombinant hev proteins covering the carboxyl half of hev open reading frame 2 (orf2) were used in this study to demonstrate that some of the most immunoreactive virus-specif ...	1994	7531755
persistent and transient antibody responses to hepatitis e virus detected by western immunoblot using open reading frame 2 and 3 and glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins.	recombinant proteins containing amino acid sequences from open reading frame (orf) 2 and orf3 of a chinese strain of hepatitis e virus (hev) were constructed as fusions with glutathione s-transferase (gst). stable fusion proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, and the immobilized proteins were probed with sera from hepatitis e patients from various regions or from rhesus monkeys (macaca mulat ...	1994	7529246
antibodies to hepatitis e virus among chinese patients with acute hepatitis in taiwan.	the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) was investigated in patients with acute hepatitis, and correlated with the clinical features. sera from 110 patients with acute hepatitis and 60 healthy controls were tested for anti-hev, antibody to hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv), and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag). there were significant differences in the prevalence of anti-hev, anti-hcv, and hbsag between patients and controls (21.8% vs. 0%, 16.3% vs. 1.6% and 58.1% vs. 18.0%, r ...	1994	7525864
artificial mosaic protein containing antigenic epitopes of hepatitis e virus.	a synthetic gene encoding an artificial polypeptide composed of antigenic epitopes of the hepatitis e virus (hev) proteins was constructed from short oligodeoxyribonucleotides by using pcr. the polypeptide comprises a mosaic of three antigenically active dominant regions from the protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (orf2), one antigenically active region from the protein encoded by orf3 of the burmese hev strain, and one antigenically active region from the protein encoded by orf3 of the mex ...	1994	7523696
detection of the negative strand of hepatitis e virus rna in the livers of experimentally infected rhesus monkeys: evidence for viral replication.	hepatitis e virus (hev), the causative agent of enteric non-a, non-b hepatitis, is a positive-stranded rna virus. because of the virus's inability to grow in culture, several nonhuman primates have been used for the propagation of hev. using strand-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), we demonstrate the presence of negative-stranded hev rna replicative intermediates in the livers of infected animals. this constitutes the first direct evidence of hev replication in t ...	1994	7516419
[prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibodies in pregnant women in the paris region: serological considerations].		1995	7501614
prevalence of viral infections in mozambican refugees in swaziland.	the seroprevalence for antibodies to hiv-1, htlv-1, hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis e virus (hev) were determined in a large group of mozambican refugees living in swaziland. serum samples were collected from a total of 398 refugees located in the two camps (ndzevane and malindza). the prevalence for antibodies in the two camps were as follows: ndzevane: 1.2% (hiv-1); 2.8% (htlv-1); 0.3% (hcv); 4% (hev) and 66% for any hbv marker. malindza: 10.8% (hiv-1); 5.4% (htl ...	1995	7498047
expression of hepatitis e virus putative structural proteins in recombinant vaccinia viruses.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is a polyadenylated, positive-stranded rna virus which is a major cause of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in many developing countries. the viral genome contains three different open reading frames (orfs): orf1, which is believed to encode nonstructural proteins, and orf2 and orf3, which are believed to encode structural proteins. the full-length putative structural proteins encoded by orf2 and orf3 of hev have been cloned and expressed in recombinant vacc ...	1994	7496958
contribution of hev and hcv in causing fulminant non-a, non-b hepatitis in western india.	during 1990, 38 patients with fulminant non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanb) died in government medical college hospital, aurangabad. serum samples from these patients were tested for antibodies to hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv) and igm antibodies to hepatitis e virus (igm-anti-hev). all samples were also subjected to polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of hbv dna, hcv rna and hev rna. none of the patients had circulating anti-hcv antibodies; three had hcv rna. based on anti-hev-igm positiv ...	1995	7489346
hepatitis b, c, d, and e markers in rural equatorial african villages (gabon).	serologic markers of hepatitis b virus (hbv), including hbv dna, and of hepatitis delta virus were measured in three villages in gabon. of 303 subjects studied, 19% were carriers of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag); 8.5% of these had anti-delta antibodies. no difference among the three villages was observed. all hbv dna carriers were children less than 11 years of age. in the 2-9-year-old group, 71% of the hbsag-positive children tested were hbv dna carriers. these results indicate that hbv p ...	1995	7485684
hepatitis e in brazil.		1995	7475633
characterization and isolation of structural polypeptides in haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus.	haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev), a member of the coronavirus family, was purified and analysed by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. it was shown to contain eight polypeptides, seven of which were glycosylated. they had apparent mol. wt. of 180,000 (gp 180), 130,0000 (gp 130), 120,000 (gp 120) 76,000 (gp 76), 64,000 (vp 64), 54,000 (gp 54), 32,000 (gp 32) and 31,000 (gp 31). electrophoresis of virus samples dissociated under varying conditions showed that gp 54 and gp 120 co ...	1980	7381432
persistence of passively acquired antibodies to hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in swine.	the persistence of passively acquired antibodies to hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) was determined in 4 pigs in each of the litters of 10 sows. at time of delivery by the sows, the colostrum and serum samples (from the 10 sows) had hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to hev. all of the pigs also had hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to hev at 2 days of age. the level of circulating antibodies to hev decreased at a nonlinear rate and persisted for about 4 to 18 (mean 10.5) ...	1984	6732026
abnormal migration of t lymphocyte clones.	several in vitro t cell clones were markedly deficient in their ability to home to peripheral lymphoid tissue. this was found for an alloreactive noncytolytic clone, a soluble antigen- (klh)specific line, and cytotoxic clones specific for allogeneic cells and for abelson virus-induced lymphoma cells. this abnormal circulation pattern was probably caused by the lack of the receptors of the lymphocytes for high endothelial venules (hev), as implied by the lack of binding of these t cells to hev in ...	1982	6460817
role of splenectomy in prevention of hemorrhagic enteritis and death from hemorrhagic enteritis virus in turkeys.	hemorrhagic diarrhea, gross hemorrhagic enteritis, and death caused by intravenous virus injection of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) were prevented in otherwise susceptible turkey poults by surgical splenectomy. the splenectomized poults produced anti-hev antibodies, which indicated that splenectomy did not completely prevent replication of the virus. these results indicate that the spleen is necessary for the development of the intestinal lesions of this disease. the role of a toxic factor i ...	1983	6316896
propagation of virulent and avirulent turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus in cell culture.	virulent and apathogenic isolates of turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) were successfully propagated in lymphoblastoid cell lines of turkey origin, whereas spleen and kidney cell cultures from hev-infected turkeys failed to replicate the virus. the lymphoblastoid cell lines used were mdtc-rp16 and mdtc-rp19, which were previously established from tumors induced by marek's disease virus in turkeys. virus replication followed co-cultivation of lymphoblastoid cells with spleen cells from hev- ...	1982	6297447
evidence for bursal involvement in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys.	the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis in turkey poults infected with hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) at 3 days or at 2 or 5 weeks of age was compared with pathogenesis in poults that had been chemically bursectomized neonatally and exposed to cell-culture-propagated virus at 2 or 5 weeks of age. conventional poults exposed to hev at 2 or 5 weeks developed clinical disease, and mortality ranged from 38% to 100%. in addition to the splenic and intestinal lesions usually seen with hev infecti ...	1982	6293443
immunofluorescence studies on the early pathogenesis of hemorrhagic enteritis virus infection in turkeys and chickens.	chickens and turkeys not previously exposed to hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) were inoculated orally with the virus. birds were necropsied each day from the first to the eighth day following inoculation, and specimens from various tissues were collected for examination. clinical illness was noted only in turkeys, although intestinal hemorrhages and swollen, necrotic spleens were seen in both species. the distribution and localization of viral antigens in various tissues and peripheral blood l ...	1982	6284108
in vitro studies of hemorrhagic enteritis virus with immunofluorescent antibody technique.	dissociated spleen lymphocytes from hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev)-free chickens, pheasants, and turkeys were infected with hev in suspension cultures. viral antigens were detected in cells of all three donor species by immunofluorescence. the age of chicken from which cells were obtained and the temperature of incubation influenced the development of viral antigens in cultured cells, which could be observed as early as 24 hr postinfection. this is the first time that hev has been shown to in ...	1982	6284107
hemorrhagic enteritis: virus distribution and sequential development of antibody in turkeys.	turkeys poults were inoculated intraperitoneally with hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) at 4-1/2 weeks of age. antibody response and sequential development of viral antigen in various tissues were monitored. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to study antibody production, and immunoperoxidase staining was used to determined sites of localization of the viral antigens in tissues. results of elisa and immunodiffusion tests were compared. elisa detected antibody from day 3 p ...	1981	6266390
immunofluorescence studies on the pathogenesis of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection in pigs after oronasal inoculation.	hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev; also designated vomiting and wasting disease virus) was inoculated oronasally in 14 colostrum-deprived pigs at the day of birth. anorexia and vomition were seen after 4 days. pigs were killed at different times after inoculation, and the results of the examination by immunofluorescent antibody technique revealed that the epithelial cells of nasal mucosa, tonsils, lungs, and small intestine served as sites of primary viral replication. after the loca ...	1980	6255837
virus isolated and immunofluorescence in different organs of pigs infected with hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus.	hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev; also designated vomiting and wasting disease virus) was inoculated oronasally in 26 colostrum-deprived pigs. anorexia and vomition were seen after an incubation period of 4 to 6 days. in pigs killed during the incubation period or within 2 days after the onset of the clinical signs, hev could be isolated regularly from the tonsils and the respiratory tract, irregularly from the digestive tract, rarely from the blood, and never from lymph nodes and s ...	1980	6245602
utilization of monoclonal antibodies for antigenic characterization of coronaviruses.	hybrid cells secreting monoclonal antibodies against bovine enteric coronavirus (becv strain g110) were obtained by fusion between sp2/o myeloma cells and splenocytes of mice hyperimmunized with purified virus. specificity of 8 from the 12 monoclonal antibodies was established to be anti-gp105 by immunochemical staining of viral polypeptides and by immunoprecipitation of radioactive-labelled viral proteins. the reactivity of three becv isolates (strain g110, f15 and ncdcv) with the different mon ...	1983	6203462
an immunoelectron microscopic and immunofluorescent study on the antigenic relationship between the coronavirus-like agent, cv 777, and several coronaviruses.	a possible antigenic relationship between the porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus-like agent (cvla) and 6 known coronaviruses was examined by immunoelectron microscopy (iem) and by immunofluorescence (if). cvla did not show cross reactivity with infectious bronchitis virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), canine coronavirus (ccv) hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev), neonatal calf diarrhea coronavirus (ncdcv) or feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv). antigenic relatio ...	1981	6166280
serological relation between calf diarrhea coronavirus and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus.	neutralizing (nt) and hemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) antibodies to calf diarrhea coronavirus (cdcv) and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus of swine (hev) (strain 67n) were detected in high proportions of normal adult cattle and pigs in japan. since comparison of nt and hi titers in the serum samples suggested in antigenic difference between the viruses, cross nt and hi tests of these viruses were carried out with antisera raised in rabbits. the homologous nt titers were markedly higher t ...	1980	6159873
an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of hemorrhagic enteritis virus and associated antibodies.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that detects antibodies specific for type ii avian adenoviruses is described. freon-treated extracts from spleens of hemorrhagic enteritis (hev)-infected poults were a better source of antigen than the cell-culture-propagated virus. antigen-coated microtiter wells treated with bovine serum albumin reduced nonspecific adsorption of immunoglobulins. the elisa readily detected antibodies in hemorrhagic-enteritis- and marble-spleen-disease-infected field ...	1984	6091606
studies on the hemagglutination phenomenon of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) of pigs.	hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev), unlike other coronaviruses, readily agglutinates a variety of red blood cells. the reaction differs from that of the myxovirus/paramyxovirus groups in several respects. unlike the myxoviruses, hev agglutinated red cells treated with receptor destroying enzyme. no neuraminidase activity was demonstrated with hev and there was no apparent elution of the virus from agglutinated cells. mucins and animal sera inhibited the agglutination reaction markedl ...	1972	4263916
colibacillosis of turkeys exacerbated by hemorrhagic enteritis virus. laboratory studies.	lesions typical of colibacillosis disease were reproduced in laboratory experiments. mortality resulting from experimentally produced colibacillosis was significantly increased when escherichia coli o1:k1 was presented to poults that had been orally inoculated with hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) 1 week earlier. these and previous data suggest that hev infection can exacerbate colibacillosis of older poults. hev infection apparently damages the poults' defense system enough to account for the ...	1985	3907613
pathogenesis of haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) in mice experimentally infected by different routes.	three-day-old suckling mice inoculated intracerebrally (i.c.) with the 67n strain of haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) showed nervous signs and died. the virus was passaged 10 times in suckling mice and was designated the mb-67n strain. the pathogenesis of mb-67n was studied with various ages of mice and inoculation routes. all mice inoculated i.c. with a large dose of virus died regardless of age, although a smaller dose caused fatal infection only in suckling mice. by intranasal, ...	1986	3546411
further studies on in vitro and in vivo assays of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev).	isolation of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) from spleens of infected turkeys in the mdtc-rp19 lymphoblastoid cell line was compared with detection of hev antigen in the same spleens using the agar gel precipitation (agp) test. a concordance of 80% was found between the two assays. virus isolation had a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 88% compared with the agp test. rp19 cells were also susceptible to infection with several other avian adenoviruses, but such infection was easily differ ...	1987	3039962
quantitation of hemorrhagic enteritis virus antigen and antibody using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) were developed to quantitate hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) antibodies in turkey sera and hev antigens in tissue extracts. these assays were more sensitive than the commonly used agar-gel precipitin tests in detecting antigen and antibody. the antibody-elisa was used to monitor the presence and decline of passive antibodies in turkey poults and the seroconversion of turkeys infected with hev. the antigen-elisa was carried out using a monoclonal anti ...	1986	3028352
hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys in california: serologic study of hemorrhagic enteritis virus antibody with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the incidence of hemorrhagic enteritis (he) infection in california turkeys was studied by testing 2220 turkey blood samples from 173 flocks for he virus (hev) antibody by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). maternal antibody was detected at 1 day of age in all flocks tested, and it vanished after 3 weeks. acquired hev antibody appeared at 8 to 10 weeks, and 100% of the meat and breeder turkey flocks were positive after 11 weeks of age. hev infection occurred earlier in the meat flock ...	1985	2992436
immunosuppressive effects of virulent strain of hemorrhagic enteritis virus in turkeys vaccinated against newcastle disease.	one week after infection with a virulent strain of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), turkeys were vaccinated for newcastle disease. the effect of a virulent strain of hev on turkeys' immune response to newcastle disease vaccine and the mitogenic response of their whole blood peripheral lymphocytes were examined. the results revealed a statistically significant difference (p less than .01) in the newcastle disease hemagglutination inhibition (ndhi) antibody titers from turkeys infected with viru ...	1985	2986088