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cd137 expressed on neutrophils plays dual roles in antibacterial responses against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections.severe sepsis and septic shock caused mainly by bacterial infections are life-threatening conditions that urge the development of novel therapies. however, host responses to and pathophysiology of sepsis have not been clearly understood, which remains a major obstacle for the development of effective therapeutics. recently, we have shown that stimulation of a costimulatory molecule, cd137, enhanced survival of mice infected with the gram-positive (g(+)) intracellular bacterium listeria monocytog ...201323545301
posttranslational modification of flagellin flab in shewanella oneidensis.shewanella oneidensis is a highly motile organism by virtue of a polar, glycosylated flagellum composed of flagellins flaa and flab. in this study, the functional flagellin flab was isolated and analyzed with nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (ms) and tandem ms. in combination with the mutational analysis, we propose that the flab flagellin protein from s. oneidensis is modified at five serine residues with a series of novel o-linked posttranslational modifications (ptms) that differ ...201323543712
efficient mobilization of a resistance derivative of pslt, the virulence plasmid specific of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, by an inci1 plasmid.puo-stvr2 is a derivative of pslt, the virulence plasmid specific of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, which confers multidrug resistance. this plasmid is widespread among closely related isolates of s. typhimurium, and often coexists with other plasmids like pstr12. the latter belongs to incompatibility group inci1, was assigned to st48 by pmlst (plasmid multilocus sequence typing), and confers resistance to streptomycin/spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim and sulphonamides, wit ...201323541844
the pathogen-annotated tracking resource network (patrn) system: a web-based resource to aid food safety, regulatory science, and investigations of foodborne pathogens and disease.investigation of foodborne diseases requires the capture and analysis of time-sensitive information on microbial pathogens that is derived from multiple analytical methods and sources. the web-based pathogen-annotated tracking resource network (patrn) system (www.patrn.net) was developed to address the data aggregation, analysis, and communication needs important to the global food safety community for the investigation of foodborne disease. patrn incorporates a standard vocabulary for describin ...201323541197
the application of high-concentration short-time chlorine dioxide treatment for selected specialty crops including roma tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum), cantaloupes (cucumis melo ssp. melo var. cantaloupensis) and strawberries (fragaria×ananassa).the effects of high-concentration short-time chlorine dioxide (clo2) gas treatment on food-borne pathogens inoculated onto the surface of tomatoes, cantaloupes, and strawberries were studied. produce were spot-inoculated with a mixture of salmonella enterica (serotypes montevideo, javiana and baildon), escherichia coli o157:h7 (serotypes 204 p, edl 933 and c792) or listeria monocytogenes (serotypes scott a, f 5069 and lcdc 81-861), and treated with clo2 gas at 10 mg/l for 180 s. after clo2 gas t ...201323541196
evaluation of the strain variability of salmonella enterica acid and heat resistance.the inherent acid and heat resistances of 60 salmonella enterica strains were assessed in tryptone soy broth without dextrose acidified to ph 3.0 or heated at 57 °c. a total of 360 inactivation curves were generated. regarding the acid challenge experiments, the inactivation rate (kacid), estimated using the log-linear model, ranged from 0.47 to 3.25 h(-1). a log-linear model with a "survival tail" was used to describe the thermal inactivation of the strains, and the estimated inactivation rate ...201223541192
in vitro assessment of functional properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from faecal microbiota of healthy dogs for potential use as probiotics.lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified in the faeces of chinese crested and yorkshire terrier pups and their probiotic features were investigated in vitro. thirty seven isolates were identified as lactobacillus or enterococcus. out of these isolates, 31 were lactic acid bacteria (lab) and belonged to the species lactobacillus reuteri (16/37; 43.3%), lactobacillus animalis (7/37; 18.9%), lactobacillus acidophilus (3/37; 8.1%), lactobacillus sanfranciscensis (2/37; 5.4%), lactobacillus ...201323538205
regional distribution of two dairy-associated salmonella enterica serotypes.salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen that is often associated with dairy farms. the organism can cause disease in cows but is also frequently shed in large numbers by dairy cows that are asymptomatic. long-term asymptomatic infections with serotypes cerro and kentucky were previously identified in cows on a 100-head dairy farm in pennsylvania, united states (focal dairy). milk filters were collected from farms within 30 miles of the focal dairy to determine whether the infections by cerro ...201323536986
profiling the gastrointestinal microbiota in response to salmonella: low versus high salmonella shedding in the natural porcine host.controlling salmonella in the food chain is complicated by the ability of salmonella to colonize livestock without causing clinical symptoms/disease. salmonella-carrier animals are a significant reservoir for contamination of naïve animals, the environment, and our food supply. salmonella carriage and shedding in pigs varies greatly both experimentally and on-farm. to investigate the dynamics between the porcine intestinal microbiota and salmonella shedding, we temporally profiled the microbiota ...201323535116
application of scutellariae radix, gardeniae fructus, and probiotics to prevent salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis infection in swine.salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis, a host-adapted pathogen of swine, usually causes septicemia. lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains have been widely studied in recent years for their probiotic properties. in this study, a mouse infection model first screened for potential agents against infection, then a pig infection model evaluated effects of lab strains and herbal plants against infection. scutellariae radix (sr) and gardeniae fructus (gf) showed abilities to reduce bacteria shedding an ...201323533497
salmonella enterica isolated from pigeon (columba livia) in egypt.understanding the association between human salmonellosis cases and animal sources is an important epidemiological factor needed to successfully control the spread of the infection within communities. to determine the extent to which pigeons might harbor this pathogen and pose a risk to the human population in egypt, we screened pigeons in cairo for the presence of salmonella relevant to public health and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. the isolated serotypes recovered from pigeon fecal sa ...201323531124
the role of flagella and chemotaxis genes in host pathogen interaction of the host adapted salmonella enterica serovar dublin compared to the broad host range serovar s. typhimurium.the importance of flagella and chemotaxis genes in host pathogen interaction in salmonella enterica is mainly based on studies of the broad host range serovar, s. typhimurium, while little is known on the importance in host specific and host adapted serovars, such as s. dublin. in the current study we have used previously characterized insertion mutants in flagella and chemotaxis genes to investigate this and possible differences in the importance between the two serovars.201323530934
study of probiotic potential of four wild lactobacillus rhamnosus strains.the four wild lactobacillus rhamnosus strains were examined in vitro for resistance to simulated gastro and intestinal juices, adhesion to ht-29 cells, antagonistic activity against enteric pathogens and immunomodulating activity. the strains l. rhamnosus sb5l, j5l and in1l were able to survive in simulated gastro juice while the strain l. rhamnosus sb31l lost viability exposed to simulated gastro juice for 3 h. the four strains had high viability in simulated small intestinal juice with little ...201323528983
outbreaks associated to large open air festivals, including music festivals, 1980 to 2012.in the minds of many, large scale open air festivals have become associated with spring and summer, attracting many people, and in the case of music festivals, thousands of music fans. these festivals share the usual health risks associated with large mass gatherings, including transmission of communicable diseases and risk of outbreaks. large scale open air festivals have however specific characteristics, including outdoor settings, on-site housing and food supply and the generally young age of ...201323517872
typing of salmonella enterica serovar infantis isolates from 51 outbreaks in germany between 1974 and 2009 by a novel phage-typing scheme.we developed a new phage-typing method and evaluated its application in combination with xbai macrorestriction analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) as a useful tool for the long-term epidemiology of salmonella enterica serovar infantis. in this study, we investigated 1008 s. infantis isolates recovered from humans, various animal species and food products from 1973 to 2009. the typing scheme is based on 17 typing phages, defining 61 different patterns within the strain collection. ...201423517655
fully assembled genome sequence for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar javiana cfsan001992.we report a closed genome of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar javiana (s. javiana). this serotype is a common food-borne pathogen and is often associated with fresh-cut produce. complete (finished) genome assemblies will support pilot studies testing the utility of next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies in public health laboratories.201323516208
polymerase chain reaction assay based on rata gene allows differentiation between salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum.salmonella pullorum and salmonella gallinarum are classified as biovars of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum. these salmonellae are the causative agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, respectively, and are widely distributed throughout the world. although many developed countries have eradicated these diseases from commercial poultry, they are still the cause of significant economic loss in developing countries. when serovar gallinarum is isolated, it is difficult to ...201323512922
elucidation of the 3-o-deacylase gene, pagl, required for the removal of primary β-hydroxy fatty acid from the lipid a in the nitrogen-fixing endosymbiont rhizobium etli ce3.until now, the gene responsible for the 3-o-deacylation of lipid a among nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts has not been characterized. several gram-negative animal pathogens such as salmonella enterica, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and bordetella bronchiseptica contain an outer membrane 3-o-deacylase (pagl) that has been implicated in host immune evasion. the role of 3-o-deacylated lipid a among nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts, plant endophytes, and plant pathogens has not been studied. however, d'haeze et ...201323511636
absence of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, pecam-1/cd31, in vivo increases resistance to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in mice.pecam-1/cd31 is known to regulate inflammatory responses and exhibit pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. this study was designed to determine the functional role of pecam-1 in susceptibility to murine primary in vivo infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and in in vitro inflammatory responses of peritoneal macrophages. lectin profiling showed that cellular pecam-1 and recombinant human pecam-1-ig chimera contain high levels of mannose sugars and n-acetylglucosamine. consistent ...201323509149
the many uses of autophagosomes.autophagy has emerged as a significant innate immune response to pathogens. typically, autophagosomes deliver their contents to lysosomes for degradation. some pathogens such as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium succumb to autophagy and are transported to lysosomes for degradation. yet, many professional pathogens, including legionella pneumophila and burkholderia cenocepacia, subvert this pathway exploiting autophagy to their advantage.201323507956
population structures in the sara and sarb reference collections of salmonella enterica according to mlst, mlee and microarray hybridization.in the 1980's and 1990's, population genetic analyses based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) provided an initial overview of the genetic diversity of multiple bacterial species, including salmonella enterica. the genetic diversity within s. enterica subspecies enterica according to mlee is represented by the sara and sarb reference collections, each consisting of 72 isolates, which have been extensively used for comparative analyses. mlee has subsequently been replaced by multilocus s ...201323507027
organically managed soils reduce internal colonization of tomato plants by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.a two-phase experiment was conducted twice to investigate the effects of soil management on movement of salmonella enterica typhimurium in tomato plants. in the first phase, individual leaflets of 84 tomato plants grown in conventional or organic soils were dip inoculated two to four times before fruiting with either of two salmonella typhimurium strains (10(9) cfu/ml; 0.025% [vol/vol] silwet l-77). inoculated and adjacent leaflets were tested for salmonella spp. densities for 30 days after each ...201323506364
identification of salmonella enterica genes with a role in persistence on lettuce leaves during cold storage by recombinase-based in vivo expression technology.recurrent outbreaks of enteric illness linked to lettuce and a lack of efficacious strategies to decontaminate produce underscores the need for a better understanding of the molecular interactions of foodborne pathogens with plants. this study aimed at identifying salmonella enterica genes involved in the persistence of this organism on post-harvest lettuce during cold storage using recombinase-based in vivo expression technology (rivet). in total, 37 potentially induced loci were identified in ...201323506363
resident bacteria on leaves enhance survival of immigrant cells of salmonella enterica.although salmonella enterica apparently has comparatively low epiphytic fitness on plants, external factors that would influence its ability to survive on plants after contamination would be of significance in the epidemiology of human diseases caused by this human pathogen. viable population sizes of s. enterica applied to plants preinoculated with pseudomonas syringae or either of two erwinia herbicola strains was ≥10-fold higher than that on control plants that were not precolonized by such i ...201323506362
bacterial and viral etiology of childhood diarrhea in ouagadougou, burkina faso.diarrhea is the most frequent health problem among children in developing countries. this study investigated the bacterial and viral etiology and related clinical and epidemiological factors in children with acute diarrhea in ouagadougou, burkina faso.201323506294
prevalence of salmonella enterica serovar albany in captive zoo wild animals in the culiacán zoo in mexico.salmonellosis is an important zoonotic disease but little is known about the role that free-living animals play as carriers of this pathogen. moreover, the primary route of infection in the wild needs to be elucidated. the aim of this study was to determine the source and the route of transmission of salmonella enterica serovar albany (s. albany) infection in captive zoo wild animals in the culiacán zoo. a total of 267 samples were analyzed including 220 fecal samples from zoo animals, 15 fecal ...201323505697
virulence gene profiling and pathogenicity characterization of non-typhoidal salmonella accounted for invasive disease in humans.human infection with non-typhoidal salmonella serovars (nts) infrequently causes invasive systemic disease and bacteremia. to understand better the nature of invasive nts (ints), we studied the gene content and the pathogenicity of bacteremic strains from twelve serovars (typhimurium, enteritidis, choleraesuis, dublin, virchow, newport, bredeney, heidelberg, montevideo, schwarzengrund, 9,12:l,v:- and hadar). comparative genomic hybridization using a salmonella enterica microarray revealed a core ...201323505508
a comparative analysis of in vitro and in vivo efficacies of the enantiomers of thioridazine and its racemate.a long list of chemotherapeutical drugs used in the treatment of the peripheral and the central nervous systems possess anti-microbial activity. some of these neurotropic compounds are chiral, with the one stereo isomeric form exaggerating reduced neurotropism. this is the case for the levorotatory form of thioridazine. the phenothiazine thioridazine is an interesting compound, characterized by exhibiting a significant growth inhibiting activity on a wide array of micro-organisms. thioridazine i ...201323505431
dsba and mgrb regulate stea expression through the two-component system phoq/phop in salmonella enterica.stea is a protein that can be translocated into host cells through the two virulence-related type iii secretion systems that are present in salmonella enterica. we used the t-pop system to carry out general screens for loci that exhibited activation or repression of a stea::lacz fusion. these screens identified the histidine kinase phoq and the response regulator phop as positive regulators of stea. transcription of this gene is σ70 dependent, and the promoter of stea contains a phop-binding sit ...201323504014
loss of culturability of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium upon cell-cell contact with human fecal bacteria.loss of culturability of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium has been observed in mixed cultures with anaerobic fecal bacteria under conditions that allow local interaction between cells, such as cell contact. a reduction of a population of culturable s. typhimurium on the order of ∼10(4) to 10(5) cfu/ml was observed in batch anaerobic mixed cultures with fecal samples from different human donors. culturability was not affected either in supernatants collected at several time ...201323503308
effect of antimicrobial exposure on acrab expression in salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar choleraesuis.understanding the impact of antimicrobial use on the emergence of resistant bacteria is imperative to prevent its emergence. for instance, activation of the acrab efflux pumps is responsible for the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant salmonella strains. here, we examined the expression levels of acrb and its multiple regulator genes (rama, soxs, mara, and rob) in 17 field isolates of s. choleraesuis by using quantitative pcr methods. the expression of acrb increased in eight of the field isola ...201323503095
therapeutic effects of salmonella typhi in a mouse model of t-cell lymphoma.in this study, we assessed the effectiveness of a live, attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) vaccine strain as a cancer immunotherapy in a mouse model of metastatic t-cell lymphoma. el4 tumor-bearing c57bl/6j mice immunized with s. typhi strain cvd 915, by injection into the tumor and the draining lymph node areas, displayed a significant decrease in tumor growth, a reduction in the mitotic index (mi) of tumors, a delayed development of palpable lymph node metastases and most ...201323502764
development and evaluation of a novel nucleic acid sequence-based amplification method using one specific primer and one degenerate primer for simultaneous detection of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium.salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium are the most widespread causes of salmonellosis and gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. thus, their simple and sensitive detection is significantly important in biosafety and point-of-care diagnostics. in that regard, although present nucleic acid-based attempts are mainly focused on the detection methods encompassing all salmonella enterica members in a single reaction, serotypes other than s. enteritidis and s. typhimurium are clinically and e ...201323498700
the combination of crispr-mvlst and pfge provides increased discriminatory power for differentiating human clinical isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a major cause of foodborne salmonellosis. rapid, efficient and accurate methods for identification are required to track specific strains of s. enteritidis during outbreaks of human salmonellosis. by exploiting the hypervariable nature of virulence genes and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs), we previously developed a powerful sequence-based subtyping approach, designated crispr-mvlst. t ...201223498194
inactivation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli o157:h7 in peanut butter cracker sandwiches by radio-frequency heating.a multistate outbreak of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium recently occurred in the usa, which was traced back to various food products made with contaminated peanut butter. this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of radio-frequency (rf) heating to inactivate s. typhimurium and escherichia coli o157:h7 in peanut butter cracker sandwiches using creamy and chunky commercial peanut butter and to determine the effect on quality by measuring color changes and sensory evaluation. sa ...201223498191
antimicrobial activity of oregano oil against antibiotic-resistant salmonella enterica on organic leafy greens at varying exposure times and storage temperatures.the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oregano oil on four organic leafy greens (iceberg and romaine lettuces and mature and baby spinaches) inoculated with salmonella newport as a function of treatment exposure times as well as storage temperatures. leaf samples were washed, dip inoculated with s. newport (6-log cfu/ml) and dried. oregano oil was prepared at 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% concentrations in sterile phosphate buffered saline (pbs). inoculated leaves were immersed in ...201223498188
quantitative multi-year elucidation of fecal sources of waterborne pathogen contamination in the south nation river basin using bacteroidales microbial source tracking markers.over a seven-year period (2004-2010) 1095 water samples were obtained from the south nation river basin at multiple watershed monitoring sites (ontario, canada). real-time pcr using bacteroidales specific markers was used to identify the origin (human (10% prevalence), ruminant (22%), pig (~2%), canada goose (4%) and muskrat (7%)) of fecal pollution. in parallel, the distribution of fecal indicator bacteria and waterborne pathogens (cryptosporidium oocysts, giardia cysts, escherichia coli o157:h ...201323497974
residues at the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane helix 2 determine the signal output of the tarec chemoreceptor.baseline signal output and communication between the periplasmic and cytoplasmic domains of the escherichia coli aspartate chemoreceptor tar(ec) are both strongly influenced by residues at the c-terminus of transmembrane helix 2 (tm2). in particular, the cytoplasmic aromatic anchor, composed of residues trp-209 and tyr-210 in wild-type tar(ec), is important for determining the chea kinase-stimulating activity of the receptor and its ability to respond to chemoeffector-induced stimuli. here, we h ...201323495653
selection of dna aptamers for capture and detection of salmonella typhimurium using a whole-cell selex approach in conjunction with cell sorting.alternative ligands such as nucleic acid aptamers can be used for pathogen capture and detection and offer advantages over antibodies, including reduced cost, ease of production and modification, and improved stability. dna aptamers demonstrating binding specificity to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium were identified by whole-cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) beginning with a combinatorial library of biotin-labeled single stranded dna molecules. aptame ...201323494620
microbial variome database: point mutations, adaptive or not, in bacterial core genomes.analysis of genetic differences (gene presence/absence and nucleotide polymorphisms) among strains of a bacterial species is crucial to understanding molecular mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis and selecting targets for novel antibacterial therapeutics. however, lack of genome-wide association studies on large and epidemiologically well-defined strain collections from the same species makes it difficult to identify the genes under positive selection and define adaptive polymorphisms in those ...201323493258
survival and transfer of microorganisms from kitchen sponges to surfaces of stainless steel and polyethylene.contaminated sponges might lead to cross-contamination in kitchens since they can transfer microorganisms to surfaces where microorganisms can survive for hours or days and contaminate food. the main objective of this study was to evaluate the transfer and the survival of bacteria from kitchen sponges to surfaces of aisi 316 stainless steel and polyethylene.201323493001
identification of in vivo-induced bacterial proteins during human infection with salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a.salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a is a human-restricted pathogen and the cause of paratyphoid a fever. using a high-throughput immunoscreening technique, in vivo-induced antigen technology (iviat), we identified 20 immunogenic bacterial proteins expressed in humans who were bacteremic with s. paratyphi a but not those expressed in s. paratyphi a grown under standard laboratory conditions. the majority of these proteins have known or potential roles in the pathogenesis of s. enterica. thes ...201323486419
identification of an outer membrane protein of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as a potential vaccine candidate for salmonellosis in mice.we report our investigation of the functions of pagn in salmonella pathogenesis and its potential as a vaccine candidate. further investigation conducted in this study indicates that the outer membrane protein pagn is important for salmonella adhesion/invasion of epithelial cells as well as bacterial virulence. when pagn was deleted from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), the adhesion and invasion of ht-29 epithelial cells was significantly decreased compared with the wild ...201323485513
protective action of camel milk in mice inoculated with salmonella enterica.in some countries people believe that camel milk can protect against various aggressors, whether due to infections, diabetes, or even autism. little has been scientifically demonstrated regarding the veracity of these beliefs.201323484230
molecular characterization of motile serovars of salmonella enterica from breeder and commercial broiler poultry farms in bangladesh.contaminated poultry and poultry products are a major source of motile salmonellae for human salmonellosis worldwide. local circulation of any motile salmonella serovar in poultry has a wider public health impact beyond its source of origin for being dispersed elsewhere through poultry trades or human travels. to investigate the status of motile salmonella serovars in breeder farms in bangladesh, multiple flocks of two breeder farms were observed for a period of six months. in addition, a cross- ...201323483931
intravaginal live attenuated salmonella increase local antitumor vaccine-specific cd8(+) t cells.we have recently reported that the intravaginal instillation of synthetic toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) or tlr9 agonists after a subcutaneous vaccination against human papillomavirus e7 highly increases (~5-fold) the number of vaccine-specific cd8(+) t cells in the genital mucosa of mice, without affecting e7-specific systemic responses. here, we show that the instillation of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium similarly, though more efficiently (~15- fold), increases both e7-s ...201323483225
wild birds carry similar salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains to those found in domestic animals and livestock.the objective of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that some sporadic salmonella infections in domesticated animals may be associated with salmonella infections originating from garden birds. phage type and antimicrobial resistance details of isolates of s. typhimurium obtained from wild birds were comparable with those from s. typhimurium infections from domesticated animals or livestock between 2002 and 2010. a small panel of s. typhimurium isolates (n=37) were characterised by mult ...201323481141
prevalence and characterization of salmonella species isolated from pigs, ducks and chickens in sichuan province, china.this study aimed to analyze the prevalence of salmonella isolated from different parts of the food production chain, and to characterize these isolates. a total of 165 salmonella enterica isolates were identified from 1382 samples taken from conventional farms, abattoirs and retail markets from 2010 to 2011 in sichuan, china. the salmonella isolates were assayed for serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, prevalence of class 1 integrons and β-lactamase genes, and subtyped using pulsed-field gel ...201323474653
recombinant heat shock protein 60 (hsp60/groel) of salmonella enterica serovar typhi elicits cross-protection against multiple bacterial pathogens in mice.heat shock proteins (hsps) or stress proteins are recognized as protective antigens against a wide range of bacterial diseases. conservation of hsps across different life forms also appears to contribute to the antigenicity of these proteins. due to their high sequence homology, there exists an immunological cross-recognition between different bacterial species. in the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of recombinant groel of salmonella enterica serovar typhi as a vaccine candidate agains ...201323474314
stable expression of shigella sonnei form i o-polysaccharide genes recombineered into the chromosome of live salmonella oral vaccine vector ty21a.live, attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain ty21a, a licensed oral typhoid fever vaccine, has also been employed for use as a vector to deliver protective antigens of shigella and other pathogens. importantly, lipopolysaccharide (lps) alone has been shown to be a potent antigen for specific protection against shigellosis. we reported previously the plasmid cloning of heterologous lps biosynthetic genes and the expression in ty21a of either s. sonnei or of s. dysenteriae 1 lps's. th ...201323474241
risk factors for invasive reptile-associated salmonellosis in children.reptile-associated salmonellosis (ras) in children has been reported primarily due to direct contact with turtles, but recently also due to indirect contact with more exotic reptiles, causing disease in infants. to evaluate risk factors for ras, we reviewed the ras cases published in the literature since 1965. a case was defined as a child ≤18 years of age with an epidemiological link by identification of salmonella enterica in cultures from both the affected child and the exposed reptile. we id ...201323473215
the effects of polymorphisms in 7 candidate genes on resistance to salmonella enteritidis in native chickens.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection is a common concern in poultry production for its negative effects on growth as well as food safety for humans. identification of molecular markers that are linked to resistance to salmonella enteritidis may lead to appropriate solutions to control salmonella infection in chickens. this study investigated the association of candidate genes with resistance to salmonella enteritidis in young chickens. two native breeds of malaysian chickens, namely ...201323472012
draft genome sequences of three salmonella enterica serotype agona strains from china.salmonellosis has been one of the major contributors to the global public health burden. salmonella enterica serotype agona has ranked among the top 10 and top 20 most frequent salmonella serotypes isolated from human sources in china and the united states, respectively. we report draft genomes of three s. agona strains from china.201323469342
[broncho-pulmonary salmonellosis--a case series and review of the literature].broncho-pulmonary salmonelloses are rare manifestations of extraintestinal focal infections in adults caused by different subspecies of salmonella. they may appear without previous gastroenteritic symptoms especially in patients older than 60 years, as well as in patients who are immunocompromised or suffer from chronic pulmonary diseases. the transmission route is hematogenous or via aspiration of contaminated gastric fluid. complications are acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung abscesses ...201323468341
the acetylproteome of gram-positive model bacterium bacillus subtilis.n(ε) -lysine acetylation, a reversible and highly regulated ptm, has been shown to occur in the model gram-negative bacteria escherichia coli and salmonella enterica. here, we extend this acetylproteome analysis to bacillus subtilis, a model gram-positive bacterium. through anti-acetyllysine antibody-based immunoseparation of acetylpeptides followed by nano-hplc/ms/ms analysis, we identified 332 unique lysine-acetylated sites on 185 proteins. these proteins are mainly involved in cellular housek ...201323468065
first isolation of ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi in taiwan.typhoid fever is a major cause of disease burden in developing countries. the use of fluoroquinolones, once considered the drugs of choice, should be re-evaluated due to the emergence of quinolone-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi. in taiwan, typhoid fever is rare but constitutes an important public health concern.201323465712
bovine whole-blood culture as a tool for the measurement of endotoxin activities in gram-negative bacterial vaccines.in order to analyze bovine immune reactions against the gram-negative bacterial vaccine, bovine whole-blood culture was used to investigate the pro-inflammatory cytokine responses stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (lps) extracted from escherichia coli, salmonella enterica, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and klebsiella pneumoniae. we also examined the interaction between lps and aluminum hydroxide gel for endotoxin activity and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses of whole bovine blood. alteration in t ...201323465356
antimicrobial efficacy of poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (plga) nanoparticles with entrapped cinnamon bark extract against listeria monocytogenes and salmonella typhimurium.nanoencapsulation of active compounds using poly-(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (plga) is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for drug delivery and may have important applications in the food industry. control of growth of foodborne bacteria with the goals of reducing the number of foodborne illness outbreaks, assuring consumers a safer food supply remains a priority in the food industry. natural antimicrobials are an excellent way to eliminate pathogens without introducing chemical preserv ...201323464835
delivery of the co-expression plasmid pendo-si-stat3 by attenuated salmonella serovar typhimurium for prostate cancer treatment.to investigate the therapeutic utility of an attenuated bacterium carrying a plasmid that co-expresses endostatin, an inhibitor of tumor neovasculogenesis, and a shrna that targets stat3 to suppress prostate cancer growth.201323463096
evaluation of recombinant outer membrane protein based vaccine against salmonella typhimurium in birds.food-borne diseases caused by salmonella enterica from poultry sources represent an important public health problem and no reliable control by vaccination has proved effective despite research. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of recombinant ompc protein for immunization of birds to elucidate its protection against virulent salmonella typhimurium. the recombinant ompc protein was prepared after cloning and expressing ompc gene and was characterized by sds-page and western blo ...201323462815
a prime-boost vaccination of mice with attenuated salmonella expressing a 30-mer peptide from the trichinella spiralis gp43 antigen.protection against trichinella infections has been achieved using various parasite antigens and adjuvants. recently, we reported that immunization of mice with an attenuated salmonella strain displaying a 30-mer peptide (residues 210-239) from the trichinella spiralis gp43 antigen using the shda autotransporter induced partial protection against t. spiralis infection. to improve the efficacy of vaccination, we used the misl autotransporter system to display the ts30mer peptide on the surface of ...201323462251
evolutionary genomics of salmonella enterica subspecies.abstract six subspecies are currently recognized in salmonella enterica. subspecies i (subspecies enterica) is responsible for nearly all infections in humans and warm-blooded animals, while five other subspecies are isolated principally from cold-blooded animals. we sequenced 21 phylogenetically diverse strains, including two representatives from each of the previously unsequenced five subspecies and 11 diverse new strains from s. enterica subspecies enterica, to put this species into an evolut ...201323462113
cytosporone b, an inhibitor of the type iii secretion system of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.bacterial virulence factors have been increasingly regarded as attractive targets for development of novel antibacterial agents. virulence inhibitors are less likely to generate bacterial resistance, which makes them superior to traditional antibiotics that target bacterial viability. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, an important food-borne human pathogen, has type iii secretion system (t3ss) as its major virulence factor. t3ss secretes effector proteins to facilitate invasion into host ...201323459474
antigenicity and immunogenicity of plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein-3.a recent clinical trial in african children demonstrated the potential utility of merozoite surface protein (msp)-3 as a vaccine against plasmodium falciparum malaria. the present study evaluated the use of plasmodium vivax msp-3 (pvmsp-3) as a target antigen in vaccine formulations against malaria caused by p. vivax. recombinant proteins representing msp-3α and msp-3β of p. vivax were expressed as soluble histidine-tagged bacterial fusions. antigenicity during natural infection was evaluated by ...201323457498
salmonella enterica serovar typhi in breast abscess: a case report. 201223455830
biofilms promote survival and virulence of salmonella enterica sv. tennessee during prolonged dry storage and after passage through an in vitro digestion system.salmonella enterica serotypes have been linked to outbreaks associated with low water activity foods. while the biofilm-forming abilities of salmonella improve its survival during thermal processing and sanitation it is unclear whether biofilms enhance survival to desiccation and gastric stresses. the purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of physiological state (planktonic versus biofilm) and prior exposure to desiccation and storage in dry milk powder on salmonella survival and gene ...201323454816
expression of the mara, soxs, acrb and rama genes related to the acrab/tolc efflux pump in salmonella enterica strains with and without quinolone resistance-determining regions gyra gene mutations.several studies have been conducted in recent years to elucidate the structure, function and significance of acrb, mara, soxs and rama in salmonella enterica. in this study, the relative quantification of acrb, soxs, mara and rama genes expression was evaluated in 14 strains of s. enterica, with or without accompanying mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the gyra gene, that were exposed to ciprofloxacin during the exponential growth phase. the presence of ciprofloxacin d ...201323453941
concurrent and transferable resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, monobactam and fluoroquinolone in a salmonella enterica serovar worthington blood isolate from a neonate in kolkata, india. 201323453618
performance of the aoac use-dilution method with targeted modifications: collaborative study.the u.s. environmental protection agency (epa), in collaboration with an industry work group, spearheaded a collaborative study designed to further enhance the aoac use-dilution method (udm). based on feedback from laboratories that routinely conduct the udm, improvements to the test culture preparation steps were prioritized. a set of modifications, largely based on culturing the test microbes on agar as specified in the aoac hard surface carrier test method, were evaluated in a five-laboratory ...201223451377
genes ycfr, sira and yigg contribute to the surface attachment of salmonella enterica typhimurium and saintpaul to fresh produce.salmonella enterica is a frequent contaminant of minimally-processed fresh produce linked to major foodborne disease outbreaks. the molecular mechanisms underlying the association of this enteric pathogen with fresh produce remain largely unexplored. in our recent study, we showed that the expression of a putative stress regulatory gene, ycfr, was significantly induced in s. enterica upon exposure to chlorine treatment, a common industrial practice for washing and decontaminating fresh produce d ...201323451197
salmonella enterica causes more severe inflammatory disease in c57/bl6 nramp1g169 mice than sv129s6 mice.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) causes systemic inflammatory disease in mice by colonizing cells of the mononuclear leukocyte lineage. mouse strains resistant to s. typhimurium, including sv129s6, have an intact nramp1 (slc11a1) allele and survive acute infection, whereas c57/bl6 mice, homozygous for a mutant nramp1 allele, nramp1(g169d) , develop lethal infections. restoration of nramp1 (c57/bl6 nramp1(g169) ) reestablishes resistance to s. typhimurium; mice survive at ...201323446432
antimicrobial activity of essential oils from mediterranean aromatic plants against several foodborne and spoilage bacteria.the antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from a variety of aromatic plants, often used in the portuguese gastronomy was studied in vitro by the agar diffusion method. the essential oils of thyme, oregano, rosemary, verbena, basil, peppermint, pennyroyal and mint were tested against gram-positive (listeria monocytogenes, clostridium perfringens, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis, and staphylococcus epidermidis) and gram-negative stra ...201323444311
deletions in the pyruvate pathway of salmonella typhimurium alter spi1-mediated gene expression and infectivity.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a major foodborne pathogen worldwide. s. typhimurium encodes type iii secretion systems via salmonella pathogenicity islands (spi), producing the major effector proteins of virulence. previously, we identified two genes of salmonella pyruvate metabolism that were up-regulated during chicken cell infection: pyruvate formate lyase i (pflb) and bifunctional acetaldehyde-coa/alcohol dehydrogenase (adhe). we were therefore interested in examining the role th ...201323442379
evidence for recent acquisition and successful transmission of bla(ctx-m-15) in salmonella enterica in south korea.we identified two distinct bla(ctx-m)-bearing and five distinct bla(cmy-2)-bearing genetic structures located on plasmids from salmonella enterica and escherichia coli isolates (n = 35) collected from chickens in south korea. all salmonella plasmids shared a common replicon, bla(ctx-m-15) transposon, and core resistance phenotype, while e. coli bla(ctx-m-15) plasmids included four distinct replicons.201323439639
the actin-polymerizing activity of sipa is not essential for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium-induced mucosal inflammation.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium depends on type iii secretion systems to inject effector proteins into host cells to promote bacterial invasion and to induce intestinal inflammation. sipa, a type iii effector, is known to play important roles in both the invasion and the elicitation of intestinal inflammation. the actin-modulating activity of sipa has been shown to promote salmonella entry into epithelial cells. to investigate whether the actin-modulating activity of sipa is required for ...201323439302
salmonella enteritidis is superior in egg white survival compared with other salmonella serotypes.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype enteritidis is a major cause of egg-borne human salmonellosis. the ability to survive in egg albumen at chicken body temperature was hypothesized to be an important factor involved in the predominant contamination of eggs by this specific serotype. eighty-nine salmonella strains from different serotypes, belonging to 5 serogroups, were incubated for 24 h in egg white at 42°c. the number of salmonella enteritidis strains that were able to survive i ...201323436537
effect of essential oil compound on shedding and colonization of salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg in broilers.the objectives of this study were to determine the effect of an essential oil blend (eo; carvacrol, thymol, eucalyptol, lemon) administered in drinking water on the performance, mortality, water consumption, ph of crop and ceca, and salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg fecal shedding and colonization in broiler birds following salmonella heidelberg challenge and feed withdrawal. chicks were randomly assigned to water treatments containing 0.05, 0.025, or 0.0125% eo or untreated controls. treat ...201323436536
response of restraint stress-selected lines of japanese quail to heat stress and escherichia coli challenge.japanese quail selected for divergent corticosterone response to restraint stress were evaluated for their susceptibility to heat stress and challenge with escherichia coli. these quail lines are designated as high stress (hs), low stress (ls), and the random-bred control (cs) lines. heat stress (35°c, 8 h/d) began at 24 d until the end of the study at 39 d. birds were challenged with an aerosol spray containing 2 × 10(9) cfu of e. coli at 25 and 32 d. at 38 d, the surviving birds were necropsie ...201323436510
no protective effects of high-dosage dietary zinc oxide on weaned pigs infected with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104.twenty-eight-day-old weaned pigs were fed diets with a low (lzn), medium (mzn), or high (mzn) zn concentration (50 to 80, 150, or 2,500 mg zn/kg of diet, respectively) provided as zinc oxide (zno)(24 pigs per group). they were infected orally with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt104 on day 32. salmonellae were cultivated from feces (up to 42 days postinfection [dpi]) and organs (2 and 42 dpi). activation of the adaptive systemic and mucosal immune systems was investigated by recording ...201323435881
antibacterial/antifungal activity and synergistic interactions between polyprenols and other lipids isolated from ginkgo biloba l. leaves.polyprenols separated from lipids are promising new components from ginkgo biloba l. leaves (gbl). in this paper, ginkgo lipids were isolated by extraction with petroleum ether, saponification, and molecular distillation. eight known compounds: isophytol (1), nerolidol (2), linalool (3), β-sitosterol acetate (4), β-sitosterol (5), stigmasterol (6), ergosterol (7), β-sitosterol-3-o-β-d-glucopyranoside (8) and ginkgo biloba polyprenols (gbp) were separated from gbl by chromatography and identified ...201323434869
an essential role for the atg8 ortholog lc3c in antibacterial autophagy.autophagy defends the mammalian cytosol against bacterial invasion. efficient bacterial engulfment by autophagy requires cargo receptors that bind (a) homolog(s) of the ubiquitin-like protein atg8 on the phagophore membrane. the existence of multiple atg8 orthologs in higher eukaryotes suggests that they may perform distinct functions. however, no specific role has been assigned to any mammalian atg8 ortholog. we recently discovered that the autophagy receptor calcoco2/ndp52, which detects cytos ...201323434839
public health management of salmonella typhi/paratyphi case and contact screening: lessons from north london.to evaluate the public health management salmonella enterica serovar typhi (typhoid) and salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi (paratyphoid) cases and their contacts to assess the outcome of screening.201323433577
survival of salmonella enterica serotype tennessee during simulated gastric passage is improved by low water activity and high fat content.the low water activity (a(w) 0.3) of peanut butter prohibits the growth of salmonella in a product; however, illnesses are reported from peanut butter contaminated with very small doses, suggesting the food matrix itself influences the infectious dose of salmonella, potentially by improving salmonella's survival in the gastrointestinal tract. the purpose of our study was to quantify the survival of a peanut butter outbreak-associated strain of salmonella enterica serotype tennessee when inoculat ...201323433384
a recurrent, multistate outbreak of salmonella serotype agona infections associated with dry, unsweetened cereal consumption, united states, 2008.an outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype agona infections associated with nationwide distribution of cereal from company x was identified in april 2008. this outbreak was detected using pulsenet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance, which coincided with company x's voluntary recall of unsweetened puffed rice and wheat cereals after routine product sampling yielded salmonella agona. a case patient was defined as being infected with the outbreak strain of ...201323433369
factors affecting thermal resistance of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis oda 99-30581-13 in shell egg contents and use of heat-ozone combinations for egg pasteurization.infection of laying hens with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis leads to deposition of the pathogen into the albumen or yolk of forming eggs. heat treatment can inactivate internalized salmonella enteritidis in shell eggs, but factors such as the nature and location of contamination may influence the efficacy of thermal treatments. in the current research, natural contamination was mimicked by introducing small inocula of salmonella enteritidis into different locations of shell eggs and in ...201323433367
reconciling a salmonella enterica metabolic model with experimental data confirms that overexpression of the glyoxylate shunt can rescue a lethal ppc deletion mutant.the in silico reconstruction of metabolic networks has become an effective and useful systems biology approach to predict and explain many different cellular phenotypes. when simulation outputs do not match experimental data, the source of the inconsistency can often be traced to incomplete biological information that is consequently not captured in the model. to address this problem, general approaches continue to be needed that can suggest experimentally testable hypotheses to reconcile incons ...201323432746
salmonella typhi omps1 and omps2 porins are potent protective immunogens with adjuvant properties.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is the causal agent of typhoid fever, a disease that primarily affects developing countries. various antigens from this bacterium have been reported to be targets of the immune response. recently, the s. typhi genome has been shown to encode two porins--omps1 and omps2--which are expressed at low levels under in vitro culture conditions. in this study, we demonstrate that immunizing mice with either omps1 or omps2 induced production of specific, long- ...201323432484
regulation of chemokines, ccl3 and ccl4, by interferon γ and nitric oxide synthase 2 in mouse macrophages and during salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection.interferon γ (ifn-γ) increases the expression of multiple genes and responses; however, the mechanisms by which ifn-γ downmodulates cellular responses is not well understood. in this study, the repression of ccl3 and ccl4 by ifn-γ and nitric oxide synthase 2 (nos2) in macrophages and upon salmonella typhimurium infection of mice was investigated.201323431040
analysis of pulsed field gel electrophoresis profiles using multiple enzymes for predicting potential source reservoirs for strains of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium isolated from humans.we reported previously on a highly discriminatory pulsed field gel electrophoresis-based (pfge) subtyping scheme for salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (se) and salmonella typhimurium (st) that relies on combined cluster analysis of up to six restriction enzymes. this approach allowed for the high-resolution separation of numerous poultry-derived se and st isolates into several distinct clusters that sorted along several geographical and host-linked boundaries. in this study, 101 se and 151 ...201323429060
salmonella gastroenteritis in children (clinical characteristics and antibiotic susceptibility): comparison of the years 1995-2001 and 2002-2008.we document herein the prevalence and serotype distribution among salmonella enterica strains isolated from children treated for diarrhea over two seven-year periods spanning 14 years. four hundred and eight (1.38%) s. enterica cases were isolated among 29,601 diarrheal admissions. among the salmonella isolates, 63.7% were serogroup d and 29.9% were serogroup b. overall, 21.7% of cases were under one year of age, with 2.1% being younger than three months. bloody diarrhea was found in 18.8% of th ...201323427508
[antimicrobial resistance of bacteria causing diarrhea in children from corrientes, argentina].in corrientes (argentina), from january 2004 to april 2005, fecal samples from under 5 years-old children with acute diarrhea were collected; the stool samples were cultured onto selective media, and those colonies suspected to be salmonella, vibrio, aeromonas, shigella, or escherichia coli o157 were identified. the antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by the disk diffusion method. among 590 samples, the 7.7% were positive (salmonella spp 32.6% and shigella spp 67.4%). of 31 shigella isolat ...201323427459
expression divergence between escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium reflects their lifestyles.escherichia coli k12 is a commensal bacteria and one of the best-studied model organisms. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, on the other hand, is a facultative intracellular pathogen. these two prokaryotic species can be considered related phylogenetically, and they share a large amount of their genetic material, which is commonly termed the "core genome." despite their shared core genome, both species display very different lifestyles, and it is unclear to what extent the core genome, ap ...201323427276
stabilization of cooperative virulence by the expression of an avirulent phenotype.pathogens often infect hosts through collective actions: they secrete growth-promoting compounds or virulence factors, or evoke host reactions that fuel the colonization of the host. such behaviours are vulnerable to the rise of mutants that benefit from the collective action without contributing to it; how these behaviours can be evolutionarily stable is not well understood. we address this question using the intestinal pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (hereafter termed s. typhi ...201323426324
antimicrobial peptides from plants: stabilization of the γ core of a tomato defensin by intramolecular disulfide bond.cysteine-containing antimicrobial peptides of diverse phylogeny share a common structural signature, the γ core, characterized by a strong polarization of charges in two antiparallel β sheets. in this work, we analyzed peptides derived from the tomato defensin solyc07g007760 corresponding to the protein γ core and demonstrated that cyclization of the peptides, which results in segregation of positive charges to the turn region, produces peptides very active against gram negative bacteria, such a ...201323420649
the structural elucidation of the salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, reveals that it contains both o-factors 4 and 5 on the lps antigen.spectroscopic investigation of the o-antigen from salmonella enterica subsp. enterica revealed fine details on the acetylation pattern, the biological repeating unit and the polymerization degree. acetylation at o-2 of the abequose residue, defined both o-factors 4 and 5 in the o-antigen chain of the lipopolysaccharide. nmr observation of the terminal non-reducing end of the polymer confirmed previous data regarding the biological repeating unit and showed an average polymerization degree of 5. ...201323419941
dam methylation participates in the regulation of pmra/pmrb and rcsc/rcsd/rcsb two component regulatory systems in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.the absence of dam in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis causes a defect in lipopolysaccharide (lps) pattern associated to a reduced expression of wzz gene. wzz is the chain length regulator of the lps o-antigen. here we investigated whether dam regulates wzz gene expression through its two known regulators, pmra and rcsb. thus, the expression of rcsb and pmra was monitored by quantitative real-time rt-pcr and western blotting using fusions with 3×flag tag in wild type (wt) and dam strains ...201323418573
biotechnological production of phenyllactic acid and biosurfactants from trimming vine shoot hydrolyzates by microbial coculture fermentation.coculture fermentations show advantages for producing food additives from agroindustrial wastes, considering that different specified microbial strains are combined to improve the consumption of mixed sugars obtained by hydrolysis. this technology dovetails with both the growing interest of consumers towards the use of natural food additives and with stricter legislations and concern in developed countries towards the management of wastes. the use of this technology allows valorization of both c ...201323417349
the nest long ncrna controls microbial susceptibility and epigenetic activation of the interferon-γ locus.long noncoding rnas (lncrnas) are increasingly appreciated as regulators of cell-specific gene expression. here, an enhancer-like lncrna termed nest (nettoie salmonella pas theiler's [cleanup salmonella not theiler's]) is shown to be causal for all phenotypes conferred by murine viral susceptibility locus tmevp3. this locus was defined by crosses between sjl/j and b10.s mice and contains several candidate genes, including nest. the sjl/j-derived locus confers higher lncrna expression, increased ...201323415224
toward integrative genomics study of genetic resistance to salmonella and campylobacter intestinal colonization in fowl.salmonella enterica serotypes enteritidis and typhimurium and campylobacter jejuni are responsible for most cases of food poisoning in europe. these bacteria do not cause severe disease symptoms in chicken, but they are easily propagated by symptomless chicken carriers which cannot be easily isolated. this animal tolerance is detrimental to food safety. in this particular case, increasing animal's resistance is not sufficient, since some animals considered as resistant are able to carry bacteria ...201223412643
antibacterial activity and probiotic potential of lactobacillus plantarum hkn01: a new insight into the morphological changes of antibacterial compound-treated escherichia coli by electron microscopy.among several bacteria examined, an antibacterial-producing lactobacillus strain with probiotic characteristics was selected and identified based on 16s rrna gene sequencing. subsequent purification and mode of action of the antibacterial compounds on target cells including e. coli were investigated. maximum production of the antibacterial compound was recorded at 18 h incubation at 30 degrees c. interestingly, antibacterial activity remained unchanged after heating at 121 degrees c for 45 min, ...201323412066
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