Publications

glycine modulates the center response of on type rod-dominant bipolar cells in carp retina.	effects of glycine on on type rod-dominant bipolar cells (rbcs) were studied in isolated, superfused carp retina by intracellular recording technique and in carp retinal slice preparation by whole cell recording. glycine of 4mm hyperpolarized rbcs and potentiated their light responses to large light spots, which was reversed by co-application of 10 microm strychnine. it was further found that illumination of the receptive field surround did not affect the depolarizing center response of rbcs. th ...	2005	16216698
estrogenic effects in crucian carp (carassius carassius) exposed to treated sewage effluent.	to assess the estrogenicity of a municipal sewage treatment plant, sexually mature crucian carp of both sexes were exposed for 28 days to domestic treated sewage effluent running with a constant flow of water, with tap water and with different concentrations of the sewage effluent (25%, 50% and 100%). vitellogenin (vtg), gonadosomatic index (gsi), hepatosomatic index (hsi), and histological abnormalities were used to assess the estrogenic potency of the effluent. results show a significant (p<0. ...	2005	16216638
interleukin-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha modulate cytochrome p450 activities in carp (cyprinus carpio).	in mammals, it has been shown that the activation of host defense mechanisms down-regulates microsomal cytochrome p450 by the liberation of cytokines. we investigated the effect of interleukin-1alpha (il1alpha) and tumor necrosis factoralpha (tnfalpha) on constitutive and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-mc)-induced biotransformation activities in carp. we have first measured the time course response of ethoxyresorufine o-decthylase (erod) activity in liver, head kidney, and spleen 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days ...	2005	16216629
an inexpensive and rapid diagnostic method of koi herpesvirus (khv) infection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	koi herpesvirus (khv) affects both juvenile and adult common carp and koi, and is especially lethal to fry. the high mortalities caused by the disease have had a negative impact on the international koi trade. different diagnostic techniques have been used to detect khv, including: isolation of the virus in cell culture, electron microscopy, several pcr tests, elisa and in situ hybridisation. all of these methods are time consuming, laborious and require specialised equipment.	2005	16216123
seasonal environmental changes regulate the expression of the histone variant macroh2a in an eurythermal fish.	adaptation to cold and warm conditions requires dramatic change in gene expression. the acclimatization process of the common carp cyprinus carpio l. in its natural habitat has been used to study how organisms respond to natural environmental changes. at the cellular level, adaptation to cold condition is accompanied by a dramatic alteration in nucleolar structure and a down regulation of the expression of ribosomal genes. we show that the enrichment of condensed chromatin in winter adapted cell ...	2005	16213499
comparison of evolutionary rates in the mitochondrial dna cytochrome b gene and control region and their implications for phylogeny of the cobitoidea (teleostei: cypriniformes).	it is widely accepted that mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region evolves faster than protein encoding genes with few exceptions. in the present study, we sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) and control region (cr) and compared their rates in 93 specimens representing 67 species of loaches and some related taxa in the cobitoidea (order cypriniformes). the results showed that sequence divergences of the cr were broadly higher than those of the cyt b (about 1.83 times). however ...	2006	16213167
modulating effects of humic acids on genotoxicity induced by water disinfectants in cyprinus carpio.	the use of chlorinated disinfectants during drinking-water production has been shown to generate halogenated compounds as a result of interactions of humic acids with chlorine. such chlorinated by-products have been shown to induce genotoxic effects and consumption of chlorinated drinking-water has been correlated with increased risk for cancer induction in human populations. the aim of this work was to test the potential genotoxic effects on circulating erythrocytes of the fish cyprinus carpio ...	2005	16202643
hey basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors are repressors of gata4 and gata6 and restrict expression of the gata target gene anf in fetal hearts.	the hey basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors are downstream effectors of notch signaling in the cardiovascular system. mice lacking hey2 develop cardiac hypertrophy, often associated with congenital heart defects, whereas combined hey1/hey2 deficiency leads to severe vascular defects and embryonic lethality around embryonic day e9.5. the molecular basis of these disorders is poorly understood, however, since target genes of hey transcription factors in the affected tissues remain elusive ...	2005	16199874
characterization of serum immunoglobulin m of grouper and cdna cloning of its heavy chain.	immunoglobulin m (igm) from the whole serum of grouper fish, epinephelus coioides was purified by affinity chromatography using protein a-sepharose column. sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) under reducing conditions revealed that the relative molecular masses (mr) of the equimolar heavy and light chains of igm were 78,000 and 27,000, respectively. the cdnas encoding igm heavy chain comprising its variable (vh) and constant (ch) regions have been cloned and sequ ...	2006	16199094
comparative study of the estrogenic responses of mirror carp (cyprinus carpio) exposed to treated municipal sewage effluent (lisbon) during two periods in different seasons.	to assess the estrogenic potency of the treated domestic sewage effluent from a sewage treatment plant (stp) located in lisbon (chelas), 60 mirror carp (cyprinus carpio) were exposed to different concentrations of the sewage effluent (0%, 25%, 50% and 100%) for two periods of 28 days in two different seasons (winter/spring). vitellogenin induction in males was used as a biomarker of exposure to xenoestrogens. at the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken for vitellogenin analysis and th ...	2005	16198675
differential effects of morphine and naltrexone on the in vitro lh secretion from male and female carp pituitary gland.	the in vitro effects of morphine (10(-10), 10(-8), 10(-6) or 10(-5) m) or/and naltrexone (10(-6) or 10(-8) m) on lh release from male and female carp (cyprinus carpio l.) dispersed pituitary cells (obtained from fish at the time of late gonad recrudescence) were investigated. morphine alone at the lowest tested concentration (10(-10) m) increased lh secretion from the cells of males. on the contrary, in female cell incubations the highest concentrations of morphine (10(-6) or 10(-5) m) significa ...	2005	16198154
activity of superoxide dismutase (sod) and concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars) in liver and muscles of some fish.	in this study we examined superoxide dismutase (sod) activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (tbars) concentration in liver and muscles of four fish species: the carp, the brown trout, the white cod and the flounder. higher sod activity and higher tbars concentration was revealed in the tissues of marine fish in comparison to freshwater fish. the highest sod activity was observed in the cod while the highest tbars concentration was in the flounder. the observed differences are proba ...	2005	16196213
[levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans in sea fish samples in some sea areas in china].	to analyse the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (pcdd/fs) in sea fish samples in some sea area in china surveyed by using isotope dilution hrgc/hrms and was evaluated the local people with pcdd/fs exposure from eating fish.	2005	16194381
the molecular regulation of exercised-induced muscle fibre hypertrophy in the common carp: expression of myod, pcna and components of the calcineurin-signalling pathway.	growth was investigated over 16 d in juvenile common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) held in either static water (tank rested, tr16) or exercised in a flume at 2.5-3.2 body lengths s-1 for 18 h a day (exercised, e16). relative to the start of the experiment (tr0), the tr16 group showed a 31% increase in body mass (specific growth rate, 1.57% d-1), whereas there was no net change in the e16 group. there was, however, a significant exercise-induced hypertrophy of slow muscle fibres with average fibre cr ...	2005	16185906
in vitro effects of staphylococcal leukocidin luke/lukd on the proliferative ability of lymphocytes isolated from common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).	various strains of staphylococcus aureus bacteria produce bicomponent toxins such as leukocidin luke/lukd consisting of two subunits s (luke) and f (lukd). the toxin subunits bind to leukocyte cell membrane inducing transmembrane pore formation and subsequent cell lysis. there is a lack of data on the effects of staphylococcal leukocidin luke/lukd on fish immunocompetent cells in vitro. the purpose of the study was to determine the influence of leukocidin luke/lukd on the proliferative ability o ...	2006	16183304
temperature and ca2+ dependence of [3h]ryanodine binding in the burbot (lota lota l.) heart.	opening and closing of the cardiac ryanodine (ry) receptor (ryr) are coordinated by the free intracellular ca2+ concentration, thus making the ca2+ binding properties of the ryr important for excitation-contraction coupling. unlike mammalian cardiac ryrs, which lose their normal function at low temperatures, ryrs of ectothermic vertebrates remain operative at 2-4 degrees c, as indicated by ry sensitivity of contractile force. to investigate the mechanisms of low temperature adaptation of ectothe ...	2006	16179490
infracommunity level aggregation in the monogenean communities of crucian carp (carassius carassius).	aggregation is one of the distinctive features in parasite-host relationships, which has generally been studied at the level of host communities. parasite aggregation at the infracommunity level may nevertheless be important for intraspecific interactions such as parasite mating success and opportunities for cross-fertilization. in the present paper, we studied the infracommunity aggregation of 3 highly abundant dactylogyrus (monogenea) species occurring on the gills of crucian carp (carassius c ...	2005	16178358
swimming efficiency and the influence of morphology on swimming costs in fishes.	swimming performance is considered a main character determining survival in many aquatic animals. body morphology highly influences the energetic costs and efficiency of swimming and sets general limits on a species capacity to use habitats and foods. for two cyprinid fishes with different morphological characteristics, carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and roach (rutilus rutilus (l.)), optimum swimming speeds (u(mc)) as well as total and net costs of transport (cot, ncot) were determined to evaluate di ...	2006	16177894
two divergent isotypes of the fourth complement component from a bony fish, the common carp (cyprinus carpio).	duplication and diversification of several complement components is a striking feature of bony fish complement systems. it gives an interesting insight into an evolutionary strategy for the possible enhancement of the repertoire of innate immunity. the present study is aimed at examining diversity in bony fish c4, a member of the thioester-containing complement components. two diverged cdna sequences sharing only approximately 32% identity at the amino acid level were isolated from the common ca ...	2005	16177094
biochemical properties of ordinary and dark muscle myosin from carp skeletal muscle.	two types of myosin isolated from ordinary (fast) and dark (slow) muscles of carp were examined by atpase and in vitro motility assays. vmax of the atpase activity and sliding velocity of ordinary myosin showed 1.6 and 1.5 times higher activities than those of dark myosin, whereas those of mammalian fast myosin were much higher, 3 to 10 times, than those of slow myosin. although ordinary myosin had almost identical activities to those of mammalian fast myosin, activities of dark myosin was twice ...	2005	16169876
upregulation of carp gdnf mrna by the immunomodulator as101.	although the glia derived neurotrophic factor (gdnf) is defined as a molecule that maintains neuronal cells, it possesses a range of functions outside the nervous system. for example, it is essential for uretric branching in kidney morphogenesis and for regulating the differentiation of stem cells during spermatogenesis, cardiac, hair follicle and vascular differentiation and the maintenance of immune cells. in the present work, the presence of gdnf in carp peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) and ...	2006	16169589
carp (cyprinus carpio l.) innate immune factors are present before hatching.	expression of the innate immune factors, complement factor 3 (c3), alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2m), serum amyloid a (saa) and a complement factor 1 r/s--mannose binding lectin associated serine protease-like molecule (c1/masp2), was determined with real time quantitative-pcr in carp (cyprinus carpio l.) ontogeny around hatching. furthermore, the expression of c3 mrna and the presence of c3 protein were studied in carp embryos and larvae using in situ hybridisation, western blotting and immunohist ...	2006	16169251
impacts of quicklime (cao) on the toxicity of copper (cuso4, 5h2o) to fish and fish food organisms.	static bioassays of 96 h duration were conducted in the laboratory using fry of common carp (cyprinus carpio), adult tubificid worm (branchiura sowerbyi) and adult copepod plankton (cyclops viridis) to determine lc50 values of cu and cao to these organisms and effects of interaction between cu and cao. ninety-six hour lc(50) values of cu to fry of common carp, worm and copepod were found to be 1.40 mgl(-1), 0.08 mgl(-1) and 0.03 mgl(-1) respectively. cao up to 500 mgl(-1) did not produce any mor ...	2005	16168741
the palladin/myotilin/myopalladin family of actin-associated scaffolds.	the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton plays a critical role in cellular morphogenesis and cell motility. actin-associated scaffolds are key to this process, as they recruit cohorts of actin-binding proteins and associated signaling complexes to subcellular sites where remodeling is required. this review is focused on a recently discovered family of three proteins, myotilin, palladin, and myopalladin, all of which function as scaffolds that regulate actin organization. while myotilin a ...	2005	16164966
passive transfer of maternal antibodies and their existence in eggs, larvae and fry of indian major carp, labeo rohita (ham.).	lack of immune competence in the early stages of life leads to severe mortality in larval stages of different fish species including indian major carp (imc). investigation through indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and agglutination test revealed a significant increase in specific serum antibody response in the brood fish of indian major carp, labeo rohita (ham.) following immunisation with a virulent aeromonas hydrophila bacterin 1 month prior to breeding, which was transferred ...	2006	16157486
are hearing sensitivities of freshwater fish adapted to the ambient noise in their habitats?	several groups of fishes, among them two thirds of all freshwater fishes, have developed hearing specializations that enhance auditory sensitivity and broaden frequency ranges compared with hearing non-specialists (generalists), which lack such adaptations. it has been speculated that the enhanced sensitivities of these so-called hearing specialists have evolved in quiet habitats such as lakes, backwaters of rivers, slowly flowing streams or the deep sea. to test this hypothesis, noise levels an ...	2005	16155225
impact of distillery effluent on carbohydrate metabolism of freshwater fish, cyprinus carpio.	the impact of distillery effluent on carbohydrate metabolism of cyprinus carpio was studied at different days during exposure (7, 14, and 21 days) in the ambient temperature of 28 +/- 1 degrees c. oxygen consumption in fish decreased with increasing effluent concentrations as well as duration of exposure. effluent concentrations and exposure durations (days) had a significant effect on oxygen consumption of tested fish (p < 0.0005). total carbohydrate, glycogen content and sdh enzyme activity in ...	2005	16151610
parasite assemblages of crucian carp (carassius carassius)--is depauperate composition explained by lack of parasite exchange, extreme environmental conditions or host unsuitability?	recent studies on parasite communities have considered the factors which contribute to variability in parasite infections among populations of one host species. this paper examined parasite assemblages of crucian carp (carassius carassius) in a natural set-up of two distinctive environments inhabited by the same host species and differing in respect to composition of other fish species: ponds, where extreme conditions prevent other fish species from occurring and lakes, where crucian carp coexis ...	2005	16145944
interaction between the blood fluke, sanguinicola inermis and humoral components of the immune response of carp, cyprinus carpio.	the effect of sanguinicola inermis on serum antibody and complement activity in cyprinus carpio was assessed using an elisa and haemolytic assays. possible immune evasion strategies were assessed using immunodetection of host proteins on the surface of the parasite. carp acclimatized to 20 or 25 degrees c were infected by exposure to 500 cercariae or injected intraperitoneally with 150 cercariae, and serum monitored over a 63-day period. in cercariae-injected carp, irrespective of time and tempe ...	2005	16145943
physiological function and metabolism of free d-alanine in aquatic animals.	aquatic crustaceans and some bivalve mollusks contain a large amount of free d-alanine (up to 100 mumol/g wet wt.) in their tissues. under high salinity stress, crustaceans and bivalve mollusks largely accumulate d- and l-alanine irrespective of species examined, together with l-glutamine, l-proline, and glycine of which increases are species dependent. these data indicate that d-alanine is one of the major compatible osmolytes responsible for the intracellular isosmotic regulation in the tissue ...	2005	16141518
soluble expression, purification, and stabilization of a pro-apoptotic human protein, carp.	carp is a novel pro-apoptotic protein that has been cloned and characterized in our previous report. previous studies showed that suppression of carp expression results in cell proliferation in several mammalian cell lines and over-expression of carp leads to apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in seven tumor cell lines [liu et al., carp is a novel caspase recruitment domain containing pro-apoptotic protein, biochem. biophys. res. commun. 293 (2002) 1396]. to obtain soluble and active form ...	2006	16139514
fiber connections of the anterior preglomerular nucleus in cyprinids with notes on telencephalic connections of the preglomerular complex.	fiber connections of the anterior preglomerular nucleus (pga) were studied in carp and goldfish by tracer injection experiments to the nucleus and telencephalon. the pga received fibers from the central nucleus of semicircular torus, perilemniscular nucleus, anterior tuberal nucleus, and medial pretoral nucleus, all of which are presumed auditory structures. the pga projected to the dorsal (ddm) and ventral (vdm) regions of medial part of dorsal telencephalic area. the caudomedial region of late ...	2005	16134137
fiber connections of the central nucleus of semicircular torus in cyprinids.	fiber connections of the presumed auditory portion of the semicircular torus or the central nucleus (tsc) as well as other central and peripheral auditory structures were studied by tract-tracing methods in carp and goldfish. major ascending projections to the tsc originated from the descending octaval nucleus (do) and medullary secondary octaval population (so). toropetal neurons of the do were within the saccular terminal zone. a small number of toropetal do neurons might receive inputs from o ...	2005	16134136
determination of malachite green and leucomalachite green in carp muscle by liquid chromatography with visible and fluorescence detection.	a liquid chromatography-vis/fld method for the analysis of malachite green (mg) and its major metabolite, leucomalachite green (lmg) in carp muscle has been described. the method consists in an extraction with acetonitrile-buffer mixture followed by partioning with dichloromethane. clean up and isolation were performed on scx solid phase extraction (spe) column. chromatographic separation was achieved by using phenyl-hexyl column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and acet ...	2005	16130786
detection and sequence analysis of dna polymerase and major envelope protein genes in koi herpesviruses derived from cyprinus carpio in gunma prefecture, japan.	koi herpesvirus (khv), which is believed to be an emerging virus, causes fatal diseases in carps. since the 1990s, the presence of khv has been confirmed in several countries. in japan, from 2003 to 2004, large outbreaks of khv infection in farmed carps resulted in the death of numerous fishes. from april to may 2004, we collected 43 dead or dying carps exhibiting typical symptoms of khv infection in gunma prefecture. to conduct a molecular epidemiologic study of khv in our prefecture, we amplif ...	2005	16125879
histopathological and electron microscopy studies on sleepy disease of koi cyprinus carpio koi in japan.	koi sleepy disease (ksd) usually occurs when koi cyprinus carpio koi are taken from nursing earthen ponds and placed in cement-lined ponds containing fresh water in spring and autumn in japan. we transfered koi from an earthen pond to tanks containing fresh water and 0.5 % salt water in an attempt to replicate ksd and prevent the onset of ksd, respectively, in the laboratory. ksd broke out after 4 to 5 d, followed by mass mortality (76%: 95/125 fish) within 17 d, in the fresh water. diseased fis ...	2005	16119888
biochemical effects of lead, zinc, and cadmium from mining on fish in the tri-states district of northeastern oklahoma, usa.	we assessed the exposure of fish from the spring and neosho rivers in northeast oklahoma, usa, to lead, zinc, and cadmium from historical mining in the tri-states mining district (tsmd). fish (n = 74) representing six species were collected in october 2001 from six sites on the spring and neosho rivers influenced to differing degrees by mining. additional samples were obtained from the big river, a heavily contaminated stream in eastern missouri, usa, and from reference sites. blood from each fi ...	2005	16117126
[effect of increasing the omega-3 fatty acid in the diets of animals on the animal products consumed by humans].	as shown by huge amount of assays in human as well as in animal models, w-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids play important role in the development and maintenance of different organs, primarily the brain, and could be useful in the prevention of different pathologies, mainly the cardiovascular diseases, and, as proposed recently, some psychiatric, dermatological or rheumatological disorders. for ala, the major and cheapest source for human is rapeseed oil (canola oil), and walnut "noix de grenoble" ...	2005	16115466
levels and distribution of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments and biota from the danube delta, romania.	concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and organochlorine pesticides (ocps), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) and analogues, hexachlorocyclohexanes (hchs) and hexachlorobenzene (hcb), were measured in sediments and biota (invertebrates, 11 fish species and cormorant tissues) collected in 2001 from the danube delta, the biggest european wetland. ddts were the predominant pollutants in all samples. a high variability in the concentra ...	2006	16112310
arachidonic acid and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in meat of selected poultry and fish species in relation to dietary fat sources.	arachidonic acid (aa) content, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (pufa) equivalent [lce; calculated as 0.15 x linolenic acid (la) + eicosapentaenoic acid (epa) + docosahexaenoic acid (dha)], and pufa n-6/pufa n-3 ratio were determined in meat [breast meat (bm), thigh meat (tm), and fillets (f), respectively] within four sets of chickens, five sets of turkeys, one set of common carp, and four sets of rainbow trout, fed either commercial diet or diets with manipulated pufa n-3 and pufa n-6 ...	2005	16104803
gill modifications in the freshwater fish cyprinus carpio after subchronic exposure to simazine.		2005	16094895
behavioral and clinical pathology changes in koi carp (cyprinus carpio) subjected to anesthesia and surgery with and without intra-operative analgesics.	fish surgery is becoming increasingly common in laboratory and clinical settings. behavioral and physiologic consequences of surgical procedures may affect experimental results, so these effects should be defined and, if possible, ameliorated. we document behavioral and clinical pathology changes in koi carp (cyprinus carpio) undergoing surgery with tricaine methanesulphonate (ms-222) anesthesia, with and without intraoperative administration of the opiate butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg intramuscularly) ...	2005	16089168
homology model and molecular dynamics simulation of carp ovum cystatin.	in this study, a homology model of carp ovum cystatin was constructed based on the crystal structure of chicken egg white cystatin. the results of amino acid sequence alignment indicate that these two proteins exhibit 36.11% of sequence identity. the resultant homology model reveals that carp ovum cystatin shares similar folds as chicken egg white cystatin, particularly in the conserved regions of q48-v49-g52 and p98-w99 and the locations of two disulfide bonds, c67-c76 and c90-c110. however, th ...	2005	16080717
[mitochondrial dna variation in diploid and triploid forms of silver crucian carp carassius auratus gibelio].	variation of two mtdna fragments amplified in polymerase chain reaction was compared by the rflp method in a population of the sympatric bisexual (diploid) and gynogenetic (triploid) forms of silver crucian carp. the mtdna haplotypes of all individuals differed in at least 2.5% of nucleotide substitutions and fall into two phylogroups. all gynogenetic individuals have haplotypes of a single phylogroup, whereas haplotypes of diploid fish belonged to both mtdna phylogroups. this testifies to a pos ...	2005	16080606
identification of keratins and analysis of their expression in carp and goldfish: comparison with the zebrafish and trout keratin catalog.	with more than 50 genes in human, keratins make up a large gene family, but the evolutionary pressure leading to their diversity remains largely unclear. nevertheless, this diversity offers a means to examine the evolutionary relationships among organisms that express keratins. here, we report the analysis of keratins expressed in two cyprinid fishes, goldfish and carp, by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, complementary keratin blot binding assay, and immunoblotting. we further ...	2005	16059702
alpha2-macroglobulin in the marine fish sparus aurata.	the alpha2-macroglobulin proteinase inhibitors (alpha2ms) are a family of plasma proteins with the unique ability to inhibit a broad spectrum of proteinases, but are also known as binding proteins for many growth factors and cytokines, including growth hormone and members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. a partial cdna (475 amino acids) encoding the c-terminus of alpha2m was cloned from the liver of the marine teleostean fish sparus aurata. the deduced amino acid sequence of t ...	2005	16054852
digestive enzyme patterns and evaluation of protease classes in catla catla (family: cyprinidae) during early developmental stages.	digestive enzymes of catla catla were studied during ontogenic development. specific amylase activity was 0.12+/-0.01 mg maltose mg protein(-1) h(-1) in fish 4 days after hatching (dah) and reached a maximum on (0.41+/-0.12 mg maltose mg protein(-1) h(-1)) 34 dah. total protease activity was minimum (123.2+/-16.5 mu mg protein(-1) min(-1)) on day-8 and reached its highest level (2713+/-147.2 mu mg protein(-1) min(-1)) on day-32. trypsin activity showed constant increasing trend from day-16 onwar ...	2005	16048739
the toxicokinetics of cadmium in carp under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.	temporal depletion of oxygen, i.e. hypoxic events, frequently occurs in natural waters. it has been suggested that accumulation of micro-pollutants increases in aquatic animals as a result of an increased ventilation rate during such occasions. the observed increased toxicity under hypoxia of micro-pollutants may support this hypothesis, but for heavy metals the available uptake studies are contradictory. the present study tests whether accumulation of cadmium in common carp, cyprinus carpio (l. ...	2005	16046241
exceeding tertiary standards with a pond/reed bed system in norway.	at vidaråsen in norway sewage from a community consisting of 160 people, including a dairy, a food processing workshop, a bakery and a laundry is treated using a pond/reed bed system. the system consists of sludge settlement, pre-treatment surface/vertical-flow constructed wetlands, a 5 m deep enhanced facultative pond, three stabilization ponds, a planted sand filter and finally two horizontal-flow constructed wetlands filled with lightweight aggregate (filtralite-p). the enhanced facultative p ...	2005	16042271
the combined use of chemical and biochemical markers to assess water quality along the ebro river.	carp (cyprinus carpio) and barbel (barbus graellsii) were collected from five sites along the ebro river. the study was designed to assess levels of persistent organic pollutants and metals bioaccumulated by fish, and some biochemical responses (cytochrome p450 system, phase ii activities, and metallothioneins) against those pollutants. the highest levels of pcbs and ddts were detected in carp from industrialised areas, which also showed high levels of mercury and cadmium in the liver, and high ...	2006	16040174
comparative evaluation of the alkaline comet assay with the micronucleus test for genotoxicity monitoring using aquatic organisms.	a comparative analysis between the in vivo comet assay and the in vivo micronucleus test (mnt) was carried out in three aquatic organisms suitable for genotoxicity monitoring, carp (cyprinus carpio), rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), and clam (spisula sachalinensis), using a direct-acting mutagen, n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (mnng), and an indirect mutagen, benzo[a]pyrene (b[a]p). by optimizing the conditions for cell isolation, gill and liver (or digestive glands) were selected as t ...	2006	16026836
discovery of a novel immunoglobulin heavy chain gene chimera from common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).	in fish, two types of immunoglobulin heavy chain (igh) genes, namely, igm and igd, have been cloned and characterized. recently, a new igh isotype specific to teleosts had been identified from zebra fish, rainbow trout, and fugu. in zebra fish, the domains of this new gene are present upstream of the mu region along the igh locus. during this study, a novel igh chimera (igm-igz) has been discovered from common carp. the cloned cdna encodes a typical leader peptide, a variable region, two constan ...	2005	16025325
modelling energetic costs of fish swimming.	the oxygen consumption rates of two cyprinid fishes, carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and roach (rutilus rutilus (l.)), were analysed for a wide range of body mass and swimming speed by computerized intermittent-flow respirometry. bioenergetic models were derived, based on fish mass (m) and swimming speed (u), to predict the minimal speed and mass-specific active metabolic rate (amr) in these fishes (amr=ambuc). mass and speed together explained more than 90% of the variance in total swimming costs in ...	2005	16013050
[microsatellite marker analysis of genetic variation between the allotetraploid crucian-carp and their original parents].	twelve individuals from the allotetraploid crucian-carp,common carp, and red crucian carp were analyzed by using 32 pairs microsatellite primers of the poly (ca) type which were isolated from common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) by crooijmans et al. electrophoretogram patterns showed that 15 pairs of microsatellite primers reproducibly produced the well-identifiable bands. the number of alleles per marker varied from 1 to 8, and the size of alleles ranged from 100 bp to 420 bp. the genetic similarit ...	2005	16011029
[deterministic analysis as a tool to investigate the contingency of various components of biocenosis].	specific application of deterministic analysis to investigate the contingencies of various components of natural biocenosis was illustrated by the example of fish production and biomass of phyto- and zooplankton. deterministic analysis confirms the theoretic assumptions on food preferences of herbivorous fish: both silver and bighead carps avoided feeding on cyanobacteria. being a facultative phytoplankton feeder, silver carp preferred microalgae to zooplankton. deterministic analysis allowed us ...	2005	16004266
multiple and highly divergent il-11 genes in teleost fish.	interleukin-11 (il-11) is a key cytokine in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors and is also involved in bone formation, adipogenesis, and protection of mucosal epithelia. despite this prominent role in diverse physiological processes, il-11 has been described in only four mammalian species, and recently, in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). here we report the presence of il-11 in common carp (cyprinus carpio), a bony fish species related to zebrafi ...	2005	16003467
role of microfilaments and microtubules in the invasion of epc cells by aeromonas hydrophila.	the influence of the cytoskeleton on the invasion of aeromonas hydrophila strain ahj-1, isolated from diseased fish, in the monolayer cell of epithelioma papillosum cells of carp (epc) was evaluated by the recovery of gentamicin-resistant bacteria from triton x-100 cell lysates. the depolymerization of microfilaments (mf) by cytochalasin b and d inhibited the uptake of a. hydrophila in a dose-dependent manner and that of microtubules (mt) by colchicines and nocodazole did not affect the invasion ...	2005	16000113
molecular identification and expression analysis of natural resistance associated macrophage protein (nramp) cdna from japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus).	natural resistance associated macrophage protein (nramp) controls partially innate resistance to intracellular parasites. its function is to enhance the ability of macrophages to kill pathogens. however, little is known about the structure and function of nramp in lower vertebrates such as teleosts. we have recently isolated a cdna encoding nramp from japanese flounder (paralichthys olivaceus). the full-length cdna of the nramp is 3066 bp in length, including 224 bp 5' terminal utr, 1662 bp enco ...	2006	15998592
hypocorticism and interrenal hyperplasia are not directly related to masculinization in xx mas(-1)/mas(-1) carp, cyprinus carpio.	this study reports on a homozygous xx male strain of common carp (e5), which fail to mount a normal cortisol stress response. earlier classical genetic analysis had indicated that masculinization of e5 fish was caused by a putative recessive mutation (mas(-1)/mas(-1)). hypocorticism in e5 fish was studied to investigate if it was related to masculinization. head-kidney tissues isolated from e5 fish showed a low cortisol-producing capacity in vitro, and also demonstrated a reduced sensitivity to ...	2005	15993106
characterization of transgene integration pattern in f4 hgh-transgenic common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).	the integration pattern and adjacent host sequences of the inserted pmthgh-transgene in the f4 hgh-transgenic common carp were extensively studied. here we show that each f4 transgenic fish contained about 200 copies of the pmthgh-transgene and the transgenes were integrated into the host genome generally with concatemers in a head-to-tail arrangement at 4-5 insertion sites. by using a method of plasmid rescue, four hundred copies of transgenes from two individuals of f4 transgenic fish, a and b ...	2005	15987603
fish rhabdoviruses: molecular epidemiology and evolution.	rhabdoviruses may cause serious diseases in wild and farmed fish. within the rhabdoviridae six genera have been established: ephemerovirus, cytorhabdovirus, nucleorhabdovirus, lyssavirus, vesiculovirus, and novirhabdovirus. viruses that infect fish are official or tentative members of the genera vesiculovirus and novirhabdovirus, or are listed as unassigned rhabdoviruses. in this report, we summarize and discuss published and our own unpublished data on the molecular epidemiology and phylogeogra ...	2005	15981469
concentrations of cadmium, lead, and zinc in fish from mining-influenced waters of northeastern oklahoma: sampling of blood, carcass, and liver for aquatic biomonitoring.	the tri-states mining district (tsmd) of missouri (mo), kansas (ks), and oklahoma (ok), usa, was mined for lead (pb) and zinc (zn) for more than a century. mining ceased more than 30 years ago, but wastes remain widely distributed in the region, and there is evidence of surface- and groundwater contamination in the spring river-neosho river (sr-nr) system of northeastern ok. in october 2001, we collected a total of 74 fish from six locations in the sr-nr system that included common carp (cyprinu ...	2005	15981034
using the nucleolar biomarker and the micronucleus test on in vivo fish fin cells.	this study was aimed at developing the nucleolar biomarker and the micronucleus test on in vivo fish fin cells for assessing water cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. both biomarkers can be used either jointly or separately on fins of the same fish during the experiment. for studying the nucleolar characteristics, small pieces of the fin edge were cut several times during 30-180 min of fish exposure. for micronucleus testing, the fin tissue regenerating after its cutting was investigated after 2-5 da ...	2005	15978290
characterization of glial fibrillary acidic protein and astroglial architecture in the brain of a continuously growing fish, the rainbow trout.	unlike mammals, some fish, including carp and trout, have a continuously growing brain. the glial architecture of teleost brain has been intensively studied in the carp and few data exist on trout brain. in this study, using immunoblotting we characterized the topographic distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap) in larval and adult rainbow trout brain and studied by immunohistochemistry the distribution and morphology of gfap-immunoreactive cell systems in the rainbow trout hindbra ...	2008	15967744
rag expression identifies b and t cell lymphopoietic tissues during the development of common carp (cyprinus carpio).	the generation of lymphoid cells during carp development was studied by analyzing expression of the recombination activating genes (rag) using in situ hybridization and real time quantitative pcr. these data were combined with immunohistochemistry using the mab's wcl9 (cortical thymocytes) and wci12 (b cells). carp rag-1 and rag-2 showed 90 and 89% amino acid identity, respectively, to the corresponding zebrafish sequences. rag-1 was first expressed in the thymus at 4 days post-fertilization (dp ...	2005	15967501
distribution characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls in crucian carp (carassius auratus) from major rivers in korea.	polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) levels in crucian carp were determined at 20 locations along four major river systems, several small-scale rivers and a wetland in korea. twenty-eight congeners, ranging from tri- to hepta-cbs were detected. a gas chromatograph with a mass selective detector was used to quantify the individual pcb congeners. the objectives of this study were to investigate the levels of contamination of pcbs in freshwater fish and to observe the pattern of their distribution. the ...	2006	15964051
development of a cost-effective oral vaccination method against viral disease in fish.	different vaccination methods have been applied to protect fish against the detrimental effects of various pathogens. several studies have shown the potentials of oral vaccination. in theory oral vaccination is an effortless and stress-free method which can be applied at almost any age. in general, however, the vaccine has to be protected to avoid digestion, which results in high costs for application in aquaculture. in this paper we introduce a cost-effective oral vaccination strategy for viral ...	2005	15962477
immunisation of fish by bath immersion using ultrasound.	ultrasonic irradiations (usi) as a means to open routes in the skin, thus facilitating the transdermal delivery of vaccines that will improve the effectiveness of vaccination by immersion, are reviewed in this paper. based on our recent results in goldfish and carp it could be summarized that: (i) usi significantly improved the antigen uptake and enhanced antibody response; (ii) the requirements for high antigen concentrations, which are needed for simple bath immersion, could be considerably re ...	2005	15962476
identification of expressed genes in carp (cyprinus carpio) head kidney cells after in vitro treatment with immunostimulants.	we analysed a total of 530 expressed genes from the head kidney cells of common carp (cyprinus carpio) treated by immunostimulants. sequences of the cdna clones were compared with sequences in the genbank database. immune-related genes identified after in vitro stimulation of carp head kidney cells were: bpi/lbp, c-type lectins, fucolectins, cc-chemokine, cxc-chemokine, cd18, cyclophilin, fcgammar, g-csfr, hsp 70, ig heavy and light chains, nitr, integrin beta2-alpha, mx, interleukin-1beta, beta ...	2005	15962469
congenital heart disease reminiscent of partial trisomy 2p syndrome in mice transgenic for the transcription factor lbh.	partial trisomy 2p syndrome includes a spectrum of congenital heart disease (chd) that is characterized by complex malformations of the outflow and inflow tracts, defects in cardiac septation, heart position, as well as abnormal ventricular development. lbh (limb-bud and heart) is a novel, highly conserved putative transcriptional regulatory protein, which displays a unique spatiotemporal gene expression pattern during early mouse heart development. here we show that human lbh maps to chromosome ...	2005	15958514
constitutive expression of three novel catfish cxc chemokines: homeostatic chemokines in teleost fish.	chemokines are best known for their vital role in leukocyte chemotaxis, as part of the larger inflammatory response. expression analysis and functional characterization of chemokines in mammalian species have often overlooked the role of these proteins under homeostatic conditions. recent investigations of chemokine diversity in teleost fish have also centered on the immune-related functions of chemotactic cytokines, such as cxcl8 and cxcl10. while a disease-based approach to chemokines is essen ...	2005	15950731
assessment of heavy metal concentrations in the food web of lake beyşehir, turkey.	the accumulation of heavy metals (cd, pb, hg and cr) was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in water, sediment, plankton and fish samples collected from lake beyşehir, which is important bird nesting and visiting areas, and irrigation and drinking water sources. in lake beyşehir, the accumulation orders of heavy metals were cd>pb>cr>hg in water, pb>cd>cr>hg in sediment, pb>cd>cr>hg in plankton, and cd>pb>cr>hg in the muscles and gills of chub, carp, tench, except for the muscle of p ...	2005	15950047
improvement of nutritive value of grass pea (lathyrus sativus) seed meal in the formulated diets for rohu, labeo rohita (hamilton) fingerlings after fermentation with a fish gut bacterium.	eight isonitrogenous (35% crude protein approximately) and isocaloric (4.0 kcalg(-1) approximately) diets were formulated incorporating raw and fermented grass pea (lathyrus sativus) seed meal at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% levels by weight into a fish meal based diet and fed to rohu, labeo rohita, fingerlings for 80 days and fish performance was studied. a particular bacterial strain (bacillus sp.) isolated from the intestine of adult common carp (cyprinus carpio) reared in the wild having significan ...	2005	15939274
extracellular calcium is required for the maintenance of plasma membrane integrity in nucleated cells.	in contrast to rat and human erythrocytes, nucleated erythrocytes from two fish species (cyprinus carpio and salmo trutta) underwent almost complete haemolysis in 20 min of edta addition. using ca2+/mg2+ egta-citrate buffer, we observed that half-maximal haemolysis of fish erythrocytes occurs at [ca2+]o approximately 10 microm independently of extracellular mg2+ concentration. attenuation of [ca2+]o with egta also decreased stability of the plasma membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmc) ...	2005	15936814
cell proliferation and gill morphology in anoxic crucian carp.	is dna replication/cell proliferation in vertebrates possible during anoxia? the oxygen dependence of ribonucleotide reductase (rnr) could lead to a stop in dna synthesis, thereby making anoxic dna replication impossible. we have studied this question in an anoxia-tolerant vertebrate, the crucian carp (carassius carassius), by examining 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen levels in the gills, intestinal crypts, and liver. we exposed crucian carp to 1 and ...	2005	15919732
ontogeny of humoral immune parameters in fish.	the first appearance of igm in lymphocytes varies considerably among fish species. generally, the first appearance of b-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins is late in marine species compared to fresh water species, and larvae have reached about 20-30 mm in length when igm is first expressed. rainbow trout and channel catfish show the first appearances of surface igm at about 1 week after hatching. marine species like the sea bass, spotted wolffish and cod show igm positive lymphocytes 1-10 weeks aft ...	2005	15916905
in vivo evoked specific cell mediated cytotoxicity in carp (cyprinus carpio l.) uses mainly a perforin/granzyme-like pathway.	a specific cytotoxicity assay has been developed for carp using the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (epc) cell line as target cells and the release of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) as read out system. non-specific cytotoxicity against epc was not observed, but animals immunized with epc clearly showed specific killing by effector cells present in kidney, blood and spleen. this killing was strongly calcium dependent, suggesting the utilization of a perforin/granzyme-like pathway. however, blocking wi ...	2006	15916904
complementary dna cloning and constitutive expression of cytochrome p450 1c1 in the gills of carp (cyprinus carpio).	cytochrome p450 (cyp) enzymes constitute a multigene family of many endogenous and xenobiotic substances. the cyp1 family is of particular interest in environmental toxicology because its members are dominant in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs), polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), and aryl amines. a new complementary dna of the cyp1c subfamily encoding cyp1c1 was isolated from carp liver after intraperitoneal injection of beta-napthoflavone (bnf). the full-length cdna obta ...	2005	15915151
koi herpesvirus represents a third cyprinid herpesvirus (cyhv-3) in the family herpesviridae.	the sequences of four complete genes were analysed in order to determine the relatedness of koi herpesvirus (khv) to three fish viruses in the family herpesviridae: carp pox herpesvirus (cyprinid herpesvirus 1, cyhv-1), haematopoietic necrosis herpesvirus of goldfish (cyprinid herpesvirus 2, cyhv-2) and channel catfish virus (ictalurid herpesvirus 1, ichv-1). the genes were predicted to encode a helicase, an intercapsomeric triplex protein, the dna polymerase and the major capsid protein. the re ...	2005	15914843
evaluation of pesticides and metals in fish of the dniester river, moldova.	the dniester river is one of the largest rivers in eastern europe and receives input from numerous anthropogenic activities. in october 2001, fish samples (abramis brama, rutilus rutilus heckeli, perca fluviatilis, chondrostoma nasus, carassius auratus gibelio, and cyprinus carpio) were collected and analyzed for metals and various pesticides. maximum total ddt pesticide concentrations were between 27.7 and 34.2 ng/g wet weight in muscles and gonads, respectively. dde isomers comprised up to 70% ...	2005	15914239
bioaccumulation studies of organochlorinated pesticides in tissues of cyprinus carpio.	freshwater fish cyprinus carpio was selected for the study of bioaccumulation of organochlorinated pesticides in tissues like gills, muscle, intestine, kidney, and liver in a continuous fed system. the pesticides used were aldrin, dieldrin, bhc, and ddt. the bioaccumulation of dieldrin was maximum of 85.0 microg g(-1) wet weight in liver tissue while minimum of 7.30 microg g(-1) wet weight for ddt at 30 days exposure time. bioconcentration factor (bcf) has followed the same trend in liver tissue ...	2005	15913013
levels of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish species from kahramanmaras, turkey.	the levels of organohalogenated contaminants, such as organochlorine pesticides (ocps), polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) were measured in four fish species (acanthobrama marmid (kalashpa), cyprinus carpio (carp), chondrostoma regium (nose-carp), and silurus glanis (wels)) from the sir dam lake, kahramanmaras, turkey. these species were selected for their characteristic feeding behaviour and their importance to local human fish consumption. ddts were the ...	2005	15910967
glycosylation is essential for translocation of carp retinol-binding protein across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.	retinoid transport is well characterized in many vertebrates, while it is still largely unexplored in fish. to study the transport and utilization of vitamin a in these organisms, we have isolated from a carp liver cdna library retinol-binding protein, its plasma carrier. the primary structure of carp retinol-binding protein is very conserved, but presents unique features compared to those of the correspondent proteins isolated and characterized so far in other species: it has an uncleavable sig ...	2005	15910754
effects of bisphenol a-related diphenylalkanes on vitellogenin production in male carp (cyprinus carpio) hepatocytes and aromatase (cyp19) activity in human h295r adrenocortical carcinoma cells.	the present study investigated the effects of the known xenoestrogen bisphenol a (bpa) relative to eight bpa-related diphenylalkanes on estrogen receptor (er)-mediated vitellogenin (vtg) production in hepatocytes from male carp (cyprinus carpio), and on aromatase (cyp19) activity in the human adrenocortical h295r carcinoma cell line. of the eight diphenylalkanes, only 4,4'-(hexafluoropropylidene)diphenol (bhf) and 2,2'-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane (bpro) induced vtg, i.e., to a maximum o ...	2005	15907334
acute toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids to indian major carp, catla catla l.		2005	15903198
cloning and analysis of non-specific cytotoxic cell receptor (nccrp)-1 from common carp cyprinus carpio l.	nonspecific cytotoxic cell receptor protein (nccrp-1) provides an important function in target cell recognition and activation of cytotoxicity. nccrp-1 has been cloned from common carp cyprinus carpio l. from fish barbel by est analysis. the isolated gene is composed of 945 bp with a 79 bp 5' utr, 714 bp open reading frame and 152 bp 3' utr. the predicted nccrp-1 gene is composed of 237 amino acid residues and its predicted signal peptide is 19 amino acid residues in length. this gene has conser ...	2005	15897012
fish community characterization in two stretches upstream and downstream of the lambro river confluence with the po river.	this study aimed to characterize the fish community in two stretches of the po river, upstream and downstream of the lambro river confluence, to verify the environmental effects of the presence of endocrine disrupters (eds). more than 5000 specimens were captured, identified at the species level, and recorded for biometric parameters. plasma, liver, and gonad fragments were sampled for histological and biochemical analyses. few specimens belonging to carp and barbel showed gonads with the concom ...	2005	15891083
regulation of the stress response in early vertebrates.	the acute stress response is a key regulatory system for the maintenance of homeostatic equilibrium that is activated upon an imminent or ongoing disturbance of the "milieu interieur". in general, the stress response in bony fish is similar to that of mammals. the recent cloning and characterization of corticotropin-releasing hormone-binding protein (crh-bp) in carp (cyprinus carpio l.) reflects the conservation of the crh signaling system throughout vertebrates. now, we can start to investigate ...	2005	15891057
in vivo and in vitro exposures of carp and carp tissues to graded concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals.	the objective of this study was to correlate morphological and biochemical parameters of reproductive activity in fish exposed to graded concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals. two-year-old carps were exposed for two weeks to graded concentrations of ethynyl-estradiol, tamoxifen, and flutamide. for each chemical, morphological alterations of the gonads and liver were described according to biomarker and sex steroid levels. in parallel, isolated follicular cells (fcs) and testis fragmen ...	2005	15891032
acth, alpha-msh, and control of cortisol release: cloning, sequencing, and functional expression of the melanocortin-2 and melanocortin-5 receptor in cyprinus carpio.	cortisol release from fish head kidney during the acute phase of the stress response is controlled by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) from the pituitary pars distalis (pd). alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-msh) and beta-endorphin, from the pars intermedia (pi), have been implicated in cortisol release during the chronic phase. the present study addresses the regulation of cortisol release by acth and alpha-msh in common carp (cyprinus carpio) and includes characterization of th ...	2005	15890786
phylogeny and ontogeny of fish leucocytes.	in contrast to higher vertebrates, most fish species hatch at the embryonic stage of life. consequently, they have to defend against a variety of micro-organisms living in their aquatic environment. this paper is focussed on the development of leucocytes functioning within this early innate system and later on in the acquired immune system (b and t cells). most of the data are derived from cyprinid fish (zebrafish, carp), which are excellent models to study early ontogeny. attention is also paid ...	2005	15890532
concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, selenium, and zinc in fish from the mississippi river basin, 1995.	fish were collected in late 1995 from 34 national contaminant biomonitoring program (ncbp) stations and 12 national water quality assessment program (nawqa) stations in the mississippi river basin (mrb), and in late 1996 from a reference site in west virginia. the ncbp sites represented key points (dams, tributaries, etc.) in the largest rivers of the mrb. the nawqa sites were typically on smaller rivers and were selected to represent dominant land uses in their watersheds. the west virginia sit ...	2004	15887377
uncoupling protein 1 in fish uncovers an ancient evolutionary history of mammalian nonshivering thermogenesis.	uncoupling proteins (ucps) increase proton leakage across the inner mitochondrial membrane. thereby, ucp1 in brown adipose tissue dissipates proton motive force as heat. this mechanism of nonshivering thermogenesis is considered as a monophyletic trait of endothermic placental mammals that emerged about 140 million years ago and provided a crucial advantage for life in the cold. the paralogues ucp2 and ucp3 are probably not thermogenic proteins but convey mild uncoupling, which may serve to redu ...	2005	15886331
perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels in a great lakes food chain.	trophic transfer of perfluorooctanesulfonate (pfos) and other related perfluorinated compounds was examined in a great lakes benthic foodweb including water-algae-zebra mussel-round goby-smallmouth bass. in addition, perfluorinated compounds were measured in livers and eggs of chinook salmon and lake whitefish, in muscle tissue of carp, and in eggs of brown trout collected from michigan. similarly, green frog livers, snapping turtle plasma, mink livers, and bald eagle tissues were analyzed to de ...	2005	15883668
four types of smad4 found in the common carp, cyprinus carpio.	smad4 is defined as the common-mediator smad (co-smad) required for transducing signals for all transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) superfamily members. in this study, we have isolated eight distinct smad4 full-length cdnas from the common carp (cyprinus carpio). these cdnas were classified into four types and each type consisted of two subtypes. the eight cdnas encoded four distinct proteins ranging from 505aa to 568aa in size, with close similarities in the mad homology 1 and 2 (mh1 and ...	2005	15880772
effects of redox cycling compounds on dt diaphorase activity in the liver of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).	background: dt diaphorase (dtd; nad(p)h:quinone oxidoreductase; ec 1.6.99.2) catalyses the two electron reduction of quinones, thus preventing redox cycling and consequently quinone dependent production of reactive oxygen species. in rat and mouse, a wide range of chemicals including polyaromatic hydrocarbons, azo dyes and quinones induces dtd. bifunctional compounds, such as beta-naphthoflavone (beta-nf) and benzo(a)pyrene (b(a)p), induce dtd together with cyp1a and phase ii enzymes by a mechan ...	2005	15871734
nitric oxide release is induced by dopamine during illumination of the carp retina: serial neurochemical control of light adaptation.	several lines of indirect evidence have suggested that nitric oxide may play an important role during light adaptation of the vertebrate retina. we aimed to verify directly the effect of light on nitric oxide release in the isolated carp retina and to investigate the relationship between nitric oxide and dopamine, an established neuromodulator of retinal light adaptation. using a biochemical nitric oxide assay, we found that steady or flicker light stimulation enhanced retinal nitric oxide produ ...	2005	15869516
expression of endogenous and exogenous growth hormone (gh) messenger (m) rna in a gh-transgenic tilapia (oreochromis niloticus).	we have previously produced transgenic fish from crosses between a wild-type female tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) and a g transgenic male. this line of growth-enhanced tilapia carries a single copy of a chinook salmon (s) growth hormone (gh) gene spliced to an ocean pout antifreeze promoter (opa-fpcsgh) co-ligated to a carp beta-actin/lacz reporter gene construct, integrated into the tilapia genome. because little is known about the expression sites of transgenes, we have characterised the gen ...	2005	15865052
the effects of 3-methylcholanthrene on lymphocyte proliferation in the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.).	the sensitivity of lymphocyte proliferation as bioindicator of pollution stress was evaluated in the common carp (cyrinus carpio l.). the time course response of peripheral blood leukocyte proliferation in response or not to mitogens was measured from 1 to 7 days after peritoneal injection of 3-methylcholantrene (3-mc), and compared to the time course response of a highly sensitive biomarker, induction of cytochrome p450. 3-methylcholanthrene (40 mg kg(-1)) inhibited both b- and t-lymphocyte pro ...	2005	15863259
transferrin and antiproteases are major proteins of common carp seminal plasma.		2005	15863018