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the temporal and species dynamics of photosynthetic acclimation in flag leaves of rice (oryza sativa) and wheat (triticum aestivum) under elevated carbon dioxide.in this study, we tested for the temporal occurrence of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [co₂] in the flag leaf of two important cereal crops, rice and wheat. in order to characterize the temporal onset of acclimation and the basis for any observed decline in photosynthetic rate, we characterized net photosynthesis, g(s) , g(m) , c(i) /c(a) , c(i) /c(c) , v(cmax) , j(max) , cell wall thickness, content of rubisco, cytochrome (cyt) f, n, chlorophyll and carbohydrate, mrna expression for rbc ...201222268610
next-generation sequencing applications for wheat crop improvement.• bread wheat (triticum aestivum; poaceae) is a crop plant of great importance. it provides nearly 20% of the world's daily food supply measured by calorie intake, similar to that provided by rice. the yield of wheat has doubled over the last 40 years due to a combination of advanced agronomic practice and improved germplasm through selective breeding. more recently, yield growth has been less dramatic, and a significant improvement in wheat production will be required if demand from the growing ...201222268223
[effects of intercropping sedum plumbizincicola in wheat growth season under wheat-rice rotation on the crops growth and their heavy metals uptake from different soil types].a pot experiment with heavy metals- contaminated black soil from heilongjiang province, alluvial soil from henan province, and paddy soil from zhejiang province was conducted to study the effects of intercropping sedum plumbizincicola in wheat growth season under wheat (triticum aestivum) - rice (oryza sativa) rotation on the growth of the crops and their heavy metals uptake, aimed to explore the feasibility of simultaneous grain production and heavy metals-contaminated soil phytoremediation in ...201122263481
[contribution of wheat rhizosphere respiration to soil respiration under elevated atmospheric co2 and nitrogen application].with the support of free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (face) system and by using isotope 13c technique, and through planting wheat (triticum aestivum l., c3 crop) on a soil having been planted with maize (zea mays l., c4 crop) for many years, this paper studied the effects of elevated atmospheric co2 and nitrogen application on the delta 13c value of soil emitted co2 and the wheat rhizosphere respiration. with the growth of wheat, the delta 13c value of soil emitted co2 had a gradual decrease. ...201122263454
[effects of irrigation on the water soluble carbohydrate contents in different wheat cultivars stem and sheath and the grain yield].taking two wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars jimai 20 and taishan 22 as test objects, this paper studied the effects of different irrigation treatments on the water soluble carbohydrate contents in penult stem internode and sheath and the grain yield. four irrigation treatments were installed, i. e. , no irrigation (w0), irrigation at overwintering and jointing stages (w1), irrigation at overwintering, jointing and anthesis stages (w2), and irrigation at overwintering, jointing, anthesis an ...201122263448
the antioxidative defense system is involved in the delayed senescence in a wheat mutant tasg1.wheat, which is the most important food crop worldwide, is a cereal that presents considerable potential for increased yield. a new wheat (triticum aestivum l.) mutant tasg1 with delayed leaf senescence was constructed using ethyl methane sulfonate as a mutagen. natural senescence in tasg1 was distinctly delayed in the field, as indicated by the slower progression of chlorophyll degradation, net photosynthetic rate than its wild type. further, the malondialdehyde and the hydrogen peroxide conten ...201222262312
effect of light on the gene expression and hormonal status of winter and spring wheat plants during cold hardening.the effect of light on gene expression and hormonal status during the development of freezing tolerance was studied in winter wheat (triticum aestivum var. mv emese) and in the spring wheat variety nadro. ten-day-old plants (3-leaf stage) were cold hardened at 5°c for 12 days under either normal (250 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ) or low (20 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ) light conditions. comprehensive analysis was carried out to explore the background of frost tolerance and the differences between these wheat varieti ...201222257084
rapid plant identification using species- and group-specific primers targeting chloroplast dna.plant identification is challenging when no morphologically assignable parts are available. there is a lack of broadly applicable methods for identifying plants in this situation, for example when roots grow in mixture and for decayed or semi-digested plant material. these difficulties have also impeded the progress made in ecological disciplines such as soil- and trophic ecology. here, a pcr-based approach is presented which allows identifying a variety of plant taxa commonly occurring in centr ...201222253728
pleiotropic increases in free non-polar lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid contents in waxy bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain.diethyl ether-extractable free lipid (fl), non-polar or neutral lipid (nl), glycolipid (gl) and phospholipid (pl) contents and water-saturated 1-butanol (wsb)-extractable non-starch lipid (nsl)-monogalactosyldiglyceride (mgdg), digalactosyldiglyceride (dgdg) and phosphatidylcholine (pc)-contents in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain were evaluated to elucidate the possible influence of the wx-d1 gene on the lipid composition.201222252607
analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution of eurygaster integriceps (hemiptera: scutelleridae) by using spatial analysis by distance indices and geostatistics.eurygaster integriceps puton (hemiptera: scutelleridae) is the most serious insect pest of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in iran. in this study, spatio-temporal distribution of this pest was determined in wheat by using spatial analysis by distance indices (sadie) and geostatistics. global positioning and geographic information systems were used for spatial sampling and mapping the distribution of this insect. the study was conducted for three growing seasons in gh ...201122251736
evaluation of tropically adapted straightbred and crossbred cattle: postweaning gain and feed efficiency when finished in a temperate climate.beef cows in the subtropical usa must be adapted to the stressors of the environment, typically supplied by using brahman breeding. calves produced in the region, however, are usually grown and finished in more temperate regions, and have a perceived reputation for poor adg and feed efficiency during finishing. compromised fertility and carcass quality often associated with the brahman have increased interest in tropically adapted bos taurus breed types. the objective of this study was to evalua ...201222247114
cloning and expression of an endo-1, 4-beta-xylanase from the coffee berry borer, hypothenemus hampei.abstract: background: the coffee berry borer, hypothenemus hampei, reproduces and feeds exclusively on the mature endosperm of the coffee seed, which has a cell wall composed mainly of a heterogeneous mixture of hemicellulose polysaccharides, including arabinoxylans. xylanases are digestive enzymes responsible for the degradation of xylan based polymers, hydrolyzing them into smaller molecules that are easier to assimilate by insects. we report the cloning, expression and enzymatic characteriza ...201222233686
[salicylic and jasmonic acids in regulation of the proantioxidant state in wheat leaves infected by septoria nodorum berk].influence of mediators of the signal systems of salicylic (sa) and jasmonic (ja) acids and their mixture on reactive oxygen species' (ros) (superoxide radical o2*- and h2o2) generation and activity of oxidoreductases (oxalate oxidase, peroxidase and catalase) in leaves of wheat triticum aestivum l. infected by septoria leaf blotch pathogen septoria nodorum berk. has been studied. presowing treatment of seeds by sa and ja decreased the development rate of fungus on wheat leaves. sa provided earli ...201122232904
[effect of triterpenoid glycosides on alpha- and beta-amylase activity and total protein content in wheat seedlings].influence of the aleanolic acid glycosides from silphium perfoliatum l. (silphioside b, c, e and g) and their progenins on the amylase activity and total protein content in wheat seedlings was studied. treatment of the triticum aestivum l. seeds with 1-10 microm water solutions of mono- and diglycosides (mono- and bisdesmosines) elevated the alpha-amylase and total amylase activities in seedlings. silphioside e containing three glucose moieties in its molecule did not change alpha-amylase activi ...201622232893
lead (pb)-induced biochemical and ultrastructural changes in wheat (triticum aestivum) roots.the focus of the present study was to explore lead (pb)-induced metabolic alterations vis-à-vis ultrastructural changes in wheat roots to establish pb toxicity syndrome at a structural level. pb (50-500 μm) enhanced malondialdehyde (an indicator of lipid peroxidation) and hydrogen peroxide content, and electrolyte leakage, thereby suggesting reactive oxygen species-induced disruption of membrane integrity and oxidative stress in wheat roots. the activities of superoxide dismutases and catalases ...201322231903
toxicology of isoproturon to the food crop wheat as affected by salicylic acid.isoproturon, a herbicide belonging to the phenylurea family, is widely used to kill weeds in soils. recent study indicated that isoproturon has become a contaminant in ecosystems due to its intensive use, thus bringing environmental risks to crop production safety. salicylic acid (sa) is one of the components in plant defense signaling pathways and regulates diverse physiological responses to biotic and environmental stresses. the purpose of the study is to help to understand how sa mediates the ...201222231370
prevalence of puroindoline d1 and puroindoline b-2 variants in u.s. pacific northwest wheat breeding germplasm pools, and their association with kernel texture.kernel texture is a major factor influencing the classification and end use properties of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), and is mainly controlled by the puroindoline a (pina) and puroindoline b (pinb) genes. recently, a new puroindoline gene, puroindoline b-2 (pin b-2), was identified. in this study, 388 wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines from the u.s. pacific northwest were investigated for frequencies of puroindoline d1 alleles and pinb-2 variants 2 and 3. results indicated that pinb-d ...201222231024
arbuscular mycorrhizal protein mrna over-expression in bread wheat seedlings by trichoderma harzianum raifi (krl-ag2) elicitation.association between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf) and majority of terrestrial plant species provides many benefits to plants that range from stress alleviation and bioremediation in soils polluted with heavy metals to plant growth promotion and yield quantity. some non-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi such as, trichoderma harzianum, are known to enhance the amf symbiosis with vascular plants. however, information about their role in amf symbiosis is still limited. shoots of (avocet s) wheat see ...201222227493
genes encoding hevein-like defense peptides in wheat: distribution, evolution, and role in stress response.hevein-like plant defense peptides wamp-1a/b with a unique 10-cys motif are found in the wheat triticum kiharae seeds. three different wamp genomic and cdna sequences were derived from t. kiharae; no introns were spotted in the protein-coding regions of the genes. the deduced wamp precursor proteins consist of a signal peptide, mature peptide (wamp) and c-terminal prosequence. origin of wamps from class i/iv chitinases via deletion of the catalytic domain is proposed based on homology between th ...201222227377
antioxidant activity-guided fractionation of blue wheat (uc66049 triticum aestivum l.).antioxidant activity-guided fractionation based on three in vitro antioxidant assays (folin-ciocalteu, teac, and leucomethylene blue assays) was used to identify major antioxidants in blue wheat (uc66049 triticum aestivum l.). after consecutive extractions with solvents of various polarities and multiple chromatographic fractionations, several potent antioxidants were identified by nmr spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3 ...201222225003
in vitro fermentation of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides and low molecular mass arabinoxylans with different structural properties from wheat ( triticum aestivum l.) bran and psyllium ( plantago ovata forsk) seed husk.ball milling was used for producing complex arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (axos) and low molecular mass arabinoxylans (ax) from wheat bran, pericarp-enriched wheat bran, and psyllium seed husk. the arabinose to xylose ratio of the samples produced varied between 0.14 and 0.92, and their average degree of polymerization (avdp) ranged between 42 and 300. their fermentation for 48 h in an in vitro system using human colon suspensions was compared to enzymatically produced wheat bran axos with an ar ...201222224418
wheat wrky genes tawrky2 and tawrky19 regulate abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis plants.wrky-type transcription factors are involved in multiple aspects of plant growth, development and stress response. wrky genes have been found to be responsive to abiotic stresses; however, their roles in abiotic stress tolerance are largely unknown especially in crops. here, we identified stress-responsive wrky genes from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and studied their functions in stress tolerance. forty-three putative tawrky genes were identified and two multiple stress-induced genes, tawrky2 a ...201222220579
h(+)/phenanthrene symporter and aquaglyceroporin are implicated in phenanthrene uptake by wheat (triticum aestivum l.) roots.polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants that are toxic to human and nonhuman organisms. dietary intake of pahs is a dominant route of exposure for the general population because food crops are a major source of dietary pahs. the mechanism for crop root uptake of pahs remains unclear. here we reveal that wheat root uptake of pahs involves active and passive processes. the passive uptake is mercury and glycerol dependent. mercury and glycerol inhibit uptake, indic ...201222218187
gene flow in genetically modified wheat.understanding gene flow in genetically modified (gm) crops is critical to answering questions regarding risk-assessment and the coexistence of gm and non-gm crops. in two field experiments, we tested whether rates of cross-pollination differed between gm and non-gm lines of the predominantly self-pollinating wheat triticum aestivum. in the first experiment, outcrossing was studied within the field by planting "phytometers" of one line into stands of another line. in the second experiment, outcro ...201122216349
nucleotide diversity and molecular evolution of the wag-2 gene in common wheat (triticum aestivum l) and its relatives.in this work, we examined the genetic diversity and evolution of the wag-2 gene based on new wag-2 alleles isolated from wheat and its relatives. only single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) and no insertions and deletions (indels) were found in exon sequences of wag-2 from different species. more snps and indels occurred in introns than in exons. for exons, exons+introns and introns, the nucleotide polymorphism π decreased from diploid and tetraploid genotypes to hexaploid genotypes. this finding ...201122215965
heteroplasmy and expression of mitochondrial genes in alloplasmic and euplasmic wheat.the plant chondriome confers a complex nature. the atp4 gene (formerly called orf25) of aegilops crassa (cr) harbors the promoter sequence of the rps7 gene from common wheat (triticum aestivum cv. chinese spring, cs). the rps7 gene of cr has the promoter sequence of cs atp6. the atp6 gene of cr contains an unknown sequence inside of its coding region. since repeat sequences have been found around the breaking points, these structural alterations are most likely generated through homologous recom ...201122214593
dissection and cytological mapping of barley chromosome 2h in the genetic background of common wheat.we used gametocidal (gc) chromosomes 2c and 3c(sat) to dissect barley 2h added to common wheat. the gc chromosome induces chromosomal breakage resulting in chromosomal aberrations in the progeny of the 2h addition line of common wheat carrying the monosomic gc chromosome. we conducted in situ hybridization to select plants carrying structurally rearranged aberrant 2h chromosomes and characterized them by sequential c-banding and in situ hybridization. we established 66 dissection lines of common ...201122214592
characterization of the wheat gene encoding a grain-specific lipid transfer protein tdpr61, and promoter activity in wheat, barley and rice.the tapr61 gene from bread wheat encodes a lipid transfer protein (ltp) with a hydrophobic signal peptide, predicted to direct the tapr61 protein to the apoplast. modelling of tapr61 revealed the presence of an internal cavity which can accommodate at least two lipid molecules. the full-length gene, including the promoter sequence of a tapr61 orthologue, was cloned from a bac library of triticum durum. quantitative rt-pcr analysis revealed the presence of tapr61 and tdpr61 mainly in grain. a tra ...201222213809
drought responses of leaf tissues from wheat cultivars of differing drought tolerance at the metabolite level.drought has serious effects on the physiology of cereal crops. at the cellular and specifically the metabolite level, many individual compounds are increased to provide osmoprotective functions, prevent the dissociation of enzymes, and to decrease the number of reactive oxygen species present in the cell. we have used a targeted gc-ms approach to identify compounds that differ in three different cultivars of bread wheat characterized by different levels of tolerance to drought under drought stre ...201222207720
Epiphytic pink-pigmented methylotrophic bacteria enhance germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) by producing phytohormone.Methylotrophic bacteria were isolated from the phyllosphere of different crop plants such as sugarcane, pigeonpea, mustard, potato and radish. The methylotrophic isolates were differentiated based on growth characteristics and colony morphology on methanol supplemented ammonium mineral salts medium. Amplification of the mxaF gene helped in the identification of the methylotrophic isolates as belonging to the genus Methylobacterium. Cell-free culture filtrates of these strains enhanced seed germi ...201122200783
a genetic playground for enhancing grain number in cereals.improving the yield stability of cereal crops with a view to bolstering global food security is an important priority. the components of final grain number per plant at harvest are determined by fertile spikes per plant, number of fertile spikelets per spike and number of grains per spikelet. in this review article, we focus on the genetic factors of floral development and inflorescence architecture known to influence grain number and provide a broad overview of genes and genetic pathways that p ...022197176
rootrak: automated recovery of three-dimensional plant root architecture in soil from x-ray microcomputed tomography images using visual tracking.x-ray microcomputed tomography (μct) is an invaluable tool for visualizing plant root systems within their natural soil environment noninvasively. however, variations in the x-ray attenuation values of root material and the overlap in attenuation values between roots and soil caused by water and organic materials represent major challenges to data recovery. we report the development of automatic root segmentation methods and software that view μct data as a sequence of images through which root ...201222190339
large scale in silico identification of myb family genes from wheat expressed sequence tags.the myb proteins constitute one of the largest transcription factor families in plants. much research has been performed to determine their structures, functions, and evolution, especially in the model plants, arabidopsis, and rice. however, this transcription factor family has been much less studied in wheat (triticum aestivum), for which no genome sequence is yet available. despite this, expressed sequence tags are an important resource that permits opportunities for large scale gene identific ...201222187170
chromosomes 3b and 4d are associated with several milling and baking quality traits in a soft white spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) population.wheat is marketed based on end-use quality characteristics and better knowledge of the underlying genetics of specific quality parameters is essential to enhance the breeding process. a set of 188 recombinant inbred lines from a 'louise' by 'penawawa' mapping population was grown in two crop years at two locations in the pacific northwest region of the united states and data were collected on 17 end-use quality traits using established quality analysis protocols. using an established genetic lin ...201222186959
asynchronous flowering and within-plant flowering diversity in wheat and the implications for crop resilience to heat.self-pollination dominates in wheat, with a small level of out-crossing due to flowering asynchrony and male sterility. however, the timing and synchrony of male and female flowering in wheat is a crucial determinant of seed set and may be an important factor affecting gene flow and resilience to climate change. here, a methodology is presented for assessing the timing and synchrony of flowering in wheat, triticum aestivum.201222186277
inhibition of fusarium graminearum growth in flour gel cultures by hexane-soluble compounds from oat (avena sativa l.) flour.fusarium head blight, incited by the fungus fusarium graminearum, primarily affects wheat (triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgarum), while oat (avena sativa) appears to be more resistant. although this has generally been attributed to the open panicle of oats, we hypothesized that a chemical component of oats might contribute to this resistance. to test this hypothesis, we created culture media made of wheat, barley, and oat flour gels (6 g of flour in 20 ml of water, gelled by autoclav ...201122186063
the induction of mycotoxins by trichothecene producing fusarium species.in recent years, many fusarium species have emerged which now threaten the productivity and safety of small grain cereal crops worldwide. during floral infection and post-harvest on stored grains the fusarium hyphae produce various types of harmful mycotoxins which subsequently contaminate food and feed products. this article focuses specifically on the induction and production of the type b sesquiterpenoid trichothecene mycotoxins. methods are described which permit in liquid culture the small ...201222183670
assessing wheat (triticum aestivum) genotypes for "yr" resistance genes using conserved regions and simple-sequence motifs.analysis of dna sequence variation among genotypes is useful for differentiation of wheat accessions, selection strategies and genetic development of crop plants. we screened molecular markers for yellow rust resistance genes (yr7, yr9, yr15, yr18, yr26, and yrh52), which are in the gene-rich regions of wheat chromosomes 1b, 2b, and 7d, to investigate dna sequence differences and repeat motifs and numbers between wheat cultivars resistant (izgi2001, sonmez2001, pi178383) and susceptible (aytin98 ...201122180070
Transcriptome analysis of h(2)o(2)-treated wheat seedlings reveals a h(2)o(2)-responsive Fatty Acid desaturase gene participating in powdery mildew resistance.Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) plays important roles in plant biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, the effect of H(2)O(2) stress on the bread wheat transcriptome is still lacking. To investigate the cellular and metabolic responses triggered by H(2)O(2), we performed an mRNA tag analysis of wheat seedlings under 10 mM H(2)O(2) treatment for 6 hour in one powdery mildew (PM) resistant (PmA) and two susceptible (Cha and Han) lines. In total, 6,156, 6,875 and 3,276 transcripts were found to ...201122174904
Characterization of a wheat heme oxygenase-1 gene and its responses to different abiotic stresses.In animals and recently in plants, heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) has been found to confer protection against a variety of oxidant-induced cell and tissue injuries. In this study, a wheat (Triticum aestivum) HO1 gene TaHO1 was cloned and sequenced. It encodes a polypeptide of 31.7 kD with a putative N-terminal plastid transit peptide. The amino acid sequence of TaHO1 was found to be 78% similar to that of maize HO1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that TaHO1 clusters together with the HO1-like sequences ...201122174625
in vitro-cultured wheat spikes provide a simplified alternative for studies of cadmium uptake in developing grains.an immature wheat spike culture system was used to monitor cadmium (cd) accumulation in grains, hulls and awns of bread wheat and durum wheat. immature spikes were cultured prior to anthesis in a medium containing 50 g l(-1) sucrose and 0.4 g l(-1) l-glutamine, supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 mg l(-1) cadmium chloride (cdcl(2)). grains were collected at maturity and their cd accumulation was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms).201222173723
effect of freeze drying and oven drying on antioxidant properties of fresh wheatgrass.the effects of freeze drying and hot air drying on total phenolics, total flavonoids and antioxidant properties of flour from seven-day-old fresh wheatgrass (triticum aestivum l.) were investigated. in the quantitative analysis of antioxidative components, fresh wheatgrass samples had the highest amount of ascorbic acid and chlorophyll, but the lowest amount of total flavonoids and phenolics. in the analysis of ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (frap), ethanolic extract from freeze-dried w ...201222171655
identification and comparative mapping of a powdery mildew resistance gene derived from wild emmer (triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides) on chromosome 2bs.powdery mildew, caused by blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is an important foliar disease of wheat worldwide. wild emmer (triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides) is a valuable genetic resource for improving disease resistance in common wheat. a powdery mildew resistance gene conferring resistance to b. graminis f. sp. tritici isolate e09 at the seedling and adult stages was identified in wild emmer accession iw170 introduced from israel. an incomplete dominant gene, temporarily designated mliw170, ...201122170431
hexavalent chromium reduction and plant growth promotion by staphylococcusarlettae strain cr11.cr(vi), a mutagenic and carcinogenic pollutant in industrial effluents, was effectively reduced by an indigenous tannery effluent isolate staphylococcus arlettae strain cr11 under aerobic conditions. the isolate could tolerate cr(vi) up to 2000 and 5000mgl(-1) in liquid and solid media respectively. s. arlettae cr11 effectively reduced 98% of 100mgl(-1) cr(vi) in 24h. reduction for initial cr(vi) concentrations of 500 and 1000mgl(-1) was 98% and 75%, respectively in 120h. the isolate was also po ...201122169713
[molecular-genetic analysis of the breeding bread wheat lines with starch of amylopectin type].pcr-analysis with primers to wx-loci of t. aestivum l. genome lets us run the controlled selection of genotypes with null-alleles of wx-genes while creating bread wheat lines with amylopectin type of starch. microsatellite analysis of selected individual plants which were the carries of three null-alleles of wx-genes (wx-a1b, wx-b1b, wx-d1b) and the cluster analysis in the complex allowed us to pick out four genotypes, which were very close related genetically to the parent form variety kuyalnik ...201122168045
[identification of allelic state of leaf rust-resistance lr34 gene in the cultivars of soft winter wheat of ukrainian breeding].the distribution of alleles at the lr34 locus associated with leaf rust resistance among winter common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars of ukrainian breeding was studied. co-dominant molecular-genetic marker cssfr5 was used for detection of the allelic condition of the lr34 locus. the cultivars with detected allele lr34(+) were identified as potentially "resistant" and the cultivars in which detected allele lr34(-) were identified as potentially "susceptible". the collection of the cultiva ...201122168043
kinetic properties of cell wall bound superoxide dismutase in leaves of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) following stripe rust (puccinia striiformis) infection.stripe rust (puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) is the most devastating disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) accounting huge economical losses to the industry worldwide. hd 2329 was a widely grown wheat cultivar which had become highly susceptible to stripe rust and was used to understand the biochemical aspects of the host pathogen interaction through characterization of superoxide dismutase (sod). in the present study, two types of sod, ionically or covalently bound to the particulate frac ...201122165293
in vitro effect of wheat bran (triticum aestivum) extract on calcium oxalate urolithiasis crystallization.urolithiasis can lead to the loss of renal function in some cases. in this study, we tested the inhibiting effect of wheat bran (triticum aestivum l) extract on calcium oxalate crystallization in a turbidimetric model, by ftir spectroscopy, and polarized microscopy. the results show that this plant extract has a major inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate crystallization.201122164778
Hyperspectral and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging to Analyse the Impact of Fusarium culmorum on the Photosynthetic Integrity of Infected Wheat Ears.Head blight on wheat, caused by Fusarium spp., is a serious problem for both farmers and food production due to the concomitant production of highly toxic mycotoxins in infected cereals. For selective mycotoxin analyses, information about the on-field status of infestation would be helpful. Early symptom detection directly on ears, together with the corresponding geographic position, would be important for selective harvesting. Hence, the capabilities of various digital imaging methods to detect ...201122163820
towards an understanding of wheat chloroplasts: a methodical investigation of thylakoid proteome.we utilized percoll density gradient centrifugation to isolate and fractionate chloroplasts of korean winter wheat cultivar cv. kumgang (triticum aestivum l.). the resulting protein fractions were separated by one dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1d-page) coupled with ltq-fticr mass spectrometry. this enabled us to detect and identify 767 unique proteins. our findings represent the most comprehensive exploration of a proteome to date. based on annotation information from the unipr ...201222160430
environmental assay on the effect of poultry manure application on soil organisms in agroecosystems.this paper reports the effects produced on the organisms of the soil (plants, invertebrates and microorganisms), after the application of two types of poultry manure (sawdust and straw bed) on an agricultural land. the test was made using a terrestrial microcosm, multi-species soil system (ms3) developed in inia. there was no difference in the germination for any of the three species of plants considered in the study. the biomass was increased in the wheat (triticum aestivum) coming from ground ...201122154182
Acetylation degree of chitin in the protective response of wheat plants.Influences on the acetylation degree of chitin manifested by proteins from cultural filtrates of strains of the fungus Septoria nodorum different in aggressiveness and of extracts from leaves of the susceptible (Triticum aestivum) and resistant (Triticum timopheevii) wheat plants infected with these strains were studied. Chitin deacetylase was found among the extracellular proteins of the fungus. Its activity was higher in the aggressive strain of the fungus than in the non-aggressive one, and t ...201122150279
plant morphophysiological and anatomical factors associated with nitrous oxide flux from wheat (triticum aestivum).experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of nitrous oxide (n₂o) emission from wheat varieties viz., sonalika, huw 468, huw 234 and dbw 14 grown in alluvial soils of north bank plain agroclimatic zone of assam, india. attempts were made to find out the relationship of n₂o emission with plant morphophysiological, anatomical and soil properties. n₂o fluxes from wheat varieties ranged from 40 μg n₂o-n m⁻² h⁻¹ to 295 μg n₂o-n m⁻² h⁻¹. soil organic carbon and soil temperature have shown signif ...201222146810
identification and expression pattern of ribosomal l5 gene in common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).the full-length cdna sequence (1158 bp) encoding a ribosomal l5 protein, designated as tal5, was firstly isolated from common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) using the rapid amplification of cdna ends method (race). the open reading frame (orf) of tal5 gene was 906 bp, and its deduced amino acid sequence (301 residues) shared high similarity to those of other higher plant l5 proteins. tal5 protein contained a putative 5s binding region (74 amino acids). tal5 dna sequence was further cloned, and seq ...201222143034
ectopic expression of a wheat myb transcription factor gene, tamyb73, improves salinity stress tolerance in arabidopsis thaliana.myb transcription factors (tfs) play pivotal roles in the abiotic stress response in plants, but their characteristics and functions in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) have not been fully investigated. a novel wheat myb tf gene, tamyb73, is reported here based on the observation that its targeting probe showed the highest salinity-inducibility level among all probes annotated as myb tfs in the cdna microarray. tamyb73 is a r2r3 type myb protein with transactivation activity, and binds with types i, ...201222140235
rna-seq in grain unveils fate of neo- and paleopolyploidization events in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).whole genome duplication is a common evolutionary event in plants. bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is a good model to investigate the impact of paleo- and neoduplications on the organization and function of modern plant genomes.201122136458
competitive performance of transgenic wheat resistant to powdery mildew.genetically modified (gm) plants offer an ideal model system to study the influence of single genes that confer constitutive resistance to pathogens on the ecological behaviour of plants. we used phytometers to study competitive interactions between gm lines of spring wheat triticum aestivum carrying such genes and control lines. we hypothesized that competitive performance of gm lines would be reduced due to enhanced transgene expression under pathogen levels typically encountered in the field. ...201122132219
Biodegradation of crystal violet by Agrobacterium radiobacter.Agrobacterium radiobacter MTCC 8161 completely decolorized the Crystal Violet with 8 hr (10 mg/L) at static anoxic conditions. The decreased decolorization capability by A. radiobacter was observed, when the Crystal Violet concentration was increased from 10 to 100 mg/L. Semi-synthetic medium containing 1% yeast extract and 0.1% NH4C1 has shown 100% decolorization of Crystal Violet within 5 hr. A complete degradation of Crystal Violet by A. radiobacter was observed up to 7 cycles of repeated add ...201122128547
self-organized crystallization patterns from evaporating droplets of common wheat grain leakages as a potential tool for quality analysis.we studied the evaporation-induced pattern formation in droplets of common wheat kernel leakages prepared out of ancient and modern wheat cultivars as a possible tool for wheat quality analysis. the experiments showed that the substances which passed into the water during the soaking of the kernels created crystalline structures with different degrees of complexity while the droplets were evaporating. the forms ranged from spots and simple structures with single ramifications, through dendrites, ...201122125430
cell walls of developing wheat starchy endosperm: comparison of composition and rna-seq transcriptome.the transcriptome of the developing starchy endosperm of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum) was determined using rna-seq isolated at five stages during grain fill. this resource represents an excellent way to identify candidate genes responsible for the starchy endosperm cell wall, which is dominated by arabinoxylan (ax), accounting for 70% of the cell wall polysaccharides, with 20% (1,3;1,4)-β-d-glucan, 7% glucomannan, and 4% cellulose. a complete inventory of transcripts of 124 glycosyltransf ...201222123899
[establishment of wheat-rye addition lines and de novo powdery mildew resistance gene from chromosome 5r].the f5 plants derived from octoploid triticale × common wheat were investigated by fish methods using repetitive dna sequences pas1 and psc119.2 as probes. the disease resistance of these plants was also screened and evaluated in the field. the 1r, 2r, 3r, 4r, 5r, 6r and 7r monosomic addition lines and 1r and 2r disomic addition lines were found. the occurrence frequencies of chromosomes 1r and 4r addition lines were higher than that of chromosomes 2r, 3r, 5r, 6r, and 7r addition lines in the hi ...201122120083
genetic behaviour of physiological traits conferring cytosolic k+/na+ homeostasis in wheat.a plant's ability to maintain an optimal cytosolic k(+)/na(+) ratio has long been cited as a key feature of salinity tolerance. as traditional whole-leaf nutrient analysis does not account for tissue and organelle-specific ion sequestration, the predictive value of this index at the whole-plant level is not always satisfactory. consequently, suitable in situ methods for functionally assessing the activity of the key membrane transporters contributing to this trait at the cellular level need to b ...201222117736
phenotypic variation in acidovorax radicisn35 influences plant growth promotion.acidovorax radicis n35, isolated from surface-sterilized wheat roots (triticum aestivum), showed irreversible phenotypic variation in nutrient broth, resulting in a differing colony morphology. in addition to the wild-type form (rough colony type), a phenotypic variant form (smooth colony type) appeared at a frequency of 3.2 × 10(-3) per cell per generation on nb agar plates. in contrast to the n35 wild type, the variant n35v showed almost no cell aggregation and had lost its flagella and swarm ...201122107346
cryptic introgression of dasypyrum villosum parental dna in wheat lines derived from intergeneric hybridization.cytogenetic and dna molecular analyses have been carried out in 3 wheat introgression lines (ils; cs×v58, cs×v59, and cs×v60) derived from triticum aestivum cv. 'chinese spring' (cs) × dasypyrum villosum(dv) intergeneric hybridization. all lines, which showed several phenotypic differences compared to cs, had the same chromosome number (2n = 42) and structure as cs, and neither chromosomes nor chromatin from dv were apparently added to their complement. however, feulgen/dna cytophotometry showed ...201222104134
quantitative trait loci mapping of dark-induced senescence in winter wheat (triticum aestivum).in order to explore the genetics of dark-induced senescence in winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.), a quantitative trait loci (qtl) analysis was carried out in a doubled haploid population developed from a cross between the varieties hanxuan 10 (hx) and lumai 14 (lm). the senescence parameters chlorophyll content (chl a+b, chl a, and chl b), original fluorescence (fo), maximum fluorescence level (fm), maximum photochemical efficiency (fv/fm), and ratio of variable fluorescence to original fluore ...201222098940
molecular cloning of a new wheat calreticulin gene tacrt1 and expression analysis in plant defense responses and abiotic stress resistance.calreticulin proteins play essential roles in regulating various metabolic processes and in molecular signal transduction in animals and plants. using homologous pcr, we screened a cdna library of the wheat resistance gene yr5 from a near-isogenic line in the susceptible common wheat variety taichung 29, which was inoculated with an incompatible race cyr32 of puccinia striiformis. we isolated a novel full-length cdna encoding calreticulin protein, which we named tacrt1. sequence analyses ...201122095480
diagnosis and control of cereal viruses in the middle east.middle eastern countries are major consumers of small grain cereals. egypt is the biggest bread wheat producer with 7.4 million tons (mt) in 2007, but at the same time, it had to import 5.9 mt. jordan and israel import almost all the grains they consume. viruses are the major pathogens that impair grain production in the middle east, infecting in some years more than 80% of the crop. they are transmitted in nonpersistent, semipersistent, and persistent manners by insects (aphids, leafhoppers, an ...022094078
the 'green revolution' dwarfing genes play a role in disease resistance in triticum aestivum and hordeum vulgare.the green revolution dwarfing genes, rht-b1b and rht-d1b, encode mutant forms of della proteins and are present in most modern wheat varieties. della proteins have been implicated in the response to biotic stress in the model plant, arabidopsis thaliana. using defined wheat rht near-isogenic lines and barley sln1 gain of function (gof) and loss of function (lof) lines, the role of della in response to biotic stress was investigated in pathosystems representing contrasting trophic styles (biotrop ...201122090435
a transcriptomic analysis reveals the nature of salinity tolerance of a wheat introgression line.the bread wheat cultivar shanrong no.3 (sr3) is a salinity tolerant derivative of an asymmetric somatic hybrid between cultivar jinan 177 (jn177) and tall wheatgrass (thinopyrum ponticum). to reveal some of the mechanisms underlying its elevated abiotic stress tolerance, both sr3 and jn177 were exposed to iso-osmotic nacl and peg stress, and the resulting gene expression was analysed using a customized microarray. some genes associated with stress response proved to be more highly expressed in s ...201222089973
Molecular characterization of novel TaNAC genes in wheat and overexpression of TaNAC2a confers drought tolerance in tobacco.Plant-specific NAC (NAM/ATAF/CUC) transcription factors (TFs) had been reported to play a role in diverse stress responses and developmental processes. We showed here that six new genes encoding NAC TFs in wheat (Triticum aestivum) were identified (named as TaNAC2a, TaNAC4a, TaNAC6, TaNAC7, TaNAC13 and TaNTL5, respectively), and we classified them into three groups: stress-related NACs, development-related NACs and NTLs (membrane-associated TFs belonging to NAC) by phylogenetic analysis. All TaN ...201122082019
proteomes of hard and soft near-isogenic wheat lines reveal that kernel hardness is related to the amplification of a stress response during endosperm development.wheat kernel texture, a major trait determining the end-use quality of wheat flour, is mainly influenced by puroindolines. these small basic proteins display in vitro lipid binding and antimicrobial properties, but their cellular functions during grain development remain unknown. to gain an insight into their biological function, a comparative proteome analysis of two near-isogenic lines (nils) of bread wheat triticum aestivum l. cv. falcon differing in the presence or absence of the puroindolin ...201222080980
high resolution melting analysis for the detection of ems induced mutations in wheat sbeiia genes.manipulation of the amylose-amylopectin ratio in cereal starch has been identified as a major target for the production of starches with novel functional properties. in wheat, silencing of starch branching enzyme genes by a transgenic approach reportedly caused an increase of amylose content up to 70% of total starch, exhibiting novel and interesting nutritional characteristics. in this work, the functionality of starch branching enzyme iia (sbeiia) has been targeted in bread wheat by tilling. a ...201122074448
skp1 is involved in abscisic acid signalling to regulate seed germination, stomatal opening and root growth in arabidopsis thaliana.abscisic acid (aba) regulates many aspects of plant development, including seed dormancy and germination, root growth and stomatal closure. plant skp1 proteins are subunits of the scf complex e3 ligases, which regulate several phytohormone signalling pathways through protein degradation. however, little is known about skp1 proteins participating in aba signalling. here, we report that the overexpression of triticum aestivum skp1-like 1 (tsk1) in arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) resulted in del ...201222074111
development of a multiplex dna-based traceability tool for crop plant materials.the authenticity of food is of increasing importance for producers, retailers and consumers. all groups benefit from the correct labelling of the contents of food products. producers and retailers want to guarantee the origin of their products and check for adulteration with cheaper or inferior ingredients. consumers are also more demanding about the origin of their food for various socioeconomic reasons. in contrast to this increasing demand, correct labelling has become much more complex becau ...201222071608
time-dependent distribution of sulphur, sulphate and glutathione in wheat tissues and grain as affected by three sulphur fertilization levels and late s fertilization.sulphur (s) fertilization has beneficial effects on yield and protein composition of mature wheat kernels. however, to understand the impact of s fertilization on storage protein composition, synthesis of s-containing compounds and their distribution during grain development has to be examined. a pot experiment with triticum aestivum cultivar türkis under three s fertilization levels (0 g, 0.1 g und 0.2 g s per pot) and a late s fertilization level at ear emergence was carried out. stalk and lea ...201222070976
comparison of homoeologous chromosome pairing between hybrids of wheat genotypes chinese spring ph1b and kaixian-luohanmai with rye.the ph-like genes in the chinese common wheat landrace kaixian-luohanmai (kl) induce homoeologous pairing in hybrids with alien species. in the present study, meiotic phenotypic differences on homoeologous chromosome pairing at metaphase i between hybrids of wheat genotypes chinese spring ph1b (csph1b) and kl with rye were studied by genomic in situ hybridization (gish). the frequency of wheat-wheat associations was higher in csph1b×rye than in kl×rye. however, frequencies of wheat-rye and rye-r ...201122070394
overexpression of gcn2-type protein kinase in wheat has profound effects on free amino acid concentration and gene expression.a key point of regulation of protein synthesis and amino acid homoeostasis in eukaryotes is the phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eif2α) by protein kinase general control nonderepressible (gcn)-2. in this study, a gcn2-type pcr product (tagcn2) was amplified from wheat (triticum aestivum) rna, while a wheat eif2α homologue was identified in wheat genome data and found to contain a conserved target site for phosphorylation by gcn2. tagcn2 overexpressi ...201222070093
distribution and diversity of russian wheat aphid (hemiptera: aphididae) biotypes in south africa and lesotho.russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov) (hemiptera: aphididae) was recorded for the first time in south africa in 1978. in 2005, a second biotype, rwasa2, emerged, and here we report on the emergence of yet another biotype, found for the first time in 2009. the discovery of new russian wheat aphid biotypes is a significant challenge to the wheat, triticum aestivum l., industry in south africa. russian wheat aphid resistance in wheat, that offered wheat producers a long-term solution to ...201122066205
Developing a sustainable phytomanagement strategy for excessive selenium in western United States and India.Phytomanagement technology is recognized as an inexpensive and environmental friendly strategy for managing natural-occurring selenium (Se) in soils and in poor quality waters. Multi-year field and greenhouse studies were conducted with different plant species in California, USA and Punjab, India under high Se growing conditions. Some of the plant species included; canola (Brassica napus), mustard (B. juncea), broccoli (B. oleracea), spearmint (Mentha viridis), sugarcane (Saccharum officcinarum) ...201122046761
identification of novel quantitative trait loci for days to ear emergence and flag leaf glaucousness in a bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) population adapted to southern australian conditions.in southern australia, where the climate is predominantly mediterranean, achieving the correct flowering time in bread wheat minimizes the impact of in-season cyclical and terminal drought. flag leaf glaucousness has been hypothesized as an important component of drought tolerance but its value and genetic basis in locally adapted germplasm is unknown. from a cross between kukri and rac875, a doubled-haploid (dh) population was developed. a genetic linkage map consisting of 456 dart and ssr mark ...201122045047
characterization of three homoeologous cdnas encoding chloroplast-targeted aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in common wheat(f).in the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway of higher plants, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ala) is metabolized by ala dehydratase (alad). here, we isolated alad1 cdna from common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and its diploid progenitors, and produced transgenic tobacco plants expressing the wheat alad1 gene. the alad1 genes were highly conserved among wheat relatives, and three homoeologous loci of wheat alad1 (taalad1) were equally transcribed in common wheat. a transient expression assay of a taalad1-gf ...201122044778
duplication and partitioning in evolution and function of homoeologous q loci governing domestication characters in polyploid wheat.the q gene encodes an ap2-like transcription factor that played an important role in domestication of polyploid wheat. the chromosome 5a q alleles (5aq and 5aq) have been well studied, but much less is known about the q alleles on wheat homoeologous chromosomes 5b (5bq) and 5d (5dq). we investigated the organization, evolution, and function of the q/q homoeoalleles in hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.). q/q gene sequences are highly conserved within and among the a, b, and d genomes of hexap ...201122042872
a recessive gene controlling male sterility sensitive to short daylength/low temperature in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).utilization of a two-line breeding system via photoperiod-thermo sensitive male sterility has a great potential for hybrid production in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). 337s is a novel wheat male sterile line sensitive to both short daylength/low temperature and long daylength/high temperature. five f(2) populations derived from the crosses between 337s and five common wheat varieties were developed for genetic analysis. all f(1)'s were highly fertile while segregation occurred in the f(2) populat ...201122042660
fine genetic mapping of greenbug aphid-resistance gene gb3 in aegilops tauschii.the greenbug, schizaphis graminum (rondani), is an important aphid pest of small grain crops especially wheat (triticum aestivum l., 2n = 6x = 42, genomes aabbdd) in many parts of the world. the greenbug-resistance gene gb3 originated from aegilops tauschii coss. (2n = 2x = 14, genome d(t)d(t)) has shown consistent and durable resistance against prevailing greenbug biotypes in wheat fields. we previously mapped gb3 in a recombination-rich, telomeric bin of wheat chromosome arm 7dl. in this study ...201222038487
a 3,000-loci transcription map of chromosome 3b unravels the structural and functional features of gene islands in hexaploid wheat.to improve our understanding of the organization and regulation of the wheat (triticum aestivum) gene space, we established a transcription map of a wheat chromosome (3b) by hybridizing a newly developed wheat expression microarray with bacterial artificial chromosome pools from a new version of the 3b physical map as well as with cdna probes derived from 15 rna samples. mapping data for almost 3,000 genes showed that the gene space spans the whole chromosome 3b with a 2-fold increase of gene de ...201122034626
comparative transcriptomics reveals 129 transcripts that are temporally regulated during anther development and meiotic progression in both bread wheat (triticum aestivum) and rice (oryza sativa).meiosis is a specialised type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that generates genetic diversity and prevents chromosome doubling in successive generations. the last decade has seen forward and reverse genetic approaches identifying many genes in the plant kingdom which highlight similarities and differences in the mechanics of meiosis between taxonomic kingdoms. we present here a high throughput in silico analysis, using bread wheat and rice, which has generated a list of 129 t ...201122028702
zymoseptoria gen. nov.: a new genus to accommodate septoria-like species occurring on graminicolous hosts.the mycosphaerella complex is both poly- and paraphyletic, containing several different families and genera. the genus mycosphaerella is restricted to species with ramularia anamorphs, while septoria is restricted to taxa that cluster with the type species of septoria, s. cytisi, being closely related to cercospora in the mycosphaerellaceae. species that occur on graminicolous hosts represent an as yet undescribed genus, for which the name zymoseptoria is proposed. based on the 28s nrdna phyloge ...201122025804
Autotoxicity and allelopathy of 3,4-dihydroxyacetophenone isolated from Picea schrenkiana needles.Bioassay-guided fractionation of the diethyl ether fraction of a water extract of Picea schrenkiana needles led to the isolation of the phenolic compound 3,4-dihydroxy- acetophenone (DHAP). The allelopathic effects of DHAP were evaluated under laboratory conditions on P. schrenkiana, rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), lettuce (Latuca sativa L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.). DHAP significantly inhibited seed ...201122024957
characterization of proteins from grain of different bread and durum wheat genotypes.the classical osborne wheat protein fractions (albumins, globulins, gliadins, and glutenins), as well as several proteins from each of the four subunits of gliadin using sds-page analyses, were determined in the grain of five bread (t. aestivum l.) and five durum wheat (t. durum desf.) genotypes. in addition, content of tryptophan and wet gluten were analyzed. gliadins and glutenins comprise from 58.17% to 65.27% and 56.25% to 64.48% of total proteins and as such account for both quantity and qu ...201122016634
molecular characterization of rht-1 dwarfing genes in hexaploid wheat.the introduction of the reduced height (rht)-b1b and rht-d1b semidwarfing genes led to impressive increases in wheat (triticum aestivum) yields during the green revolution. the reduction in stem elongation in varieties containing these alleles is caused by a limited response to the phytohormone gibberellin (ga), resulting in improved resistance to stem lodging and yield benefits through an increase in grain number. rht-b1 and rht-d1 encode della proteins, which act to repress ga-responsive growt ...201122013218
dominant and pleiotropic effects of a gai gene in wheat results from a lack of interaction between della and gid1.dominance, semidominance, and recessiveness are important modes of mendelian inheritance. the phytohormone gibberellin (ga) regulates many plant growth and developmental processes. the previously cloned semidominant ga-insensitive (gai) genes reduced height1 (rht1) and rht2 in wheat (triticum aestivum) were the basis of the green revolution. however, no completely dominant gai gene has been cloned. here, we report the molecular characterization of rht-b1c, a dominant gai allele in wheat that con ...201122010107
wheatgenome.info: an integrated database and portal for wheat genome information.bread wheat (triticum aestivum) is one of the most important crop plants, globally providing staple food for a large proportion of the human population. however, improvement of this crop has been limited due to its large and complex genome. advances in genomics are supporting wheat crop improvement. we provide a variety of web-based systems hosting wheat genome and genomic data to support wheat research and crop improvement. wheatgenome.info is an integrated database resource which includes mult ...201122009731
exploration of small non coding rnas in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).large numbers of noncoding rna transcripts (ncrnas) are being revealed in animals and plants, which can function at the transcriptional or posttranscriptional level to negatively regulate or control genes, repetitive sequences, viruses, and mobile elements. with the identification of microrna and sirnas in diverse organisms, increasing evidences indicate that these short npcrnas play important roles in development, stress response and diseases by cleavage of target mrna or interfere with transla ...201222009635
[dynamic simulation of wheat stem-sheath angle based on process].based on the field experiments with different plant-type wheat (triticum aestivum) cultivars and varied population densities, the time-course changes in the angle between stem and sheath (stem-sheath angle) on main stem were observed, and a process-based model was developed for simulating the growth dynamics of stem-sheath angle on the main stem by using system analysis method and dynamic modeling technology. the stem-sheath angle increased with the growth of corresponding leaves, and decreased ...201122007453
screening and identification of seed-specific genes using digital differential display tools combined with microarray data from common wheat.wheat is one of the most important cereal crops for human beings, with seeds being the tissue of highly economic value. various morphogenetic and metabolic processes are exclusively associated with seed maturation. the goal of this study was to screen and identify genes specifically expressed in the developing seed of wheat with an integrative utilization of digital differential display (ddd) and available online microarray databases.201122003838
sequencing wheat chromosome arm 7bs delimits the 7bs/4al translocation and reveals homoeologous gene conservation.complex triticeae genomes pose a challenge to genome sequencing efforts due to their size and repetitive nature. genome sequencing can reveal details of conservation and rearrangements between related genomes. we have applied illumina second generation sequencing technology to sequence and assemble the low copy and unique regions of triticum aestivum chromosome arm 7bs, followed by the construction of a syntenic build based on gene order in brachypodium. we have delimited the position of a previ ...201222001910
domain loss has independently occurred multiple times in plant terpene synthase evolution.the extensive family of plant terpene synthases (tpss) generally has a bi-domain structure, yet phylogenetic analyses consistently indicate that these synthases have evolved from larger diterpene synthases. in particular, that duplication of the diterpene synthase genes required for gibberellin phytohormone biosynthesis provided an early predecessor, whose loss of a approximately 220 amino acid 'internal sequence element' (now recognized as the γ domain) gave rise to the precursor of the modern ...201121999670
association study of resistance to soilborne wheat mosaic virus in u.s. winter wheat.soilborne wheat mosaic virus (sbwmv) is one of the most important winter wheat pathogens worldwide. to identify genes for resistance to the virus in u.s. winter wheat, association study was conducted using a selected panel of 205 elite experimental lines and cultivars from u.s. hard and soft winter wheat breeding programs. virus symptoms were evaluated twice in virus-infected fields for the panel at manhattan, ks in spring 2010 and 2011 and for a subpanel of 137 hard winter wheat accessions at s ...201121999158
a comparative study on the interference of two herbicides in wheat and italian ryegrass and on their antioxidant activities and detoxification rates.a study was carried out to compare the effects of treating wheat (triticum aestivum) and italian ryegrass (lolium multiflorum) with atrazine and fluorodifen. the herbicides interfered with photosynthesis and dark respiration, depending on the species. atrazine decreased photosynthesis in both species and dark respiration in wheat, while fluorodifen caused decrements of photosynthetic activity of wheat. antioxidant enzymes, such as ascorbate peroxidase (apx), dehydroascorbate reductase (dhar), an ...201121999101
the quantitative response of wheat vernalization to environmental variables indicates that vernalization is not a response to cold temperature.the initiation of flowering is a crucial trait that allows temperate plants to flower in the favourable conditions of spring. the timing of flowering initiation is governed by two main mechanisms: vernalization that defines a plant's requirement for a prolonged exposure to cold temperatures; and photoperiod sensitivity defining the need for long days to initiate floral transition. genetic variability in both vernalization and photoperiod sensitivity largely explains the adaptability of cultivate ...201221994169
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