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divergences in morphological changes and antioxidant responses in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive rice seedlings after salt stress.salinization plays a primary role in soil degradation and reduced agricultural productivity. we observed that salt stress reversed photosynthesis and reactive oxygen scavenging responses in leaves or roots of two rice cultivars, a salt-tolerant cultivar pokkali and a salt-sensitive cultivar ir-29. salt treatment (100 mm nacl) on ir-29 decreased the maximum photochemical efficiency (fv/fm) and the photochemical quenching coefficient (qp), thereby inhibiting photosynthetic activity. by contrast, t ...201323811121
ossuv3 dual helicase functions in salinity stress tolerance by maintaining photosynthesis and antioxidant machinery in rice (oryza sativa l. cv. ir64).to overcome the salinity-induced loss of crop yield, a salinity-tolerant trait is required. the suv3 helicase is involved in the regulation of rna surveillance and turnover in mitochondria, but the helicase activity of plant suv3 and its role in abiotic stress tolerance have not been reported so far. here we report that the oryza sativa (rice) suv3 protein exhibits dna and rna helicase, and atpase activities. furthermore, we report that suv3 is induced in rice seedlings in response to high level ...201323808500
a rice virescent-yellow leaf mutant reveals new insights into the role and assembly of plastid caseinolytic protease in higher plants.the plastidic caseinolytic protease (clp) of higher plants is an evolutionarily conserved protein degradation apparatus composed of a proteolytic core complex (the p and r rings) and a set of accessory proteins (clpt, clpc, and clps). the role and molecular composition of clps in higher plants has just begun to be unraveled, mostly from studies with the model dicotyledonous plant arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). in this work, we isolated a virescent yellow leaf (vyl) mutant in rice (oryza sat ...201323803583
an improved simplified high-sensitivity quantification method for determining brassinosteroids in different tissues of rice and arabidopsis.quantification of brassinosteroids is essential and extremely important to study the molecular mechanisms of their physiological roles in plant growth and development. herein, we present a simple, material and cost-saving high-performance method for determining endogenous brassinosteroids (brs) in model plants. this new method enables simultaneous enrichment of a wide range of bioactive brs such as brassinolide, castasterone, teasterone, and typhasterol with ion exchange solid-phase extraction a ...201323800992
salt-responsive erf1 regulates reactive oxygen species-dependent signaling during the initial response to salt stress in rice.early detection of salt stress is vital for plant survival and growth. still, the molecular processes controlling early salt stress perception and signaling are not fully understood. here, we identified salt-responsive erf1 (serf1), a rice (oryza sativa) transcription factor (tf) gene that shows a root-specific induction upon salt and hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) treatment. loss of serf1 impairs the salt-inducible expression of genes encoding members of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) casc ...201323800963
[distribution characteristics of rice photosynthesized carbon in soil aggregates of different size and density].rice growth affects the distribution of organic matter in soils and soil fractions, and is thus an important factor to control the storage of soil organic matter. the aims of our study were to quantify the photosynthesized c in soil fraction pools of different size and density during the rice growth, and also to offer data evidence not only in the mechanisms of soc accumulation, but also in c sequestration potential in paddy soils. therefore, the microcosm experiment was carried out to quantify ...201323798144
identification of qrbs1, a qtl involved in resistance to bacterial seedling rot in rice.bacterial seedling rot (bsr), a destructive disease of rice (oryza sativa l.), is caused by the bacterial pathogen burkholderia glumae. to identify qtls for resistance to bsr, we conducted a qtl analysis using chromosome segment substitution lines (cssls) derived from a cross between nona bokra (resistant) and koshihikari (susceptible). comparison of the levels of bsr in the cssls and their recurrent parent, koshihikari, revealed that a region on chromosome 10 was associated with resistance. fur ...201323797600
sewage sludge biochar influence upon rice (oryza sativa l) yield, metal bioaccumulation and greenhouse gas emissions from acidic paddy soil.biochar addition to soil has been proposed to improve plant growth by increasing soil fertility, minimizing bioaccumulation of toxic metal(liod)s and mitigating climate change. sewage sludge (ss) is an attractive, though potentially problematic, feedstock of biochar. it is attractive because of its large abundance; however, it contains elevated concentrations of metal(loid)s and other contaminants. the pyrolysis of ss to biochar (ssbc) may be a way to reduce the availability of these contaminant ...201323796060
impact of nano-cuo stress on rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings.indiscriminate release of metal oxide nanoparticles (nps) into the environment due to anthropogenic activities has become a serious threat to the ecological system including plants. the present study assesses the toxicity of nano-cuo on rice (oryza sativa cv. swarna) seedlings. three different levels of stress (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm suspensions of copper ii oxide, <50 nm particle size) were imposed and seedling growth performance was studied along control at 7 and 14 d of experiment. modulat ...201323791109
hd16, a gene for casein kinase i, is involved in the control of rice flowering time by modulating the day-length response.the alteration of photoperiod sensitivity has let breeders diversify flowering time in oryza sativa (rice) and develop cultivars adjusted to a range of growing season periods. map-based cloning revealed that the rice flowering-time quantitative trait locus (qtl) heading date 16 (hd16) encodes a casein kinase-i protein. one non-synonymous substitution in hd16 resulted in decreased photoperiod sensitivity in rice, and this substitution occurred naturally in an old rice cultivar. by using near-isog ...201323789941
structural features important for the rna chaperone activity of zinc finger-containing glycine-rich rna-binding proteins from wheat (triticum avestivum) and rice (oryza sativa).despite the increase in understanding of rna chaperone activity of zinc finger-containing glycine-rich rna-binding proteins (rzs) during the cold adaptation process, the structural features relevant to the rna chaperone activity of rzs still largely remain to be established. to investigate the structural determinants important for the rna chaperone activity of rzs, domain-swapping and deletion analyses was carried out to assess the contribution of the n-terminal zinc finger rna-recognition motif ...201323787154
induction of rice mutations by high hydrostatic pressure.high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) is an extreme thermo-physical factor that affects the synthesis of dna, rna and proteins and induces mutagenesis in microorganisms. our previous studies showed that exposure to 25-100 mpa hhp for 12 h retarded the germination and affected the viability of rice (oryza sativa l.) seeds, increased the tolerance of rice plants to cold stress and altered gene expression patterns in germinating rice seeds. however, the mutagenic effect of hhp on rice remains unknown. in ...201323786816
an injury equivalency system for establishing a common economic threshold for three species of rice planthoppers (hemiptera: delphacidae) in taiwan.the economic threshold (et) for multiple pest species that share the same injury type on host plants (feeding guild) has been proposed for decision-making in integrated management framework of many defoliating insect pests. however, only a few consider agricultural pests with sucking mouthparts. this study presents the first injury equivalency system for the feeding guild made up of three rice (oryza sativa l.) planthopper (hemiptera: delphacidae) species--nilaparvata lugens (stål), sogatella fu ...201323786072
brachypodium distachyon as a model plant toward improved biofuel crops: search for secreted proteins involved in biogenesis and disassembly of cell wall polymers.polysaccharides make up about 75% of plant cell walls and can be broken down to produce sugar substrates (saccharification) from which a whole range of products can be obtained, including bioethanol. cell walls also contain 5-10% of proteins, which could be used to tailor them for agroindustrial uses. here we present cell wall proteomics data of brachypodium distachyon, a model plant for temperate grasses. leaves and culms were analyzed during active growth and at mature stage. altogether, 559 p ...201323784962
discrimination between two rice metallothionein isoforms belonging to type 1 and type 4 in metal-binding ability.metallothioneins (mts) are a superfamily of low-molecular-weight, cysteine (cys)-rich proteins that are believed to play important roles in protection against metal toxicity and oxidative stress. plants have several mt isoforms, which are classified into four types based on the arrangement of cys residues. in this study, two rice (oryza sativa) mt isoforms, osmti-1b and osmtii-1a from type 1 and type 4, respectively, were heterologously expressed in escherichia coli as carboxy-terminal extension ...201523782215
isolation and characterization of rice (oryza sativa l.) e3-ubiquitin ligase oshos1 gene in the modulation of cold stress response.plants can cope with adverse environmental conditions through the activation of stress response signalling pathways, in which the proteasome seems to play an important role. however, the mechanisms underlying the proteasome-mediated stress response in rice are still not fully understood. to address this issue, we have identified a rice e3-ubiquitin ligase, oshos1, and characterized its role in the modulation of the cold stress response. using a rna interference (rnai) transgenic approach we foun ...201323780733
nuclear proteome response to cell wall removal in rice (oryza sativa).plant cells are routinely exposed to various pathogens and environmental stresses that cause cell wall perturbations. little is known of the mechanisms that plant cells use to sense these disturbances and transduce corresponding signals to regulate cellular responses to maintain cell wall integrity. previous studies in rice have shown that removal of the cell wall leads to substantial chromatin reorganization and histone modification changes concomitant with cell wall re-synthesis. but the genes ...201323777608
comparative proteomic analysis of rice shoots exposed to high arsenate.consumption of arsenic contaminated water and cereals is a serious threat to humans all over the world. rice (oryza sativa "nipponbare"), as a main cereal crop, can accumulate arsenic more than 10-fold that of in other cereals. to gain a comprehensive understanding of the response of rice subjected to 100 µm arsenate stress, a comparative proteomic analysis of rice shoots in combination with morphological and biochemical investigations have been performed in this study. the results demonstrated ...023773616
analysis of rice snf2 family proteins and their potential roles in epigenetic regulation.snf2 family proteins are atp-dependent chromatin remodeling factors that control many aspects of dna events such as transcription, replication, homologous recombination and dna repair. in animals several members in this family have been revealed to control gene expression in concert with other epigenetic mechanisms including histone modification, histone variants and dna methylation. their function in regulating genome expression in plant has hardly been disclosed before except in arabidopsis. h ...201323770592
rootnav: navigating images of complex root architectures.we present a novel image analysis tool that allows the semiautomated quantification of complex root system architectures in a range of plant species grown and imaged in a variety of ways. the automatic component of rootnav takes a top-down approach, utilizing the powerful expectation maximization classification algorithm to examine regions of the input image, calculating the likelihood that given pixels correspond to roots. this information is used as the basis for an optimization approach to ro ...201323766367
research on the changes in wettability of rice (oryza sativa.) leaf surfaces at different development stages using the owrk method.a good knowledge in wetting behavior of pesticide spray liquid on plant surface is crucial to spray applications. difference in leaf surface wettability would result in obvious changes in spray wetting behavior. the aim of this paper is to obtain the changes of wettability during different growth periods.201423765738
dynamic changes in radial oxygen loss and iron plaque formation and their effects on cd and as accumulation in rice (oryza sativa l.).temporal variations and correlations between radial oxygen loss (rol), iron (fe) plaque formation, cadmium (cd) and arsenic (as) accumulation were investigated in two rice cultivars at four different growth stages based upon soil pot and deoxygenated solution experiments. the results showed that there were significant differences in rol (1.1-16 μmol o(2) plant(-1) h(-1)), fe plaque formation (4,097-36,056 mg kg(-1)), cd and as in root tissues (cd 77-162 mg kg(-1); as 49-199 mg kg(-1)) and fe pla ...201323765445
impact of elevated co2 and temperature on soil c and n dynamics in relation to ch4 and n2o emissions from tropical flooded rice (oryza sativa l.).a field experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of elevated carbon dioxide (co2) (cec, 550 μmol mol(-1)) and elevated co2+elevated air temperature (cect, 550 μmol mol(-1) and 2°c more than control chamber (cc)) on soil labile carbon (c) and nitrogen (n) pools, microbial populations and enzymatic activities in relation to emissions of methane (ch4) and nitrous oxide (n2o) in a flooded alluvial soil planted with rice cv. naveen in open top chambers (otcs). the labile soil c pools, nam ...201323764672
non-linear feeding functional responses in the greater flamingo (phoenicopterus roseus) predict immediate negative impact of wetland degradation on this flagship species.accurate knowledge of the functional response of predators to prey density is essential for understanding food web dynamics, to parameterize mechanistic models of animal responses to environmental change, and for designing appropriate conservation measures. greater flamingos (phoenicopterus roseus), a flagship species of mediterranean wetlands, primarily feed on artemias (artemia spp.) in commercial salt pans, an industry which may collapse for economic reasons. flamingos also feed on alternativ ...201323762525
a computational systems biology study for understanding salt tolerance mechanism in rice.salinity is one of the most common abiotic stresses in agriculture production. salt tolerance of rice (oryza sativa) is an important trait controlled by various genes. the mechanism of rice salt tolerance, currently with limited understanding, is of great interest to molecular breeding in improving grain yield. in this study, a gene regulatory network of rice salt tolerance is constructed using a systems biology approach with a number of novel computational methods. we developed an improved volc ...201323762267
functional analysis of the rice vacuolar zinc transporter osmtp1.heavy metal homeostasis is maintained in plant cells by specialized transporters which compartmentalize or efflux metal ions, maintaining cytosolic concentrations within a narrow range. osmtp1 is a member of the cation diffusion facilitator (cdf)/metal tolerance protein (mtp) family of metal cation transporters in oryza sativa, which is closely related to arabidopsis thaliana mtp1. functional complementation of the arabidopsis t-dna insertion mutant mtp1-1 demonstrates that osmtp1 transports zn ...201323761487
molecular phylogeny, homology modeling, and molecular dynamics simulation of race-specific bacterial blight disease resistance protein (xa5) of rice: a comparative agriproteomics approach.rice (oryza sativa l.), a model plant belonging to the family poaceae, is a staple food for a majority of the people worldwide. grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world, this important cereal crop is under constant and serious threat from both biotic and abiotic stresses. among the biotic threats, xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, causing the damaging bacterial blight disease in rice, is a prominent pathogen. the xa5 gene in the host plant rice confers race-specific resistance to ...201323758479
production of green fluorescent protein in transgenic rice seeds.immature embryos from immature seeds of rice (oryza sativa l.) were transformed by biolistic bombardment with the plasmid carrying the coding region of the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene under the control of the 5' region of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter and the synthetic green fluorescence protein gene (sgfp) under the control of the maize ubiquitine promoter. southern blot analysis confirmed the stable integration of hpt and sgfp genes in transformants. subsequently leaves from ...201323755644
elucidating rice cell metabolism under flooding and drought stresses using flux-based modeling and analysis.rice (oryza sativa) is one of the major food crops in world agriculture, especially in asia. however, the possibility of subsequent occurrence of flood and drought is a major constraint to its production. thus, the unique behavior of rice toward flooding and drought stresses has required special attention to understand its metabolic adaptations. however, despite several decades of research investigations, the cellular metabolism of rice remains largely unclear. in this study, in order to elucida ...201323753178
emissions of ch4 and n2o under different tillage systems from double-cropped paddy fields in southern china.understanding greenhouse gases (ghg) emissions is becoming increasingly important with the climate change. most previous studies have focused on the assessment of soil organic carbon (soc) sequestration potential and ghg emissions from agriculture. however, specific experiments assessing tillage impacts on ghg emission from double-cropped paddy fields in southern china are relatively scarce. therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of tillage systems on methane (ch4) and ...201323750250
elicitor(s) in sogatella furcifera (horváth) causing the japanese rice plant (oryza sativa l.) to induce the ovicidal substance, benzyl benzoate.we elucidate the mechanism for inducing the production of ovicidal benzyl benzoate by japonica rice varieties to kill eggs of the whitebacked planthopper, sogatella furcifera (horváth), lying in the rice plant. even when subjected to physical damage by a needle or damage with water, the rice plant produced no benzyl benzoate. however, significant benzyl benzoate was produced when the plant was damaged with a methanol extract or homogenate of s. furcifera. the extract of the male did not induce t ...201323748769
qltg-9, a stable quantitative trait locus for low-temperature germination in rice (oryza sativa l.).low-temperature germination (ltg) is an important agronomic trait for direct seeding of rice in temperate regions of east asia. to dissect the genetic control of ltg, we constructed a recombinant inbred line (ril) population derived from a cross of japonica variety ussr5 and indica variety n22. three putative qtl involved in ltg were detected and named qltg-7, qltg-9 and qltg-12. they explained 9.5, 12.12 and 7.08 % of the phenotypic variation, respectively, and the alleles from ussr5 enhanced l ...201323748708
amylolytic activity and carbohydrate levels in relation to coleoptile anoxic elongation in oryza sativa genotypes.among starchy seeds, rice has the unique capacity to germinate successfully under complete anaerobiosis. in this conditions, starch degradation is supported by a complete set of starch-degrading enzymes that are absent or inactive in cereals except rice. a characterization of carbohydrate metabolism and starch-degrading enzyme activity across twenty-nine genotypes of oryza sativa l. is presented here. the zymogram of amylolytic activities present in rice embryos and endosperms under anaerobic co ...023748354
impact of mine waste dumps on growth and biomass of economically important crops.the present study aimed to investigate the effect of magnesite and bauxite waste dumps on growth and biochemical parameters of some edible and economically important plants such as vigna radiata, v. mungo, v. unguiculata, eleusine coracana, cajanus cajan, pennisetum glaucum, macrotyloma uniflorum, oryza sativa, sorghum bicolour, sesamum indicum, ricinus communis, brassica juncea, gossypium hirsutum and jatropha curcas. the growth rate of all the crops was observed in the range of 75 to 100% in m ...201223741803
genetic structure and diversity of indigenous rice (oryza sativa) varieties in the eastern himalayan region of northeast india.the eastern himalayan region of northeast (ne) india is home to a large number of indigenous rice varieties, which may serve as a valuable genetic resource for future crop improvement to meet the ever-increasing demand for food production. however, these varieties are rapidly being lost due to changes in land-use and agricultural practices, which favor agronomically improved varieties. a detailed understanding of the genetic structure and diversity of indigenous rice varieties is crucial for eff ...201323741655
rice mitogen activated protein kinase kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase interaction network revealed by in-silico docking and yeast two-hybrid approaches.protein-protein interaction is one of the crucial ways to decipher the functions of proteins and to understand their role in complex pathways at cellular level. such a protein-protein interaction network in many crop plants remains poorly defined owing largely to the involvement of high costs, requirement for state of the art laboratory, time and labour intensive techniques. here, we employed computational docking using zdock and rdock programmes to identify interaction network between members o ...201323738013
temporal changes in climatic variables and their impact on crop yields in southwestern china.knowledge of variability in climatic variables changes and its impact on crop yields is important for farmers and policy makers, especially in southwestern china where rainfed agriculture is dominant. in the current study, six climatic parameters (mean temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, sunshine hours, temperature difference, and rainy days) and aggregated yields of three main crops (rice: oryza sativa l., oilseed rape: brassica napus l., and tobacco: nicotiana tabacum l.) during 1985-201 ...201423736776
arabidopsis enhanced drought tolerance1/homeodomain glabrous11 confers drought tolerance in transgenic rice without yield penalty.enhancing drought tolerance without yield decrease has been a great challenge in crop improvement. here, we report the arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) homodomain-leucine zipper transcription factor enhanced drought tolerance/homeodomain glabrous11 (edt1/hdg11) was able to confer drought tolerance and increase grain yield in transgenic rice (oryza sativa) plants. the improved drought tolerance was associated with a more extensive root system, reduced stomatal density, and higher water use effi ...201323735506
evaluations of allelopathic effect of echinochloa colona weed on rice (oryza sativa l. 'vandana').echinochloa colona (l.) link is a very problematic weed in up land and medium land rice causing significant reduction in yield. in the present investigation, laboratory and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the nature of interaction e. colona on germination and growth of the up land rice cultivar 'vandana'. the effects of decomposing and decomposed aqueous leachates (1-10% w/v) obtained from the dried biomass of 20, 30, 40 and 60 days old ecolona plants were studied on rice using petr ...201223734454
the copy number of rice cacta dna transposons carrying mir820 does not correlate with mir820 expression.mir820 is a small rna species (22 and 24 nucleotides), produced from transcripts originated from a region inside cacta dna transposons in rice. because mir820 is a transposon gene, its expression may depend on the transposon copy number. here, we investigated the copy number of mir820 and its expression levels in various cultivars and wild species of rice. we found no correlation between copy number and expression level, suggesting that mir820 transcription is regulated not by the copy dosage bu ...201323733074
application of fungal laccase fused with cellulose-binding domain to develop low-lignin rice plants.we observed a reduction of lignin content linked to the expression of fungal laccase in rice plants. the lignin content of l-4, which showed the highest lac activity among transgenic lines produced, was lower than that of the control line. however, this change was not reflected to the saccharification efficiency.201323731869
microcystin-lr-induced phytotoxicity in rice crown root is associated with the cross-talk between auxin and nitric oxide.irrigation with cyanobacterial-blooming water containing microcystin-lr (mc-lr) poses threat to the growth of agricultural plants. large amounts of rice (oryza sativa) field in the middle part of china has been irrigating with cyanobacterial-blooming water. nevertheless, the mechanism of mc-lr-induced phytotoxicity in the root of monocot rice remains unclear. in the present study, we demonstrate that mc-lr stress significantly inhibits the growth of rice root by impacting the morphogenesis rice ...201323726011
water management affects arsenic and cadmium accumulation in different rice cultivars.paddy rice (oryza sativa l.) is a staple food and one of the major sources of dietary arsenic (as) and cadmium (cd) in asia. a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of four water management regimes (aerobic, intermittent irrigation, conventional irrigation and flooding) on as and cd accumulation in seven major rice cultivars grown in zhejiang province, east china. with increasing irrigation from aerobic to flooded conditions, the soil hcl-extractable as concentrations increas ...201323719663
members of the xb3 family from diverse plant species induce programmed cell death in nicotiana benthamiana.programmed cell death has been associated with plant immunity and senescence. the receptor kinase xa21 confers resistance to bacterial blight disease of rice (oryza sativa) caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). here we show that the xa21 binding protein 3 (xb3) is capable of inducing cell death when overexpressed in nicotiana benthamiana. xb3 is a ring finger-containing e3 ubiquitin ligase that has been positively implicated in xa21-mediated resistance. mutation abolishing the xb3 e3 ac ...201323717500
characterization of the phosphofructokinase gene family in rice and its expression under oxygen deficiency stress.plants possess two types of phosphofructokinase proteins for phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, the atp-dependent phosphofructokinase (pfk) and the pyrophosphate-(ppi) dependent pyrophosphate-fructose-6-phosphate-phosphotransferase (pfp). during oxygen deficiency atp levels in rice seedlings are severely reduced, and it is hypothesized that ppi is used as an alternative energy source for the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate during glycolysis. in this study, we analyzed the expressio ...201323717315
natural variation in osprr37 regulates heading date and contributes to rice cultivation at a wide range of latitudes.heading date and photoperiod sensitivity are fundamental traits that determine rice adaptation to a wide range of geographic environments. by quantitative trait locus (qtl) mapping and candidate gene analysis using whole-genome re-sequencing, we found that oryza sativa pseudo-response regulator37 (osprr37; hereafter prr37) is responsible for the early heading7-2 (eh7-2)/heading date2 (hd2) qtl which was identified from a cross of late-heading rice 'milyang23 (m23)' and early-heading rice 'h143'. ...201323713079
effect of ultraviolet-b radiation in laboratory on morphological and ultrastructural characteristics and physiological parameters of selected cultivar of oryza sativa l.ultraviolet-b radiation (uvbr) affects plants in many important ways, including reduction of growth rate and primary productivity, and changes in ultrastructures. rice (oryza sativa) is one of the most cultivated cereals in the world, along with corn and wheat, representing over 50% of agricultural production. in this study, we examined o. sativa plants exposed to ambient outdoor radiation and laboratory-controlled photosynthetically active radiation (par) and par + uvbr conditions for 2 h/day d ...023708376
quiescence in rice submergence tolerance: an evolutionary hypothesis.rice (oryza sativa) varieties differ considerably in their tolerance to submergence, a trait that has been associated with the sub1a gene. recently, this gene was found in some wild rice species and landraces, which along with o. sativa, belong to the aa genome type group. on the basis of geographical and historical data, we hypothesize that sub1a-1 from wild species may have been introgressed into domesticated rice. this introgression probably occurred in the ganges basin, with the subsequent s ...201323706591
identification of quantitative trait loci for cadmium accumulation and distribution in rice (oryza sativa).cadmium (cd) poses a serious risk to human health due to its biological concentration through the food chain. to date, information on genetic and molecular mechanisms of cd accumulation and distribution in rice remains to be elucidated. we developed an independent f7 ril population derived from a cross between two japonica cultivars with contrasting cd levels, 'suwon490' and 'snu-sg1', for qtls identification of cd accumulation and distribution. 'suwon490' accumulated five times higher cd in gra ...201323706075
autotoxicity mechanism of oryza sativa: transcriptome response in rice roots exposed to ferulic acid.autotoxicity plays an important role in regulating crop yield and quality. to help characterize the autotoxicity mechanism of rice, we performed a large-scale, transcriptomic analysis of the rice root response to ferulic acid, an autotoxin from rice straw.201323705659
genomics-based precision breeding approaches to improve drought tolerance in rice.rice (oryza sativa l.), the major staple food crop of the world, faces a severe threat from widespread drought. the development of drought-tolerant rice varieties is considered a feasible option to counteract drought stress. the screening of rice germplasm under drought and its characterization at the morphological, genetic, and molecular levels revealed the existence of genetic variation for drought tolerance within the rice gene pool. the improvements made in managed drought screening and sele ...201323702083
evidence for adaptive evolution of low-temperature stress response genes in a pooideae grass ancestor.adaptation to temperate environments is common in the grass subfamily pooideae, suggesting an ancestral origin of cold climate adaptation. here, we investigated substitution rates of genes involved in low-temperature-induced (lti) stress responses to test the hypothesis that adaptive molecular evolution of lti pathway genes was important for pooideae evolution. substitution rates and signatures of positive selection were analyzed using 4330 gene trees including three warm climate-adapted species ...201323701123
glutathione s-transferase of brown planthoppers (nilaparvata lugens) is essential for their adaptation to gramine-containing host plants.plants have evolved complex processes to ward off attacks by insects. in parallel, insects have evolved mechanisms to thwart these plant defenses. to gain insight into mechanisms that mediate this arms race between plants and herbivorous insects, we investigated the interactions between gramine, a toxin synthesized by plants of the family gramineae, and glutathione s transferase (gst), an enzyme found in insects that is known to detoxify xenobiotics. here, we demonstrate that rice (oryza sativa) ...201323700450
the rice ring finger e3 ligase, oshci1, drives nuclear export of multiple substrate proteins and its heterogeneous overexpression enhances acquired thermotolerance.thermotolerance is very important for plant survival when plants are subjected to lethally high temperature. however, thus far little is known about the functions of ring e3 ligase in response to heat shock in plants. this study found that one rice gene encoding the ring finger protein was specifically induced by heat and cold stress treatments but not by salinity or dehydration and named it oshci1 (oryza sativa heat and cold induced 1). subcellular localization results showed that oshci1 was ma ...201323698632
zn uptake, translocation and grain zn loading in rice (oryza sativa l.) genotypes selected for zn deficiency tolerance and high grain zn.zn deficiency is a widespread problem in rice (oryza sativa l.) grown under flooded conditions, limiting growth and grain zn accumulation. genotypes with zn deficiency tolerance or high grain zn have been identified in breeding programmes, but little is known about the physiological mechanisms conferring these traits. a protocol was developed for growing rice to maturity in agar nutrient solution (ans), with optimum zn-sufficient growth achieved at 1.5 μm znso4.7h2o. the redox potential in ans s ...201323698631
[optimized condition for protoplast isolation from maize, wheat and rice leaves].maize (zea mays l.), wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and rice (oryza sativa l.) are three staple crops and accordingly it is very meaningful to optimize the condition of their protoplasts isolation. the concentration of the enzyme, the time of isolation and centrifugal force in protoplast isolation were investigated to find their effects on protoplast yield and viability using leaves of maize (zong 3), wheat (chinese spring) and rice (nipponbare). the results show that the concentration of the enzy ...201323697167
molecular cloning and spatiotemporal expression of an apetala1/fruitfull-like mads-box gene from the orchid (cymbidium faberi).in order to identify genes involved in floral transition and development of the orchid species, a full-length apetala1/fruitfull-like (ap1/ful-like) mads box cdna was cloned from cymbidium faberi (c. faberi) sepals and designated as c. faberi apetala1-like (cfap11], jq031272.1). the deduced amino acid sequence of cfap11 shared 84% homology with a member of the ap1/ful-like group of mads box genes (ay927238.1, dendrobium thyrsiflorum ful-like mads box protein 3 mrna). phylogenetic analysis shows ...201323697165
blast resistance of cc-nb-lrr protein pb1 is mediated by wrky45 through protein-protein interaction.panicle blast 1 (pb1) is a panicle blast resistance gene derived from the indica rice cultivar "modan." pb1 encodes a coiled-coil-nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (cc-nb-lrr) protein and confers durable, broad-spectrum resistance to magnaporthe oryzae races. here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying pb1-mediated blast resistance. the pb1 protein interacted with wrky45, a transcription factor involved in induced resistance via the salicylic acid signaling pathway that i ...201323696671
lcsain1, a novel salt-induced gene from sheepgrass, confers salt stress tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis and rice.previously, we identified >1,500 genes that were induced by high salt stress in sheepgrass (leymus chinensis, gramineae: triticeae) when comparing the changes in their transcription levels in response to high salt stress by next-generation sequencing. among the identified genes, a gene of unknown function (designated as leymus chinensis salt-induced 1, lcsain1) showed a high sequence identity to its homologs from wheat, hordeum vulgare and oryza sativa, but lcsain1 and its homologs produce hypot ...201323695503
diversity analysis of biocontrol bacillus isolated from rhizospheric soil of rice-wheat (oryza sativa-triticum aestivum l.) at india. 201323695416
allergenic potential of rice-pollen proteins: expression, immuno-cross reactivity and ige-binding.pollen proteins from several grass species have been identified and characterized as causative allergens in grass pollinosis. in contrast, allergenic potential of pollen proteins from rice, which belongs to the same poaceae family, has not well been investigated, despite that a few clinical cases have been reported on rice-pollen allergy. in this study, to characterize expression and allergenic potential of pollen proteins from rice (oryza sativa, ssp. japonica), rice putative proteins for β-exp ...201323694780
validation and characterization of ghd7.1, a major quantitative trait locus with pleiotropic effects on spikelets per panicle, plant height, and heading date in rice (oryza sativa l.).a quantitative trait locus (qtl) that affects heading date (hd) and the number of spikelets per panicle (spp) was previously identified in a small region on chromosome 7 in rice (oryza sativa l.). in order to further characterize the qtl region, near isogenic lines (nils) were quickly obtained by self-crossing recombinant inbred line 189, which is heterozygous in the vicinity of the target region. the pleiotropic effects of qtl ghd7.1 on plant height (ph), spp, and hd, were validated using an ni ...201323692054
expression patterns of photoperiod and temperature regulated heading date genes in oryza sativa.in plants, flowering is a major biological phenomenon, which is regulated by an array of interactions occurring between biotic and abiotic factors. in our study, we have compared the expression profiles of flowering genes involved in the flowering pathway, which are influenced by conditions like photoperiod and temperature from seedling to heading developmental stages in two oryza sativa indica varieties, viz., zhenshan 97 and minghui 63 using a expression network approach. using the network exp ...201323688619
planex: the plant co-expression database.the plant co-expression database (planex) is a new internet-based database for plant gene analysis. planex (http://planex.plantbioinformatics.org) contains publicly available genechip data obtained from the gene expression omnibus (geo) of the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi). planex is a genome-wide co-expression database, which allows for the functional identification of genes from a wide variety of experimental designs. it can be used for the characterization of genes for ...201323688397
effect of silicate supplementation on the alleviation of arsenite toxicity in 93-11 (oryza sativa l. indica).chronic exposure to arsenic (as) in rice has raised many health and environmental problems. as reported, great variation exists among different rice genotypes in as uptake, translocation, and accumulation. under hydroponic culture, we find that the chinese wild rice (oryza rufipogon; acc. 104624) takes up the most arsenic among tested genotypes. of the cultivated rice, the indica cv. 93-11 has the lowest arsenic translocation factor value but accumulates the maximum concentration of arsenic foll ...201323686790
the rice osdil gene plays a role in drought tolerance at vegetative and reproductive stages.drought is one of the critical factors limiting reproductive yields of rice and other crops globally. however, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying reproductive development under drought stress in rice. to explore the potential gene function for improving rice reproductive development under drought, a drought induced gene, oryza sativa drought-induced ltp (osdil) encoding a lipid transfer protein, was identified from our microarray data and selected for further study. osdil w ...201323686450
heterologous expression of rice calnexin (oscnx) confers drought tolerance in nicotiana tabacum.calnexin (cnx) is an integral membrane protein of endoplasmic reticulum (er) and is a critical component of er quality control machinery. it acts as a chaperone and ensures proper folding of newly synthesised glycoproteins. cnx shares a considerable homology with its luminal counterpart calreticulin (crt). together, they constitute cnx/crt cycle which is imperative for proper folding of nascent proteins. cnx deficient organisms develop severe complications because of improper folding of proteins ...201323681551
mitochondrial genome sequence of the legume vicia faba.the number of plant mitochondrial genomes sequenced exceeds two dozen. however, for a detailed comparative study of different phylogenetic branches more plant mitochondrial genomes should be sequenced. this article presents sequencing data and comparative analysis of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) of the legume vicia faba. the size of the v. faba circular mitochondrial master chromosome of cultivar broad windsor was estimated as 588,000 bp with a genome complexity of 387,745 bp and 52 conservative mi ...201323675376
insight into the 3d structure of adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase from rice (oryza sativa l.).adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase (e.c. 2.7.7.27; agpase) is a key regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of starch biosynthesis in higher plants. agpase consists of pair of small (ss) and large (ls) subunits thereby constituting a heterotetrameric structure. no crystal structure of the native heterotetrameric enzyme is available for any species, thus limiting the complete understanding of structure-function relationships of this enzyme. in this study, an attempt was made to deduce ...201323674369
conservation, divergence, and genome-wide distribution of pal and pox a gene families in plants.genome-wide identification and phylogenetic and syntenic comparison were performed for the genes responsible for phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal) and peroxidase a (pox a) enzymes in nine plant species representing very diverse groups like legumes (glycine max and medicago truncatula), fruits (vitis vinifera), cereals (sorghum bicolor, zea mays, and oryza sativa), trees (populus trichocarpa), and model dicot (arabidopsis thaliana) and monocot (brachypodium distachyon) species. a total of 87 and ...201323671845
coordination of leaf photosynthesis, transpiration, and structural traits in rice and wild relatives (genus oryza).the genus oryza, which includes rice (oryza sativa and oryza glaberrima) and wild relatives, is a useful genus to study leaf properties in order to identify structural features that control co(2) access to chloroplasts, photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and drought tolerance. traits, 26 structural and 17 functional, associated with photosynthesis and transpiration were quantified on 24 accessions (representatives of 17 species and eight genomes). hypotheses of associations within, and betwee ...201323669746
evolution of and horizontal gene transfer in the endornavirus genus.the transfer of genetic information between unrelated species is referred to as horizontal gene transfer. previous studies have demonstrated that both retroviral and non-retroviral sequences have been integrated into eukaryotic genomes. recently, we identified many non-retroviral sequences in plant genomes. in this study, we investigated the evolutionary origin and gene transfer of domains present in endornaviruses which are double-stranded rna viruses. using the available sequences for endornav ...201323667703
genetic, physiological, and gene expression analyses reveal that multiple qtl enhance yield of rice mega-variety ir64 under drought.rice (oryza sativa l.) is a highly drought sensitive crop, and most semi dwarf rice varieties suffer severe yield losses from reproductive stage drought stress. the genetic complexity of drought tolerance has deterred the identification of agronomically relevant quantitative trait loci (qtl) that can be deployed to improve rice yield under drought in rice. convergent evidence from physiological characterization, genetic mapping, and multi-location field evaluation was used to address this challe ...201323667521
introduction of the rice cyp714d1 gene into populus inhibits expression of its homologous genes and promotes growth, biomass production and xylem fibre length in transgenic trees.the rice (oryza sativa) oscyp714d1 gene (also known as eui) encodes a cytochrome p450 monooxygenase which functions as a gibberellin (ga)-deactivating enzyme, catalysing 16α, 17-epoxidation of non-13-hydroxylated gas. to understand whether it would also reduce the production of active gas and depress the growth rate in transgenic trees, we constitutively expressed oscyp714d1 in the aspen hybrid clone populus alba×p. berolinensis. unexpectedly, ectopic expression of oscyp714d1 in aspen positively ...201323667043
ppetac1 promotes the horizontal growth of branches in peach trees and is a member of a functionally conserved gene family found in diverse plants species.trees are capable of tremendous architectural plasticity, allowing them to maximize their light exposure under highly competitive environments. one key component of tree architecture is the branch angle, yet little is known about the molecular basis for the spatial patterning of branches in trees. here, we report the identification of a candidate gene for the br mutation in prunus persica (peach) associated with vertically oriented growth of branches, referred to as 'pillar' or 'broomy'. ppa0100 ...201323663106
cytoplasmic organelle dna preferentially inserts into open chromatin.dna transfer from chloroplasts and mitochondria to the nucleus is ongoing in eukaryotes but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. mitochondrial dna was observed to integrate into the nuclear genome through dna double-strand break repair in nicotiana tabacum. here, 14 nuclear insertions of chloroplast dna (nupts) that are unique to oryza sativa subsp. indica were identified. comparisons with the preinsertion nuclear loci identified in the related subspecies, o. sativa subsp. japonica, wh ...201323661564
dna methylation involved in proline accumulation in response to osmotic stress in rice (oryza sativa).proline accumulation is involved in plant osmotic stress tolerance. given that dna methylation is related to almost all metabolic processes through regulation of gene expression, we suspected that this epigenetic modification and proline biosynthesis are probably related. to test this, we investigated whether osmotic stress-induced proline accumulation is associated with dna methylation modifications in rice. we assessed dna methylation and expression of 3 key genes (p5cr, p5cs, and δ-oat) invol ...201323661451
dbwfa: a web-based database for functional annotation of triticum aestivum transcripts.the functional annotation of genes based on sequence homology with genes from model species genomes is time-consuming because it is necessary to mine several unrelated databases. the aim of the present work was to develop a functional annotation database for common wheat triticum aestivum (l.). the database, named dbwfa, is based on the reference ncbi unigene set, an expressed gene catalogue built by expressed sequence tag clustering, and on full-length coding sequences retrieved from the trifld ...201323660284
cell death of rice roots under salt stress may be mediated by cyanide-resistant respiration.treatment with solutions containing high concentrations of nacl (200 or 300 mm) induced cell death in rice (oryza sativa l.) roots, as well as the application of exogenous hydrogen peroxide (h2o2). moreover, the pretreatment with dimethylthiourea (dmtu), a scavenger of h2o2, partially alleviated the root cell death induced by 200 mm nacl. these observations suggest that the cell death of rice roots under high salt stress is linked to h2o2 accumulation in vivo. nacl stress increased the level of ...201523659171
salt overly sensitive pathway members are influenced by diurnal rhythm in rice.the diurnal rhythm controls many aspects of plant physiology such as flowering, photosynthesis and growth. rice is one of the staple foods for world's population. abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, heat and cold severely affect rice production. under salinity stress, maintenance of ion homeostasis is a major challenge, which also defines the tolerance level of a given genotype. salt overly sensitive (sos) pathway is well documented to play a key role in maintaining the na(+) homeostasis ...201323656875
analysis of nucleotide diversity among alleles of the major bacterial blight resistance gene xa27 in cultivars of rice (oryza sativa) and its wild relatives.xa27 is one of the important r-genes, effective against bacterial blight disease of rice caused by xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo). using natural population of oryza, we analyzed the sequence variation in the functionally important domains of xa27 across the oryza species. dna sequences of xa27 alleles from 27 rice accessions revealed higher nucleotide diversity among the reported r-genes of rice. sequence polymorphism analysis revealed synonymous and non-synonymous mutations in addition to ...201323652799
high occurrence of functional new chimeric genes in survey of rice chromosome 3 short arm genome sequences.in an effort to identify newly evolved genes in rice, we searched the genomes of asian-cultivated rice oryza sativa ssp. japonica and its wild progenitors, looking for lineage-specific genes. using genome pairwise comparison of approximately 20-mb dna sequences from the chromosome 3 short arm (chr3s) in six rice species, o. sativa, o. nivara, o. rufipogon, o. glaberrima, o. barthii, and o. punctata, combined with synonymous substitution rate tests and other evidence, we were able to identify pot ...201323651622
overexpression of microrna319 impacts leaf morphogenesis and leads to enhanced cold tolerance in rice (oryza sativa l.).microrna319 (mir319) family is one of the conserved microrna (mirna) families among diverse plant species. it has been reported that mir319 regulates plant development in dicotyledons, but little is known at present about its functions in monocotyledons. in rice (oryza sativa l.), the mir319 gene family comprises two members, osa-mir319a and osa-mir319b. here, we report an expression pattern analysis and a functional characterization of the two osa-mir319 genes in rice. we found that overexpress ...201323651319
gs6, a member of the gras gene family, negatively regulates grain size in rice.grain size is an important yield-related trait in rice. intensive artificial selection for grain size during domestication is evidenced by the larger grains of most of today's cultivars compared with their wild relatives. however, the molecular genetic control of rice grain size is still not well characterized. here, we report the identification and cloning of grain size 6 (gs6), which plays an important role in reducing grain size in rice. a premature stop at the +348 position in the coding seq ...201323650998
identification of rice β-glucosidase with high hydrolytic activity towards salicylic acid β-d-glucoside.β-glucosidases (ec 3.2.1.21) split β-glucosidic linkages at the non-reducing end of glucosides and oligosaccharides to release β-d-glucose. one of the important functions of plant β-glucosidase is deglucosylation of inactive glucosides of phytohormones to regulate levels of active hormones. tuberonic acid is a jasmonate-related compound that shows tuber-inducing activity in the potato. we have identified two enzymes, ostagg1 and ostagg2, that have hydrolytic activity towards tuberonic acid β-d-g ...201323649259
kinetics and functional diversity among the five members of the nadp-malic enzyme family from zea mays, a c4 species.nadp-malic enzyme (nadp-me) is involved in different metabolic pathways in several organisms due to the relevant physiological functions of the substrates and products of its reaction. in plants, it is one of the most important proteins that were recruited to fulfil key roles in c4 photosynthesis. recent advances in genomics allowed the characterization of the complete set of nadp-me genes from some c3 species, as arabidopsis thaliana and oryza sativa; however, the characterization of the comple ...201323649167
a novel tracking tool for the analysis of plant-root tip movements.the growth process of roots consists of many activities, such as exploring the soil volume, mining minerals, avoiding obstacles and taking up water to fulfil the plant's primary functions, that are performed differently, depending on environmental conditions. root movements are strictly related to a root decision strategy, which helps plants to survive under stressful conditions by optimizing energy consumption. in this work, we present a novel image-analysis tool to study the kinematics of the ...201323648942
the mechanism of orfh79 suppression with the artificial restorer fertility gene mt-grp162.the restoration fertility complex (rfc) was previously identified in honglian (hl)-cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) rice (oryza sativa), and glycine-rich protein 162 (grp162) is responsible for binding to the cms-associated transcript atp6-orfh79. here, we engineered a recombinant grp162 containing the mitochondrial transit peptide, termed mt-grp162, as an artificial restorer of fertility (rf) gene. mt-grp162 was confirmed to bind to cms-associated rna and to localize to the mitochondria. the tr ...201323647140
comprehensive protein-based artificial microrna screens for effective gene silencing in plants.artificial microrna (amirna) approaches offer a powerful strategy for targeted gene manipulation in any plant species. however, the current unpredictability of amirna efficacy has limited broad application of this promising technology. to address this, we developed epitope-tagged protein-based amirna (etpamir) screens, in which target mrnas encoding epitope-tagged proteins were constitutively or inducibly coexpressed in protoplasts with amirna candidates targeting single or multiple genes. this ...201323645631
responses to light intensity in a genome-scale model of rice metabolism.we describe the construction and analysis of a genome-scale metabolic model representing a developing leaf cell of rice (oryza sativa) primarily derived from the annotations in the ricecyc database. we used flux balance analysis to determine that the model represents a network capable of producing biomass precursors (amino acids, nucleotides, lipid, starch, cellulose, and lignin) in experimentally reported proportions, using carbon dioxide as the sole carbon source. we then repeated the analysis ...201323640755
mapping qtls for traits related to salinity tolerance at seedling stage of rice (oryza sativa l.): an agrigenomics study of an iranian rice population.rice (oryza sativa l.) is one of the most important food crops in the world, especially in asian countries, and salinity is a major constraint to the sustainability and expansion of rice cultivation. genetically improving salt tolerance of rice is a highly important objective of rice breeding programs. traits such as salt tolerance are quantitatively inherited. hence, mapping quantitative trait loci (qtl) with molecular markers can be very helpful to plant breeders in the field of agricultural g ...201323638881
extensive microsatellite variation in rice induced by introgression from wild rice (zizania latifolia griseb.).it is widely accepted that interspecific hybridization may induce genomic instability in the resultant hybrids. however, few studies have been performed on the genomic analysis of homoploid hybrids and introgression lines. we have reported previously that by introgressive hybridization, a set of introgression lines between rice (oryza sativa l.) and wild rice (zizania latifolia griseb.) was successfully generated, and which have led to the release of several cultivars.201323638037
phylogeny and a structural model of plant mhx transporters.the arabidopsis thaliana mhx gene (atmhx) encodes a mg²⁺/h⁺ exchanger. among non-plant proteins, atmhx showed the highest similarity to mammalian na⁺/ca²⁺ exchanger (ncx) transporters, which are part of the ca²⁺/cation (caca) exchanger superfamily.201323634958
plantgsea: a gene set enrichment analysis toolkit for plant community.gene set enrichment analysis (gsea) is a powerful method for interpreting biological meaning of a list of genes by computing the overlaps with various previously defined gene sets. as one of the most widely used annotations for defining gene sets, gene ontology (go) system has been used in many enrichment analysis tools. easygo and agrigo, two go enrichment analysis toolkits developed by our laboratory, have gained extensive usage and citations since their releases because of their effective per ...201323632162
collapsed abnormal pollen1 gene encoding the arabinokinase-like protein is involved in pollen development in rice.we isolated a pollen-defective mutant, collapsed abnormal pollen1 (cap1), from tos17 insertional mutant lines of rice (oryza sativa). the cap1 heterozygous plant produced equal numbers of normal and collapsed abnormal grains. the abnormal pollen grains lacked almost all cytoplasmic materials, nuclei, and intine cell walls and did not germinate. genetic analysis of crosses revealed that the cap1 mutation did not affect female reproduction or vegetative growth. cap1 encodes a protein consisting of ...201323629836
multi-floret spikelet1, which encodes an ap2/erf protein, determines spikelet meristem fate and sterile lemma identity in rice.the spikelet is a unique inflorescence structure of grass. the molecular mechanism that controls the development of the spikelet remains unclear. in this study, we identified a rice (oryza sativa) spikelet mutant, multi-floret spikelet1 (mfs1), that showed delayed transformation of spikelet meristems to floral meristems, which resulted in an extra hull-like organ and an elongated rachilla. in addition, the sterile lemma was homeotically converted to the rudimentary glume and the body of the pale ...201323629832
characterization of rice nadph oxidase genes and their expression under various environmental conditions.plasma membrane nadph oxidases (noxs) are key producers of reactive oxygen species under both normal and stress conditions in plants. we demonstrate that at least eleven genes in the genome of rice (oryza sativa l.) were predicted to encode nox proteins, including nine genes (osnox1-9) that encode typical noxs and two that encode ancient nox forms (ferric reduction oxidase 1 and 7, osfro1 and osfro7). phylogenetic analysis divided the noxs from nine plant species into six subfamilies, with rice ...201323629674
α-tubulin is rapidly phosphorylated in response to hyperosmotic stress in rice and arabidopsis.by using high-resolution two-dimensional page followed by phosphoprotein-specific staining and peptide mass fingerprint analysis along with other assays, we found that α-tubulin is phosphorylated in response to hyperosmotic stress in rice and arabidopsis. the onset of the phosphorylation response was as early as 2 min after hyperosmotic stress treatment, and a major proportion of α-tubulin was phosphorylated after 60 min in root tissues. however, the phosphorylated form of α-tubulin was readily ...201323628996
identification of a novel microrna (mirna) from rice that targets an alternatively spliced transcript of the nramp6 (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 6) gene involved in pathogen resistance.plants have evolved efficient defence mechanisms to defend themselves from pathogen attack. although many studies have focused on the transcriptional regulation of defence responses, less is known about the involvement of micrornas (mirnas) as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in plant immunity. this work investigates mirnas that are regulated by elicitors from the blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae in rice (oryza sativa). small rna libraries were constructed from rice tissues and ...201323627500
a novel translocation event leads to a recombinant stable chromosome with interrupted centromeric domains in rice.rice (oryza sativa l.) centromeres are composed of 155-bp satellite repeats (cento), centromere-specific retrotransposon (crr), and a variety of other repeats. previous studies have shown that cento and crr elements are both parts of the functional centromere/kinetochore complex. in this study, a naturally occurring karyotype rearrangement involving a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 11 in an indica rice zhongxian 3037 has been identified. the recombinant centromere in chr11l·9 ...201323625520
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