Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| challenges in the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 24768590 | |
| findings of a hospital surveillance-based outcome evaluation study for clostridium difficile-associated colitis. | we completed a prospective study of 164 patients involved in a clostridium difficile surveillance programme, evaluating a range of variables such as disease severity, treatment regimen and known clinical risk factors, for their effect on case lethality. the aim of this study was to determine if there are any additional clinical variables worth considering for inclusion in the therapeutic decision-making process. beyond common risk factors, secondary immunodeficiencies such as diabetes mellitus, ... | 2014 | 24766614 |
| transplant related outcomes in patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplant with clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | 2015 | 24766526 | |
| multiple pulmonary nodules: a complex case of wegener's granulomatosis. | wegener's granulomatosis is a granulomatous vasculitis that can present with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. this disease entity predominantly affects the respiratory tract and the kidneys. two forms of wegener's granulomatosis have been recognized: systemic and limited. it has not been established if the two forms represent separate disease entities or different stages of the same condition. in the limited form of wegener's granulomatosis there is no immediate threat to the function ... | 2013 | 24765494 |
| fecal microbiota transplant for relapsing clostridium difficile infection using a frozen inoculum from unrelated donors: a randomized, open-label, controlled pilot study. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) with poor response to standard antimicrobial therapy is a growing medical concern. we aimed to investigate the outcomes of fecal microbiota transplant (fmt) for relapsing cdi using a frozen suspension from unrelated donors, comparing colonoscopic and nasogastric tube (ngt) administration. | 2014 | 24762631 |
| overview of clostridium difficile infection: implications for china. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) have dramatically increased in the western world in recent years. in contrast, cdi is rarely reported in china, possibly due to under-diagnosis. this article briefly summarizes cdi incidence, management and preventive strategies. the authors intend to raise awareness of this disease among chinese physicians and health workers, in order to minimize the medical and economic burden of a potential epidemic in the future. | 2013 | 24759960 |
| prevalence and duration of asymptomatic clostridium difficile carriage among healthy subjects in pittsburgh, pennsylvania. | previous studies suggested that 7 to 15% of healthy adults are colonized with toxigenic clostridium difficile. to investigate the epidemiology, genetic diversity, and duration of c. difficile colonization in asymptomatic persons, we recruited healthy adults from the general population in allegheny county, pennsylvania. participants provided epidemiological and dietary intake data and submitted stool specimens. the presence of c. difficile in stool specimens was determined by anaerobic culture. s ... | 2014 | 24759727 |
| molecular test based on isothermal helicase-dependent amplification for detection of the clostridium difficile toxin a gene. | the amplivue clostridium difficile assay and a glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh)-illumigene algorithm were evaluated using 308 diarrheal stool specimens of patients suspected of having c. difficile infection. compared to the enriched toxigenic culture method, the sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values of the amplivue c. difficile assay and the gdh-illumigene-based algorithm were 91.7% (95% confidence interval [ci], 76.4 to 97.8), 100% (95% ci, 98.3 to 100), 100% (9 ... | 2014 | 24759714 |
| recombinant clostridium difficile toxin fragments as carrier protein for psii surface polysaccharide preserve their neutralizing activity. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive bacterium and is the most commonly diagnosed cause of hospital-associated and antimicrobial-associated diarrhea. despite the emergence of epidemic c. difficile strains having led to an increase in the incidence of the disease, a vaccine against this pathogen is not currently available. c. difficile strains produce two main toxins (tcda and tcdb) and express three highly complex cell-surface polysaccharides (psi, psii and psiii). psii is the more abundantl ... | 2014 | 24759173 |
| epidemiological surveillance of bacterial nosocomial infections in the surgical intensive care unit. | intensive care units (icus) are associated with a greater risk of developing nosocomial infections (nis) than other departments. | 2014 | 24757393 |
| prevalence and risk factors for asymptomatic clostridium difficile carriage. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) incidence has increased dramatically over the last decade. recent studies suggest that asymptomatic carriers may be an important reservoir of c. difficile in healthcare settings. we sought to identify the prevalence and risk factors for asymptomatic c. difficile carriage on admission to the hospital. | 2014 | 24755858 |
| epidemiology and outcomes of community-acquired clostridium difficile infections in medicare beneficiaries. | the incidence of community-acquired clostridium difficile (cacd) is increasing in the united states. many cacd infections occur in the elderly, who are predisposed to poor outcomes. we aimed to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of cacd in a nationally representative sample of medicare beneficiaries. | 2014 | 24755188 |
| the effect of new neonatal porcine diarrhoea syndrome (nnpds) on average daily gain and mortality in 4 danish pig herds. | the study evaluated the effect of new neonatal porcine diarrhoea syndrome (nnpds) on average daily gain (adg) and mortality and described the clinical manifestations in four herds suffering from the syndrome. nnpds is a diarrhoeic syndrome affecting piglets within the first week of life, which is not caused by enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec), clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens) type a/c, clostridium difficile (c. difficile), rotavirus a, coronavirus, cystoisospora suis, strongyloide ... | 2014 | 24755093 |
| strain types and antimicrobial resistance patterns of clostridium difficile isolates from the united states, 2011 to 2013. | we determined the pcr ribotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 508 toxigenic clostridium difficile isolates collected between 2011 and 2013 from 32 u.s. hospitals. of the 29 pcr ribotypes identified, the 027 strain type was the most common (28.1%), although the rates varied by geographic region. ribotype 014/020 isolates appear to be emerging. clindamycin and moxifloxacin resistances (36.8% and 35.8%, respectively) were the most frequent resistance phenotypes observed. reduced susc ... | 2014 | 24752264 |
| characteristics of clostridium difficile colonization in japanese children. | in children, asymptomatic colonization with clostridium difficile is well known, but its prevalence in japanese children is not fully understood. the objective of this study was to determine the colonization rate of c. difficile and to identify the risk factors for c. difficile colonization in japanese children. single fecal samples were prospectively collected from children hospitalized in saitama city hospital between august 1, 2012, and march 31, 2013. samples were obtained from neonates, at ... | 2014 | 24751233 |
| clostridium difficile in a children's hospital: assessment of environmental contamination. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most frequent infectious cause of health care-associated diarrhea. three cases of cdi, in children age 2, 3, and 14 years, occurred in the hematology/oncology ward of our children's hospital over 48 hours. we aimed to assess environmental contamination with c difficile in the shared areas of this unit, and to determine whether person-to-person transmission occurred. c difficile was recovered from 5 of 18 samples (28%). we compared c difficile isolated ... | 2014 | 24751141 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for management of clostridium difficile infection. | the widespread use of antibiotics has led clostridium difficile infection (cdi) to become a common problem with pronounced medical and economic effects. the recurrence of cdi after treatment with standard antibiotics is becoming more common with the emergence of more resistant strains of c. difficile. as cdi is an antibiotic-associated disease, further treatment with antibiotic is best avoided. as the gut flora is severely disturbed in cdi, approaches that restore the gut microbiota may become g ... | 2014 | 24748025 |
| disinfecting the ipad: evaluating effective methods. | tablet computers are increasingly used in healthcare, but they may carry nosocomial pathogens. there are few data available on how to clean an ipad effectively for use in the clinical setting. | 2014 | 24746231 |
| effectiveness of deep cleaning followed by hydrogen peroxide decontamination during high clostridium difficile infection incidence. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remains an infection control challenge, especially when environmental spore contamination and suboptimal cleaning may increase transmission risk. | 2014 | 24746230 |
| [a case of severe enteritis induced by adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer]. | a 77-year-old man underwent surgery for sigmoid colon cancer. he was diagnosed with stage iiia colon cancer; there- fore, we initiated oral administration of adjuvant chemotherapy comprising uracil/tegafur(uft)plus leucovorin(lv). however, chemotherapy was stopped after 21 days because of fatigue and diarrhea. he recovered after 3 weeks, and we administered the same regimen with a dose reduction. however, he again experienced fatigue and diarrhea after 20 days; therefore, chemotherapy was discon ... | 2014 | 24743369 |
| donor fecal transfer for recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in heart transplantation. | 2014 | 24742697 | |
| clostridium difficile epidemic outbreak in an oncology unit. | contributions to the knowledge of some peculiarities of c. difficile involvement in human pathology, nosocomial infections (ni) included. | 2014 | 24741794 |
| outbreak of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027--the recent experience of a regional hospital. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea, and several outbreaks with increased severity and mortality have been reported. in this study we report a c. difficile pcr ribotype 027 outbreak in portugal, aiming to contribute to a better knowledge of the epidemiology of this agent in europe. | 2014 | 24739945 |
| lrp1 is a receptor for clostridium perfringens tpel toxin indicating a two-receptor model of clostridial glycosylating toxins. | large glycosylating toxins are major virulence factors of various species of pathogenic clostridia. prototypes are clostridium difficile toxins a and b, which cause antibiotics-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. the current model of the toxins' action suggests that receptor binding is mediated by a c-terminal domain of combined repetitive oligopeptides (crop). this model is challenged by the glycosylating clostridium perfringens large cytotoxin (tpel toxin) that is devoid of the c ... | 2014 | 24737893 |
| managing clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients. | checklists are not a new phenomenon and have been used in the aviation industry for some time as a means of ensuring safety and minimising harm. checklists are now used commonly in health care to improve patient safety. this article describes the development and integration of a daily review checklist process to support the care and management of patients with clostridium difficile infection in one nhs trust hospital. the aim of the checklist is to assist staff in early recognition of disease se ... | 2016 | 24734836 |
| [dynamics of contamination and persistence of clostridium difficile in intestinal microbiota in newborn infants during antibiotic therapy and use of probiotic strain enterococcus faecium l3]. | ninety four infants were observed as inpatients. thirty nine of them were mature neonates and 55 were premature infants with a very low body weight. the majority of the patients were treated with antibiotics. the mature infants were treated with penicillins, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins and the premature neonates were treated in addition with carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides. the mature infants were randomized into 2 groups: the control group (n=18) received the standard therapy a ... | 2013 | 24734423 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile strains demonstrate increased competitive fitness compared to nonepidemic isolates. | clostridium difficile infection is the most common cause of severe cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and is a significant health burden. recent increases in the rate of c. difficile infection have paralleled the emergence of a specific phylogenetic clade of c. difficile strains (ribotype 027; north american pulsed-field electrophoresis 1 [nap1]; restriction endonuclease analysis [rea] group bi). initial reports indicated that ribotype 027 strains were associated with increased morbid ... | 2014 | 24733099 |
| epidemiological factors influencing the development of relapsing and severe clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is currently the most frequent cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea in adults in the developed countries. the goal of the study was to evaluate risk factors for relapsing and severe cdi in a set of patients hospitalized at the clinic of infectious diseases at the university hospital brno. | 2014 | 24730991 |
| [the use of two-stage algorithm in the diagnosis of patients with low levels of clostridium difficile toxins a/b in feces confirmed by using enzyme immunoassay]. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a serious problem in hospitalized patients. rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis is the key to reducing of cdi. the suboptimal sensitivity and specificity of many commercial enzyme immunoassays have limited their utility. the aim of this study was analysis of faecal samples obtained from patients with clinical evidence of cdi, with non-detectable or questionable result of toxins a/b c. difficile recognized by toxins a/b eia test. | 2013 | 24730214 |
| clinical update for the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) presents a rapidly evolving challenge in the battle against hospital-acquired infections. recent advances in cdi diagnosis and management include rapid changes in diagnostic approach with the introduction of newer tests, such as detection of glutamate dehydrogenase in stool and polymerase chain reaction to detect the gene for toxin production, which will soon revolutionize the diagnostic approach to cdi. new medications and multiple medical society guideline ... | 2014 | 24729930 |
| design and in vitro evaluation of a novel poly(methacrylic acid)/metronidazole antibacterial nanogel as an oral dosage form. | to overcome the undesirable side-effects of metronidazole (mtz), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is used as the cross-linker, and a series of poly(methacrylic acid) (pmaa) nanogels were prepared to load the mtz. we investigated the morphology, size, in vitro release property in the simulated gastrointestinal medium, long-term antibacterial performance against bacteroides fragilis, cytotoxicity, stability and activity of this novel mtz/pmaa nanogel. the results indicate that the mtz/pmaa nanogel s ... | 2014 | 24727529 |
| identification and characterization of a gene cluster required for proper rod shape, cell division, and pathogenesis in clostridium difficile. | little is known about cell division in clostridium difficile, a strict anaerobe that causes serious diarrheal diseases in people whose normal intestinal microbiome has been perturbed by treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. here we identify and characterize a gene cluster encoding three cell division proteins found only in c. difficile and a small number of closely related bacteria. these proteins were named mlda, mldb, and mldc, for midcell localizing division proteins. mlda is predicted t ... | 2014 | 24727226 |
| fulminant colitis from clostridium difficile infection, the epidemic strain ribotype 027, in japan. | in december 2012, a 32-year-old woman with no previous medical history and no previous antibiotic treatment had a fever and diarrhea 2 days after a cesarean section in which cefazolin was used as a prophylactic antimicrobial agent. she was transferred to our hospital 5 days after the cesarean for severe colitis. a rapid test of stool for clostridium difficile toxin a and b was positive. although oral vancomycin (0.5-2.0 g/day) and intravenous immunoglobulin (5 g/day) were administered after her ... | 2014 | 24726377 |
| antibiotic consumption and antibiotic stewardship in swedish hospitals. | the aim of this paper was to describe and analyze the effect of antibiotic policy changes on antibiotic consumption in swedish hospitals and to review antibiotic stewardship in swedish hospitals. | 2014 | 24724823 |
| the spore-associated protein bcla1 affects the susceptibility of animals to colonization and infection by clostridium difficile. | the bcla protein is a major component of the outermost layer of spores of a number of bacterial species and clostridium difficile carries three bcla genes. using insertional mutagenesis each gene was characterized and spores devoid of these proteins had surface aberrations, reduced hydrophobicity and germinated faster than wild-type spores. therefore the bcla proteins were likely major components of the spore surface and when absent impaired the protective shield effect of this outermost layer. ... | 2014 | 24720767 |
| physician attitudes toward the use of fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is a safe and effective, yet infrequently used therapy for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2014 | 24719899 |
| oral absorption of enteral vancomycin in a child with clostridium difficile colitis and renal impairment. | vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that is used by the enteral route for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections and is not thought to be absorbed into the systemic circulation. we report on a 2-year-old, 12.5-kg patient with confirmed c difficile colitis and renal insufficiency that was treated with 125 mg of enteral vancomycin (10 mg/kg); the patient developed measurable systemic concentrations as high as 17.8 mg/l. however, as the patient's colitis began to improve, the serial ... | 2013 | 24719593 |
| the impact of hospital-onset clostridium difficile infection on outcomes of hospitalized patients with sepsis. | to examine the impact of hospital-onset clostridium difficile infection (hocdi) on the outcomes of patients with sepsis. | 2014 | 24715578 |
| incidence and outcomes of clostridium difficile-associated disease in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. | hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients are at a high risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) given frequent hospitalizations, prolonged antibiotic usage and altered integrity of intestinal mucosa. the prevalence and trends of cdad in hsct patients have not been extensively studied. in this study, the international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification (icd-9-cm) codes were used to identify cdad in hsct patients using a nationwide inpatien ... | 2014 | 24715522 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease has become a serious clinical problem over the past few years. this review is focused on the current changes in epidemiology, pertinent clinical aspects, standard and newer diagnostic methods, established and novel therapies, and prevention of infection. there is emphasis on the importance of clinical awareness, rapid detection by stool testing, and appropriate antibiotic therapy, while newer technologies, antibiotics an ... | 2011 | 24713726 |
| the lexa regulated genes of the clostridium difficile. | the sos response including two main proteins lexa and reca, maintains the integrity of bacterial genomes after dna damage due to metabolic or environmental assaults. additionally, derepression of lexa-regulated genes can result in mutations, genetic exchange and expression of virulence factors. here we describe the first comprehensive description of the in silico lexa regulon in clostridium difficile, an important human pathogen. | 2014 | 24713082 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a attenuates wnt/β-catenin signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b (tcda and tcdb) are homologous glycosyltransferases that inhibit a group of small gtpases within host cells, but several mechanisms underlying their pathogenic activity remain unclear. in this study, we evaluated the effects of tcda on the wnt/β-catenin pathway, the major driving force behind the proliferation of epithelial cells in colonic crypts. iec-6 and rko cells stimulated with wnt3a-conditioned medium were incubated with 10, 50, and 100 ng/ml of tcda f ... | 2014 | 24711571 |
| time-resolved cellular effects induced by tcda from clostridium difficile. | the anaerobe clostridium difficile is a common pathogen that causes infection of the colon leading to diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis. its major virulence factors are toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb), which specifically inactivate small gtpases by glucosylation leading to reorganization of the cytoskeleton and finally to cell death. in the present work a quantitative proteome analysis using the isotope-coded protein label (icpl) approach was conducted to investigate proteome changes in the ... | 2014 | 24711272 |
| reduction in clostridium difficile infections among neurosurgical patients associated with discontinuation of antimicrobial prophylaxis for the duration of external ventricular drain placement. | 2014 | 24709732 | |
| community-associated clostridium difficile infection among veterans with spinal cord injury and disorder. | the impact of community-associated clostridium difficile infection (ca-cdi) on patients with spinal cord injuries and disorders (sci/ds) is not fully understood. we examined ca-cdi cases among veterans with sci/d, comparing them with community-onset, healthcare facility-associated (co-hcfa) cases. generally, patients with ca-cdi had less comorbidity, less severe cdi, and lower likelihood of antibiotic exposure. | 2014 | 24709729 |
| the role of the humoral immune response to clostridium difficile toxins a and b in susceptibility to c. difficile infection: a case-control study. | antibody levels to clostridium difficile toxin a (tcda), but not toxin b (tcdb), have been found to determine risk of c. difficile infection (cdi). historically, tcda was thought to be the key virulence factor; however the importance of tcdb in disease is now established. we re-evaluated the role of antibodies to tcda and tcdb in determining patient susceptibility to cdi in two separate patient cohorts. in contrast to earlier studies, we find that cdi patients have lower pre-existing iga titres ... | 2014 | 24708941 |
| restoring the gut microbiome for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is considered to be a highly successful therapy for recurrent and refractory clostridium difficile infection (cdi) based on recent clinical trials. the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd) is thought to be due in part to perturbations in the gut microflora that disrupt homeostasis. fmt restores essential components of the microflora which could reverse the inflammatory processes observed in ibd. case reports and series for the treatment of ibd ... | 2014 | 24707129 |
| enteric infections. | cancer patients, particularly those with neutropenia, are at risk for enteric and intra-abdominal infections. specific infections and infectious syndromes in this setting include neutropenic enterocolitis, bacterial infections such as clostridium difficile infection (cdi), viral infections such as cmv colitis, and parasitic infections such as strongyloidiasis. diagnosing and gauging the severity of cdi presents challenges, as chemotherapy may produce symptoms that mimic cdi and laboratory findin ... | 2014 | 24706227 |
| sequencing of bacterial genomes: principles and insights into pathogenesis and development of antibiotics. | the impact of bacterial diseases on public health has become enormous, and is partly due to the increasing trend of antibiotic resistance displayed by bacterial pathogens. sequencing of bacterial genomes has significantly improved our understanding about the biology of many bacterial pathogens as well as identification of novel antibiotic targets. since the advent of genome sequencing two decades ago, about 1,800 bacterial genomes have been fully sequenced and these include important aetiologica ... | 2013 | 24705262 |
| early infection of hip joint prosthesis by clostridium difficile in an hiv-1 infected patient. | anaerobes are less frequently described as causative pathogen of prosthetic joint infection (pji). we report the first case of early pji after hip arthroplasty due to clostridium difficile in a diabetic and hiv-1 infected patient with bacteremia. our patient was successfully treated through surgical debridement and prosthesis retention combined with targeted antibiotic therapy. | 2014 | 24705255 |
| editorial commentary: changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile and emergence of new virulent strains. | 2014 | 24704726 | |
| emergence of a ribotype 244 strain of clostridium difficile associated with severe disease and related to the epidemic ribotype 027 strain. | we identified 12 patients with clostridium difficile infection between july 2011 and march 2012 from whom an unusual c. difficile strain was isolated. this strain had a single-nucleotide deletion of the tcdc gene at position 117 and binary toxin genes, which are characteristic of the hypervirulent ribotype (rt) 027 strain. | 2014 | 24704722 |
| [clostridium colitis at a surgical department]. | the aim of our study was to identify risk factors associated with the development of clostridium difficile colitis and determining the severity of clostridial colitis in a group of surgical patients. identification of its predispositions is necessary for preventive interventions and effective treatment. | 2014 | 24702290 |
| development and validation of a recurrent clostridium difficile risk-prediction model. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) affects 10% to 25% of patients with initial cdi (icdi). initiation of new therapies that reduce recurrences rests on identifying patients at high risk for rcdi at icdi onset. | 2014 | 24700708 |
| re: proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent clostridium difficile infection among inpatients. | 2014 | 24698870 | |
| safety and tolerability of rifaximin for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome without constipation: a pooled analysis of randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. | the efficacy of rifaximin, a nonsystemic, gut-targeted antibiotic for reducing non-constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (non-c ibs) symptoms, has been demonstrated in one phase 2b and two phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, but detailed data about rifaximin safety and tolerability during treatment and subsequent follow-up periods are lacking. | 2014 | 24697851 |
| the changes of pcr ribotype and antimicrobial resistance of clostridium difficile in a tertiary care hospital over 10 years. | the aims of this study were to investigate any change in pcr ribotypes and to determine the antimicrobial resistance of common pcr ribotypes over a 10-year period in a tertiary care hospital. we conducted pcr ribotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and dna gyrase sequencing to identify changes in 1407 clostridium difficile non-duplicated isolates obtained between 2000 and 2009. a total of 74 different ribotypes were found. the most prevalent ribotype was ribotype 001 (26.1 %). the preva ... | 2014 | 24696516 |
| common questions about clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection is a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. it causes no symptoms in more than one-half of infected patients, but can also cause a wide spectrum of illnesses and death. the incidence and severity have increased in recent years. the most important modifiable risk factor for c. difficile infection is antibiotic exposure; this risk is dose-related and higher with longer courses and combination therapy. c. difficile infection is also associated with older age ... | 2014 | 24695562 |
| comparison of sensitivity of enzyme immunoassays for toxin a and b in different c. difficile pcr ribotypes. | enzyme immunoassays (eias) for toxins a and b are the most common assays for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection due to their rapidity and ease of use. however, the sensitivity of different kits varies greatly. the predominant pcr ribotypes of c. difficile vary according to the region or country studied, and it was recently reported that the sensitivity of eias can be affected by the strain type. the aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of eias in different pcr ribotypes ... | 2014 | 24695472 |
| temporal changes in serum albumin and total protein in patients with hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection. | studies have demonstrated low serum levels of total protein (tp) and albumin (alb) in patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi), especially with refractory and recurrent disease. however, it is not known whether low tp and/or alb levels are a risk factor for cdi or merely a result of diarrheal loss. the aim of this study is to determine if low tp and/or alb level is an antecedent or sequela of cdi, which would be useful in risk stratification of hospitalized or nursing home patients. a ... | 2014 | 24695471 |
| comparison of two molecular methods for detecting toxigenic clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is one of the most common causes of nosocomial diarrhea, and diagnostic methods for detecting c. difficile infection have shifted from conventional to more recent molecular techniques. this study aimed to compare the performance of two molecular assays (meridian illumigene™ and advansure cd real-time pcr) in detecting c. difficile using a toxigenic culture as a reference standard. | 2014 | 24695470 |
| the clostridium difficile proline racemase is not essential for early logarithmic growth and infection. | proline racemase (prdf), which is important for energy metabolism via the stickland pathway and is unique to certain clostridia, was investigated as a potential anti-clostridium difficile target by examining its effects on the growth and virulence of c. difficile. inactivation of prdf by insertional mutagenesis did not affect early logarithmic growth but only attenuated growth in the mid- and late logarithmic phases. there was no effect on virulence in vivo, suggesting that prdf is also not requ ... | 2014 | 24693984 |
| cost-effectiveness of competing strategies for management of recurrent clostridium difficile infection: a decision analysis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an important cause of morbidity and healthcare costs, and is characterized by high rates of disease recurrence. the cost-effectiveness of newer treatments for recurrent cdi has not been examined, yet would be important to inform clinical practice. the aim of this study was to analyze the cost effectiveness of competing strategies for recurrent cdi. | 2014 | 24692533 |
| rho gtpases control ciliary epithelium cells proliferation and progenitor profile induction in vivo. | rho gtpases play a central role in actin-based cytoskeleton reorganization and regulate multiple signaling pathways that control gene transcription, cell survival, and proliferation. we investigated the effect of rho gtpases on cell cycle regulation and progenitor genes expression on mouse ciliary epithelium (ce), a potential source of progenitor/stem cells in the adult retina. | 2014 | 24692128 |
| drug-safety alerts issued by regulatory authorities: usefulness of meta-analysis in predicting risks earlier. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate how risk estimates generated from cumulative meta-analysis performs over time for drugs having their benefit/risk ratio re-evaluated due to safety issues and, additionally, assess whether results are consistent with regulatory authorities' conclusions. | 2014 | 24691786 |
| treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection with fecal transplantation. | clostridium difficile infection is an increasingly common clinical challenge in hospitals and healthcare facilities. the infection often results in severe complications for the infected individual including relentless diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, and mortality. currently, there is a significant gap between research and practice in the management of recurrent clostridium difficile infection, and treatment guidelines are limited. numerous attempts at treating this infection have been mad ... | 2014 | 24691086 |
| investigation of a clostridium difficile cluster by multilocus sequence typing in a bone marrow transplant unit. | 2014 | 24690456 | |
| the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in romania: what we know, or do not know and why? | 2014 | 24689105 | |
| improving hospital staff compliance with environmental cleaning behavior. | reducing the incidence of healthcare-associated infections requires proper environmental cleanliness of frequently touched objects within the hospital environment. an intervention was launched in june 2012 and repeated in february 2013 and august 2013 to increase hospital room cleanliness with repeated education and training of nursing and environmental services staff to reduce healthcare-associated infections at cook children's medical center. random rooms were tested, staff were trained about ... | 2014 | 24688183 |
| national trends and in-hospital outcomes of adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving parenteral nutrition support. | patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), including crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc), are susceptible to protein-calorie malnutrition secondary to decreased oral intake, malabsorption, and increased metabolic expenditure. in this study, we seek to assess the national frequencies of parenteral nutrition (pn) use among hospitalized patients with ibd and to determine their in-hospital outcomes. | 2016 | 24687967 |
| influence of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis against group b streptococcus on the early newborn gut composition and evaluation of the anti-streptococcus activity of bifidobacterium strains. | several factors are known to influence the early colonization of the gut in newborns. among them, the use of antibiotics on the mother during labor, referred to as intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (iap), has scarcely been investigated, although this practice is routinely used in group b streptococcus (gbs)-positive women. this work is therefore aimed at verifying whether iap can influence the main microbial groups of the newborn gut microbiota at an early stage of microbial establishment. fift ... | 2014 | 24687755 |
| mathematical modelling reveals properties of tcdc required for it to be a negative regulator of toxin production in clostridium difficile. | the role of the protein tcdc in pathogenicity of the bacterium clostridium difficile is currently unclear: conflicting reports suggest it is either a negative regulator of toxin production or, on the other hand, has no effect on virulence at all. we exploit a theoretical approach by taking what is known about the network of proteins surrounding toxin production by c. difficile and translating this into a mathematical model. from there it is possible to investigate a range of possible interaction ... | 2015 | 24687436 |
| [diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile in the elderly: new perspectives]. | infection due to clostridium difficile is currently the main cause of hospital acquired gastrointestinal disease. its prevalence in the elderly population is higher due to there being many associated risk factors in this age group, such as comorbidity, frequent exposure to the healthcare or residential home setting, immunosenescence, greater consumption of antibiotics, and antiacids. the diagnostic techniques have notably improved in the last few years, which could also account for an increase i ... | 2014 | 24685366 |
| fever notions of the misinformed: a quality improvement project. | tracking temperatures graphically, recognizing their normal quotidian variations, and acknowledging that fever may be a beneficial physiological response to infection, have been lost in modern hospital care. further, injudicious use of antibiotics for "low-grade fever" contributes to the multiple drug resistant organism and clostridium difficile epidemics. this essay discusses these issues and proposes changing common misperceptions of fever as a quality improvement project. | 2014 | 24683931 |
| a novel multivalent, single-domain antibody targeting tcda and tcdb prevents fulminant clostridium difficile infection in mice. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and associated mortality have increased rapidly worldwide in recent years. therefore, it is critical to develop new therapies for cdi. in this study, we generated a novel, potently neutralizing, tetravalent, and bispecific antibody composed of 2 heavy-chain-only vh (vhh) binding domains against both tcda and tcdb (designated "aba") that reverses fulminant cdi in mice infected with an epidemic 027 strain after a single injection of the antibo ... | 2014 | 24683195 |
| role of doxycycline in clostridium difficile infection acquisition. | to evaluate and review the literature surrounding the potential protective benefit of tetracyclines, particularly doxycycline, in reducing clostridium difficile infection (cdi) acquisition. | 2014 | 24682682 |
| utility of the clostridial site-specific recombinase tnpx to clone toxic-product-encoding genes and selectively remove genomic dna fragments. | tnpx is a site-specific recombinase responsible for the excision and insertion of the transposons tn4451 and tn4453 in clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile, respectively. here, we exploit phenotypic features of tnpx to facilitate genetic mutagenesis and complementation studies. genetic manipulation of bacteria often relies on the use of antibiotic resistance genes; however, a limited number are available for use in the clostridia. the ability of tnpx to recognize and excise specific ... | 2014 | 24682304 |
| effects of clostridium difficile infection in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. | infection increases mortality in patients with alcoholic hepatitis (ah). little is known about the association between clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and ah. we examined the prevalence and effects of cdi in patients with ah, compared with those of other infections. | 2014 | 24681081 |
| risk of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients receiving metronidazole for a non-c difficile infection. | antibiotics often are given to prevent infections but also constitute a risk factor for clostridium difficile infection (cdi). metronidazole is an effective treatment for cdi. we investigated whether prophylactic administration of metronidazole to patients before they receive other antibiotics reduces the risk of cdi. | 2014 | 24681079 |
| the silver lining of disposable sporicidal privacy curtains in an intensive care unit. | the environment is a well-known source of health care-acquired infection. because of the known risk of contamination, patient privacy curtains require frequent changes to decrease the risk of spread from patients to curtain and visa versa. | 2014 | 24679561 |
| working relationships of infection prevention and control programs and environmental services and associations with antibiotic-resistant organisms in canadian acute care hospitals. | environmental contamination in hospitals with antibiotic-resistant organisms (aros) is associated with patient contraction of aros. this study examined the working relationship of infection prevention and control (ipac) and environmental services and the impact of that relationship on aro rates. | 2014 | 24679559 |
| [clostridium difficile infections in spanish internal medicine departments during the period 2005-2010: the burden of the disease]. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasing in spain. a review is presented of this infection in order to evaluate the burden of the disease in this country. | 2015 | 24679445 |
| life after colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis: a 7-year follow up study. | the long-term prognosis of patients undergoing colectomy for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis has not been well studied. the authors present 7-year survival trends in such patients. | 2014 | 24674828 |
| administration of proton pump inhibitors in critically ill medical patients is associated with increased risk of developing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) effectively prevent gastrointestinal bleedings in critically ill patients at the intensive care unit (icu). in non-icu hospitalized patients, ppi administration increases the risk of infectious complications, especially clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad); but no such data are available for the icu setting. | 2014 | 24674763 |
| saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia, a possible consequence of the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis with a probioticum. | the yeast saccharomyces boulardii is a biotherapeutic agent used for the prevention and treatment of several gastrointestinal diseases, such as diarrhoea caused by clostridium difficile, in addition to the antibiotic therapy. in this study we report a case of saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia in a patient with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) treated orally with s. boulardii in association with vancomycin. the identification of the s. cerevisiae was confirmed by molecular techni ... | 2017 | 24674691 |
| trends and changes in clostridium difficile diagnostic policies and their impact on the proportion of positive samples: a national survey. | in june 2012, israeli guidelines for laboratories were published defining the recommended methods for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we conducted this survey to examine the effects of the new recommendations on the proportions of rejected and positive samples by the different methods. a survey was mailed to the directors of all general hospital (gh) and health maintenance organization (hmo) clinical microbiology laboratories. the report was divided into two periods, before a ... | 2014 | 24674056 |
| multicenter evaluation of the quidel lyra direct c. difficile nucleic acid amplification assay. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive bacterium commonly found in health care and long-term-care facilities and is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. rapid detection of this bacterium can assist physicians in implementing contact precautions and appropriate antibiotic therapy in a timely manner. the purpose of this study was to compare the clinical performance of the quidel lyra direct c. difficile assay (lyra assay) (quidel, san diego, ca) to that of a direct cell cultu ... | 2014 | 24671790 |
| multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections. | currently, no single u.s. surveillance system can provide estimates of the burden of all types of health care-associated infections across acute care patient populations. we conducted a prevalence survey in 10 geographically diverse states to determine the prevalence of health care-associated infections in acute care hospitals and generate updated estimates of the national burden of such infections. | 2014 | 24670166 |
| community-acquired clostridium difficile infection: an increasing public health threat. | there has been a startling shift in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection over the last decade worldwide, and it is now increasingly recognized as a cause of diarrhea in the community. classically considered a hospital-acquired infection, it has now emerged in populations previously considered to be low-risk and lacking the traditional risk factors for c. difficile infection, such as increased age, hospitalization, and antibiotic exposure. recent studies have demonstrated great gen ... | 2014 | 24669194 |
| toxic megacolon after abdominoplasty: a case report. | after an accepted technique of abdominoplasty, a 66-year-old woman developed clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, leading to toxic megacolon and subsequent subtotal colectomy. the presumed etiology is chronic use of a proton pump inhibitor. this was addressed in a 2012 "white paper" warning issued by the food and drug administration. this article presents the course of this case as well as a review of the pertinent literature. | 2014 | 24667886 |
| detection of clostridium difficile diarrhoea in harare, zimbabwe. | clostridium difficile is associated with nosocomial and community-acquired diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis in humans. little information is available on the importance of c. difficile as a causative agent of diarrhoea in developing countries such as zimbabwe. the current study was carried out to determine the prevalence of c. difficile in diarrhoeal stools of outpatients over 2 years of age presenting at healthcare centres in harare, zimbabwe, and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibi ... | 2014 | 24664819 |
| clostridium difficile extracytoplasmic function σ factor σv regulates lysozyme resistance and is necessary for pathogenesis in the hamster model of infection. | clostridium difficile is a clinically important pathogen and the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhea. expression of the c. difficile gene csfv, which encodes σ(v), an extracytoplasmic function σ factor, is induced by lysozyme, which damages the peptidoglycan of bacteria. here we show that σ(v) is required for lysozyme resistance in c. difficile. using microarray analysis, we identified the c. difficile genes whose expression is dependent upon σ(v) and is induced by lysozym ... | 2014 | 24664503 |
| early clostridium difficile infection during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is frequently diagnosed in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-hsct). we characterized early-transplant cdi and its associations, and analyzed serially-collected feces to determine intestinal carriage of toxigenic c. difficile. fecal specimens were collected longitudinally from 94 patients during allo-hsct hospitalization, from the start of pre-transplant conditioning until up to 35 days after stem cell infusion. presence o ... | 2014 | 24662889 |
| development of a recombinant toxin fragment vaccine for clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, a disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. the disease is mostly of nosocomial origin, with elderly patients undergoing anti-microbial therapy being particularly at risk. c. difficile produces two large toxins: toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). the two toxins act synergistically to damage and impair the colonic epithelium, and are primarily responsible for ... | 2014 | 24662701 |
| uk renal registry 16th annual report: chapter 15 epidemiology of reported infections amongst patients receiving dialysis for established renal failure in england from may 2011 to april 2012: a joint report from public health england and the uk renal registry. | infection remains one of the leading causes of mortality in established renal failure patients receiving renal replacement therapy (rrt). since 2007, centres providing rrt in england have been asked to provide additional data on patients with methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) bacteraemia. since 2011, the option to provide data on methicillin sensitive stapylococcus aureus (mssa) and escherichia coli bacteraemia, as well as clostridium difficile infection has also been available. | 2013 | 24662179 |
| investigation of potentially pathogenic clostridium difficile contamination in household environs. | as clostridium difficile spores are resistant to many household cleaning products, the potential for community household contamination is high. the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of toxigenic c. difficile from environmental sources from a large urban area. three to 5 household items or environmental dust was collected from 30 houses in houston, texas. a total of 127 environmental samples were collected from shoe bottoms (n = 63), bathroom surfaces (n = 15), house floor dusts ... | 2014 | 24657158 |
| evaluation of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of bacterial and viral enteropathogens in stool samples of paediatric patients. | we evaluated a multiplex pcr assay, the seeplex diarrhoea ace detection, that simultaneously detects 15 enteric pathogens, including salmonella spp., shigella spp., vibrio spp., toxin b producer clostridium difficile, campylobacter spp., clostridium perfringens, yersinia enterocolitica, aeromonas spp., escherichia coli o157:h7, verocytotoxin-producing escherichia coli, adenovirus, group a rotavirus, norovirus gi and gii, and astrovirus. we compared this assay with clinical methods routinely used ... | 2014 | 24656922 |
| understanding new concepts: clostridium difficile infection in pouch patients. | 2014 | 24652112 | |
| [treating clostridium difficile infection with faecal transplantation: donor microbiological testing]. | clostridium difficile associated diseases (cdads) or c. difficile infections (cdis) are increasing in incidence, severity and mortality. among patients with cdis, those with recurrent disease are less responsive to traditional therapies with commonly used drugs, such as metronidazole and vancomycin. faecal microbiota transplantation is an old therapeutic procedure that has been recently proposed as a safe and effective treatment for cdi patients non-responsive to antibiotic therapy. in this pape ... | 2014 | 24651084 |
| increased incidence of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in hesse, germany, 2011 to 2013. | after the first outbreak of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype (rt) 027 in germany in 2007, no further outbreaks were reported until the recent re-emergence of rt 027 in hesse, a federal state with 6 million inhabitants located in south-west germany. we undertook a survey to determine the prevalence of rt 027 and other strains in a prospective study. from january 2011 to july 2013, we analysed 291 specimens from patients diagnosed with c. difficile infection (cdi) in 40 healthcare facilities in ... | 2014 | 24650866 |