Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| reduced expression of lipophosphoglycan (lpg) and kinetoplastid membrane protein (kmp)-11 in leishmania donovani promastigotes in axenic culture. | the expression of surface lipophosphoglycan (lpg) and the lipophosphoglycan-associated kinetoplastid membrane protein (kmp)-11 was studied in the strain ag83 of leishmania donovani in axenic culture. the expression of lpg and kmp-11 decreased along with parasite virulence as a function of the time of the subculture. | 1998 | 9645879 |
| relationship between parasite load and immune responses in early stages of leishmania donovani infection in inbred balb/c mice. | the aim of this study was to determine if a correlation exists between leishmania donovani parasite load and the corresponding humoral and cellular mediated immune responses in the early stages of leishmania donovani infection in inbred balb/c mice. five groups of ten balb/c mice each were inoculated intraperitoneally with stationary phase metacyclic promastigotes of leishmania donovani at doses 1 x 10(2), 1 x 10(4), 10(6) and 1 x 10(8) respectively per mouse. group five mice were not manipulate ... | 1998 | 9640813 |
| leishmania: amastigotes synthesize conserved secretory acid phosphatases during human infection. | leishmania donovani is the major causative agent of old world human visceral leishmaniasis (vl). in vitro, both promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of l. donovani constitutively secrete soluble acid phosphatases (sacps), which contain conserved antigenic epitopes. these sacps are the most abundant and best characterized secretory proteins of this parasite. the aim of this study was to determine whether this enzyme was produced by intracellular amastigotes during the course of human infection. t ... | 1998 | 9635439 |
| a case of visceral leishmaniasis in austria. | we report a patient aged 41 years with fever of unknown origin. notable aspects of his travel history were a trip to the philippines and a sailing trip around sicily. the patient presented with fever up to 40 degrees c since 4 weeks, weakness, headache, hepatosplenomegaly and night sweat. no specific cause could be found. based on clinical findings tuberculosis was suspected and empirical tuberculostatic treatment was started. however, during the following 6 weeks the patient's condition deterio ... | 1998 | 9629627 |
| immunobiological studies on experimental visceral leishmaniasis. v. the i-a(bm12) mutation specifies resistance to infection. | the i-a(bm12) mutation of the i-a beta subunit converted leishmania donovani-susceptible c57bl/6 (b6) mice into the relatively resistant b6c-h-2 bm12 (bm12) strain. the relative resistance was reflected not only in the reduced splenic and hepatic parasite burden in bm12 (compared with b6) but also by the ability of bm12 mice to mount a t-cell proliferative response to parasite antigens. assay of antileishmanial antibody (immunoglobulin g (igg)2a and igg1) in the sera of infected mice showed that ... | 1998 | 9627126 |
| infection rates of leishmania donovani in phlebotomus orientalis from a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern sudan. | 1998 | 9625920 | |
| heterogeneity in heat shock protein genes in leishmania isolates. | leishmaniasis, a group of visceral and cutaneous diseases, is caused by parasites belonging to one genus comprising approximately 13 different species. many methods including serological, biochemical and molecular biological techniques have been used by various workers to characterize these different species and isolates of leishmania, yet there is no single generally accepted criterion. we have identified certain cdna clones from a library generated from the promastigotes of s1 strain of leishm ... | 1998 | 9619490 |
| a cloned antigen (recombinant k39) of leishmania chagasi diagnostic for visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 patients and a prognostic indicator for monitoring patients undergoing drug therapy. | serologic assays using crude antigens for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv)-seropositive patients have been shown to lack sensitivity and specificity, particularly in aids patients. antibodies to a cloned antigen, recombinant (r) k39, of leishmania chagasi are specific for members of the leishmania donovani complex and have been shown to indicate active disease in immunocompetent persons. this study demonstrated that antibodies to rk39 were also ... | 1998 | 9593022 |
| in vitro stimulation of metacyclogenesis in leishmania braziliensis, l. donovani, l. major and l. mexicana. | promastigotes of leishmania braziliensis, l. donovani, l. major and l. mexicana recently derived from tissue amastigotes were cultured in schneider's drosophila medium supplemented with 20% (v/v) heat-inactivated foetal calf serum and 25 micrograms gentamicin sulfate/ml at ph 5.5. these cultures produced more metacyclic promastigotes in their stationary-phase populations than others cultured at ph 7.0. metacyclic promastigotes possessed a short (< or = 8 microns) and narrow (< or = 1.5 microns) ... | 1998 | 9585932 |
| proton-atpase activities involved in the uptake of an s-adenosylmethionine analogue. | characteristics of the transport of sinefungin (sf) were studied in leishmania donovani promastigotes grown in vitro in a semi-defined medium. the uptake is time and ph dependent, temperature sensitive, saturable and independent of the growth phase. metabolic inhibitors decrease the influx, indicating that sinefungin uptake is an energy requiring process. the presence of na+ is unnecessary for activity. the uptake is sensitive to valinomycin and nigericin and to the h+-atpases inhibitors such as ... | 1998 | 9574914 |
| genetic polymorphism of leishmania species using kinetoplast dna restriction fragment length polymorphism and cdna probe of leishmania donovani. | leishmaniasis represents a group of diseases that range from simple cutaneous lesions through metastasizing diffused cutaneous to severe systemic infection depending upon the taxon to which the causative parasite belongs. therefore, it is important to identify the infecting leishmania. methods presently being used, including immunology, biochemistry and molecular biology have one or the other limitations, leaving scope for the search for newer probes. this study reports the characterization of l ... | 1998 | 9574904 |
| cloning of syrian hamster (mesocricetus auratus) cytokine cdnas and analysis of cytokine mrna expression in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | the syrian golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus) is uniquely susceptible to a variety of intracellular pathogens and is an excellent model for a number of human infectious diseases. the molecular basis for this high level of susceptibility is unknown, and immunological studies related to this model have been limited by the lack of available reagents. in this report we describe the cloning and sequence analysis of portions of the syrian hamster interleukin 2 (il-2), il-4, gamma interferon (ifn-ga ... | 1998 | 9573100 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in a renal transplant recipient. short review and therapy alternative. | 1998 | 9569963 | |
| cloning and characterization of the kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 gene locus of trypanosoma brucei. | 1998 | 9566527 | |
| a case of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. | only a few cases of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis have been reported in japan, especially recently. we describe a case of a 32-year-old woman who developed rose-colored nodules on her forearms two years after kala-azar. a skin biopsy specimen from a nodule revealed not only granulomatous changes but also many amastigotes of leishmania donovani in macrophages. rose-colored nodules were also distributed on her face and neck. treatment with antimony compound was very effective. | 1998 | 9563280 |
| experimental infection of domestic sheep with culture-derived leishmania donovani promastigotes. | domestic sheep were intradermally inoculated with culture-derived stationary phase leishmania donovani promastigotes. sampling of site of inoculation, liver and spleen for 244 days showed that this parasite can stay alive in the skin for up to 28 days post-inoculation. apart from pyrexia that was evident in all the animals for 42 days, no other symptoms of kala-azar were seen. no parasites were recovered from the visceral organs throughout the sampling period, suggesting that sheep are not susce ... | 1998 | 9561716 |
| antibody response to hepatozoon canis in experimentally infected dogs. | canine hepatozoonosis is a disease caused by the tick-borne protozoan hepatozoon canis. five puppies were inoculated by ingestion of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks experimentally infected with h. canis, and all became infected with h. canis: gametocytes were detected in blood smears from four dogs and schizonts were observed in the spleen and bone marrow of the fifth. antibodies reactive with h. canis gametocytes were detected by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa), with igm detected in ... | 1998 | 9561714 |
| down-regulation of leishmania donovani trypanothione reductase by heterologous expression of a trans-dominant mutant homologue: effect on parasite intracellular survival. | a trans-dominant mutational strategy was used to down-regulate trypanothione reductase (tr) activity levels in leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in humans. tr, regarded as an ideal drug target against trypanosomatid infections, is a homodimeric flavoprotein oxidoreductase unique to these organisms that plays a central role in the enzymatic regeneration of the thiol pool. extrachromosomal, heterologous expression of a trans-dominant mutant version of the trypanoso ... | 1998 | 9560272 |
| glycoconjugates isolated from trypanosoma cruzi but not from leishmania species membranes trigger nitric oxide synthesis as well as microbicidal activity in ifn-gamma-primed macrophages. | in the present study, we investigated the role of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucin-like glycoproteins (gpi-mucins) from trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes in triggering the synthesis of nitric oxide as well as the microbicidal activity in murine macrophages. our results show that gpi-mucins isolated from trypomastigote membranes are potent inducers of nitric oxide synthesis by ifn-gamma-primed macrophages, even at concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml. our data also indicate the important ... | 1997 | 9550414 |
| vaccination of langur monkeys (presbytis entellus) against leishmania donovani with autoclaved l. major plus bcg. | the protective potential of killed leishmania major (alm) along with bcg was evaluated against l. donovani in indian langur monkeys in single and triple dose schedules. a delayed protection was observed in monkeys after a single dose schedule of alm (3 mg)+bcg (3 mg) given intradermally 2 months before intravenous challenge with l. donovani. triple dose schedule each of 1 mg alm + 1 mg bcg was more effective. the status remained unchanged until the end of the experiment (approximately 8 months). ... | 1998 | 9550214 |
| mechanism of amphotericin b resistance in leishmania donovani promastigotes. | amphotericin b (amb)-resistant leishmania donovani promastigotes were selected by increasing drug pressure, and their biological features were compared with those of the wild-type parent strain. the 50% inhibitory concentration for resistant cells was 20 times higher than that for the wild-type. resistance was stable after more than 40 passages in drug-free medium, and resistant promastigotes were infective to macrophages in vitro but lost their virulence in vivo. they had 2.5 times longer gener ... | 1998 | 9527785 |
| the ld cht1 gene encodes the secretory chitinase of the human pathogen leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani promastigotes were shown to release chitinase activity during their growth in vitro. a pcr-based strategy identified a single copy orf capable of encoding the l. donovani chitinase (ld cht1, 1374 bp). ld cht1 was shown to be actively transcribed by l. donovani promastigotes using reverse transcription and pcr amplification. the deduced aa sequence of ld cht1 showed high conservation to known chitinases including the putative active and two substrate binding sites. antiserum g ... | 1998 | 9524285 |
| dendritic cells, but not macrophages, produce il-12 immediately following leishmania donovani infection. | infection with leishmania, an obligate intracellular parasite of mononuclear phagocytes, stimulates the production of ifn-gamma from nk cells, via a pathway which is dependent upon il-12 and il-2. il-12 is also essential for the development of host protective t cell responses to this parasite. however, previous in vitro studies have indicated that macrophages fail to make il-12 following infection with leishmania, and that subsequent to infection, macrophages become refractory to normal il-12-in ... | 1998 | 9521079 |
| neutralization of il-12 demonstrates the existence of discrete organ-specific phases in the control of leishmania donovani. | il-12 plays a key role in stimulating both innate and antigen-specific immune responses against a number of intracellular pathogens. a neutralizing anti-il-12 monoclonal antibody (mab) was used to define and compare the role of endogenous il-12 in the liver and spleen of mice infected with leishmania donovani. il-12 neutralization both early and late in infection caused delayed resolution of parasite load, a transient decrease in ifn-gamma, il-4, tnf-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase (no ... | 1998 | 9521077 |
| the effect of anti-sandfly saliva antibodies on phlebotomus argentipes and leishmania donovani. | a study was undertaken to find the effect of repeated bites of the sandfly, phlebotomus argentipes, on its host as well as on the vector itself. the study also aimed to find the effect of the immune serum on the parasite, leishmania donovani, naturally transmitted by the vector. the hamster which was exposed to sandfly feeding showed good antibody titre against the sandfly salivary-gland secretion, which indicates that the salivary-gland secretion is immunogenic in nature. the result also reveal ... | 1998 | 9512990 |
| glycosidases in mucin-dwelling protozoans. | a range of protozoans were tested for the presence of glycosidases using p-nitrophenyl sugars as substrates. some of the organisms were mucin dwellers whereas others were blood borne parasites. it had been hypothesized that glycosidase production would be significantly higher in the mucin dwellers. the results obtained demonstrated that the urogenital protozoans tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis produced a vast range of glycosidases which included those required for mucin breakdown ... | 1997 | 9511996 |
| the lipophosphoglycan of leishmania donovani up-regulates hiv-1 transcription in t cells through the nuclear factor-kappab elements. | we have recently demonstrated that the parasite leishmania donovani and its surface molecule, lipophosphoglycan (lpg), can activate hiv-1 replication in monocytoid cells. our present interest was to determine whether lpg could also up-regulate hiv-1 transcription in t cells. using a cd4-positive human lymphoid t cell line (1g5) containing a stably integrated hiv-1 long terminal repeat (ltr)-luciferase construct, we found that lpg is a potent inducer of hiv-1 ltr activity. treatment of 1g5 cells ... | 1998 | 9510191 |
| leishmania donovani heat shock protein 100. characterization and function in amastigote stage differentiation. | we report the cloning and molecular analysis of the leishmania donovani clpb gene. the protein-coding region is highly conserved compared with its l. major homologue, while 5'- and 3'-flanking dna sequences display considerable divergence. the encoded mrna has an unusually long 5'-leader sequence typical for rnas, which are translated preferentially under heat stress. the gene product, a 100-kda heat shock protein, hsp100, becomes abundant only during sustained heat stress, but not under common ... | 1998 | 9497383 |
| molecular cloning, characterization and overexpression of two distinct cysteine protease cdnas from leishmania donovani chagasi. | we have cloned and characterized two distinct cysteine protease cdnas from leishmania donovani chagasi. one of the cdnas, ldccy2, was isolated from a cdna library prepared from total promastigote rna while the other cdna, ldccys1, was isolated from a cdna library prepared from total amastigote rna. ldccys2 has an open reading frame of 471 amino acids and ldccys1 has an open reading frame of 447 amino acids. comparison of the predicted protein sequences of the two distinct cysteine proteases with ... | 1997 | 9497047 |
| a case report of visceral leishmaniasis in singapore. | visceral leishmaniasis (indian kala-azar) caused by infection due to the protozoan leishmania donovani is endemic in the indian subcontinent and adjoining regions. prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia and pancytopenia, in the appropriate setting, are important clinical markers towards the diagnosis. diagnosis is established by blood film or bone marrow examination for leishman donovan (ld) bodies and/or culture. treatment with sodium stibogluconate, pentamidine isethionate or even amphot ... | 1997 | 9494684 |
| rapid accurate field diagnosis of indian visceral leishmaniasis. | a firm diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) requires demonstration of the parasite in organ aspirates or tissue biopsy samples. the aim of this prospective study was to assess the diagnostic usefulness of non-invasive testing for antibody to the leishmanial antigen k39 by means of antigen-impregnated nitrocellulose paper strips adapted for use under field conditions. | 1998 | 9492776 |
| alterations in membrane fluidity, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial activity, and lipophosphoglycan expression in pentamidine-resistant leishmania. | cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes were studied in wild-type promastigotes of leishmania donovani and l. amazonensis treated with pentamidine and in the parasites resistant to this drug. analyses by flow cytometry showed membrane fluidification in resistant cells and a modification of the lipidic metabolism in pentamidine-treated cells and in resistant clones as compared with wild-type ones. pentamidine decreased the amounts of membrane polar lipids, i.e., phospholipids, and neutral lipidic ... | 1998 | 9491432 |
| transforming growth factor beta and immunosuppression in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | hamsters infected with leishmania donovani develop a disease similar to human kala-azar. they present hypergammaglobulinemia, and their t cells do not respond to parasite antigens. this unresponsiveness has been primarily ascribed to defects in antigen-presenting cells (apcs), because these cells are unable to stimulate proliferation of parasite-specific t cells from immunized animals. in this study, we show that apcs (adherent spleen cells) from l. donovani-infected hamsters produce high levels ... | 1998 | 9488418 |
| beta-d-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil is a conserved dna modification in kinetoplastid protozoans and is abundant in their telomeres. | the unusual dna base beta-d-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil, called "j, " replaces approximately 0.5-1% of thy in dna of african trypanosomes but has not been found in other organisms thus far. in trypanosoma brucei, j is located predominantly in repetitive dna, and its presence correlates with the silencing of telomeric genes. using antibodies specific for j, we have developed sensitive assays to screen for j in a range of organisms and have found that j is not limited to trypanosomes that undergo ... | 1998 | 9482891 |
| the replication mechanism of kinetoplast dna networks in several trypanosomatid species. | kinetoplast dna, a giant network of interlocked dna circles, replicates by an unusual mechanism. minicircles are released individually from the network by a topoisomerase ii, and then, after replication, their progeny are reattached at antipodal positions on the network periphery. studies to date have revealed two distinct variations on this model. in crithidia fasciculata the newly replicated minicircles quickly become uniformly distributed around the network periphery, whereas in trypanosoma b ... | 1998 | 9471996 |
| leishmania lipophosphoglycan reduces monocyte transendothelial migration: modulation of cell adhesion molecules, intercellular junctional proteins, and chemoattractants. | we previously identified the structural requirement for the inhibitory activity of leishmania lipophosphoglycan (lpg) to block endothelial adhesion to monocytes. here we showed that lpg reduces transendothelial migration of monocytes. lpg pretreatment of endothelial cells (2 microm, 1 h) reduced monocyte migration across endothelial cells activated by bacterial endotoxin (lps) or il-1beta (60 and 46%, respectively). a fragment of lpg (i.e., repeating phosphodisaccharide (consisting of galactosyl ... | 1998 | 9469447 |
| thin-layer chromatographic method for assaying polyamines. | 1998 | 9463828 | |
| the plasma membrane of leishmania donovani promastigotes is the main target for ca(1-8)m(1-18), a synthetic cecropin a-melittin hybrid peptide. | reports on the lethal activity of animal antibiotic peptides have largely focused on bacterial rather than eukaryotic targets. in these, involvement of internal organelles as well as mechanisms different from those of prokaryotic cells have been described. ca(1-8)m(1-18) is a synthetic cecropin a-melittin hybrid peptide with leishmanicidal activity. using leishmania donovani promastigotes as a model system we have studied the mechanism of action of ca(1-8)m(1-18), its two parental peptides and t ... | 1998 | 9461543 |
| phenothiazine inhibitors of trypanothione reductase as potential antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial drugs. | given the role of trypanothione in the redox defenses of pathogenic trypanosomal and leishmanial parasites, in contrast to glutathione for their mammalian hosts, selective inhibitors of trypanothione reductase are potential drug leads against trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. in the present study, the rational drug design approach was used to discover tricyclic neuroleptic molecular frameworks as lead structures for the development of inhibitors, selective for trypanothione reductase over host ... | 1998 | 9457238 |
| modulation of macrophage heat shock proteins (hsps) expression in response to intracellular infection by virulent and avirulent strains of leishmania donovani. | we have examined the differential expression of heat shock proteins of murine macrophage-like cell line j774 g8 following infection with leishmania donovani. in response to infection with virulent promastigotes, the up-regulation of hsp70 and 90 and a selective down-regulation of hsp60 was observed using monoclonal antibodies specific for host hsps. however, infection with avirulent strain failed to alter the expression of host hsps. the maximum alterations in hsps expression were noted at 18 h ... | 1997 | 9442922 |
| [chronic enteropathy of unknown etiology in patients with aids. an analysis of 40 cases]. | data about the etiology of chronic enteropathy in aids patients are scarce and are very dependent upon the geographical area. the aim of this study was to detect microorganisms potentially associated with chronic enteropathy in aids patients with diarrhoea for more than one month, and initial negative routine stool bacterial cultures and examinations for ova and parasites. the degrees of associated intestinal malabsorption and immunodeficiency were also analysed. | 1997 | 9441179 |
| localization and targeting of the leishmania donovani hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase to the glycosome. | hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) is a key enzyme in the purine salvage pathway of many protozoan parasites. the predicted amino acid sequences of certain hgprt proteins from parasites of the trypanosomatidae family reveal a cooh-terminal tripeptide signal that is consistent with the degenerate topogenic signal targeting proteins to the glycosome, a fuel-metabolizing microbody unique to these parasites. to determine definitively the intracellular milieu of hgprt in these pat ... | 1998 | 9430693 |
| regional differences in the cellular immune response to experimental cutaneous or visceral infection with leishmania donovani. | infection with the protozoan leishmania donovani can cause serious visceral disease or subclinical infection in humans. to better understand the pathogenesis of this dichotomy, we have investigated the host cellular immune response to cutaneous or visceral infection in a murine model. mice infected in the skin developed no detectable visceral parasitism, whereas intravenous inoculation resulted in hepatosplenomegaly and an increasing visceral parasite burden. spleen cells from mice with locally ... | 1998 | 9423834 |
| [a case of visceral leishmaniasis]. | a case of leishmaniasis (l. donovani) in a five year-old girl from acatlan, state of puebla, mexico, is reported. she had had a 4-month history of malaise with 39 degrees c intermittent fever, hyporexia and a weight loss of 7 kg. she had spleen enlargement, and blood pancytopenia. a bone marrow study showed the leishmania amastigotes; a positive blood culture on nnn media (novy-nicolle-macneal) confirmed the presence of promastigotes. a complete remission was achieved with methylglucamine. we pr ... | 1997 | 9380977 |
| b7-2 blockade enhances t cell responses to leishmania donovani. | infection with leishmania donovani has been reported to induce a dominant th1-type response in all strains of mice examined, providing a model for examining the regulation of th1 responses in the relative absence of th2 cross-regulation. here we demonstrate that blockade of the costimulatory molecule b7-2, but not b7-1, has significant effects on disease progression, measured as day 28 parasite burden in the liver. the effects of b7-2 blockade were associated with increased ifn-gamma production, ... | 1997 | 9379045 |
| biosynthesis of leishmania lipophosphoglycan: solubilization and partial characterization of the initiating mannosylphosphoryltransferase. | lipophosphoglycan (lpg) is the predominant surface glycoconjugate of leishmania promastigotes and consists of a capped polymer of gal(beta1,4)man(alpha1)-po4 repeating units attached through a glycan core to a phosphatidylinositol anchor. we have solubilized the mannosylphosphoryltransferase from l. donovani promastigotes that initiates repeating unit synthesis using beta-dodecylmaltoside and other nonionic detergents with long alkyl chains. the detergent-solubilized enzyme, in the presence of g ... | 1997 | 9376687 |
| immune responses of leishmania donovani infected balb/c mice following treatment with free and vesicular sodium stibogluconate formulations. | the anti-parasitic efficacy of free and a non-ionic surfactant vesicular (niv) sodium stibogluconate (ssg) formulation of the drug, and their effect on the immune responses of leishmania donovani infected balb/c mice, was compared. the ssg niv formulation maintained a significant suppression of splenic, hepatic and bone marrow parasite burdens (p < 0.005) compared to control values throughout the study. infected controls and drug treated animals had high levels of l. donovani specific antibodies ... | 1997 | 9373770 |
| serum and tissue nitrate levels in murine visceral leishmaniasis correlate with parasite load but not with host protection. | nitrate levels were measured in serum and in organs from lshs balb/c and lshr c3h/hen mice during the acute phase (30 d) of infection by leishmania donovani strain lv9. serum nitrate levels increased rapidly in balb/c mice from a baseline level (17 +/- 4 mumol/l) to a plateau (504 +/- 129 mumol/l) at 24 d and correlated with parasite loads in the liver (r = 0.817, p < 0.01) and in the spleen (r = 0.854, p < 0.001). liver and spleen nitrate contents were enhanced 2.7-fold and 22.8-fold, respectiv ... | 1997 | 9373644 |
| isolation of a nitric oxide synthase from the protozoan parasite, leishmania donovani. | a soluble nitric oxide synthase (nos) activity was purified 2800-fold from leishmania donovani, the causative parasite of visceral leishmaniasis, by two-step affinity and anion-exchange chromatography. the purified enzyme ran as a prominent band of 110 kda on sds-page whereas gel filtration experiments estimated the native molecular mass to be 230 +/- 20 kda indicating that the native enzyme exists as a dimer. the enzyme activity required nadph and was blocked by egta. the enzyme kinetics, cofac ... | 1997 | 9368359 |
| evolution of the genus leishmania revealed by comparison of dna and rna polymerase gene sequences. | previous hypotheses of leishmania evolution are undermined by limitations in the phylogenetic reconstruction method employed or due to the omission of key parasites. in this experiment, sequences of the gene encoding the dna polymerase alpha catalytic polypeptide (pola) were analysed phylogenetically in combination with those encoding the rna polymerase ii largest subunit gene (rpoiils) to infer a comprehensive phylogeny of leishmania. nineteen species of parasites were studied, comprising repre ... | 1997 | 9364962 |
| visceral leishmaniasis from bal'a, palestine, caused by leishmania donovani s.1. identified through polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. | a 5-year old female from bal'a, tulkarm area, palestine, was admitted with an 8 month history of fever, excessive night sweating, abdominal distension and enlargement, weight loss and sever anorexia. she was investigated elsewhere without reaching specific diagnosis. on admission, the history and symptoms were compatible with visceral leishmaniasis and bone marrow aspirate was positive for leishmania amastigotes. the serum titer, using ifat, was 1:640 for l. infantum and 1:320 for l. major proma ... | 1997 | 9352008 |
| short report: leishmania dna in phlebotomus and sergentomyia species during a kala-azar epidemic. | the presence of leishmania donovani dna in sand flies caught in indian kala-azar patients' dwellings during the epidemic of 1990-1992 was studied using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). amplification of miniexon-derived rna genes and gpg3 mrna was achieved in single phlebotomus argentipes, p. papatasi, and sergentomyia babu flies. the data suggest the possible involvement of multiple sandfly species in kala-azar transmission. | 1997 | 9347957 |
| recognition of the parasite infected cell surface determinants by homologous antiserum raised against infected cell membranes. | identification of neo-antigenic determinant(s) on parasite infected cell surface is important to control intracellular infections. such determinant(s) on the surface of intact plasmodium berghei infected erythrocytes have not been conclusively demonstrated. to generate polyclonal antiserum selectively recognizing the parasite infected cell surface determinant(s), in natural state, we have examined the efficacy of the homologous immunizations, in balb/c mice, with the membrane rich preparation of ... | 1997 | 9342738 |
| comparison of the efficacies of various formulations of amphotericin b against murine visceral leishmaniasis. | the antileishmanial efficacies of four proprietary amphotericin b (amb) formulations (fungizone, ambisome, abelcet, and amphocil) and an experimental nonionic surfactant vesicle (niv) formulation were compared in a murine model of acute visceral leishmaniasis. by a multiple-dosing regimen, groups of leishmania donovani-infected balb/c mice were treated (2.5 mg of amb per kg of body weight) on days 7 to 11 postinfection with one of the amb formulations, and parasite burdens were determined on day ... | 1997 | 9333030 |
| two tandemly arrayed genes encode the (histidine) secretory acid phosphatases of leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani promastigotes constitutively secrete a glycosylated and phosphorylated acid phosphatase activity. this secretory acid phosphatase (sacp) was purified from l. donovani culture supernatants and amino-acid sequence was obtained from both the n-terminus and a tryptic peptide fragment derived from the isolated protein. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based strategy, using degenerate oligo primers designed from the amino-acid sequence data, identified two single-copy, tandemly ar ... | 1997 | 9322750 |
| an experimental study on application of pcr in detection of kala-azar. | a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique was developed to detect kala-azar. out of 25 patients, 24 were detected, a sensitivity of 96%. the specificity rate, false positive rate, false negative rate, coincidence rate and youdent's index were 100% (60/60), 0, 4%, 99% and 0.96 respectively. it was shown that the pcr technique can directly detect kala-azar in samples (1 microliter) from peripheral blood. | 1997 | 9322302 |
| rapid identification of causative species in patients with old world leishmaniasis. | conventional methods for the identification of species of leishmania parasite causing infections have limitations. by using a dna-based alternative, the present study tries to develop a new tool for this purpose. thirty-three patients living in marseilles (in the south of france) were suffering from visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis. dna of the parasite in clinical samples (bone marrow, peripheral blood, or skin) from these patients were amplified by pcr and were directly sequenced. the sequen ... | 1997 | 9316906 |
| effect of sodium stibogluconate on hepatic mixed function oxidase system and marker enzymes of golden hamsters during leishmania donovani infection. | during l. donovani infection in golden hamsters, tremendous hepatic damage was observed as apparent from increased activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, succinate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase and acid ribonuclease. the levels of cytochrome p-450 and related monooxygenases, viz. aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine-n-demethylase registered significant decrease in infected animals. sodium stibogluconate, a standard antileishmanial drug, though c ... | 1997 | 9315242 |
| receptors for carbohydrate ligands including heparin on the cell surface of leishmania and other trypanosomatids. | by employing neoglycoproteins (ngp) and glycosaminoglycans, the detection of endogenous glycoligand-binding sites has become possible. monitoring specific binding of 11 of these sugar receptor-specific tools, 13 trypanosomatids of monogenetic genera blastocrithidia, crithidia, herpetomonas, and leptomonas and digenetic genera endotrypanum, leishmania, and sauroleishmania were analysed by agglutination and fluorescence assays. ngp showed agglutination reactions only with the digenetic but not wit ... | 1997 | 9315045 |
| [leishmaniasis with hypogammaglobulinemia and its relationship with t-cell lymphoma]. | 1997 | 9312287 | |
| molecular cloning of the hamster cmp-sialic acid transporter. | chinese hamster ovary (cho) glycosylation mutants of the lec2 complementation group are unable to express sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids due to a defect in the golgi cmp-sialic acid transporter (cmp-sia-tr). using an expression cloning strategy, we isolated a cdna encoding the hamster cmp-sia-tr which complements the lec2 phenotype. the deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned cdna shows 95% identity to the recently cloned murine cmp-sia-tr. the expression of a hamster cmp-sia-tr fusi ... | 1997 | 9310377 |
| a time-course study of circulating antigen and parasite-specific antibody in cotton rats infected with leishmania donovani. | levels of circulating antigen in a group of cotton rats infected with leishmania donovani were followed over a 28-week period, using a modified, polyethylene-glycol (peg) elisa. circulating antigen could be detected from 1 week post-infection and gradually increased over time. in infected cotton rats treated with a curative dose of pentostam at 12 weeks post-infection, antigen levels peaked and then declined. antigen was still detected in some of the treated animals at 28 weeks post-infection. t ... | 1997 | 9307657 |
| aspartate 19 and glutamate 121 are critical for transport function of the myo-inositol/h+ symporter from leishmania donovani. | the protozoan flagellate leishmania donovani has an active myo-inositol/proton symporter (mit), which is driven by a proton gradient across the parasite membrane. we have used site-directed mutagenesis in combination with functional expression of transporter mutants in xenopus oocytes and overexpression in leishmania transfectants to investigate the significance of acidic transmembrane residues for proton relay and inositol transport. mit has only three charged amino acids within predicted trans ... | 1997 | 9305873 |
| antibody response against a leishmania donovani amastigote-stage-specific protein in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. | the antibody response against an amastigote-specific protein (a2) from leishmania donovani was investigated. sera from patients with trypanosomiasis and various forms of leishmaniasis were screened for anti-a2 antibodies. sera from patients infected only with l. donovani or leishmania mexicana specifically recognized the a2 recombinant protein. these results were consistent with karyotype analyses which revealed that the a2 gene is conserved in l. donovani and l. mexicana strains. the potential ... | 1997 | 9302200 |
| folic acid the essential supplement to brain heart infusion broth for cultivation and cloning of leishmania donovani promastigotes. | multiplication of virulent and avirulent leishmania donovani promastigotes was inhibited by brain heart infusion broth (bhi) (3.7%) supplemented with haemolysed or whole blood (2.5-10%) or heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum (hifbs) (10-20%). peptone, glutamine, tryptophan, purine bases, ribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides, b-vitamins and vitamin c were evaluated for the reversal of this growth inhibition. supplementation of bhi with folic acid further supplemented with haemolysed rabbit bloo ... | 1997 | 9300460 |
| hiv/leishmania co-infections in portugal: diagnosis and isoenzyme characterization of leishmania. | 1997 | 9290851 | |
| prevalence of anti-leishmania donovani antibody among brazilian blood donors and multiply transfused hemodialysis patients. | the prevalence of anti-leishmania donovani antibodies was investigated in 1,500 brazilian blood donors and multiply transfused hemodialysis patients. sera were tested using the fucose-mannose ligand (fml) elisa, which was shown to have 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity for kala-azar. among 1,194 volunteer blood donors, seroreactivity was 9%, increasing to 25% in a periurban kala-azar focus. however, higher positivity (37%) was found in multiply transfused hemodialysis patients from natal, whe ... | 1997 | 9288810 |
| isolation of a mouse cdna encoding msti1, a stress-inducible protein containing the tpr motif. | we report the isolation and sequencing of the complete 2079-bp cdna fragment encoding msti1, a murine stress-inducible protein. the predicted orf encodes a protein of 543 amino acids (aa) and mr 62,582. the predicted protein has significant homology to stress-inducible proteins from humans (ief ssp 3521), soybean (gmsti), yeast (sti1) and a parasite, leishmania donovani (lsip). all of these proteins contain 34-aa repeat motifs, termed tetratricopeptide repeats (tprs), that are proposed to be inv ... | 1997 | 9272871 |
| [visceral leishmaniasis with an unusually long incubation time]. | a 25-year-old woman of yugoslavian origin came to germany two years before and did not leave germany since this time. she developed a phlebothrombosis during pregnancy which was treated surgically and with subsequent heparinisation. the pregnancy had to be terminated by section because of abnormal liver functions and increased blood pressure. these values returned to normal within two months. further tests again showed raised liver function tests (got 57 u/l, gpt 71 u/l) and antibodies against s ... | 1997 | 9264920 |
| haemolytic activities of plant saponins and adjuvants. effect of periandra mediterranea saponin on the humoral response to the fml antigen of leishmania donovani. | an 87.7% (p < 0.01) and 84% (p < 0.001) of protection against visceral leishmaniasis was achieved in cb hamsters and balb/c mice, respectively, with saponin combined to the fucose-mannose ligand of leishmania donovani (fml). however, an undesirable haemolytic effect was described for several saponins. aiming to improve the formulation with fml/saponin, we comparatively analysed the haemolytic potential of recently characterized plant saponins and currently used adjuvants. the haemolytic activity ... | 1997 | 9261952 |
| role of an rna-binding protein in import of trna into leishmania mitochondria. | nuclear-encoded cytoplasmic trnas are imported into the mitochondria of kinetoplastid protozoa by an unknown mechanism. in a leishmania in organello system, atp-dependent import of a cloned, unspliced trnatyr(gua) transcript was demonstrated by protection from ribonuclease, whereas import of a trnagln(cug) transcript was much less efficient. specific binding of trnatyr to two mitochondrial surface proteins of 15 and 22 kilodaltons was observed. tubulin antisense-binding protein (tab), the 15-kil ... | 1997 | 9261154 |
| structure-activity relationships for the antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities of 1'-substituted 9-anilinoacridines. | members of the class of 9-anilinoacridine topoisomerase ii inhibitors bearing lipophilic electron-donating 1'-anilino substituents are active against both the promastigote and amastigote forms of the parasite leishmania major. a series of analogues of the known 1'-nhhexyl lead compound were prepared and evaluated against l. major in macrophage culture to further develop structure-activity relationships (sar). toxicity toward mammalian cells was measured in a human leukemia cell line, and the rat ... | 1997 | 9258370 |
| confirmation of clinical differentiation of three leishmania strains by computerized image analyser system. | three human strains of leishmania, one visceral and two cutaneous leishmaniasis were prepared from both culture and tissue of infected animals and subjected to analysis by computerised image analyser system. the results showed differences in the morphology and nucleic acid contents of the three strains. | 1997 | 9257994 |
| visceral leishmaniasis with special reference to egypt (review and comment). | the leishmaniases comprise several diseases of wide diversity of manifestations caused by different species of the genus leishmania. they are grouped under three main headings: cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. leishmania donovani complex which visceralize in man with a predilection for infecting cells in the viscera, particularly in the spleen and the main vectors are phlebotomus of the "major" group. these include l.d. donovani (asia, mainly india ... | 1997 | 9257976 |
| evanescent wave fibre optic sensor for detection of l. donovani specific antibodies in sera of kala azar patients. | an easy-to-use technique for detection of antibodies specific for the parasite l. donovani in human serum sample has been developed. the method is based on an evanescent wave generated from a tapered configuration of decladded optical fibre and does not require any volumetric measurement. tapered fibres are immobilized with the purified cell surface protein of l. donovani by covalent bonding. treated fibres are incubated with the patient serum for 10 min followed by incubation with goat anti hum ... | 1997 | 9253153 |
| action of new organometallic complexes against leishmania donovani. | the action of 16 newly synthesized metal complexes having the general structure cis-pt-(ii)-xn-ln have been tested in vitro against the promastigote forms of leishmania donovani. the metal complexes at 24 h and maximum dosages inhibited growth from 0%, e.g. in cis-pt-nifurtimox, to 100%, e.g. in cis-pt-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoroaniline)2br2 or cis-pt-pentamidine-i2. a study of the cytotoxicty of these latter complexes on the phagocytic cell line j-774 showed neither high cytotoxicity nor cytolysis. ... | 1997 | 9249204 |
| new blood free biphasic medium with haemoglobin for cultivation of leishmania donovani promastigotes. | a simple biphasic growth medium for cultivation of l. donovani promastigotes is described. a successful attempt has been made to replace the blood/serum from regular medium by bovine hemoglobin powder. medium is easy to prepare within 4 hr. it is simple, reliable inexpensive and autoclavable. ingredients used in the media preparation are readily available at low cost and components of the medium prepared in large quantities, could be stored at 4 degrees c for month without significantly altering ... | 1996 | 9246917 |
| synthesis and antiparasitic activities of amidinic azolated derivatives. | a set of heterocyclic n-acetamidinium hydrochlorides were prepared from the corresponding n-acetonitriles. the antiparasitic screening showed that, while all amidines are practically inactive, some nitriles present leishmanicide properties. | 1997 | 9241827 |
| loss of virulence in leishmania donovani deficient in an amastigote-specific protein, a2. | leishmania donovani is the etiologic agent of fatal visceral leishmaniasis in man. during their life cycle, leishmania exist as flagellated promastigotes within the sandfly vector and as nonflagellated amastigotes in the macrophage phagolysosomal compartment of the mammalian host. the transformation from promastigotes to amastigotes is a critical step for the establishment of infection, and the molecular basis for this transformation is poorly understood. to define the molecular basis for amasti ... | 1997 | 9238059 |
| genetic analysis of purine metabolism in leishmania donovani. | to dissect the contributions of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt), adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (aprt), and adenosine kinase (ak) to purine salvage in leishmania donovani, null mutants genetically deficient in hgprt and/or aprt were generated by targeted gene replacement in wild type cells and preexisting mutant strains lacking either aprt or ak activity. these knockouts were obtained either by double targeted gene replacement or by single gene replacement followed by n ... | 1997 | 9235951 |
| detection and characterization of leishmania in tissues of patients with post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis using a specific monoclonal antibody. | sections from skin lesions and draining lymph nodes of patients with post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis were examined using an immunoperoxidase method and a monoclonal antibody directed against leishmania donovani. parasites were detected in 22 of 25 biopsies (88%). in parallel sections stained by haematoxylin and eosin, parasites were detected in only 5 of 25 of the biopsies (20%). the demonstration of whole parasites or parasite antigen is diagnostic. | 1997 | 9231195 |
| diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by the polymerase chain reaction using blood, bone marrow and lymph node samples from patients from the sudan. | we have evaluated the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) as a diagnostic tool for leishmania donovani using blood, bone marrow and lymph node samples from sudanese patients with a confirmed infection. forty patients were diagnosed by microscopic examination of bone marrow or lymph node samples. the pcr was able to detect parasite dna in 37 out of 40 blood samples. in bone marrow and lymph node samples, the pcr was able to detect parasite dna in all 7 and 6 samples, respectively. ... | 1997 | 9217699 |
| macronodular hepatic granulomas due to visceral leishmaniasis in an aids patient: imaging findings. | 1997 | 9216784 | |
| heme metabolism in promastigotes of leishmania donovani. | promastigotes of leishmania donovani (dd-8 strain) showed presence of important key enzymes of heme synthesizing (delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase and ferrochelatase) and degrading (heme oxygenase and biliverdin reductase) systems, classical leishmanicidal drugs viz allopurinol, amphotericin b, pentamidine and cdri compound 93/202 inhibited the heme oxygenase activity of the parasite, whereas, delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase activity practically remained unaffected. the km, vmax and ph valu ... | 1997 | 9201697 |
| in vitro sensitivity of leishmania donovani to organometallic derivatives of pentamidine. | 1997 | 9197403 | |
| altered transport properties of pentamidine-resistant leishmania donovani and l. amazonensis promastigotes. | pentamidine-resistant clones of leishmania donovani and l. amazonensis promastigotes were developed by increase of the drug pressure in the culture medium and characterized. the resistant clones could grow in 40 and 20 microm pentamidine as determined for l. donovani and l. amazonensis, respectively, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic50 values) being 140 and 60 microm, which were 18 and 75 times higher than those recorded for the parental clones, respectively. biochemical analysis of the clo ... | 1997 | 9197387 |
| microscopic observation of progressive immobilization of leishmania promastigotes in acridine orange stain. | to rapidly isolate leishmania donovani promastigotes in samples from novy-macneal-nicolle (nnn) cultures, a method of staining with acridine orange was developed. such vital staining combines the advantages of direct microscopic examination (e.g., observation of motility) with more accurate cytological and structural imaging of the stained parasites (usually obtained by giemsa staining). progressive immobilization of leishmania promastigotes associated with a change in fluorescence color was als ... | 1997 | 9196211 |
| c-reactive protein increases c3 deposition on leishmania donovani promastigotes in human serum. | 1997 | 9191330 | |
| disruption of the trypanothione reductase gene of leishmania decreases its ability to survive oxidative stress in macrophages. | parasitic protozoa belonging to the order kinetoplastida contain trypanothione as their major thiol. trypanothione reductase (tr), the enzyme responsible for maintaining trypanothione in its reduced form, is thought to be central to the redox defence systems of trypanosomatids. to investigate further the physiological role of tr in leishmania, we attempted to create tr-knockout mutants by gene disruption in l. donovani and l. major strains using the selectable markers neomycin and hygromycin pho ... | 1997 | 9184206 |
| effect of osmotic stress on the rate of release of acid phosphatase by leishmania donovani promastigotes. | 1997 | 9183707 | |
| inhibition of phagolysosomal biogenesis by the leishmania lipophosphoglycan. | whereas amastigotes of the protozoan parasite leishmania proliferate inside acidic phagolysosomal vacuoles of the macrophage, vacuoles induced by leishmania donovani promastigotes during initiation of infection are poorly characterized. here, evidence is presented that interaction of these parasitophorous vacuoles with endocytic organelles is very limited. in contrast, vacuoles formed around l. donovani mutants lacking the cell surface lipophosphoglycan (lpg) fuse extensively with endosomes and ... | 1997 | 9182677 |
| transmission of visceral leishmaniasis by blood transfusion in hamsters. | we have studied the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis by blood transfusion in the cb hamster model. five normal cb hamsters (females, 2.5 months old) received a 0.1-ml blood transfusion from a donor that had been infected with 10(7) amastigotes of leishmania donovani 90 days prior to the blood harvest. the development of the disease in transfused animals was monitored by the increase in anti-leishmania serum antibodies, splenomegaly, and spleen and liver parasitic burdens. the transfused ha ... | 1996 | 9181102 |
| circulating t helper 1 (th1) cell- and th2 cell-associated cytokines in indian patients with visceral leishmaniasis. | sera from 61 indian patients with visceral leishmaniasis caused by infection with leishmania donovani were tested for the presence of t helper 1 (th1) cell-(interferon-gamma [ifn-gamma]) and th2 cell-associated cytokines (interleukin-4 [il-4] and il-10). the ifn-gamma activity was detected in 53%. il-4 in 84%, and il-10 in 56% of patient samples. sera from 10 healthy indian controls showed detectable ifn-gamma in 90%. il-4 in 10%, and il-10 in 20%; corresponding percentages for sera from eight h ... | 1997 | 9180602 |
| endogenous interleukin-12 regulates acquired resistance in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | treatment with interleukin-12 (il-12) induces leishmanicidal activity in experimental leishmania donovani infection; therefore, balb/c mice were injected with anti-il-12 antibody to define the role of endogenous il-12 in acquired resistance in this disseminated intracellular infection. anti-il-12 administration started 1 day after infection and given for 4 weeks abolished control of visceral parasite replication and in parallel suppressed endogenous interferon-gamma production and tissue granulo ... | 1997 | 9180189 |
| adjuvanticity and protective immunity elicited by leishmania donovani antigens encapsulated in positively charged liposomes. | in the search for a leishmaniasis vaccine, extensive studies of cutaneous leishmaniasis have been carried out. investigations in this regard with the visceral form are limited. as an initial step in the identification of the protective molecules, leishmanial antigens extracted from the membranes of leishmania donovani promastigotes, alone or in association with liposomes, were evaluated for their immunogenicity and ability to elicit a protective immune response against challenge infection. intra ... | 1997 | 9169776 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of the dna polymerase alpha gene of leishmania donovani: comparison with the human homologue. | the gene encoding the dna polymerase alpha catalytic subunit of the kinetoplastid parasite l. donovani has been isolated, sequenced and compared with other eukaryotic homologues. the coding region is 4020 bp in length and specifies an inferred protein sequence of 1339 amino acids (aa). there is a high level of variability between the human and l. donovani gene sequences, but functional substrate-binding residues identified in humans and yeast appear to also be conserved in this parasite. the dis ... | 1997 | 9168968 |
| in vivo interference of paromomycin with mitochondrial activity of leishmania. | paromomycin is an aminocyclitol aminoglycoside antibiotic used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. in view of the central role of mitochondria in cellular energetics and metabolism, its effect on in vivo mitochondrial activities of leishmania donovani promastigotes-the parasite flagellate form-was investigated. the approach used flow cytometry, amperometric measure of o2 consumption, and, as a global estimate of mitochondrial dehydrogenases, thiazolyl blue reduction (mtt test); some in vitro con ... | 1997 | 9168810 |
| protective effect of neoglycoprotein-conjugated muramyl dipeptide against leishmania donovani infection: the role of cytokines. | active targeting of muramyl dipeptide (mdp) to macrophages was studied by conjugation with the neoglycoprotein, mannosyl human serum albumin (mannose-hsa) using visceral leishmaniasis as the model macrophage disease. conjugation did not decrease the affinity of the neoglycoprotein for macrophage mannose receptor. mannose-hsa-mdp was 50 times more efficient than free mdp in inhibiting the growth of leishmania donovani inside peritoneal macrophages. moreover, in a 60-day murine model of visceral l ... | 1997 | 9164956 |
| killing of leishmania donovani amastigotes by poly iclc in hamsters. | in vitro as well as in vivo studies suggest that cytokine-induced synthesis of nitric oxide (no) from l-arginine is a major effector mechanism against intracellular pathogens. in this study, we demonstrate that golden hamsters infected with leishmania donovani amastigotes upon treatment with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose (poly iclc), a potent interferon inducer and immune enhancer, in combination with l-arginine, develop the capacity to eli ... | 1996 | 9162526 |
| polyamine transport systems of leishmania donovani promastigotes. | the following observations are conjointly indicative of the presence of distinct energy-dependent, saturable and multiple polyamine transport systems in leishmania donovani promastigotes, the causative agent for visceral leishmaniasis. spermidine was influxed with as much as seven times higher rate than putrescine, while both spermidine and putrescine transporters exhibited equally high affinity for the respective polyamine. n-ethylmaleimide arrested the complete functionality of both the transp ... | 1997 | 9150419 |