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palivizumab and emerging therapies for respiratory syncytial virus. 201222348302
influence of common non-synonymous toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms on bronchopulmonary dysplasia and prematurity in human infants.bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd) is a common chronic lung disease and major risk factor for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection among preterm infants. the toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) is involved in oxidative injury responses in the lungs. two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the tlr4 gene have been associated with rsv infection in children. however, it is unclear to what extent this association is confounded by bpd or prematurity. in this study, we analyzed two po ...201222348075
update on emerging infections: news from the centers for disease control and prevention. respiratory syncytial virus--united states, july 2007-june 2011. 201222340800
palivizumab for prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with cystic fibrosis.respiratory syncytial virus infection causes acute lung infection in infants and young children worldwide, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. children with cystic fibrosis are prone to recurrent lung inflammation, bacterial colonisation and subsequent chronic airway disease, putting them at risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus infections requiring intensive care and respiratory support. no treatment currently exists, hence prevention is important. palivizumab is effective ...201222336832
[progress in prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection]. 201122336313
influence of maternal asthma on the cause and severity of infant acute respiratory tract infections.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rhinovirus infections are the most common significant infant respiratory tract illnesses and are associated with increased but differential risks of childhood asthma.201222336082
respiratory syncytial virus infection in adult populations.respiratory syncytial virus, generally recognized for its role as the major respiratory pathogen in newborn infants and young children, is also a significant pathogen in adults. it is a frequent cause of upper and lower respiratory illness among all age groups, although it often goes unrecognized in adults unless highly sensitive molecular diagnostic tests are used. all rsv infections in adults represent re-infection and are generally mild to moderate in severity, although persons with certain h ...201222335500
the non-structural proteins of rsv: targeting interferon antagonists for vaccine development.over fifty years have passed since the identification of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) as an important pediatric pathogen. however, an effective vaccine is still lacking. immunization with formalin-inactivated rsv resulted in vaccine-enhanced disease; thus, a greater focus has been placed more recently on developing live attenuated rsv vaccines. the difficulty in identifying a live attenuated vaccine candidate has been balancing appropriate attenuation with sufficient immunogenicity. with th ...201222335499
the burgeoning burden of respiratory syncytial virus among children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was first isolated from infants by chanock and colleagues in 1957. however, control of this ubiquitous agent has yet to be achieved. rsv is recognized as the primary cause of hospitalization for acute lower respiratory tract illness (lrti) among infants worldwide. among children < 5 years old, annual hospitalization rates in the united states (us) is 3/1000 children, and rates in canada and european countries are similar. in the us the hospitalization rate is 3 ...201222335498
protein-protein interactions in rsv assembly: potential targets for attenuating rsv strains.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide, with no effective treatment or vaccine available. steady progress has been made in understanding the respiratory syncytial virus lifecycle and the consequences of infection, but some areas of rsv still remain poorly understood. although many of the interactions between virus proteins that are required for efficient rsv assembly have been elucidated, many questions still remain regarding viral a ...201222335497
targeting rsv with vaccines and small molecule drugs.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most significant cause of pediatric respiratory infections. palivizumab (synagis®), a humanized monoclonal antibody, has been used successfully for a number of years to prevent severe rsv disease in at-risk infants. however, despite intense efforts, there is no approved vaccine or small molecule drug for rsv. as an enveloped virus, rsv must fuse its envelope with the host cell membrane, which is accomplished through the actions of the fusion (f) glycoprot ...022335496
effect of chemokine receptor cx3cr1 deficiency in a murine model of respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of serious lower respiratory illness in infants and young children worldwide, making it a high priority for development of strategies for prevention and treatment. rsv can cause repeat infections throughout life, with serious complications in elderly and immunocompromised patients. previous studies indicate that the rsv g protein binds through a cx3c chemokine motif to the host chemokine receptor, cx3cr1, and modulates the inflammatory i ...201222330646
impact of viral infections in children with community-acquired pneumonia: results of a study of 17 respiratory viruses.little is known about the prevalence of viral infections in children with community-acquired pneumonia (cap).201322329841
neutralizing antibodies against the preactive form of respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein offer unique possibilities for clinical intervention.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is the most important viral agent of pediatric respiratory infections worldwide. the only specific treatment available today is a humanized monoclonal antibody (palivizumab) directed against the f glycoprotein, administered prophylactically to children at very high risk of severe hrsv infections. palivizumab, as most anti-f antibodies so far described, recognizes an epitope that is shared by the two conformations in which hrsv_f can fold, the metastable p ...201222323598
long-term respiratory outcome of babies born prematurely.chronic respiratory morbidity is a common adverse outcome of premature birth, particularly in infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd). prematurely born infants who had bpd may require supplementary oxygen at home for many months, but few remain oxygen dependent beyond 2 years of age. readmission to hospital is common, particularly for those who had bpd, but only in the first 2 years after birth. the readmissions are usually for respiratory problems, particularly respiratory syncytia ...201222323441
the human respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural protein 1 regulates type i and type ii interferon pathways.respiratory syncytial viruses encode a nonstructural protein (ns1) that interferes with type i and iii interferon and other antiviral responses. proteomic studies were conducted on human a549 type ii alveolar epithelial cells and type i interferon-deficient vero cells (african green monkey kidney cells) infected with wild-type and ns1-deficient clones of human respiratory syncytial virus to identify other potential pathway and molecular targets of ns1 interference. these analyses included two-di ...201222322095
[three years surveillance of viral etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children from 2007 to 2010].viruses are common pathogens of acute lower respiratory tract infection (alrti) in children. there are few studies on consecutive monitoring of viral pathogens of alrti in a larger cohort during the past several years. the aim of this study was to investigate the viral pathogens of alrti in children of different age groups and to outline the epidemic feature of different viruses.201122321179
comparing pandemic to seasonal influenza mortality: moderate impact overall but high mortality in young children.we assessed the severity of the 2009 influenza pandemic by comparing pandemic mortality to seasonal influenza mortality. however, reported pandemic deaths were laboratory-confirmed - and thus an underestimation - whereas seasonal influenza mortality is often more inclusively estimated. for a valid comparison, our study used the same statistical methodology and data types to estimate pandemic and seasonal influenza mortality.201222319616
a critical phenylalanine residue in the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein cytoplasmic tail mediates assembly of internal viral proteins into viral filaments and particles.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a single-stranded rna virus in the paramyxoviridae family that assembles into filamentous structures at the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells. these filaments contain viral genomic rna and structural proteins, including the fusion (f) protein, matrix (m) protein, nucleoprotein (n), and phosphoprotein (p), while excluding f-actin. it is known that the f protein cytoplasmic tail (fct) is necessary for filament formation, but the mechanism by which th ...201222318318
the human respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein is required for maturation of viral filaments.an experimental system was developed to generate infectious human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) lacking matrix (m) protein expression (m-null virus) from cdna. the role of the m protein in virus assembly was then examined by infecting hep-2 and vero cells with the m-null virus and assessing the impact on infectious virus production and viral protein trafficking. in the absence of m, the production of infectious progeny was strongly impaired. immunofluorescence (if) microscopy analysis using ...201222318136
human coronaviruses hcov-nl63 and hcov-hku1 in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections in beijing, china.the human coronaviruses (hcovs) hcov-nl63 and hcov-hku1 are two recently discovered coronaviruses that circulate widely and are associated with acute respiratory infections (ari). we detected hcov-nl63 and hcov-hku1 in specimens collected from may 2008 to march 2010 from patients with ari aged <7.75 years of age attending the beijing children's hospital. thirty-two (8.4%) and 57 (14.9%) of 382 specimens tested positive for hcov-nl63 and hcov-hku1, respectively, by real-time rt-pcr. use of a lumi ...201122315599
antiviral activities of diarylheptanoids isolated from alpinia officinarum against respiratory syncytial virus, poliovirus, measles virus, and herpes simplex virus type 1 in vitro.alpinia officinarum has been used as a folk medicine and contains diarylheptanoids that have various biological activities. however, their antiviral activities are less elucidated. we examined the antiviral activities of nine diarylheptanoids isolated from a. officinarum against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), poliovirus, measles virus, and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) using a plaque reduction assay. the 50% inhibitory concentrations of seven of the nine diarylheptanoids for rsv were m ...201122312729
the promise, pitfalls and progress of rna-interference-based antiviral therapy for respiratory viruses.advances in the understanding of rna biological processing and control are leading to new concepts in human therapeutics with practical implications for many human diseases, including antiviral therapy of respiratory viruses. so-called 'non-coding rna' exerts specific and profound functional control on regulation of protein production and indeed controls the expression of all genes through processes collectively known as rna interference (rnai). rnai is a naturally occurring intracellular proces ...201222311654
antibodies for prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection causes respiratory illness in all ages, and is the leading cause of hospitalizations of infants and children around the world. those at increased risk for severe disease include infants with congenital heart disease, premature infants, children with neuromuscular disease, airway abnormalities, underlying immunodeficiencies and the elderly. attempts to develop a safe and effective vaccine have been unsuccessful thus far. however, significant progress ha ...201222311607
antiviral therapy of respiratory viruses in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.the treatment of respiratory viruses is extremely challenging in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients. outcomes related to these infections have improved over the past decade. more recently, studies have looked at respiratory virus epidemiology using molecular assays to understand the wide range of diseases in hsct recipients. the emergence of pandemic h1n1 in 2009 encouraged implementation of molecular assays in many clinical laboratories and broadened influenza resistance dete ...201222311587
antiviral therapies for respiratory viral infections in lung transplant patients.because the lung is in constant contact with the environment, infections with respiratory viruses are a common and potentially serious complication of lung transplantation. infection can cause direct effects, typically manifested as respiratory symptoms and changes in pulmonary function, and indirect effects, such as an enhanced risk of developing chronic allograft rejection. infections with all of the identified respiratory viruses have been associated with infection in lung transplant recipien ...201222311542
susceptibility of the per.c6 cell line for infection with clinical human respiratory syncytial virus isolates.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is one of the most important agents causing upper respiratory infection in infants. the susceptibility of the per.c6 cell line for infection with clinical hrsv strains was investigated. during the hrsv season of 2006/2007 in belgium, 90 isolates were inoculated into the per.c6 and hep-2 cells and viral growth was evaluated by quantification of the extracellular viral rna concentration. initially, viral growth of hrsv strains was observed after 7 days of i ...201222305961
invasive pneumococcal pneumonia and respiratory virus co-infections.to confirm whether respiratory virus infections increase susceptibility to invasive pneumococcal pneumonia, we examined data from 11 influenza seasons (1994-2005) in the united states. invasive pneumococcal pneumonia was significantly associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus activities in 5 seasons. association strength was higher when strain h3n2 was the predominant influenza a virus strain.201222305270
rsv hospitalisation and healthcare utilisation in moderately prematurely born infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is associated with chronic respiratory morbidity in infants born very prematurely. our aims were to determine if infants born moderately prematurely (32--35 weeks of gestation) who had had an rsv hospitalisation, compared to those who had not, had greater healthcare utilisation and related cost of care in the first 2 years. two thousand and sixty-six eligible infants' records were examined to identify three groups: 20 infants admitted for an rsv lower ...201222302458
interleukin-27 inhibits vaccine-enhanced pulmonary disease following respiratory syncytial virus infection by regulating cellular memory responses.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children. in the 1960s, infants vaccinated with formalin-inactivated rsv developed a more severe disease characterized by excessive inflammatory immunopathology in lungs upon natural rsv infection. the fear of causing the vaccine-enhanced disease (ved) is an important obstacle for development of safe and effective rsv vaccines. the recombinant vaccine candidate g1f/m2 immunization also led t ...201222301139
long term respiratory outcomes of very premature birth (<32 weeks).many very prematurely born infants develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd), remaining oxygen dependent for many months and requiring frequent rehospitalisations. troublesome, recurrent respiratory symptoms requiring treatment and lung function abnormalities at follow-up are common. the most severely affected may remain symptomatic with evidence of airways obstruction even as adults. data from adolescents and adults on the respiratory outcome of extreme prematurity, however, are usually from pat ...201222300711
cimicifuga foetida l. inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus in hep-2 and a549 cell lines.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) causes serious pediatric infection of the lower respiratory tract without effective therapeutic modality. sheng-ma-ge-gen-tang (smggt; shoma-kakkon-to) has been proven to be effective at inhibiting hrsv-induced plaque formation, and cimicifuga foetida is the major constituent of smggt. we tested the hypothesis that c. foetida effectively inhibited the cytopathic effects of hrsv by a plaque reduction assay in both human upper (hep2) and lower (a549) respir ...201222298455
palivizumab: a debate about funding.a clinician and the chair of the hospital drug committee debate the merits of the use of palivizumab as prophylaxis against respiratory syncytial virus infection for a preterm baby with oxygen-dependent, chronic lung disease and discuss the issue of public funding of palivizumab. an ethicist comments on ethical aspects of the debate about cost-effectiveness.201222296413
tlr2/myd88/nf-κb pathway, reactive oxygen species, potassium efflux activates nlrp3/asc inflammasome during respiratory syncytial virus infection.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) constitute highly pathogenic virus that cause severe respiratory diseases in newborn, children, elderly and immuno-compromised individuals. airway inflammation is a critical regulator of disease outcome in rsv infected hosts. although "controlled" inflammation is required for virus clearance, aberrant and exaggerated inflammation during rsv infection results in development of inflammatory diseases like pneumonia and bronchiolitis. interleukin-1β (il-1β) pl ...201222295065
respiratory syncytial virus infection and immunity.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause for childhood hospitalization and respiratory distress, being recognized as a major health and economic burden worldwide. rsv can exploit host immunity and cause a strong inflammatory response that leads to lung damage and virus dissemination. unfortunately, the immune response elicited by rsv normally fails to protect against subsequent exposures to the virus. despite intense research during the 50 years after the discovery of rsv, scientis ...201222290692
association of herd brsv and bhv-1 seroprevalence with respiratory disease and reproductive performance in adult dairy cattle.the aim of this study was to detect the associations between bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) status of a herd and respiratory disease (brd) occurrence and reproductive performance in pregnant heifers and cows. the association between management-related factors and higher brd occurrence was also estimated.201222289165
is chronic rhinosinusitis caused by persistent respiratory virus infection?many chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) patients recall an upper respiratory tract infection as the inciting event of their chronic illness. viral infections have been shown to cause obstruction of the osteomeatal complex, which is likely to be a critical step in the development of crs. there is clear overlap between the pathogenesis of crs and asthma. infections with respiratory viruses in childhood increase the risk of subsequently developing asthma. viral infections in established asthmatics are as ...201122287325
cost-effectiveness analysis of the use of palivizumab in the prophylaxis of preterm patients in mexico.the study evaluated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (icer) of the prophylaxis of palivizumab, for the reduction of complications associated to the respiratory syncytial virus in preterm patients in mexico.201522286828
role of pd-l1/pd-1 in the immune response to respiratory viral infections.airway epithelial cells are the main cells infected by respiratory viruses including rhinoviruses and respiratory syncytial virus. virus modulation of inhibitory molecule pd-l1 on epithelial cells may be important in limiting anti-viral effector cd8(+) t cell responses and, consequently, worsening acute virus-induced lung tissue damage.201222285902
influenza-related mortality in spain, 1999-2005.to estimate the excess deaths attributed to influenza in spain, using age-specific generalized linear models (glm) and the serfling model for the period 1999-2005.201622284214
[chest physiotherapy and bronchiolitis in the hospitalised infant. double-blind clinical trial].[corrected] to study the utility of chest physiotherapy by increased exhalation technique with assisted cough in the acute bronchiolite of the hospitalized new-born babys.201222281403
long term respiratory outcomes of late preterm-born infants.in recent years, the rate of preterm births has risen in many industrialised countries with late preterm births forming a substantial proportion of the preterm births. late preterm infants are delivered at the immature saccular stage of lung development when surfactant and antioxidant systems are still developing. it is now increasingly recognised that late preterm infants have increased respiratory morbidity in the neonatal period. in addition, late preterm infants are at an increased risk of l ...201222277112
when are amniotic fluid viral pcr studies indicated in prenatal diagnosis?objective: to determine which prenatal ultrasound findings indicate the need to also obtain pcr studies for viral genome in women undergoing midtrimester amniocentesis. methods: this was a retrospective observational study on women that underwent amniotic fluid karyotyping and viral pcr testing for history or ultrasound based indication. amniotic fluid was tested for adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, enterovirus, epstein-barr virus, and parvovirus b19 using multiplex pcr ...201222275111
viral etiology in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection.this study was performed to investigate the viral etiological agents, age distribution and clinical manifestations of lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) in hospitalized children. the viral etiology and clinical findings in 147 children (1 month to 5 years of age) hospitalized with acute lrti were evaluated. cell culture was used for isolation of influenza viruses and direct fluorescent antibody assay for parainfluenza viruses (pivs), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and adenoviruses (advs ...201122272450
microrna-221 modulates rsv replication in human bronchial epithelium by targeting ngf expression.early-life infection by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is associated with aberrant expression of the prototypical neurotrophin nerve growth factor (ngf) and its cognate receptors in human bronchial epithelium. however, the chain of events leading to this outcome, and its functional implications for the progression of the viral infection, has not been elucidated. this study sought to test the hypothesis that rsv infection modulates neurotrophic pathways in human airways by silencing the expres ...201222272270
prevalence of and risk factors for bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infection in non-vaccinated dairy and dual-purpose cattle herds in ecuador.a cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infection in non-vaccinated dairy and dual-purpose cattle herds from ecuador. a total of 2,367 serum samples from 346 herds were collected from june 2008 to february 2009. a questionnaire, which included variables related to cattle, health, management measures, and the environment, was filled out in each herd. presence of antibodies against brsv was a ...201222270243
detection of antibodies and risk factors for infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus 3 in dual-purpose farms in colima, mexico.a cross-sectional study was carried out, from november 2007 to march 2008, to estimate the prevalence of and to determine risk factors associated with bovine syncytial respiratory virus (brsv) and parainfluenza 3 virus (piv3) in dual-purpose herds in colima, méxico. one hundred and seventy-six sera from 33 herds for piv3 and 232 sera from 44 herds for brsv were used. sera were analyzed by indirect elisa for the detection of antibodies against brsv and piv3 in cattle herds to determine the seropr ...201222270242
proteins involved in extracellular matrix dynamics are associated with rsv disease severity.severity of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection ranges widely. to what extent the local immune response is involved in rsv disease pathogenesis and which markers of this response are critical in determining disease severity is still matter of debate.the local immune response was studied in nasopharyngeal aspirates (npas) during rsv infection. forty-seven potential markers of disease severity were analysed in a screening cohort of rsv-infected infants with mild disease at home (n=8), hosp ...201222267765
ox40 ligand and programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 expression on inflammatory dendritic cells regulates cd4 t cell cytokine production in the lung during viral disease.cd4 th differentiation is influenced by costimulatory molecules expressed on conventional dendritic cells (dcs) in regional lymph nodes and results in specific patterns of cytokine production. however, the function of costimulatory molecules on inflammatory (cd11b(+)) dcs in the lung during recall responses is not fully understood, but it is important for development of novel interventions to limit immunopathological responses to infection. using a mouse model in which vaccination with vaccinia ...201222266281
application of network analysis parameters in risk-based surveillance - examples based on cattle trade data and bovine infections in sweden.financial resources may limit the number of samples that can be collected and analysed in disease surveillance programmes. when the aim of surveillance is disease detection and identification of case herds, a risk-based approach can increase the sensitivity of the surveillance system. in this paper, the association between two network analysis measures, i.e. 'in-degree' and 'ingoing infection chain', and signs of infection is investigated. it is shown that based on regression analysis of combine ...201222265643
molecular evolution of respiratory syncytial virus fusion gene, canada, 2006-2010.to assess molecular evolution of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion gene, we analyzed rsv-positive specimens from 123 children in canada who did or did not receive rsv immunoprophylaxis (palivizumab) during 2006-2010. resistance-conferring mutations within the palivizumab binding site occurred in 8.7% of palivizumab recipients and none of the nonrecipients.201222264682
[development and characterization of a stable cell line expressing respiratory syncytial virus non-structural protein ns1].to develop a stable cell line that could express the rsv ns1, the full-length rsv ns1 gene was generated by rt-pcr amplification from respiratory syncytial virus. ns1 gene was ligated with pbabe-puro to construct the recombinant retroviral expression plasmid pbabe-ns1, which was cotransfected into 293ft packaging cells with pik packaging plasmid by calcium phosphate co-precipitation. the supernatant of 293ft was collected to infect hep-2 cells, the resulting cell clones stably expressing ns1 wer ...201122263272
[a gexp based multiplex rt-pcr assay for simultaneous detection of twelve human respiratory viruses].a gexp based multiplex rt-pcr assay was developed to simultaneously detect twelve different respiratory viruses types/subtypes including influenza a virus, influenza b virus, influenza a virus sh1n1, parainfluenza virus type 1, parainfluenza virus type 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, human rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus a, respiratory syncytial virus b and human bocavirus. twelve sets of specific primers were designed based on the conserved sequences of ...201122263264
treatment of acute viral bronchiolitis.acute viral bronchiolitis represents the most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. respiratory syncytial virus is the most frequently identified virus, but many other viruses may also cause acute bronchiolitis. there is no common definition of acute viral bronchiolitis used internationally, and this may explain part of the confusion in the literature. most children with bronchiolitis have a self limitin ...201122262989
respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with neuromuscular impairment.clinically obvious reasons why children with neurological impairment (nmi) may be more severely affected in case of a viral respiratory tract infection include reduced vital capacity due to muscular weakness or spastic scoliosis, disturbed clearance of respiratory excretions (weak coughing and dysphagia), inability to comply actively with physiotherapeutic interventions, recurrent micro-aspirations (gastroesophageal reflux disease, vomiting related to coughing), a history of frequent exposure to ...201122262988
risk factors for severe respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection.rsv infection is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection, especially in high-risk infants with a history of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd), congenital heart disease (chd), neuromusculair impairment, immunodeficiency, and down syndrome. host related risk factors that have been identified to be associated with severe rsv related lower respiratory tract infection include young age below 6 months at the beginning of rsv season, multiple birth, male sex, low socioeconomic ...201122262987
epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in preterm infants.this review focuses on the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in preterm infants with and without chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia, bpd). the year-to-year and seasonal variations in rsv activity are key aspects of rsv epidemiology, and knowledge/monitoring of local rsv activity is mandatory for guidance of prophylaxis with the monoclonal antibodies palivizumab and in the near future motavizumab. morbidity expressed in rates of hospitalizations attributable to r ...201122262986
diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important pathogen causing severe lower respiratory tract infections in all age groups often requiring hospitalization. rapid laboratory diagnosis of rsv infection significantly decreases the use of antibiotics, additional laboratory testing and is associated with shorter hospitalization periods. the specific diagnosis of rsv infection is based on the detection of virus or viral antigens or virus specific nucleic acid sequences in respiratory ...201122262985
respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. 201122262984
opposing roles of membrane and soluble forms of the receptor for advanced glycation end products in primary respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a common respiratory pathogen in infants and the older population, causes pulmonary inflammation and airway occlusion that leads to impairment of lung function. here, we have established a role for receptor for advanced glycation end products (rage) in rsv infection. rage-deficient (ager(-/-)) mice were protected from rsv-induced weight loss and inflammation. this protection correlated with an early increase in type i interferons, later decreases in proinflamma ...201222262795
[rhinoviruses. frequency in nonhospitalized children with acute respiratory infection].molecular methods for human rhinoviruses (hrv) have increased the sensitivity in their diagnosis. hrv may cause acute respiratory infections (ari) of the upper and lower respiratory tract. hrv infection during childhood is a predictor of asthma development. in this study, the hrv frequency in outpatient children with ari was determined, and their clinical features and previous conditions were evaluated. a total of 186 respiratory samples of children under 6 year old attending the cemic pediatric ...201222257453
effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection on regulated on activation, normal t-cells expressed and secreted production in a murine model of asthma.synthesis of regulated on activation, normal t-cells expressed and secreted (rantes) in the airway has previously been shown to be elevated after respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. however, since few studies have examined whether rsv-infected asthma patients express a higher level of rantes than do normal individuals, we used a murine model of asthma to address this question.201122253642
epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in two long-term refugee camps in kenya, 2007-2010.abstract: background: refugees are at risk for poor outcomes from acute respiratory infections (ari) because of overcrowding, suboptimal living conditions, and malnutrition. we implemented surveillance for respiratory viruses in dadaab and kakuma refugee camps in kenya to characterize their role in the epidemiology of ari among refugees. methods: from 1 september 2007 through 31 august 2010, we obtained nasopharyngeal (np) and oropharyngeal (op) specimens from patients with influenza-like illne ...201222251705
[infantile meningitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus].respiratory syncytial (rs) virus commonly causes infantile respiratory tract infection causing significant morbidity and mortality, but rarely meningitis. we report a case of meningitis caused by rs virus subgroup b in a 56-day-old boy admitted for high fever who underwent blood examination and lumbar puncture. empirical chemotherapy was started with intravenous ampicillin, gentamicin, and cefotaxime based on laboratory data on csf cells (84/microl) and serum crp (13.8mg/dl) data. rs virus subgr ...201122250462
chronic diseases, chromosomal abnormalities, and congenital malformations as risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization: a population-based cohort study.little is known about how chronic conditions other than prematurity, heart disease, and down syndrome affect the risk and severity of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). we assess the risk and severity of rsv hospitalization in children with chronic conditions in this register-based, population-based cohort study.201222247121
epidemiology of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in children: differences between rsv and non-rsv bronchiolitis.we study the clinical, management and outcome differences between respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) positive and negative bronchiolitis. a retrospective review of the medical records of children ≤ 2 years of age with acute bronchiolitis between january 1995 and december 2006 was done. there were 2,384 patients hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis, and 1,495 (62.7%) were rsv infections. overall, hospitalization rate was 55/1,000 admissions. mortality occurred in 0.08% of cases. bronchiolitis due ...201222240853
antimicrobial activity of human eosinophil granule proteins: involvement in host defence against pathogens.eosinophils have been associated with the pathophysiology of various allergic diseases and asthma. eosinophils secrete a number of granule proteins that have been identified as effector molecules responsible for many of the actions of eosinophils. the four major eosinophil granule proteins, major basic protein (mbp), eosinophil cationic protein (ecp), eosinophil derived neurotoxin (edn) and eosinophil peroxidase have been shown to be involved in a number of eosinophil associated functions. edn p ...201222239733
il-21 promotes the pathologic immune response to pneumovirus infection.il-21 is a cytokine with pleiotropic actions, promoting terminal differentiation of b cells, increased ig production, and the development of th17 and t follicular helper cells. il-21 is also implicated in the development of autoimmune disease and has antitumor activity. in this study, we investigated the role of il-21 in host defense to pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), which initiates an infection in mice resembling that of respiratory syncytial virus disease in humans. we found that pvm-infected ...201222238461
vesicular stomatitis virus as an oncolytic agent against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) is a promising oncolytic agent against a variety of cancers. however, it has never been tested in any pancreatic cancer model. pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (pda) is the most common and aggressive form of pancreatic cancer. in this study, the oncolytic potential of several vsv variants was analyzed in a panel of 13 clinically relevant human pda cell lines and compared to conditionally replicative adenoviruses (crads), sendai virus and respiratory syncytial vir ...201222238308
role of neutralizing antibodies in adults with community-acquired pneumonia by respiratory syncytial virus.background. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been implicated in the etiology of adult community-acquired pneumonia (cap). we investigated rsv infection in chilean adults with cap using direct viral detection, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtrt-pcr), and serology (microneutralization assay).methods. rsv, other respiratory viruses, and bacteria were studied by conventional and molecular techniques in adults aged ≥18 years presenting with cap to the healthcare faci ...201222238168
regulatory t cells expressing granzyme b play a critical role in controlling lung inflammation during acute viral infection.the inflammatory response to lung infections must be tightly regulated, enabling pathogen elimination while maintaining crucial gas exchange. using recently described "depletion of regulatory t cell" (dereg) mice, we found that selective depletion of regulatory t cells (tregs) during acute respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection enhanced viral clearance but increased weight loss, local cytokine and chemokine release, and t-cell activation and cellular influx into the lungs. conversely, infla ...201222236998
hiv-related bronchiectasis in children: an emerging spectre in high tuberculosis burden areas.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infected children have an eleven-fold risk of acute lower respiratory tract infection. this places hiv-infected children at risk of airway destruction and bronchiectasis.201222236856
jama patient page. respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. 201222235094
respiratory syncytial virus morbidity, premorbid factors, seasonality, and implications for prophylaxis.objectives: we investigated factors associated with morbidity and pediatric intensive care unit (picu) admission in children with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and explored seasonality and implication of prophylaxis. methods: a retrospective study between 2006 and 2008 of every child with a laboratory-confirmed rsv infection was included. results: six hundred seventy rsv admissions were identified. ten (1.5%) required picu admissions. children admitted to picu were younger than non ...201222227087
detection of respiratory viruses among pilgrims in saudi arabia during the time of a declared influenza a(h1n1) pandemic.the objectives of this study were to determine whether pilgrim attendance at the hajj was associated with an increased risk of acquiring influenza, and other respiratory viruses, and to evaluate the compliance of pilgrims with influenza vaccination and other recommended preventive measures.201122221807
comparison of direct fluorescence assay and real-time rt-pcr as diagnostics for respiratory syncytial virus in young children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. early detection of rsv is critical to initiate proper care. two methods, the direct fluorescence assay (dfa) and the real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-rt-pcr), that are used for rsv detection were compared. a total of 451 nasopharyngeal aspirates from children 5 years of age or less were tested for rsv using both methods. the overall prevalence rate of the ...201122220181
activation of lymphocytes induced by bronchial epithelial cells with prolonged rsv infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) preferentially infects airway epithelial cells,which might be responsible for susceptibility to asthma; however, the underlying mechanism is not clear. this study determined the activation of lymphocytes and drift of helper t (th) subsets induced by rsv-infected human bronchial epithelial cells (hbecs) in vitro. hbecs had prolonged infection with rsv, and lymphocytes isolated from human peripheral blood were co-cultured with rsv-infected hbecs. four groups were ...201122216085
independent structural domains in the paramyxovirus polymerase protein.all enzymatic activities required for genomic replication and transcription of nonsegmented negative strand rna viruses (nnsv or mononegavirales) are believed to be concentrated in the viral polymerase (l) protein. however, our insight into the organization of these different enzymatic activities into a bioactive tertiary structure remains rudimentary. fragments of mononegavirales polymerases analyzed to date cannot restore bioactivity through trans-complementation, unlike the related l proteins ...201222215662
the impact of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009 on the circulation of respiratory viruses 2009-2011.surveillance of respiratory viruses has been conducted for many years at the public health laboratory in hong kong. with the occurrence of pandemic influenza a (h1n1) 2009, we observed a change in the seasonality of influenza activity with a seemingly corresponding change in the activity of respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and adenovirus during 2009-2011. this phenomenon could most likely be explained by virus interference.201222212717
different nf-κb activation characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroups a and b.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a member of the family paramyxoviridae, and is responsible for serious respiratory illness in infants, the elderly and the immunocompromised. hrsv exists as two distinct lineages known as subgroups a and b, which represent two lines of divergent evolution with extensive genetic and serologic differences. while both subgroup a and b viruses contribute to overall hrsv disease, subgroup a isolates are associated with both increased frequency and morbidity ...201122212641
influenza-like illness surveillance on the california-mexico border, 2004-2009.please cite this paper as: kammerer et al. (2011). influenza-like illness surveillance on the california-mexico border, 2004-2009. influenza and other respiratory viruses doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00316.x. background  since 2004, the naval health research center, with san diego and imperial counties, has collaborated with the us centers for disease control and prevention to conduct respiratory disease surveillance in the us-mexico border region. in 2007, the secretariat of health, mexico and ...201122212638
analysis of biennial outbreak pattern of respiratory syncytial virus according to subtype (a and b) in the zagreb region.the epidemic pattern of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in croatia is biennial. in order to determine if the circulation of different rsv subtypes affects the outbreak cycle, the aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemic pattern of rsv in children in croatia (zagreb region) over a period of 3 consecutive years.201222212608
What happens when you mix a transplant with respiratory syncytial virus? 201122211065
il-13 regulates th17 secretion of il-17a in an il-10-dependent manner.il-13 is a central mediator of airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus expression, both hallmarks of asthma. il-13 is found in the sputum of patients with asthma; therefore, il-13 is an attractive drug target for treating asthma. we have shown previously that il-13 inhibits th17 cell production of il-17a and il-21 in vitro. th17 cells are associated with autoimmune diseases, host immune responses, and severe asthma. in this study, we extend our in vitro findings and determine that il-13 increases i ...201122210911
Phylogenetic analysis of bovine respiratory syncytial viruses from recent outbreaks in feedlot and dairy cattle herds.Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the major causes of bovine respiratory disease worldwide. In order to study the molecular epidemiology of the virus, samples from 30 BRSV outbreaks in cattle herds located in different parts of Sweden were collected from 2007 to 2011. The samples were analyzed by PCR, and the glycoprotein (G) gene was sequenced. BRSV was detected in outbreaks of respiratory disease in both dairy and feedlot herds most often during the winter period but also dur ...201122209787
respiratory syncytial virus in neutrophils. 201122207650
aetiology of upper respiratory tract infections in children in arak city: a community based study.viruses are frequent causes of upper respiratory tract infections in children. we investigated the viral aetiology of community-acquired upper respiratory tract infections (uris) in young children treated as outpatients in community settings.during november 2008, nasal swab specimens were taken from children with recent onset of upper respiratory tract infections. the patients attended day care or primary schools; the specimens were randomly obtained by pediatricians from schools and childcare i ...201122207287
respiratory hospitalizations and respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in special populations.palivizumab utilization, compliance, and outcomes were examined in infants with preexisting medical diseases within the canadian registry database (caress) to aid in developing guidelines for potential "at-risk" infants in the future. infants who received ≥1 dose of palivizumab during the 2006-2010 respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasons at 29 sites were recruited and utilization, compliance, and outcomes related to respiratory infection/illness (ri) events were collected monthly. hazard ratio ...201122203430
Human rhinoviruses in severe respiratory disease in very low birth weight infants.Objectives: To assess incidence, burden of illness, and risk factors for human rhinoviruses (HRVs) in a cohort of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: A 2-year prospective cohort study was conducted among VLBW premature infants in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Infants were enrolled in the NICU from June 1, 2003, to May 31, 2005, and managed monthly and with every acute respiratory illness (ARI) during the first year of life. Nasal wash samples were obtained during every respiratory episode ...201222201153
Serological evaluation of relationship between viral pathogens (BHV-1, BVDV, BRSV, PI-3V, and Adeno3) and dairy calf pneumonia by indirect ELISA.In this study, viral pathogens associated with nine outbreaks of naturally occurring dairy calf pneumonia in Mashhad area of Khorasan Razavi province from September 2008 to May 2009 were assessed. Five diseased calves from each farm were chosen for examination. Acute and convalescent serum samples were taken from calves with signs of respiratory disease. Sera were analyzed for antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus ...201122198538
the prevalance of respiratory viruses among healthcare workers serving pilgrims in makkah during the 2009 influenza a (h1n1) pandemic.despite the high risk of acquiring respiratory infections, healthcare workers who treat pilgrims at hajj have not been studied in previous research on respiratory diseases during hajj. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of different respiratory viruses among healthcare workers who treated pilgrims during hajj 2009, the year of the influenza a h1n1 pandemic. a cross-sectional study was performed just before and after hajj (25-29 november, 2009). nasal and throat swabs wer ...201122197024
Making sense of cell surface nucleolin: Implications for respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis and therapy.Comment on: Tayyari F, et al. Nat Med 2011; 17:1132-5.201222185777
reduced inflammation and altered innate response in neonates during paramyxoviral infection.abstract: background: human infants are frequently hospitalized due to infection with the paramyxovirus respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). however, very little is known about the neonatal response to paramyxoviral infection. here, a neonatal model of paramyxoviral infection is developed using the mouse pathogen sendai virus (sev). results: adult mice infected with sev developed a predominantly neutrophilic inflammatory cell influx and a concomitant reduction in lung function, as determined by ...201122185352
infections caused by rsv among children and adults during two epidemic seasons.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infections in young children, immunocompromised patients (children and adults), patients with chronic respiratory diseases and elderly people. reinfections occur throughout the life, but the severity of disease decreased with subsequent infection. the aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of rsv infections in two selected subpopulations: young children (below 5 y.) and adults with chronic respi ...201122184933
natural polymorphisms and resistance-associated mutations in the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): effects on rsv susceptibility to palivizumab.specific mutations in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion protein can cause palivizumab resistance. we assessed the incidence of sequence polymorphisms and palivizumab resistance in clinical rsv isolates collected from immunoprophylaxis-naive subjects. polymorphisms were identified at low frequency, and only polymorphic mutations in antigenic site a (<1% of all polymorphisms) conferred palivizumab resistance.201122184728
Use of palivizumab in primary practice.Objective: To describe the implementation of a program for the use of palivizumab in a general pediatrics office and evaluate adherence to the 2009 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines. Methods: Pediatricians in a large practice were educated in the diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis, with specific attention to the AAP's palivizumab administration guidelines. During the 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 respiratory syncytial virus seasons, children were systematically identified and enr ...201222184649
the prophylaxis and treatment with antiviral agents of respiratory syncytial virus infections.in this review, we consider recent advances in the discovery and development of antiviral agents for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections. a background to the various manifestations of human rsv infection and current treatments is provided. the technical, clinical and commercial issues surrounding the development of such antiviral agents are discussed.201122182737
nmegylation: a novel modification to enhance the bioavailability of therapeutic peptides.we have evaluated "nmegylation"--the covalent attachment of an oligo-n-methoxyethylglycine (nmeg) chain--as a new form of peptide/protein modification to enhance the bioavailability of short peptides. oligonmegs are hydrophilic polyethylene glycol-like molecules made by solid-phase synthesis, typically up to 40 monomers in length. they have been studied as nonfouling surface coatings and as monodisperse mobility modifiers for free-solution conjugate capillary electrophoresis. however, polynmegs ...201122180913
in vitro inhibition of influenza virus infection by a crude extract from isatis indigotica root resulting in the prevention of viral attachment.isatis indigotica root (iir) has been widely used as a chinese medicinal herb to treat regular seasonal influenza over the long history of traditional chinese medicinal practice. however, its inhibitory activities against influenza virus infections along with the associated mechanisms have not been investigated comprehensively. in this study, the chemical nature, mode of action and in vitro anti-influenza activities of a crude extract ( ...201122179315
effect of injectable trace minerals on the humoral immune response to multivalent vaccine administration in beef calves.the objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of injectable trace minerals on humoral responses of calves receiving a viral vaccination. beef steer calves (n = 99; average bw = 316 ± 4.2 kg), seronegative for bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) and bovine viral diarrhea virus, genotypes 1 and 2 (bvdv-1 and bvdv-2) were sourced from 2 locations. all calves, except 15 non-vaccinated (sentinel) calves, received a single dose of a multivalent modified live vaccine (titanium 5; agrilabs, s ...201122178855
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