Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| detecting clostridium difficile spores from inanimate surfaces of the hospital environment: which method is best? | the recovery of clostridium difficile spores from hospital surfaces was assessed using rayon swabs, flocked swabs, and contact plates. the contact plate method was less laborious, achieved higher recovery percentages, and detected spores at lower inocula than swabs. rayon swabs were the least efficient method. however, further studies are required in health care settings. | 2014 | 25009047 |
| the impact of clostridium difficile on paediatric surgical practice: a systematic review. | the pathogenic potential of clostridium difficile in children remains a controversial subject as healthy infants can be colonised by this organism. however recent analyses have clarified that c. difficile is an important enteropath in paediatric populations, particularly in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. paediatric surgical patients including those with hirschsprung's disease (hd) may be especially vulnerable to c. difficile infection (cdi) and complicated c. difficile enterocolitis such as ps ... | 2014 | 25008231 |
| effects of polysaccharopeptide from trametes versicolor and amoxicillin on the gut microbiome of healthy volunteers: a randomized clinical trial. | interactions between the microbial flora of the intestine and the human host play a critical role inmaintaining intestinal health and in the pathophysiology of a wide variety of disorders such as antibiotic associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile infection, and inflammatory bowel disease. prebiotics can confer health benefits by beneficial effects on the intestinal microbiome, whereas antibiotics can disrupt the microbiome leading to diarrhea andother side effects. | 2014 | 25006989 |
| serine/threonine protein phosphatase-mediated control of the peptidoglycan cross-linking l,d-transpeptidase pathway in enterococcus faecium. | the last step of peptidoglycan polymerization involves two families of unrelated transpeptidases that are the essential targets of β-lactam antibiotics. d,d-transpeptidases of the penicillin-binding protein (pbp) family are active-site serine enzymes that use pentapeptide precursors and are the main or exclusive cross-linking enzymes in nearly all bacteria. however, peptidoglycan cross-linking is performed mainly by active-site cysteine l,d-transpeptidases that use tetrapeptides in mycobacterium ... | 2014 | 25006233 |
| the structure of the cysteine protease and lectin-like domains of cwp84, a surface layer-associated protein from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a major problem as an aetiological agent for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. the mechanism by which the bacterium colonizes the gut during infection is poorly understood, but undoubtedly involves a myriad of components present on the bacterial surface. the mechanism of c. difficile surface-layer (s-layer) biogenesis is also largely unknown but involves the post-translational cleavage of a single polypeptide (surface-layer protein a; slpa) into low- and high-molecular-we ... | 2014 | 25004975 |
| structural and biochemical analyses of alanine racemase from the multidrug-resistant clostridium difficile strain 630. | clostridium difficile, a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium, is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea among hospitalized patients. c. difficile is frequently associated with antibiotic treatment, and causes diseases ranging from antibiotic-associated diarrhea to life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. the severity of c. difficile infections is exacerbated by the emergence of hypervirulent and multidrug-resistant strains, which are difficult to treat and are often associated w ... | 2014 | 25004969 |
| organization and scope of surveillance of infections in polish hospitals. results of the project prohibit. | the paper presents results of a survey on organization of surveillance programs in polish hospitals. survey was performed by means of the standardized questionnaire in the year 2012. materialand method: completed questionnaires were obtained from 9 hospitals of different size and type: 3 small, 2 medium and 4 large, most of them public (6 hospitals). questions concerning general organization of the infection control in hospitals were answered by infection control teams. | 2014 | 25004628 |
| the evolution of urban c. difficile infection (cdi): cdi in 2009-2011 is less severe and has better outcomes than cdi in 2006-2008. | over the past decade, the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has shown a remarkable increase in incidence with an associated increase in severity. this study was designed to compare the demographics, medication exposure, evaluation, treatment patterns, and outcomes of patients with cdi in two different time periods: 2006-2008 and 2009-2011. we hypothesized that mortality is decreasing with increasing appropriateness of medical management. | 2014 | 25001255 |
| clostridium difficile recurrence is characterized by pro-inflammatory peripheral blood mononuclear cell (pbmc) phenotype. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a prevalent nosocomial and increasingly community-acquired problem. little is known about the productive cellular response in patients. we used flow cytometry to define inflammatory (th1 and th17) and regulatory [foxp3(+) t-regulatory (treg)] cells present in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from cdi patients. we consented 67 inpatients that tested either positive or negative for cdi and 16 healthy controls and compared their pbmc phe ... | 2014 | 25001105 |
| extended antimicrobial use in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy and associated antibiotic related complications. | despite global concern about antibiotic related complications the duration of antibiotic therapy at percutaneous nephrolithotomy varies based on individual physician practice. we evaluated perioperative antibiotic related complications in patients who received extended antimicrobial therapy at percutaneous nephrolithotomy. | 2014 | 24998482 |
| hospitalization stay and costs attributable to clostridium difficile infection: a critical review. | in most healthcare systems, third-party payers fund the costs for patients admitted to hospital for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) whereas, for cdi cases arising as complications of hospitalization, not all related costs are refundable to the hospital. we therefore aimed to critically review and categorize hospital costs and length of hospital stay (los) attributable to clostridium difficile infection and to investigate the economic burden associated with it. a comprehensive literature re ... | 2014 | 24996516 |
| role of microbiota and innate immunity in recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection represents a burdensome clinical issue whose epidemiology is increasing worldwide. the pathogenesis is not yet completely known. recent observations suggest that the alteration of the intestinal microbiota and impaired innate immunity may play a leading role in the development of recurrent infection. various factors can cause dysbiosis. the causes most involved in the process are antibiotics, nsaids, acid suppressing therapies, and age. gut microbiota im ... | 2014 | 24995345 |
| high rates of intestinal colonisation with fluoroquinolone-resistant esbl-harbouring enterobacteriaceae in hospitalised patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | the purposes of this study were to investigate the intestinal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-harbouring enterobacteriaceae (esbl-en) and associated fluoroquinolone resistance (fq-r) in 120 hospitalised patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, and to investigate a correlation between clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection and intestinal colonisation with esbl-en in these patients. stool samples were screened for c. difficile infection by toxin a/b enzyme-linked immunosorb ... | 2014 | 24993152 |
| clostridium difficile infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, and therapeutic options. | the incidence and mortality rate of clostridium difficile infection have increased remarkably in both hospital and community settings during the last two decades. the growth of infection may be caused by multiple factors including inappropriate antibiotic usage, poor standards of environmental cleanliness, changes in infection control practices, large outbreaks of c. difficile infection in hospitals, alteration of circulating strains of c. difficile, and spread of hypervirulent strains. detectio ... | 2014 | 24991448 |
| funding may influence trial results examining probiotics and clostridium difficile diarrhea rates. | 2014 | 24989097 | |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with ileal pouches. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi) following total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis has been increasingly recognized over the past 5 years. cdi of the ileal pouch has been recognized in ∼10% of symptomatic patients seen at a tertiary referral center for pouch dysfunction. in contrast to colonic cdi in the general population or in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, postoperative antibiotic exposure and the use of immunosuppressive agents or proton pump inh ... | 2014 | 24989088 |
| lactobacillus rhamnosus l34 and lactobacillus casei l39 suppress clostridium difficile-induced il-8 production by colonic epithelial cells. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and colitis known as c. difficile-associated disease (cdad).with increased severity and failure of treatment in cdad, new approaches for prevention and treatment, such as the use of probiotics, are needed. since the pathogenesis of cdad involves an inflammatory response with a massive influx of neutrophils recruited by interleukin (il)-8, this study aimed to investigate the probiotic effects of lactobacillus spp. on the suppre ... | 2014 | 24989059 |
| metabolomics analysis identifies intestinal microbiota-derived biomarkers of colonization resistance in clindamycin-treated mice. | the intestinal microbiota protect the host against enteric pathogens through a defense mechanism termed colonization resistance. antibiotics excreted into the intestinal tract may disrupt colonization resistance and alter normal metabolic functions of the microbiota. we used a mouse model to test the hypothesis that alterations in levels of bacterial metabolites in fecal specimens could provide useful biomarkers indicating disrupted or intact colonization resistance after antibiotic treatment. | 2014 | 24988418 |
| bugs or drugs: are probiotics safe for use in the critically ill? | probiotics are living microorganisms which have demonstrated many benefits in prevention, mitigation, and treatment of various disease states in critically ill populations. these diseases include antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile diarrhea, ventilator-associated pneumonia, clearance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from the gi tract, pancreatitis, liver transplant, major abdominal surgery, and trauma. however, their use has been severely limited due to a variety of factors ... | 2014 | 24986534 |
| a population-based spatio-temporal analysis of clostridium difficile infection in queensland, australia over a 10-year period. | to identify the spatio-temporal patterns and environmental factors associated with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in queensland, australia. | 2014 | 24984276 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile-associated colitis in a severely immunocompromized critically ill aids patient: a case report. | 2014 | 24983544 | |
| clostridium difficile contains plasmalogen species of phospholipids and glycolipids. | analysis of the polar lipids of many pathogenic and non-pathogenic clostridia has revealed the presence of plasmalogens, alk-1'-enyl ether-containing phospholipids and glycolipids. an exception to this finding so far has been clostridium difficile, an important human pathogen which is the cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and other more serious complications. we have examined the polar lipids of three strains of c. difficile by thin-layer chromatography and have found acid-labile polar lip ... | 2014 | 24983203 |
| pleiotropic role of the rna chaperone protein hfq in the human pathogen clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is an emergent human pathogen and the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. our recent data strongly suggest the importance of rna-based mechanisms for the control of gene expression in c. difficile. in an effort to understand the function of the rna chaperone protein hfq, we constructed and characterized an hfq-depleted strain in c. difficile. hfq depletion led to a growth defect, morphological changes, an increased sensitivity to stresses, and a better ability to spor ... | 2014 | 24982306 |
| clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 24982288 | |
| measuring the impact of clostridium difficile infection with the nap1 strain on severity and mortality. | 2014 | 24982035 | |
| bortezomib for refractory autoimmunity in pediatrics. | therapy of refractory autoimmunity remains challenging. in this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, by targeting plasma cells in 7 patients (median age, 9.9 years). four doses of bortezomib were administered at a dose of 1.3 mg/m(2) intravenously (n = 6) or subcutaneously (n = 1) every 72 hours. bortezomib was administered at a median of 120 days from laboratory confirmation of autoantibodies. all patients had failed 2 or more standard therapies. rit ... | 2014 | 24979732 |
| clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from wild carnivore species in brazil. | despite some case reports, the importance of clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile for wild carnivores remains unclear. thus, the objective of this study was to identify c. perfringens and c. difficile strains in stool samples from wild carnivore species in brazil. a total of 34 stool samples were collected and subjected to c. perfringens and c. difficile isolation. suggestive colonies of c. perfringens were then analyzed for genes encoding the major c. perfringens toxins (alpha, bet ... | 2014 | 24979683 |
| clostridium difficile colitis in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. | retrospective database analysis. | 2014 | 24979408 |
| intestinal microbiota and the efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in gastrointestinal disease. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) refers to the infusion of a fecal suspension from a healthy person into the gastrointestinal (gi) tract of another person to cure a specific disease. fmt is by no means a new therapeutic modality, although it was only relatively recently that stool was shown to be a biologically active, complex mixture of living organisms with great therapeutic potential for recurrent clostridium difficile infection and perhaps other gi and non-gi disorders. the published r ... | 2014 | 24976806 |
| pomegranate extract exhibits in vitro activity against clostridium difficile. | to determine the possible utility of pomegranate extract in the management or prevention of clostridium difficile infections or colonization. | 2014 | 24976424 |
| bacterial xylrs and synthetic promoters function as genetically encoded xylose biosensors in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable and abundant starting material for biofuel production. however, lignocellulosic hydrolysates contain not only glucose, but also other sugars including xylose which cannot be metabolized by the industrial workhorse saccharomyces cerevisiae. hence, engineering of xylose assimilating s. cerevisiae has been much studied, including strain optimization strategies. in this work, we constructed genetically encoded xylose biosensors that can control protein expres ... | 2015 | 24975936 |
| clostridium difficile infection at a tertiary care hospital in south india. | the objective of this study was to detect c. difficile in patients presenting with antibiotic associated diarrhoea. | 2013 | 24974492 |
| clostridium difficile infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant: strain diversity and outcomes associated with nap1/027. | allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) recipients are at high risk for developing clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we studied the incidence, risk factors, nap1/027 prevalence, and clinical outcomes, including acute lower gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (gi gvhd), associated with early cdi in this population. a retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent allogeneic hsct at memorial sloan kettering cancer center from january 1, 2005 to september ... | 2014 | 24973628 |
| a detection dog to identify patients with clostridium difficile infection during a hospital outbreak. | early and rapid identification of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is important to prevent transmission. in this study we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a trained detection dog for detecting cdi cases on hospital wards in an outbreak setting. | 2014 | 24973552 |
| international clostridium difficile animal strain collection and large diversity of animal associated strains. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of intestinal infections in some animal species and animals might be a reservoir for community associated human infections. here we describe a collection of animal associated c. difficile strains from 12 countries based on inclusion criteria of one strain (pcr ribotype) per animal species per laboratory. | 2014 | 24972659 |
| c. difficile ribotype 027 or 176? | clostridium difficile is a major nosocomial pathogen of present times. the analysis of 624 c. difficile strains from 11 hospitals in the czech republic in 2013 revealed that 40% of isolates belonged to ribotype 176. these results suggest that the incidence of cdi (c. difficile infection) in the czech republic has increased probably in connection with c. difficile ribotype 176. the molecular systems xpert c. difficile epi assay (cepheid inc., sunnyvale, ca) diagnoses toxigenic strains and support ... | 2014 | 24970104 |
| modulating the microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases: prebiotics, probiotics or faecal transplantation? | crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc) are the two major phenotypes of inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd) which constitute a spectrum of chronic, debilitating diseases characterised by a relapsing inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining. evidence from a variety of disciplines implicates the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of idiopathic ibd and their complications, including pouchitis. many studies have reported a dysbiosis in ibd, characterised by a decrease in diversity ... | 2014 | 24969143 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile infections: the importance of the intestinal microbiota. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are a leading cause of antibiotic-associated and nosocomial diarrhea. despite effective antibiotic treatments, recurrent infections are common. with the recent emergence of hypervirulent isolates of c. difficile, cdi is a growing epidemic with higher rates of recurrence, increasing severity and mortality. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an alternative treatment for recurrent cdi. a better understanding of intestinal microbiota and its role in cdi ... | 2014 | 24966611 |
| clostridium difficile in goats and sheep in slovenia: characterisation of strains and evidence of age-related shedding. | diversity of clostridium difficile in different age groups of goats (n = 109) and sheep (n = 105) was investigated. c. difficile was detected in 9.2% of goats and 5.7% of sheep. none of the adult animals were positive. isolates belonged to four toxinotypes (0, v, xia, xii), six pcr-ribotypes (010, 014/020, 045, 056, slo 061, slo 151) and six pulsotypes. pcr-ribotypes 010, 014/020, 045 and 056 were found previously in other animal species and humans in slovenia. additionally, three pulsotypes wer ... | 2014 | 24960532 |
| sensitive and selective culture medium for detection of environmental clostridium difficile isolates without requirement for anaerobic culture conditions. | effective and easy-to-use methods for detecting clostridium difficile spore contamination would be useful for identifying environmental reservoirs and monitoring the effectiveness of room disinfection. culture-based detection methods are sensitive for detecting c. difficile, but their utility is limited due to the requirement of anaerobic culture conditions and microbiological expertise. we developed a low-cost selective broth medium containing thioglycolic acid and l-cystine, termed c. difficil ... | 2014 | 24958803 |
| sequence variation in tcda and tcdb of clostridium difficile: st37 with truncated tcda is a potential epidemic strain in china. | clostridium difficile is a well-known nosocomial infectious pathogen. research on c. difficile infection has primarily focused on strains such as the hypervirulent pcr ribotype 027 (sequence type 1 [st1]) emerging in europe and north america. however, other new emerging ribotypes in some countries have attracted attention, such as pcr ribotype 17 (st37) in asia and latin america. we collected 70 strains and sequenced their toxin genes, tcda and tcdb. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) was used to ... | 2014 | 24958798 |
| national european guidelines for the prevention of clostridium difficile infection: a systematic qualitative review. | clostridium difficile is the most frequent infectious cause of nosocomial diarrhoea and a major topic in infection prevention. | 2014 | 24957805 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 126 in southern taiwan: a cluster of three symptomatic cases. | several virulent clostridium difficile clones, designated as polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotypes 017, 027, or 078, are well recognized in western countries. however, the ribotype distribution of clinical c. difficile isolates in taiwan remains unclear. | 2014 | 24956433 |
| cephalosporins currently in early clinical trials for the treatment of bacterial infections. | healthcare-associated infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria remain a major cause of worldwide mortality. with the recent approval of agents such as hetero-resistant cocci (i.e., ceftaroline, ceftobiprole, telavancin) for the treatment of gram-positive infections by and drugs like fidaxomicin for treating clostridium difficile, present-day research on antibacterials has largely shifted to developing interventions for diseases caused by gram-negative bacilli. cephalosporins have gaine ... | 2014 | 24956017 |
| clostridium difficile infection in older adults. | clostridium difficile infection, the most frequent cause of nosocomial diarrhea, disproportionately affects older adults. the two most important risk factors for developing c. difficile infection are antimicrobial exposure and age >65 years old. risk factors specific to older adults are frequent interactions with healthcare systems and age-related changes in physiology, including immune senescence and changes to the gut microbiome. metronidazole and oral vancomcyin are the mainstays of conventio ... | 2013 | 24955106 |
| evaluation of a chromogenic culture medium for the detection of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is an important cause of nosocomial diarrhea. diagnostic methods for detection of c. difficile infection (cdi) are shifting to molecular techniques, which are faster and more sensitive than conventional methods. although recent advances in these methods have been made in terms of their cost-benefit, ease of use, and turnaround time, anaerobic culture remains an important method for detection of cdi. | 2014 | 24954329 |
| detecting and preventing reversion to toxicity for a formaldehyde-treated c. difficile toxin b mutant. | the toxicity of clostridium difficile large clostridial toxin b (tcdb) can be reduced by many orders of magnitude by a combination of targeted point mutations. however, a tcdb mutant with five point mutations (referred to herein as mtcdb) still has residual toxicity that can be detected in cell-based assays and in-vivo mouse toxicity assays. this residual toxicity can be effectively removed by treatment with formaldehyde in solution. storage of the formaldehyde-treated mtcdb as a liquid can resu ... | 2015 | 24951860 |
| pseudomembranes do not always indicate clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 24951848 | |
| state-mandated reporting of health care-associated infections in the united states: trends over time. | over the past decade, most us states and territories began mandating that acute care hospitals report health care-associated infections (hais) to their departments of health. trends in state hai law enactment and data submission requirements were determined through systematic legal review; state hai coordinators were contacted to confirm collected data. as of january 31, 2013, 37 us states and territories (71%) had adopted laws requiring hai data submission, most of which were enacted and became ... | 2017 | 24951104 |
| concomitant cmv and clostridium difficile colitis in an immunocompetent patient treated with ganciclovir and fecal transplantation. | 2014 | 24949617 | |
| clinical information on admission is insufficient to determine the appropriate isolation regimen for acute gastroenteritis. | the number of admissions for acute gastroenteritis (ge) is increasing. the majority of patients pass through a single high-flow emergency department (ed) area which increases the risk of spreading ge. the aim of this study was to determine the frequency and aetiology of ge for acutely admitted patients and to analyse their clinical information focusing on risk indicators of contagious aetiology and on the chosen isolation regime to determine if the ge required a contact precaution isolation regi ... | 2014 | 24947622 |
| the human volatilome: volatile organic compounds (vocs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva. | breath analysis is a young field of research with its roots in antiquity. antoine lavoisier discovered carbon dioxide in exhaled breath during the period 1777-1783, wilhelm (vilém) petters discovered acetone in breath in 1857 and johannes müller reported the first quantitative measurements of acetone in 1898. a recent review reported 1765 volatile compounds appearing in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, saliva, human breast milk, blood and feces. for a large number of compounds, real-time ... | 2014 | 24946087 |
| comparison of polymerase chain reaction ribotyping, toxinotyping and nutritional aspects of toxin production of clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in hospitals worldwide. enterotoxin a (tcda) and cytotoxin b (tcdb), have been identified as the main virulence factors of c. difficile. in china, data on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotypes and abilities of hospital-derived c. difficile isolates to produce tcda and tcdb are sparse. in this study, we identified 40 c. difficile isolates from the taizhou hospital and investigated their pcr ribotypes based on the ... | 2014 | 24944791 |
| clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile in cooked beef sold in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in cooked beef sold in the streets in côte d'ivoire and their antimicrobial susceptibility. a total of 395 kidney and flesh samples of cooked beef were collected from vendors at abidjan and subjected to c. difficile and c. perfringens isolation and identification by using biochemical tests, api 20a system and pcr detection. subsequently, the antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed fo ... | 2014 | 24944124 |
| clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients at a czech tertiary center: analysis of epidemiology, clinical features, and risk factors of fulminant course. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been increasing in incidence, with significant morbidity and mortality, and is subject to geographical and institutional variability. we aimed to characterize epidemiology and clinical manifestations of cdi in a czech tertiary care center and to identify risk factors of fulminant course. | 2014 | 24942955 |
| [epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in salamanca]. | clostridium difficile infection is considered a major cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in developed countries and is increasingly becoming more important as an etiologic agent of community diarrhoea, also in patients without risk factors. | 2014 | 24940894 |
| recovery of the gut microbiome following fecal microbiota transplantation. | clostridium difficile infection is one of the most common health care-associated infections, and up to 40% of patients suffer from recurrence of disease following standard antibiotic therapy. recently, fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been successfully used to treat recurrent c. difficile infection. it is hypothesized that fmt aids in recovery of a microbiota capable of colonization resistance to c. difficile. however, it is not fully understood how this occurs. here we investigated ch ... | 2014 | 24939885 |
| decreasing clostridium difficile infections by an antimicrobial stewardship program that reduces moxifloxacin use. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in hospitalized patients are known to be closely related to antibiotic exposure. although several substances can cause cdi, the risk differs between individual agents. in vienna and other eastern parts of austria, cdi ribotype 027 is currently highly prevalent. this ribotype has the characteristic of intrinsic moxifloxacin resistance. therefore, we hypothesized that moxifloxacin restriction can decrease the number of cdi cases in hospitalized patients. our ... | 2014 | 24936597 |
| importance of antimicrobial stewardship to the english national health service. | antimicrobials are an extremely valuable resource across the spectrum of modern medicine. their development has been associated with dramatic reductions in communicable disease mortality and has facilitated technological advances in cancer therapy, transplantation, and surgery. however, this resource is threatened by the dwindling supply of new antimicrobials and the global increase in antimicrobial resistance. there is an urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship (ams) to protect our remaining ... | 2014 | 24936131 |
| tryptophan catabolism restricts ifn-γ-expressing neutrophils and clostridium difficile immunopathology. | the interplay between clostridium difficile and the host's metabolome is believed to influence the severity of infection. however, the mechanism for this phenomenon remains unclear. in this study, we model one of these metabolic pathways by focusing on tryptophan metabolism in the host. we found that inhibition of tryptophan catabolism in ido1-knockout mice led to increased mucosal destruction, cecal hemorrhage, and increased production of ifn-γ in response to c. difficile infection, but no sign ... | 2014 | 24935925 |
| antibiotic overuse and clostridium difficile: a teachable moment. | 2014 | 24935617 | |
| [pseudomembranous colitis: pathogenesis, prevention, treatment]. | the article reviews a pathogenesis of pseudomembranous colitis. questions of prevention and treatment of clostridium difficile--associated diarrhea are shown by the evidence-based medicine. there is an accent on the rational prescription of antibiotics. | 2013 | 24933996 |
| nosocomial transmission of c. difficile in english hospitals from patients with symptomatic infection. | recent evidence suggests that less than one-quarter of patients with symptomatic nosocomial clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are linked to other in-patients. however, this evidence was limited to one geographic area. we aimed to investigate the level of symptomatic cdi transmission in hospitals located across england from 2008 to 2012. | 2014 | 24932484 |
| survey of c. difficile-specific infection control policies in local long-term care facilities. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been increasing and long-term care facility (ltcf) residents are at high risk given their age, co-morbidities, and high antibiotic exposure. infection control policies are crucial for controlling cdi, but there are currently no regulatory guidelines in the united states. therefore, we evaluated infection control policies in local ltcfs to define the cdi-specific policies and the administrative and staff understanding of cdi, ... | 2014 | 24932422 |
| fate of clostridium difficile during wastewater treatment and incidence in southern ontario watersheds. | to investigate the prevalence of clostridium difficile encountered during sewage treatment and in water sources into which treated effluent was directly or indirectly discharged. | 2014 | 24930867 |
| multilocus sequence typing analysis and antibiotic resistance of clostridium difficile strains isolated from retail meat and humans in belgium. | clostridium difficile has been isolated from food animals and meat, specially ground pork and ground beef. the recovered isolates were closely related to c. difficile human strains, indicating that animals and food are possible transmission routes of human c. difficile infection. the main objective of this study was to characterize c. difficile isolates from retail meat and to compare with human isolates recovered from hospital patients in belgium. raw meat (beef and pork) was obtained from the ... | 2014 | 24929733 |
| clostridium difficile infection in solid organ transplant recipients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections, and the threat associated with cdi continues to grow in all patient populations. there is increasing evidence that cdi has a substantial impact on the morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant (sot) recipients. furthermore, new diagnostic and treatment options and strategies for cdi have emerged over the last decade. the purpose of this review is to provide a general understanding of cdi and ... | 2014 | 24927151 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of severe clostridium difficile colitis. | intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) has been utilized in patients with recurrent and refractory clostridium difficile colitis. it is increasingly being used in patients with initial clinical presentation of severe colitis. herein, we report a case of severe c. difficile colitis successfully treated with ivig with a review of the medical literature to identify the optimal timing and clinical characteristics for this treatment strategy. | 2014 | 24926170 |
| innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of rho gtpases by the pyrin inflammasome. | cytosolic inflammasome complexes mediated by a pattern recognition receptor (prr) defend against pathogen infection by activating caspase 1. pyrin, a candidate prr, can bind to the inflammasome adaptor asc to form a caspase 1-activating complex. mutations in the pyrin-encoding gene, mefv, cause a human autoinflammatory disease known as familial mediterranean fever. despite important roles in immunity and disease, the physiological function of pyrin remains unknown. here we show that pyrin mediat ... | 2014 | 24919149 |
| staggered and tapered antibiotic withdrawal with administration of kefir for recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | daily administration of the probiotic kefir given in combination with a staggered and tapered antibiotic withdrawal regimen may resolve recurrent clostridium difficile infection as effectively as fecal microbiota transplantation. | 2014 | 24917658 |
| occurrence of clostridium difficile infections due to pcr ribotype 027 in bucharest, romania. | little is known about prevailing ribotypes of clostridium difficile infection in romania where cdi is not a mandatory notifiable disease. | 2014 | 24916866 |
| structural, spectroscopic and functional investigation into fe-substituted mnsod from human pathogen clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, which inhabits the human digestive tract, is an etiological agent that causes pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the oxidative stress tightly relates to its virulence, which highlights the function of its superoxide dismutase (sod). the sod from clostridium difficile (sodcd) is a mn/fe cambialistic sod with mnsodcd exhibiting an optimal activity while fe-sub-mnsodcd showing 10-fold less activity. to explain why the fe-loaded protein exhibits a muc ... | 2014 | 24915901 |
| hospital clostridium difficile infection testing rates: is "don't ask, don't tell" at play? | 2014 | 24915231 | |
| pediatric clostridium difficile infection: 6-year active surveillance in a defined patient population. | 2014 | 24915227 | |
| the prediction of complicated clostridium difficile infections in children. | we validated proposed definitions for severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in adults for prediction of complicated cdi in children. complicated cdi occurred in 9 of 202 cases. definitions for severe cdi in adults showed poor measures for discrimination of complicated cdi in children, which calls into question the usefulness of such definitions in pediatric cohorts. | 2014 | 24915226 |
| protein expression, characterization, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of a fic protein from clostridium difficile. | fic domains in proteins are found in abundance in nature from the simplest prokaryotes to animals. interestingly, fic domains found in two virulence factors of gram-negative bacteria have recently been demonstrated to catalyse the transfer of the amp moiety from atp to small host gtpases. this post-translational modification has attracted considerable interest and a role for adenylylation in pathology and physiology is emerging. this work was aimed at the structural characterization of a newly i ... | 2014 | 24915103 |
| clostridium difficile infection in the hematopoietic unit: a meta-analysis of published studies. | hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) recipients are at high risk of contracting clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we systematically searched the pubmed and embase databases through march 2014 and performed a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence and trends of cdi over time. among 48 eligible articles that included 12,025 patients at risk, we estimated that 7.9% (95% confidence interval [ci], 6.5% to 9.5%) of hsct patients are diagnosed with cdi during the peri-transpl ... | 2014 | 24914822 |
| hematologic diseases: high risk of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | to investigate the incidence and clinical outcome of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) associated diarrhea (cdad) in patients with hematologic disease. | 2014 | 24914383 |
| antibiotics for treatment of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), namely ulcerative colitis (uc) and crohn's disease (cd), have worse outcomes with clostridium difficile infection (cdi), including increased readmissions, colectomy, and death. oral vancomycin is recommended for the treatment of severe cdi, while metronidazole is the standard of care for nonsevere infection. we aimed to assess treatment outcomes of cdi in ibd. we conducted a retrospective observational study of inpatients with cdi and ibd from janu ... | 2014 | 24913174 |
| multidisciplinary analysis of a nontoxigenic clostridium difficile strain with stable resistance to metronidazole. | stable resistance to metronidazole in a nontoxigenic clostridium difficile strain was investigated at both the genomic and proteomic levels. alterations in the metabolic pathway involving the pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase were found, suggesting that reduction of metronidazole, required for its activity, may be less efficient in this strain. proteomic studies also showed a cellular response to oxidative stress. | 2014 | 24913157 |
| initiation of sporulation in clostridium difficile: a twist on the classic model. | the formation of dormant endospores is a complex morphological process that permits long-term survival in inhospitable environments for many gram-positive bacteria. sporulation for the anaerobic gastrointestinal pathogen clostridium difficile is necessary for survival outside of the gastrointestinal tract of its host. while the developmental stages of spore formation are largely conserved among endospore-forming bacteria, the genus clostridium appears to be missing a number of conserved regulato ... | 2014 | 24910370 |
| establishing a list of qualifying pathogens under the food and drug administration safety and innovation act. final rule. | the food and drug administration (fda or agency) is issuing a regulation to establish a list of "qualifying pathogens'' that have the potential to pose a serious threat to public health. this final rule implements a provision of the generating antibiotic incentives now (gain) title of the food and drug administration safety and innovation act (fdasia). gain is intended to encourage development of new antibacterial and antifungal drugs for the treatment of serious or life-threatening infections, ... | 2014 | 24908687 |
| clostridium difficile infection among immunocompromised patients in rio de janeiro, brazil and detection of moxifloxacin resistance in a ribotype 014 strain. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive spore forming anaerobic bacterium, often associated with nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. the acquisition of this organism occurs primarily in hospitals through accidental ingestion of spores, and its establishment and proliferation in the colon results from the removal of members of the normal intestinal flora during or after antibiotic therapy. in this study, stool samples from patients admitted to the university hospital clementino fra ... | 2014 | 24907488 |
| haemorrhagic toxin and lethal toxin from clostridium sordellii strain vpi9048: molecular characterization and comparative analysis of substrate specificity of the large clostridial glucosylating toxins. | large clostridial glucosylating toxins (lcgts) are produced by toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, clostridium novyi and clostridium sordellii. while most c. sordellii strains solely produce lethal toxin (tcsl), c. sordellii strain vpi9048 co-produces both hemorrhagic toxin (tcsh) and tcsl. here, the sequences of tcsh-9048 and tcsl-9048 are provided, showing that both toxins retain conserved lcgt features and that tcsl and tcsh are highly related to toxin a (tcda ... | 2014 | 24905543 |
| rhode island clostridium difficile infection trends and laboratory id events ranking. | 2014 | 24905379 | |
| [development of gastrointestinal infectious diseases between 2000 and 2012]. | infectious gastroenterological diseases are of increasing medical and health-economic significance. | 2014 | 24905106 |
| study of the frequency of clostridium difficile tcda, tcdb, cdta and cdtb genes in feces of calves in south west of iran. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is a gram-positive, toxin-producing bacillus which is an intestinal pathogen in both humans and animals and causes a range of digestive disorders including inflammation of the bowel, abdominal pain, fever and diarrhea. c. difficile toxins include enterotoxin (toxin a), cytotoxin (toxin b) and a binary toxin. two large protein toxins a and b are encoded by separate genes, tcda and tcdb. clostridium difficile infection (cdi) mainly caused by the activity of the ... | 2014 | 24903619 |
| severe clostridium difficile infection: incidence and risk factors at a tertiary care university hospital in vienna, austria. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the major cause of hospital-acquired bacterial diarrhoea. the incidence of cdi has been increasing in canada, the us and europe and severe cases are becoming more common. | 2014 | 24903143 |
| clostridium difficile infection in liver transplant recipients: a retrospective study of rates, risk factors and outcomes. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) occurs in 3-7% of liver transplant recipients (ltr). however, few data exist on the recent epidemiology, predictors and outcomes of cdi in ltr. a cohort study was performed including ltr from 2000 to 2010 at a tertiary care hospital in detroit. cdi was defined as diarrhea with a stool c. difficile positive test. data analyzed included demographics, comorbidities, length of stay (los), severity of cdi, rates of recurrence (<12 weeks), relapse (<4 weeks) and o ... | 2014 | 24902610 |
| clostridium difficile: case report and concise review of fecal microbiota transplantation. | 2013 | 24902394 | |
| pyknotic cell death induced by clostridium difficile tcdb: chromatin condensation and nuclear blister are induced independently of the glucosyltransferase activity. | tcda and tcdb are the main pathogenicity factors of clostridium difficile-associated diseases. both toxins inhibit rho gtpases, and consequently, apoptosis is induced in the affected cells. we found that tcdb at higher concentrations exhibits cytotoxic effects that are independent on rho glucosylation. tcdb and the glucosyltransferase-deficient mutant tcdb d286/288n induced pyknotic cell death which was associated with chromatin condensation and reduced h3 phosphorylation. affected cells showed ... | 2014 | 24898616 |
| an antimicrobial stewardship program's real-world experience with fidaxomicin for treatment of clostridium difficile infection: a case series. | to evaluate real-world clinical and economic outcomes in patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) treated with fidaxomicin. | 2014 | 24898525 |
| risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) hospitalization among hospitalized patients with an initial cdi episode: a retrospective cohort study. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) is observed in up to 25% of patients with an initial cdi episode (icdi). we assessed risk factors for rcdi among patients hospitalized with icdi. | 2014 | 24898123 |
| risk factors for recurrence, complications and mortality in clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) can lead to complications, recurrence, and death. numerous studies have assessed risk factors for these unfavourable outcomes, but systematic reviews or meta-analyses published so far were limited in scope or in quality. | 2014 | 24897375 |
| outcomes from rectal vancomycin therapy in patients with clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 24896763 | |
| national trends and inpatient outcomes of inflammatory bowel disease patients with concomitant chronic liver disease. | there is little information on the frequency of chronic liver disease among hospitalized patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). in this study, we seek to define the common etiologies contributing to chronic liver disease among ibd patients and to identify potential risk factors predictive of increased mortality in this population. | 2014 | 24895841 |
| clinical characteristics of relapses and re-infections in clostridium difficile infection. | the purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with relapses or re-infections in patients with recurring clostridium difficile infections (cdis). from september 2008 to january 2012, cases with two or more isolates from consecutive cdi episodes were included. pcr-ribotyping and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis were performed using paired isolates. among 473 patients, 68 (14.4%) experienced one to five recurrences. fifty-one of these with two or more isolates from c ... | 2014 | 24894547 |
| carriage and acquisition rates of clostridium difficile in hospitalized horses, including molecular characterization, multilocus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. | clostridium difficile has been identified as a significant agent of diarrhoea and enterocolitis in both foals and adult horses. hospitalization, antibiotic therapy or changes in diet may contribute to the development of c. difficile infection. horses admitted to a care unit are therefore at greater risk of being colonized. the aim of this study was to investigate the carriage of c. difficile in hospitalized horses and the possible influence of some risk factors in colonization. during a seven-mo ... | 2014 | 24894133 |
| clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | patients undergoing solid organ and stem cell transplantation are at increased risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) compared with nontransplant patients. cdi may be associated with significant morbidity in this population including prolonged hospitalization, increased hospital charges, and complications in the transplanted organ. a combination of host factors, including both b-cell and t-cell immunosuppression, in addition to traditional risk factors for cdi such as broad-spectrum antib ... | 2014 | 24893981 |
| herbal therapy is equivalent to rifaximin for the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. | patients with small intestine bacterial overgrowth (sibo) have chronic intestinal and extraintestinal symptomatology which adversely affects their quality of life. present treatment of sibo is limited to oral antibiotics with variable success. a growing number of patients are interested in using complementary and alternative therapies for their gastrointestinal health. the objective was to determine the remission rate of sibo using either the antibiotic rifaximin or herbals in a tertiary care re ... | 2014 | 24891990 |