Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| human monoclonal antibody as prophylaxis for sars coronavirus infection in ferrets. | sars coronavirus continues to cause sporadic cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in china. no active or passive immunoprophylaxis for disease induced by sars coronavirus is available. we investigated prophylaxis of sars coronavirus infection with a neutralising human monoclonal antibody in ferrets, which can be readily infected with the virus. prophylactic administration of the monoclonal antibody at 10 mg/kg reduced replication of sars coronavirus in the lungs of infected ferrets ... | 2004 | 15220038 |
| mucosal immunisation of african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) with an attenuated parainfluenza virus expressing the sars coronavirus spike protein for the prevention of sars. | the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in 2002 was caused by a previously unknown coronavirus-sars coronavirus (sars-cov). we have developed an experimental sars vaccine for direct immunisation of the respiratory tract, the major site of sars- coronavirus transmission and disease. | 2004 | 15220033 |
| mucosal immunisation of african green monkeys (cercopithecus aethiops) with an attenuated parainfluenza virus expressing the sars coronavirus spike protein for the prevention of sars. | the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in 2002 was caused by a previously unknown coronavirus-sars coronavirus (sars-cov). we have developed an experimental sars vaccine for direct immunisation of the respiratory tract, the major site of sars- coronavirus transmission and disease. | 2004 | 15220033 |
| mucosal immunisation and immunoprophylaxis as potential strategies for prevention of sars. | 2004 | 15220029 | |
| animal-to-human sars-associated coronavirus transmission? | 2004 | 15216845 | |
| antibody response of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) targets the viral nucleocapsid. | the recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) provided an opportunity to study the antibody response of infected individuals to the causative virus, sars coronavirus. we examined serum samples obtained from 46 patients with sars, 40 patients with non-sars pneumonia, and 38 healthy individuals, by use of western blotting (wb), enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa), and immunofluorescence assay, using both native and bacterially produced antigens of the virus. we found a highly restr ... | 2004 | 15216476 |
| inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication by niclosamide. | antiviral agents are urgently needed to fight severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). we showed that niclosamide, an existing antihelminthic drug, was able to inhibit replication of a newly discovered coronavirus, sars-cov; viral antigen synthesis was totally abolished at a niclosamide concentration of 1.56 microm, as revealed by immunoblot analysis. thus, niclosamide represents a promising drug candidate for the effective treatment of sars-cov infection. | 2004 | 15215127 |
| retrospective comparison of convalescent plasma with continuing high-dose methylprednisolone treatment in sars patients. | treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is experimental, and the effectiveness of ribavirin-steroid therapy is unclear. forty sars patients with progressive disease after ribavirin treatment and 1.5 g of pulsed methylprednisolone were given either convalescent plasma (n = 19) or further pulsed methylprednisolone (n = 21) in a retrospective non-randomised study. good clinical outcome was defined as discharge by day 22 following the onset of symptoms. convalescent plasma was obtained ... | 2004 | 15214887 |
| molecular dynamics simulations of various coronavirus main proteinases. | in this study, two homology models (denoted as mprost and mprosh) of main proteinase (mpro) from the novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov) were constructed based on the crystal structures of mpro from transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) (mprot) and human coronavirus hcov-229e (mproh), respectively. both mprost and mprosh exhibit similar folds as their respective template proteins. these homology models reveal three distinct functional domains ... | 2004 | 15214807 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome in dialysis patients. | reviewed are the clinical features and outcome of 12 chronic dialysis patients (six men) who contracted severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) compared with 23 sex- and age-matched nonuremic sars patients as controls. eight were on peritoneal dialysis (pd) and four on hemodialysis. mean age was 58 +/- 12 yr for the dialysis patients, and 57 +/- 12 yr for the controls. the presenting symptoms of dialysis patients were similar to the controls. with appropriate protection measures, hemodialysis w ... | 2004 | 15213277 |
| contributions of the structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus to protective immunity. | we investigated the contributions of the structural proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) to protective immunity by expressing them individually and in combinations from a recombinant parainfluenza virus (piv) type 3 vector called bhpiv3. this vector provided direct immunization of the respiratory tract, the major site of sars transmission, replication, and disease. the bhpiv3/sars recombinants were evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in hamsters ... | 2004 | 15210961 |
| childhood severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus infections and asthma. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a new infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus. children appear to be less susceptible to the sars coronavirus, although the other non-sars coronaviruses can cause respiratory infections in adults and in children of all ages. the exact reasons as to why sars preferentially affects adults, and not children, are still unknown. many hypotheses exist and need to be explored. during the outbreak of sars, there did not appear to be an increase in ast ... | 2004 | 15209951 |
| sars corona virus peptides recognized by antibodies in the sera of convalescent cases. | we synthesized on cellulose membranes 4942 ten-amino-acid peptides which included all of the sequences predicted for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) corona virus. we probed these membranes with four pairs of acute and convalescent sera from recovered sars cases. we correlated positively reacting peptides with the in vitro sars-cov neutralizing activity of the samples. we found that convalescent sera with high neutralizing activity recognized exclusively only a limited number of pept ... | 2004 | 15207612 |
| [the expression and activity detection of a variant n protein of sars-cov]. | to construct an expression vector pgex-2t/n, and to express the fusion protein consisting of n protein of sars-cov and gst in e.coli. | 2004 | 15207085 |
| sars and common viral infections. | in california, molecular testing was useful in decreasing suspicion for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), by detecting common respiratory pathogens (influenza a/b, human metapneumovirus, picornavirus, mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia spp., parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus) in 23 (45%) of 51 patients with suspected sars and 9 (47%) of 19 patients with probable sars. | 2004 | 15207072 |
| sars exposure and emergency department workers. | of 193 emergency department workers exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), 9 (4.7%) were infected. pneumonia developed in six workers, and assays showed anti-sars immunoglobulin (ig) m and igg. the other three workers were igm-positive and had lower igg titers; in two, mild illness developed, and one remained asymptomatic. | 2004 | 15207066 |
| epidemiologic clues to sars origin in china. | an epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) began in foshan municipality, guangdong province, china, in november 2002. we studied sars case reports through april 30, 2003, including data from case investigations and a case series analysis of index cases. a total of 1,454 clinically confirmed cases (and 55 deaths) occurred; the epidemic peak was in the first week of february 2003. healthcare workers accounted for 24% of cases. clinical signs and symptoms differed between children (<18 ... | 2004 | 15207054 |
| biosecurity. researchers urge u.s. to keep sars off select agent list. | 2004 | 15205496 | |
| the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in tears. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a new infectious disease that caused a global outbreak in 2003. research has shown that it is caused by a novel coronavirus. a series of cases is reported where polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing on tears had demonstrated the presence of the virus. detection of ocular infection from tears using the pcr technique has been widely used by ophthalmologists to diagnose infections for other viruses. | 2004 | 15205225 |
| coronavirus replication and pathogenesis: implications for the recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), and the challenge for vaccine development. | a novel coronavirus has been recently identified as the causative agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak that has accounted for more than 8000 infected people worldwide. this review will discuss current knowledge on coronavirus replication, pathogenesis, evolution, and vaccine strategies, as well as the most recent findings on sars coronavirus. | 2004 | 15204926 |
| potential targets for anti-sars drugs in the structural proteins from sars related coronavirus. | this is a further study on the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) using the probabilistic models. the purpose was to define the potential targets for anti-sars drugs in the structural proteins from human sars related coronavirus (sars-cov) while knowing little about the functional sites and possible mutations in these proteins. from a probabilistic viewpoint, we can theoretically select the amino acid pairs as potential candidates for anti-sars drugs. these candidates have a greater chance ... | 2004 | 15203235 |
| inhibition of sars coronavirus infection in vitro with clinically approved antiviral drugs. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an infectious disease caused by a newly identified human coronavirus (sars-cov). currently, no effective drug exists to treat sars-cov infection. in this study, we investigated whether a panel of commercially available antiviral drugs exhibit in vitro anti-sars-cov activity. a drug-screening assay that scores for virus-induced cytopathic effects on cultured cells was used. tested were 19 clinically approved compounds from several major antiviral pharma ... | 2004 | 15200845 |
| domestic poultry and sars coronavirus, southern china. | sars coronavirus injected intratracheally into chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, and quail, or into the allantoic sac of their embryonating eggs, failed to cause disease or replicate. this finding suggests that domestic poultry were unlikely to have been the reservoir, or associated with dissemination, of sars coronavirus in the animal markets of southern china. | 2004 | 15200830 |
| domestic poultry and sars coronavirus, southern china. | sars coronavirus injected intratracheally into chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, and quail, or into the allantoic sac of their embryonating eggs, failed to cause disease or replicate. this finding suggests that domestic poultry were unlikely to have been the reservoir, or associated with dissemination, of sars coronavirus in the animal markets of southern china. | 2004 | 15200830 |
| infection control and sars transmission among healthcare workers, taiwan. | this study found infrequent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus to healthcare workers involved in the care of the first five case-patients in taiwan, despite a substantial number of unprotected exposures. nonetheless, given that sars has been highly transmissible on some occasions, we still recommend strict precautions. | 2004 | 15200825 |
| laboratory diagnosis of sars. | the virologic test results of 415 patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) were examined. the peak detection rate for sars-associated coronavirus occurred at week 2 after illness onset for respiratory specimens, at weeks 2 to 3 for stool or rectal swab specimens, and at week 4 for urine specimens. the latest stool sample that was positive by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was collected on day 75 while the patient was receiving intensive care. tracheal aspi ... | 2004 | 15200815 |
| clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment outcomes of sars patients. | clinical and laboratory data on severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), particularly on the temporal progression of abnormal laboratory findings, are limited. we conducted a prospective study on the clinical, radiologic, and hematologic findings of sars patients with pneumonia, who were admitted to national taiwan university hospital from march 8 to june 15, 2003. fever was the most frequent initial symptom, followed by cough, myalgia, dyspnea, and diarrhea. twenty-four patients had various un ... | 2004 | 15200814 |
| genetic variation of sars coronavirus in beijing hospital. | to characterize genetic variation of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) transmitted in the beijing area during the epidemic outbreak of 2003, we sequenced 29 full-length s genes of sars-cov from 20 hospitalized sars patients on our unit, the beijing 302 hospital. viral rna templates for the s-gene amplification were directly extracted from raw clinical samples, including plasma, throat swab, sputum, and stool, during the course of the epidemic in the beijing area ... | 2004 | 15200810 |
| sars in hospital emergency room. | thirty-one cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) occurred after exposure in the emergency room at the national taiwan university hospital. the index patient was linked to an outbreak at a nearby municipal hospital. three clusters were identified over a 3-week period. the first cluster (5 patients) and the second cluster (14 patients) occurred among patients, family members, and nursing aids. the third cluster (12 patients) occurred exclusively among healthcare workers. six healthcare ... | 2004 | 15200809 |
| sars in healthcare facilities, toronto and taiwan. | the healthcare setting was important in the early spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in both toronto and taiwan. healthcare workers, patients, and visitors were at increased risk for infection. nonetheless, the ability of individual sars patients to transmit disease was quite variable. unrecognized sars case-patients were a primary source of transmission, and early detection and intervention were important to limit spread. strict adherence to infection control precautions was ess ... | 2004 | 15200808 |
| hospital preparedness and sars. | on may 23, 2003, toronto experienced the second phase of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) outbreak. ninety cases were confirmed, and >620 potential cases were managed. more than 9,000 persons had contact with confirmed or potential case-patients; many required quarantine. the main hospital involved during the second outbreak was north york general hospital. we review this hospital's response to, and management of, this outbreak, including such factors as building preparation and engine ... | 2004 | 15200807 |
| misleading chest radiography in a patient with sars. | we report a patient who suffered from severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (sars) presented with an uncommon chest x-ray finding, lobar pneumonia, which was never reported. we hope that this case report can help clinicians to become more aware of various initial radiological findings of sars. | 2004 | 15198196 |
| prevalence of subclinical infection by the sars coronavirus among general practitioners in hong kong. | eight general practitioners had severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (sars) in hong kong during the epidemic, and others may have been infected by the sars coronavirus without developing the full syndrome. we conducted a serological and questionnaire survey to determine the prevalence of subclinical infection by sars coronavirus among general practitioners in hong kong. participants had to be doctors actively practising in family medicine and who did not have sars. approximately 3200 gener ... | 2004 | 15198186 |
| rapid response research to emerging infectious diseases: lessons from sars. | 2004 | 15197395 | |
| cleavage and serum reactivity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (scov) spike (s) protein is the major surface antigen of the virus and is responsible for receptor binding and the generation of neutralizing antibody. to investigate scov s protein, full-length and individual domains of s protein were expressed on the surface of insect cells and were characterized for cleavability and reactivity with serum samples obtained from patients during the convalescent phase of sars. s protein could be cleaved by exog ... | 2004 | 15195247 |
| coupling multiplex rt-pcr to a gene chip assay for sensitive and semiquantitative detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus. | an early and accurate diagnostic assay for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is crucial for infection control. however, most of the diagnostic methods available today, such as real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), require a second detection method for confirmation because they detect a single sequence region of the sars-coronavirus (sars-cov). for sensitive and accurate early diagnosis, we report a novel assay system combining multiplex rt-pcr and a diagnosti ... | 2004 | 15195120 |
| an exposed domain in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein induces neutralizing antibodies. | exposed epitopes of the spike protein may be recognized by neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov). a protein fragment (s-ii) containing predicted epitopes of the spike protein was expressed in escherichia coli. the properly refolded protein fragment specifically bound to the surface of vero cells. monoclonal antibodies raised against this fragment recognized the native spike protein of sars cov in both monomeric and trimeric forms. these monocl ... | 2004 | 15194798 |
| identification of an antigenic determinant on the s2 domain of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a life-threatening disease caused by a newly identified coronavirus (cov), sars-cov. the spike (s) glycoprotein of cov is the major structural protein responsible for induction of host immune response and virus neutralization by antibodies. hence, knowledge of neutralization determinants on the s protein is helpful for designing protective vaccines. to analyze the antigenic structure of the sars-cov s2 domain, the carboxyl-terminal half of the s protei ... | 2004 | 15194770 |
| a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus protein, u274, is transported to the cell surface and undergoes endocytosis. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) genome contains open reading frames (orfs) that encode for several genes that are homologous to proteins found in all known coronaviruses. these are the replicase gene 1a/1b and the four structural proteins, nucleocapsid (n), spike (s), membrane (m), and envelope (e), and these proteins are expected to be essential for the replication of the virus. in addition, this genome also contains nine other potential orfs varying in length from ... | 2004 | 15194747 |
| phosphorylation of p38 mapk and its downstream targets in sars coronavirus-infected cells. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) has become a global public health emergency. understanding the molecular mechanisms of sars-induced cytopathic effects (cpes) is a rational approach for the prevention of sars, and an understanding of the cellular stress responses induced by viral infection is important for understanding the cpes. polyclonal antibodies, which recognized nucleocapsid (n) and membrane (m) proteins, detected viral n and m proteins in virus-infected vero e6 cells at least 6 a ... | 2004 | 15194498 |
| susceptibility to sars coronavirus s protein-driven infection correlates with expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and infection can be blocked by soluble receptor. | the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) has been identified as a receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (sars-cov). here we show that ace2 expression on cell lines correlates with susceptibility to sars-cov s-driven infection, suggesting that ace2 is a major receptor for sars-cov. the soluble ectodomain of ace2 specifically abrogated s-mediated infection and might therefore be exploited for the generation of inhibitors. deletion of a major portion of the cyt ... | 2004 | 15194496 |
| hospital management of adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) if sars re-emerges--updated 10 february 2004. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a potentially severe and highly infectious disease to which healthcare workers involved in the management of cases are particularly vulnerable. these guidelines briefly summarise optimal and safe practice for clinicians involved in the emergency care of patients with probable or confirmed sars. | 2004 | 15194240 |
| [study on t cell subsets and their activated molecules from the convalescent sars patients during two follow-up surveys]. | to explore the changes of peripheral blood t cell subsets and their activated molecules in convalescent sars patients. | 2004 | 15193228 |
| [the cloning, expression, purification and identification of sars virus s2 gene and study on its immunological characteristics]. | to express s2 protein of sars virus fused with trx and then detect its reactivity to the sera from convalescent sars patients. | 2004 | 15193211 |
| sars, pneumothorax, and our response to epidemics. | 2004 | 15189911 | |
| high-efficiency detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus genetic material. | a taqman amplicon targeting the nucleocapsid gene of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) is 5 log(10) times more sensitive for sars-cov target rna extracted from infected cells and 2.79 log(10) times more sensitive for rna extracted from patient material of the index case in frankfurt than an amplicon targeting the polymerase gene. | 2004 | 15184466 |
| sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassay for detection of nucleocapsid antigen in sera from patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. | a rapid antigen test for the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is essential for control of this disease at the point of management. the nucleocapsid (n) protein of sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) is abundantly expressed in infected-cell culture filtrate as demonstrable by western blotting using convalescent-phase sera from patients with sars. we used monoclonal antibodies specifically directed against n protein to establish a sensitive antigen capture sandwich enzyme-l ... | 2004 | 15184444 |
| response of the clinical microbiology laboratory to emerging (new) and reemerging infectious diseases. | 2004 | 15184405 | |
| identification of two antigenic epitopes on sars-cov spike protein. | the spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (sars-cov) is a major virion structural protein. it plays an important role in interaction with receptor and inducing neutralizing antibodies. in the study, six tentative antigenic epitopes (s1 s2 s3 s4 s5 s6) of the spike protein of sars-cov were predicted by bio-informatics analysis, and a multi-epitope chimeric gene of s1-s2-s3-s4-s5-s6 was synthesized and fused to downstream gst gene in pgex-6p-1. the western blotting dem ... | 2004 | 15184071 |
| suppression of sars-cov entry by peptides corresponding to heptad regions on spike glycoprotein. | heptad repeat regions (hr1 and hr2) are highly conserved sequences located in the glycoproteins of enveloped viruses. they form a six-helix bundle structure and are important in the process of virus fusion. peptides derived from the hr regions of some viruses have been shown to inhibit the entry of these viruses. sars-cov was also predicted to have hr1 and hr2 regions in the s2 protein. based on this prediction, we designed 25 peptides and screened them using a hiv-luc/sars pseudotyped virus ass ... | 2004 | 15184046 |
| attenuation of sars coronavirus by a short hairpin rna expression plasmid targeting rna-dependent rna polymerase. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a highly contagious and sometimes a lethal disease, which spread over five continents in 2002-2003. laboratory analysis showed that the etiologic agent for sars is a new type of coronavirus. currently, there is no specific treatment for this disease. rna interference (rnai) is a recently discovered antiviral mechanism in plant and animal cells that induces a specific degradation of double-stranded rna. here, we provide evidences that rnai targeting at ... | 2004 | 15183056 |
| coronavirus 3clpro proteinase cleavage sites: possible relevance to sars virus pathology. | despite the passing of more than a year since the first outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), efficient counter-measures are still few and many believe that reappearance of sars, or a similar disease caused by a coronavirus, is not unlikely. for other virus families like the picornaviruses it is known that pathology is related to proteolytic cleavage of host proteins by viral proteinases. furthermore, several studies indicate that virus proliferation can be arrested using specifi ... | 2004 | 15180906 |
| serial analysis of plasma proteomic signatures in pediatric patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome and correlation with viral load. | 2004 | 15178653 | |
| role of interferons in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by the sars coronavirus (scv). the disease appeared in the guandong province of southern china in 2002. the epidemic affected > 8422 patients and caused 908 deaths in 29 countries on 5 continents. several treatment modalities were tried with limited success to treat sars and a variety of experimental drugs are under development. type i interferons (ifns-alpha/beta) were suggested as potential candidates to treat sars. several animal and human co ... | 2004 | 15174965 |
| [development and evaluation of the kit for detection of sars-associated coronavirus rna]. | to develop a diagnostic kit for detection of sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome)-related coronavirus rna based on reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction and to estimate its specificity and sensitivity. | 2004 | 15174316 |
| [development and evaluation of the kit for detection of sars-associated coronavirus rna]. | to develop a diagnostic kit for detection of sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome)-related coronavirus rna based on reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction and to estimate its specificity and sensitivity. | 2004 | 15174316 |
| at the epicenter of severe acute respiratory syndrome. | 2004 | 15173706 | |
| unpredictable patterns of viral respiratory disease in children. | 2004 | 15173514 | |
| prevalence of non-pneumonic infections with sars-correlated virus. | 2004 | 15172787 | |
| prevalence of non-pneumonic infections with sars-correlated virus. | 2004 | 15172786 | |
| prevalence of non-pneumonic infections with sars-correlated virus. | 2004 | 15172785 | |
| prevalence of non-pneumonic infections with sars-correlated virus. | 2004 | 15172784 | |
| [targets and studies on anti-sars drugs]. | 2004 | 15171664 | |
| evaluation of antibody responses against sars coronaviral nucleocapsid or spike proteins by immunoblotting or elisa. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-cov is a newly emerging virus that causes sars with high mortality rate in infected people. to study the humoral responses against sars-cov, we evaluated nucleocapsid (n) and spike (s) proteins-specific antibodies in patients' sera by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). recombinant n and s proteins of sars-cov were purified from transformed e. coli. serum specimens from 40 sars-cov-infected patients in the convalescent phase we ... | 2004 | 15170626 |
| the life cycle of sars coronavirus in vero e6 cells. | the aim of the study was to establish the life cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars cov) in host cells and determine the pathogenesis of sars. vero e6 cells (african green monkey kidney cells) were inoculated with sars coronavirus for 3, 7, 24, 48, and 72 hr, respectively, and were observed under electron microscope. it was found that the sars coronavirus entered the cells through membrane fusion instead of endocytosis, and then the nucleocapsids assembled in t ... | 2004 | 15170625 |
| the life cycle of sars coronavirus in vero e6 cells. | the aim of the study was to establish the life cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars cov) in host cells and determine the pathogenesis of sars. vero e6 cells (african green monkey kidney cells) were inoculated with sars coronavirus for 3, 7, 24, 48, and 72 hr, respectively, and were observed under electron microscope. it was found that the sars coronavirus entered the cells through membrane fusion instead of endocytosis, and then the nucleocapsids assembled in t ... | 2004 | 15170625 |
| sars coronavirus induces apoptosis in vero e6 cells. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an emerging infectious disease. its etiological agent has been convincingly identified as a new member of family coronaviridae (sars-cov). it causes serious damage to the respiratory system yet the mechanism is not clear. infection-induced apoptosis or necrosis is suspected but no direct evidence for this yet exists. to date, vero e6 cells are the only cell line that could be used to replicate the virus with obvious cpe (cytopathic effect) in vitro. it ... | 2004 | 15170624 |
| rapid identification of coronavirus replicase inhibitors using a selectable replicon rna. | a previously unknown coronavirus (cov) is the aetiological agent causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), for which an effective antiviral treatment is urgently needed. to enable the rapid and biosafe identification of coronavirus replicase inhibitors, we have generated a non-cytopathic, selectable replicon rna (based on human cov 229e) that can be stably maintained in eukaryotic cells. most importantly, the replicon rna mediates reporter gene expression as a marker for coronavirus repl ... | 2004 | 15166457 |
| ace2: from vasopeptidase to sars virus receptor. | the zinc metallopeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) is the only known human homologue of the key regulator of blood pressure angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace). since its discovery in 2000, ace2 has been implicated in heart function, hypertension and diabetes, with its effects being mediated, in part, through its ability to convert angiotensin ii to angiotensin-(1-7). unexpectedly, ace2 also serves as the cellular entry point for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) virus a ... | 2004 | 15165741 |
| s protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus mediates entry into hepatoma cell lines and is targeted by neutralizing antibodies in infected patients. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) causes severe pneumonia with a fatal outcome in approximately 10% of patients. sars-cov is not closely related to other coronaviruses but shares a similar genome organization. entry of coronaviruses into target cells is mediated by the viral s protein. we functionally analyzed sars-cov s using pseudotyped lentiviral particles (pseudotypes). the sars-cov s protein was found to be expressed at the cell surface upon transient t ... | 2004 | 15163706 |
| cloning, sequencing, expression, and purification of sars-associated coronavirus nucleocapsid protein for serodiagnosis of sars. | a novel coronavirus has been associated with a worldwide outbreak of atypical pneumonia referred to as severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars-cov). sars-cov nucleocapsid (n) protein has been cloned sequenced and expressed in escherichia coli strain. purified n protein was used to measure the sars-cov specific igg antibodies from 16 sars-cov infected patients' sera and from 131 control subjects using elisa assay. specific antibody responses to the purified recombinant n protein after 10, 20, and ... | 2004 | 15163419 |
| structural characterization of the fusion-active complex of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus. | the causative agent of a recent outbreak of an atypical pneumonia, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), has been identified as a coronavirus (cov) not belonging to any of the previously identified groups. fusion of coronaviruses with the host cell is mediated by the envelope spike protein. two regions within the spike protein of sars-cov have been identified, showing a high degree of sequence conservation with the other cov, which are characterized by the presence of heptad repeats ... | 2004 | 15161975 |
| glycan arrays lead to the discovery of autoimmunogenic activity of sars-cov. | using carbohydrate microarrays, we characterized the carbohydrate binding activity of sars-cov neutralizing antibodies elicited by an inactivated sars-cov vaccine. in these antibodies, we detected undesired autoantibody reactivity specific for the carbohydrate moieties of an abundant human serum glycoprotein asialo-orosomucoid (asor). this observation provides important clues for the selection of specific immunologic probes to examine whether sars-cov expresses antigenic structures that mimic th ... | 2004 | 15161967 |
| bioinformatics analysis of sars coronavirus genome polymorphism. | we have compared 38 isolates of the sars-cov complete genome. the main goal was twofold: first, to analyze and compare nucleotide sequences and to identify positions of single nucleotide polymorphism (snp), insertions and deletions, and second, to group them according to sequence similarity, eventually pointing to phylogeny of sars-cov isolates. the comparison is based on genome polymorphism such as insertions or deletions and the number and positions of snps. | 2004 | 15161495 |
| [sars, pandemic influenza, avian influenza: quest for missing link]. | 2004 | 15160886 | |
| viral shedding patterns of coronavirus in patients with probable severe acute respiratory syndrome. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is thought to be caused by a novel coronavirus, sars-associated coronavirus. we studied viral shedding of sars coronavirus to improve diagnosis and infection control. reverse-transcriptase pcr was done on 2134 specimens of different types. 355 (45%) specimens of nasopharyngeal aspirates and 150 (28%) of faeces were positive for sars coronavirus rna. positive rates peaked at 6-11 days after onset of illness for nasopharyngeal aspirates (87 of 149 [58%], to ... | 2004 | 15158632 |
| following the rule: formation of the 6-helix bundle of the fusion core from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein and identification of potent peptide inhibitors. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (sars-cov) is a newly identified member of family coronaviridae. coronavirus envelope spike protein s is a class i viral fusion protein which is characterized by the existence of two heptad repeat regions (hr1 and hr2) (forming a complex called fusion core). here we report that by using in vitro bio-engineering techniques, sars-cov hr1 and hr2 bind to each other and form a typical 6-helix bundle. the hr2, either as a synthetic peptide or as a ... | 2004 | 15158473 |
| [determination and comparison of anti-sars antibody in children and adults]. | to investigate the positive rate of anti-sars antibody in children and adults without sars, 197 paediatric patients under 14 years old from inpatient and outpatient department of our hospital, 156 healthy children pupils from primary school, 453 adult patients over 18 years old from inpatient and outpatient department of our hospital and other 502 healthy adult blood donors were selected. anti-sars antibodies were determined by anti-sars specific antibody detection kit and elisa method. the resu ... | 2004 | 15157337 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome. | the first cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) occurred in china in november 2002. the agent causing this illness has been identified as a novel coronavirus, sars-coronavirus. since its introduction <1 year ago, this virus has infected 8098 people in 26 countries, killing 774 of them. we present an overview of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of sars based on the current state of knowledge derived from published studies and our own personal experienc ... | 2004 | 15156481 |
| infectious diseases. one year after outbreak, sars virus yields some secrets. | 2004 | 15155925 | |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome: review and lessons of the 2003 outbreak. | 2004 | 15155694 | |
| virtual screening for sars-cov protease based on kz7088 pharmacophore points. | pharmacophore modeling can provide valuable insight into ligand-receptor interactions. it can also be used in 3d (dimensional) database searching for potentially finding biologically active compounds and providing new research ideas and directions for drug-discovery projects. to stimulate the structure-based drug design against sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome), a pharmacophore search was conducted over 3.6 millions of compounds based on the atomic coordinates of the complex obtained by d ... | 2004 | 15154780 |
| sars: the first pandemic of the 21st century. | 2004 | 15152053 | |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) infection inhibition using spike protein heptad repeat-derived peptides. | the coronavirus sars-cov is the primary cause of the life-threatening severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). with the aim of developing therapeutic agents, we have tested peptides derived from the membrane-proximal (hr2) and membrane-distal (hr1) heptad repeat region of the spike protein as inhibitors of sars-cov infection of vero cells. it appeared that hr2 peptides, but not hr1 peptides, were inhibitory. their efficacy was, however, significantly lower than that of corresponding hr2 peptide ... | 2004 | 15150417 |
| characterization of sars main protease and inhibitor assay using a fluorogenic substrate. | sars main protease is essential for life cycle of sars coronavirus and may be a key target for developing anti-sars drugs. recently, the enzyme expressed in escherichia coli was characterized using a hplc assay to monitor the formation of products from 11 peptide substrates covering the cleavage sites found in the sars viral genome. this protease easily dissociated into inactive monomer and the deduced kd of the dimer was 100 microm. in order to detect enzyme activity, the assay needed to be per ... | 2004 | 15147951 |
| assembly of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like particles. | viral particles of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) consist of three virion structural proteins, including spike protein, membrane protein, and envelope protein. in this report, virus-like particles were assembled in insect cells by the co-infection with recombinant baculoviruses, which separately express one of these three virion proteins. we found that the membrane and envelope proteins are sufficient for the efficient formation of virus-like particles and could b ... | 2004 | 15147946 |
| structure of the n-terminal rna-binding domain of the sars cov nucleocapsid protein. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) virus belongs to the coronaviridea family of viruses. its virion encodes several proteins including a replicase and four structural proteins. here we describe the three-dimensional structure of the n-terminal domain of the sars coronavirus (cov) nucleocapsid protein. the protein consists of a five-stranded beta sheet with a folding topology distinct from other rna-binding proteins. single-stranded rnas bind to the protein surface at the junction betwe ... | 2004 | 15147189 |
| hiv protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits replication of sars-associated coronavirus. | a novel coronavirus has been identified as an etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars). to rapidly identify anti-sars drugs available for clinical use, we screened a set of compounds that included antiviral drugs already in wide use. here we report that the hiv-1 protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, strongly inhibited replication of the sars coronavirus (sars-cov). nelfinavir inhibited the cytopathic effect induced by sars-cov infection. expression of viral antigens was much lowe ... | 2004 | 15144898 |
| sars in the intensive care unit. | approximately 20% of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) develop respiratory failure that requires admission to an intensive care unit (icu). old age, comorbidity, and elevated lactate dehydrogenase on hospital admission are associated with increased risk for icu admission. icu admission usually is late and occurs 8 to 10 days after symptom onset. acute respiratory distress syndrome occurs in almost all admitted patients and most require mechanical ventilation. icu admission i ... | 2004 | 15142487 |
| re: to kf, tong jh, chan pk, et al. tissue and cellular tropism of the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome: an in-situ hybridization study of fatal cases. j pathol 2004; 202: 157-163. | 2004 | 15141389 | |
| tissue distribution of ace2 protein, the functional receptor for sars coronavirus. a first step in understanding sars pathogenesis. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is an acute infectious disease that spreads mainly via the respiratory route. a distinct coronavirus (sars-cov) has been identified as the aetiological agent of sars. recently, a metallopeptidase named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) has been identified as the functional receptor for sars-cov. although ace2 mrna is known to be present in virtually all organs, its protein expression is largely unknown. since identifying the possible route of infecti ... | 2004 | 15141377 |
| organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) associated coronavirus (sars-cov) in sars patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways. | we previously identified the major pathological changes in the respiratory and immune systems of patients who died of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) but gained little information on the organ distribution of sars-associated coronavirus (sars-cov). in the present study, we used a murine monoclonal antibody specific for sars-cov nucleoprotein, and probes specific for a sars-cov rna polymerase gene fragment, for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively, to detect sars- ... | 2004 | 15141376 |
| ph-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is mediated by the spike glycoprotein and enhanced by dendritic cell transfer through dc-sign. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) synthesizes several putative viral envelope proteins, including the spike (s), membrane (m), and small envelope (e) glycoproteins. although these proteins likely are essential for viral replication, their specific roles in sars-cov entry have not been defined. in this report, we show that the sars-cov s glycoprotein mediates viral entry through ph-dependent endocytosis. further, we define its cellular tropism and demonstrate that virus ... | 2004 | 15140961 |
| multiple enzymatic activities associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus helicase. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), a newly identified group 2 coronavirus, is the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome, a life-threatening form of pneumonia in humans. coronavirus replication and transcription are highly specialized processes of cytoplasmic rna synthesis that localize to virus-induced membrane structures and were recently proposed to involve a complex enzymatic machinery that, besides rna-dependent rna polymerase, helicase, and protease act ... | 2004 | 15140959 |
| t-cell epitopes in severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus spike protein elicit a specific t-cell immune response in patients who recover from sars. | the immunogenicity of hla-a2-restricted t-cell epitopes in the s protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and of human coronavirus strain 229e (hcov-229e) was analyzed for the elicitation of a t-cell immune response in donors who had fully recovered from sars-cov infection. we employed online database analysis to compare the differences in the amino acid sequences of the homologous t epitopes of hcov-229e and sars-cov. the identified t-cell epitope peptides were sy ... | 2004 | 15140958 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars): a review. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is a newly emerged disease that rapidly spread around the world. the disease originated in southern china and a novel coronavirus (sars cov) has been implicated as the causative organism. the path this virus took to set up human infection remains a mystery, though preliminary data point to origins in an animal reservoir. nosocomial transmission of sars cov has been a striking feature in this epidemic. the clinical illness is similar to many acute respirat ... | 2004 | 15139736 |
| a one step quantitative rt-pcr for detection of sars coronavirus with an internal control for pcr inhibitors. | in this study, we report a one step quantitative rt-pcr assay for severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) diagnosis. the overall detection rate for clinical samples collected from days 1 to 9 of disease onset is 86.2% and the specificity of the assay is 100%. to detect false negative results due to pcr inhibitors or faulty rna extraction, we have further modified this one step rt-pcr assay for simultaneous detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) coronavirus (cov) and 18s ribosomal ... | 2004 | 15135737 |
| the antiviral effect of interferon-beta against sars-coronavirus is not mediated by mxa protein. | severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is caused by a novel coronavirus termed sars-cov. no antiviral treatment has been established so far. interferons are cytokines which induce the synthesis of several antivirally active proteins in the cell. in this study, we demonstrated that multiplication of sars-cov in cell culture can be strongly inhibited by pretreatment with interferon-beta. interferon-alpha and interferon-gamma, by contrast, were less effective. the human mxa protein is one of the ... | 2004 | 15135736 |
| identification of a novel protein 3a from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the open reading frame 3 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) genome encodes a predicted protein 3a, consisting of 274 amino acids, that lacks any significant similarities to any known protein. we generated specific antibodies against sars protein 3a by using a synthetic peptide (p2) corresponding to amino acids 261-274 of the putative protein. anti-p2 antibodies and the sera from sars patients could specifically detect the recombinant sars protein 3a expressed in esch ... | 2004 | 15135062 |
| probing the structure of the sars coronavirus using scanning electron microscopy. | a novel coronavirus, sars-cov, has been confirmed to be the aetiological agent of sars. transmission electron microscope (tem) images played an important role in initial identification of the pathogen. in order to obtain greater morphological detail of sars-cov than could be obtained by tem, we used ultra-high resolution scanning electron microscopy (sem) to image the virus particles. we show here the three-dimensional appearance of sars-cov. enhanced detail of the ultrastructure reveals the tri ... | 2004 | 15134191 |