Publications

power to detect qtl in a free-living polygynous population.	evolutionary biologists attempting to detect quantitative trait loci (qtl) in natural populations have thus far had to carry out some kind of cross with their study organism. such techniques often increase the probability of detecting linkage, but are impossible or undesirable in many populations. a potential way of overcoming this problem is to carry out linkage studies in large complex pedigrees. in this paper we contrast the power to detect linkage in a complex pedigree of red deer (cervus el ...	1999	10504431
early determinants of lifetime reproductive success differ between the sexes in red deer.	in polygynous, sexually dimorphic species, sexual selection should be stronger in males than in females. although this prediction extends to the effects of early development on fitness, few studies have documented early determinants of lifetime reproductive success in a natural mammal population. in this paper, we describe factors affecting the reproductive success of male and female red deer (cervus elaphus) on the island of rum, scotland. birthweight was a significant determinant of total life ...	1999	10501037
rat trh receptor type 2 exhibits higher basal signaling activity than trh receptor type 1.	two types of rat trh receptor (trh-r1 and trh-r2) have been identified and shown previously to exhibit similar binding and stimulated signaling activity via the phosphoinositide-calcium transduction pathway. since mouse trh-r1 exhibits basal (or constitutive or ligand-independent) signaling activity, we compared basal signaling by trh-r1 and trh-r2. basal signaling was measured as receptor-mediated reporter gene induction via different transcription factors. we found that trh-r2 exhibited higher ...	1999	10499553
on the functional importance of thyrotropin receptor intramolecular cleavage.	we examined the relationship between tsh receptor (tshr) cleavage into two subunits and ligand-independent, constitutive activity characteristic of this receptor. because of homology to the thrombin receptor-tethered ligand, we focused initially on a region in the vicinity of the second, downstream cleavage site of the tshr ectodomain. we introduced into the wild-type tshr three mutations. one mutation, tshr(gqe(367-369)net) prevents cleavage at site 2. the other two mutations, elk(369-371)t-y ( ...	1999	10499506
ungulates from atapuerca td6.	the ungulates from unit 6 of gran dolina (td6) in the sierra de atapuerca (northern spain) are studied. they include stephanorhinus etruscus, equus cf. altidens, sus scrofa, dama nestii? vallonetensis, cervus elaphus, eucladoceros giulii, cervidae indet. and bovini cf. "bison voigtstedtensis." the taxonomy and stratigraphical distribution of most of these taxa are not universally accepted. s. etruscus, d. n.? vallonetensis, e. giulii and "b. voigtstedtensis" are late early and early middle pleis ...	1999	10496994
isolation, purification, and characterization of pregnancy-specific protein b from elk and moose placenta.	pregnancy-specific protein b (pspb) was isolated, purified, and partially characterized from elk and moose placenta. the procedure, which was monitored by bovine pspb (bpspb) ria, included homogenization and extraction in aqueous solution, acidic and ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ion exchange, gel filtration, and affinity chromatographies. the estimated molecular sizes of moose pspb (mpspb) were 58 kda and 31 kda, and of elk pspb (epspb) were 57 kda, 45 kda, and 31 kda by sds-page. the iso ...	1999	10491644
beta 1 integrin- and proteoglycan-mediated stimulation of t lymphoma cell adhesion and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling by thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-1 peptides.	cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions play important regulatory roles in lymphocyte homeostasis. thrombospondin-1 (tsp1) is a matricellular protein that differentially promotes the adhesion of resting and activated t cells. in this work, we show that adhesion of jurkat t cells on substrates coated with tsp1 or tsp1-derived peptides is mediated by beta 1 integrins, cd47, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. interactions with tsp1 or tsp1 peptides stimulated cd3-induced ras activation and tyrosine ...	1999	10490955
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel human g-protein-coupled receptor, edg7, for lysophosphatidic acid.	lysophosphatidic acid (lpa), together with sphingosine 1-phosphate, is a bioactive lipid mediator that acts on g-protein-coupled receptors to evoke multiple cellular responses, including ca(2+) mobilization, modulation of adenylyl cyclase, and mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase activation. in this study, we isolated a human cdna encoding a novel g-protein-coupled receptor, designated edg7, and characterized it as a cellular receptor for lpa. the amino acid sequence of the edg7 protein is 53. ...	1999	10488122
use of capillary electrophoresis and fluorescent labeled peptides to detect the abnormal prion protein in the blood of animals that are infected with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.	transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans and in animals are fatal neuro-degenerative diseases with long incubation times. the putative cause of these diseases is a normal host protein, the prion protein, that becomes altered. this abnormal prion protein is found mostly in the brains of infected individuals in later stages of the disease, but also can be found in lymphoid and other tissues in lower amounts. in order to eradicate this disease in animals, it is important to develop a sys ...	1999	10486728
mapk superfamily activation in human airway smooth muscle: mitogenesis requires prolonged p42/p44 activation.	asthma is frequently associated with abnormal airway smooth muscle (asm) growth that may contribute to airway narrowing and hyperresponsiveness to contractile agents. although numerous hormones and cytokines have been shown to induce human asm (hasm) proliferation, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying hasm hyperplasia are largely unknown. here we characterize the roles of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) superfamily [p42/p44 mapk, c-jun amino-terminal kinase/stress-activat ...	1999	10484455
bacillary hemoglobinuria in a free-ranging elk calf.	a dead elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) calf was diagnosed with bacillary hemoglobinuria, a toxemia caused by the bacterium clostridium haemolyticum. the mortality occurred in southwest washington, usa (46 degrees 13'n, 123 degrees 22'w), in an area in which several previous mortalities, suspected but not conclusively diagnosed to be either bacillary hemoglobinuria, enterotoxemia, or leptospirosis, occurred. this is the first reported incidence of mortality attributable to bacillary hemoglobinuri ...	1999	10484149
two theileria cervi ssu rrna gene sequence types found in isolates from white-tailed deer and elk in north america.	two theileria cervi ssu rrna gene sequence types, f and g, from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) isolates in north america were confirmed. previously, nucleotide sequencing through a single variable (v4) region showed the presence of ssu rrna gene types f and g in t. cervi isolates from white-tailed deer and an elk. in this study, both sequence types were found in four t. cervi isolates (two from deer and two from elk). microheterogeneity only appear ...	1999	10479079
interleukin-9-induced expression of m-ras/r-ras3 oncogene in t-helper clones.	in an attempt to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in interleukin-9 (il-9) activities, representational difference analysis (rda) was used to identify messages that are induced by il-9 in a murine t-helper-cell clone. one of the isolated genes encodes for the newly described m-ras or r-ras3, which is part of the ras gene superfamily. m-ras expression was found to be induced by il-9 but not il-2 or il-4 in various murine t-helper-cell clones, and this induction seems to be depen ...	1999	10477695
activation of the erk/mapk pathway by an isoform of rap1gap associated with g alpha(i)	many receptors for neuropeptides and hormones are coupled with the heterotrimeric g(i) protein, which activates the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (erk/mapk) cascade through both the alpha- and betagamma-subunits of g(i). the betagamma-subunit activates the erk/mapk cascade through tyrosine kinase. constitutively active g(alpha)i2 (gip2) isolated from adrenal and ovarian tumours transforms rat-1 fibroblasts and also activates the erk/mapk cascade by an unknown mechanism. the erk/mapk pa ...	1999	10476970
do morning report format changes affect educational content?	the goal of this prospective observational study was to determine if format changes in a paediatric morning report conference affected the educational content presented.	1999	10476015
radionuclides in deer and elk from los alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone.	this paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (3h, 90sr, 137cs, 238pu, 239,240pu, 241am, and totu) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) collected from los alamos national laboratory (lanl), los alamos, new mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. also, the committed effective dose equivalent (cede) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (recf) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from lanl lands were e ...	1999	10466109
epizootiologic background of dissimilar distribution of human cases of lyme borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis in a joint endemic area.	lyme borreliosis (lb) and tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) are co-endemic in some parts of europe, however, their distribution differs despite a common tick vector and comparable animal hosts. a serosurvey of game and small mammals was made in a highly endemic area and compared with historical data in human cases; the epidemiologic risk and the population density of game were modelled using a geographic information system. while lb-risk corresponded with an overall population density of game (red d ...	1999	10465328
bone turnover associated with antler growth in red deer (cervus elaphus).	although it is known that skeletal bone depletion occurs during antler growth in deer, it is not clear whether repletion of the skeleton takes place before or after completion of antler development. this study attempted to correlate repeated scanning electron microscopic measures of ilium and rib bone porosity from six approximately 2-monthly biopsy samples (using back-scattered imaging) and biochemical markers of bone turnover (serum hydroxyproline and osteocalcin concentrations) taken for 11 m ...	1999	10456981
separation of m-like current and erg current in ng108-15 cells.	differentiated ng108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells were whole-cell voltage-clamped. hyperpolarizing pulses, superimposed on a depolarized holding potential (-30 or -20 mv), elicited deactivation currents which consisted of two components, distinguishable by fitting with two exponential functions. linopirdine [dup 996, 3,3-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-1-phenylindolin-2-one), a neurotransmitter-release enhancer known as potent and selective blocker of the m-current of rat sympathetic neurons, i ...	1999	10455268
new ether-à-go-go k(+) channel family members localized in human telencephalon.	a cdna encoding a novel voltage-gated k(+) channel protein was isolated from human brain. this protein, termed bec1, is 46% identical to rat elk in the ether-à-go-go k(+) channel family. the bec1 gene maps to the 12q13 region of the human genome. northern blot analysis indicates that bec1 is exclusively expressed in human brain, where the expression is concentrated in the telencephalic areas such as the cerebral cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and striatum. by in situ hybridization, bec1 is detec ...	1999	10455180
the conserved knox domain mediates specificity of tobacco knotted1-type homeodomain proteins.	overproduction of the tobacco knotted1-type homeodomain proteins nth1, nth15, and nth23 in transgenic tobacco plants causes mild, severe, and no morphological alterations, respectively. the deduced amino acid sequences of the homeodomains and adjacent elk domains are highly conserved, and the n-terminal knox domains also are moderately conserved. to investigate the contributions of both the conserved and divergent regions to the severity of morphological alterations, we generated chimeric protei ...	1999	10449577
an upstream element containing an ets binding site is crucial for transcription of the human presenilin-1 gene.	deletion mapping of the human presenilin-1 (ps1) promoter delineated the most active fragment from -118 to +178 in relation to the transcription start site mapped in this study, in both human neuroblastoma sk-n-sh and hepatoma hepg2 cells. 5' deletions revealed that a crucial element controlling over 90% of the promoter activity in these cell lines is located between -22 and -6. a mutation altering only two nucleotides of the ets consensus sequence present at -12 (ggaa to ttaa) has a similar eff ...	1999	10446206
ldl stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 expression, independent of ldl receptors, in vascular smooth muscle cells.	low density lipoprotein (ldl) is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerosis, stimulating vascular smooth muscle cell (smc) differentiation and proliferation, but the signal transduction pathways between ldl stimulation and cell proliferation are poorly understood. because mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) play a crucial role in mediating cell growth, we studied the effect of ldl on the induction of mapk phosphatase-1 (mkp-1) in human smcs and found that ldl stimulated induction o ...	1999	10446064
enhanced transcription factor dna binding and gene expression induced by arsenite or arsenate in renal slices.	although the kidney represents a target for the accumulation and toxicity of arsenic, little is known about the molecular targets of arsenic in this organ. therefore, these studies were designed to examine the molecular impact of arsenite [as(iii)] and arsenate [as(v)] at low (nanomolar) concentrations. precision-cut rabbit renal cortical slices were challenged with as(iii) or as(v) for up to 8 h. neither form of the metal induced overt cytotoxicity as assessed by intracellular k+ levels over th ...	1999	10445758
the involvement of phosphohydrolases in mineralization: studies on enzymatic activities extracted from red deer antler.	the process of growth of red deer antler "bone" is very similar to the endochondral growth of long bones. the growth zones of the antler are temporally organized from the tip, in a proximal direction, permitting sequential aspects of antler development to be followed in serial transverse sections from the tip to the base. the activities of alkaline phosphatase (alkpase, phosphodiesterase i, nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, and 5'-nucleotidase were measured in extracts of antler mine ...	1999	10441657
nitric oxide regulates shear stress-induced early growth response-1. expression via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in endothelial cells.	endothelial cells (ecs) subjected to shear stress constantly release nitric oxide (no). the effect of no on shear stress-induced endothelial responses was examined. ecs subjected to shear stress induced a transient and shear force-dependent increase in early growth response-1 (egr-1) mrna levels. treatment of ecs with an no donor, s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (snap) or 3-morpholinosydnonimine (sin-1), inhibited this shear stress-induced egr-1 expression. conversely, an no synthase inhibitor t ...	1999	10436166
protein phosphatase 2a suppresses map kinase signalling and ectopic protein expression.	signalling by map kinase was examined in cos-7 cells by transiently expressing a transcription reporter system plus epitope-tagged protein phosphatase 2a catalytic subunit [(ha)3-pp2ac]. transactivation of a luciferase gene by gal4-elk-1 in serum-stimulated cells was reduced 20-fold by co-expression of wild type (ha)3-pp2ac. this reduction of map kinase signalling required specific type-2a phosphatase activity, because the effects were not mimicked by co-expression of either a mutated, inactive ...	1999	10433518
antinarcotic effects of the velvet antler water extract on morphine in mice.	the present study was undertaken to investigate the antinarcotic effects of velvet antler water extract (vawe) from cervus elaphus on morphine. morphine-induced analgesic action was measured by tail-flick method. morphine-induced hyperactivity and reverse tolerance were evidenced by measuring the enhanced ambulatory activity using a tilting-type ambulometer. dopamine (da) receptor supersensitivity in mice displaying morphine-induced reverse tolerance was evidenced by the enhanced response in amb ...	1999	10432206
improved immunofluorescence assay for detection of giardia and cryptosporidium from asymptomatic adult cervine animals.	we tested an improved immunofluorescence assay (ifa) in detecting giardia and cryptosporidium from feces of asymptomatic adult cervine animals. samples were concentrated by sucrose flotation before being stained by fluorescent monoclonal antibody and examined microscopically. the detection limit was determined as 500 g. intestinalis cysts or 200 c. parvum oocysts/g of sample. among the 82 samples collected from adult fallow deer, columbian black-tailed deer, and tule elk in northern california, ...	1999	10431741
diaphorase activity in sebaceous glands and related structures of the male red deer.	the localisation of diaphorase was visualised by light microscopy using the dye nitro blue tetrazolium and nadph as substrates. under appropriate conditions, diaphorase reduces this dye to a dark blue insoluble formazan. the enzyme was located at very low activity in many tissue and glandular structures of the deer, but at very much higher activity in sebaceous glands in the dermal velvet of the antler and skin, and in additional sebaceous gland-related structures in the ear canal, prepuce and t ...	1999	10425709
ultradian, circadian and seasonal rhythms in cortisol secretion and adrenal responsiveness to acth and yarding in unrestrained red deer (cervus elaphus) stags.	seasonal changes in the activity and responsiveness of the adrenal gland in red deer (cervus elaphus) stags were quantified by measuring 24 h endogenous cortisol secretory profiles and plasma cortisol responses to either administration of exogenous acth or a standardised stressor during november (period of velvet growth), february (pre-rut), april (mid-rut) and july (post-rut) (southern hemisphere) using a remote blood sampling device (dracpac). ultradian rhythms in the concentration of plasma c ...	1999	10425468
activation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity attenuates mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and inhibits c-fos and nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages infected with leishmania donovani.	intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania antagonize host defense mechanisms by interfering with cell signaling in macrophages. in this report, the impact of leishmania donovani on mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases and nitric oxide synthase (nos) expression in the macrophage cell line raw 264 was investigated. overnight infection of cells with leishmania led to a significant decrease in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (pma)-stimulated map kinase activity and inhibited pma-i ...	1999	10417174
the eag family of k+ channels in drosophila and mammals.	mutations of eag, first identified in drosophila on the basis of their leg-shaking phenotype, cause repetitive firing and enhanced transmitter release in motor neurons. the encoded eag polypeptide is related both to voltage-gated k+ channels and to cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels. homology screens identified a family of eag-related channel polypeptides, highly conserved from nematodes to humans, comprising three subfamilies: eag, elk, and erg. when expressed in frog oocytes, eag channels ...	1999	10414305
kinase suppressor of ras forms a multiprotein signaling complex and modulates mek localization.	genetic screens for modifiers of activated ras phenotypes have identified a novel protein, kinase suppressor of ras (ksr), which shares significant sequence homology with raf family protein kinases. studies using drosophila melanogaster and caenorhabditis elegans predict that ksr positively regulates ras signaling; however, the function of mammalian ksr is not well understood. we show here that two predicted kinase-dead mutants of ksr retain the ability to complement ksr-1 loss-of-function allel ...	1999	10409742
probing for drug-induced multiplex signal transduction pathways using high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: application to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation in the rat c6 glioma cell.	whole-cell [(32)p]-protein phosphorylation assays and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-dge) were applied to the analysis of the beta-adrenoceptor (betaar)-linked signal transduction pathway. rat c6 glioma cells were stimulated with isoproterenol and the protein lysates were resolved by 2-dge. two dimensional [(32)p]-phosphoprotein 'maps' were generated depicting the modulation of intracellular proteins after isoproterenol stimulation versus unstimulated cells. a total of 274 distinct phosp ...	1999	10407186
a role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase in mediating the ability of thyrotropin-releasing hormone to stimulate the prolactin promoter.	the hypothalamic hormone, trh, stimulates prl secretion and gene transcription. we have examined the possibility that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) may play a role in mediating trh effects on the prl gene. trh was found to stimulate sustained activation of mapk in prl-producing, gh3 cells, consistent with a possible role in transcriptional regulation. a kinase-defective, interfering mapk kinase (mapkk) mutant reduced trh induction of the prl promoter. treatment with the mapkk inhib ...	1999	10406461
a dominant role for the raf-mek pathway in forskolin, 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol acetate, and platelet-derived growth factor-induced creb (camp-responsive element-binding protein) activation, uncoupled from serine 133 phosphorylation in nih 3t3 cells.	in this study we describe that platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf), 12-o-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-acetate (tpa), and forskolin induced creb (camp-responsive element-binding protein) ser-133 phosphorylation with comparable magnitude and kinetics in nih 3t3 cells. while forskolin was the most potent activator of creb, tpa or pdgf modestly increased creb activity. the role of protein kinase c, protein kinase a, and the raf-mek kinase pathway in the activation and ser-133 phosphorylation of creb by t ...	1999	10406459
the expression of tobacco knotted1-type class 1 homeobox genes correspond to regions predicted by the cytohistological zonation model.	we have isolated and characterized four tobacco homeobox genes, nth1, nth9, nth20, nth22 (nicotiana tabacum homeobox) which belong to the class 1 knotted1-type family of homeobox genes. comparison of the inferred amino acid sequences of the elk homeodomains of these genes and previously reported kn1-type class 1 proteins has revealed that the four new tobacco genes belong to distinct subclasses, suggesting that each nth gene may have distinct functions. using in situ hybridization and by analysi ...	1999	10406119
glycine-extended gastrin exerts growth-promoting effects on human colon cancer cells.	since human colon cancers often contain significant quantities of progastrin-processing intermediates, we sought to explore the possibility that the biosynthetic precursor of fully processed amidated gastrin, glycine-extended gastrin, may exert trophic effects on human colonic cancer cells.	1999	10404512
gi proteins use a novel beta gamma- and ras-independent pathway to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase and mobilize ap-1 transcription factors in jurkat t lymphocytes.	receptors coupled to pertussis toxin (ptx)-sensitive gi proteins regulate t lymphocyte cytokine secretion, proliferation, and chemotaxis, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms of gi protein signaling in mammalian lymphocytes. using the jurkat t lymphocyte cell line, we found that a stably expressed gi protein-coupled receptor (the delta-opioid receptor (dor1)) stimulates mek-1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1 and erk2) and transcriptional activity by an erk t ...	1999	10391949
gab2, a new pleckstrin homology domain-containing adapter protein, acts to uncouple signaling from erk kinase to elk-1.	we describe a novel human adapter molecule containing a pleckstrin homolgy (ph) domain at the n terminus that is closely related to human grb2-associated binder 1, gab1, and drosophila daughter of sevenless. we designate this protein as gab2. northern blot analysis indicates that gab2 is widely expressed and has an overlapping but distinctive expression pattern as compared with gab1, with high levels of gab2 mrna detected in the heart, brain, placenta, spleen, ovary, peripheral blood leukocytes, ...	1999	10391903
calcitonin gene-related peptide acts as a mitogen for human gin-1 gingival fibroblasts by activating the map kinase signalling pathway.	in many peripheral tissues, calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) is released from peptidergic sensory nerve fibres and acts like a growth factor during tissue development and regeneration. however, the ability of cgrp to influence gingival tissue has not been studied. to address this question, we have now examined the effects of cgrp on the proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (gin-1) in vitro. gin-1 cells have approximately 3100 specific cgrp-binding sites with a kd of 38.6 pm on their ...	1999	10384404
rapid phosphorylation of elk-1 transcription factor and activation of map kinase signal transduction pathways in response to visual stimulation.	the ap-1 transcription factor, which is composed of various combinations of fos and jun proteins, is believed to be a key participant in molecular processes that guide activity-dependent changes in gene expression. in this study, we investigated the activity of different map kinases that have been implicated in ap-1 activation. we examined the activities of erk, jnk/sapk, and p38 mapk along with their nuclear targets (elk-1 and c-jun) in rat visual cortex after light stimulation. the transcripti ...	1999	10383826
management of limb fractures in wapiti (cervus elaphus): 22 cases (1993-1997).	to determine treatment and outcome of a series of wapiti (elk) with fractures of the limbs.	1999	10382027
reproductive performance of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand. iv. biological markers as risk factors for yearling and adult hind conception.	a 2-year observational study of 15 red deer (cervus elephus) farms was carried out in new zealand from march 1992. in each year of study, approximately 1650 hinds were individually monitored for reproductive success. during farm visits in march 1992 and 1993, five yearling and five adult hinds per farm were randomly selected and blood sampled to define their haematological, biochemical and blood mineral profile. faecal samples were taken for parasite egg and larvae count. biological markers pote ...	1999	10379675
immunohistochemical localization of epha5 in the adult human central nervous system.	to better understand the functional role of epha5 in the adult human central nervous system (cns), we performed an immunohistochemical mapping study. epha5, like other members of the elk/eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases, was widely distributed in cns neurons. however, the distribution of the neuronal staining was not uniform. the abundance of stained neurons appeared to increase from the forebrain to the hindbrain and spinal cord. glial and endothelial tissue was unstained. these findings ...	1999	10375373
population density affects sex ratio variation in red deer.	many mammal populations show significant deviations from an equal sex ratio at birth, but these effects are notoriously inconsistent. this may be because more than one mechanism affects the sex ratio and the action of these mechanisms depends on environmental conditions. here we show that the adaptive relationship between maternal dominance and offspring sex ratio previously demonstrated in red deer (cervus elaphus), where dominant females produced more males, disappeared at high population dens ...	1999	10365956
collagen-homology domain 1 deletion mutant of shc suppresses transformation mediated by neu through a mapk-independent pathway.	shc proteins are implicated in coupling receptor tyrosine kinase to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway by recruiting grb2/sos to the plasma membrane. to better understand the role of shc in the oncogenesis by point-mutation activated neu (p185), we transfected a shc mutant (shcdeltachi), which lacks the grb2 binding site y317 by deletion of collagen-homology domain 1, into p185-transformed nih3t3 cells. the cellular transformation phenotypes were found to be largely suppressed ...	1999	10353605
activated g protein-coupled receptor induces tyrosine phosphorylation of stat3 and agonist-selective serine phosphorylation via sustained stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. resultant effects on cell proliferation.	the peptide hormone somatostatin exhibits antiproliferative activity by interacting with the g protein-coupled sst2 or sst5 receptor types. we show here that somatostatin at the human recombinant sst4 receptor induced a concentration-dependent increase in proliferation (ec50 20 nm) with a maximal response 5-fold greater than that produced by its synthetic analog, l-362,855. analysis of the phosphorylation status of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk)1 and erk2 showed temporal differences ...	1999	10347203
sperm collection from shot red deer stags (cervus elaphus) and the utilisation of sperm frozen and subsequently thawed.	sperm samples were collected from the epididymides of 11 hunter-killed stags (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) within 2 to 17 h post mortem in september 1991. progressively motile spermatozoa were diluted and deep-frozen in tris-yolk extender by a procedure routinely used for bovine semen. the pre-freezing motility of spermatozoa from 6 stags was higher than 80%, while the sperm of 5 animals was found to be unsuitable for dilution. in the post-thawed sperm of six stags 40-50% of the spermatozoa showe ...	1999	10344086
reproductive performance of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand: iii. risk factors for yearling hind conception.	a 2-year longitudinal observational study of 15 red-deer farms was carried out in new zealand from march 1992. seven hundred yearling hinds were individually monitored for reproductive success. after mating, hinds were pregnancy tested by ultrasound and were classified as having conceived before 1 may, after 1 may, or as being not pregnant. risk factors potentially affecting the probability of conception before 1 may or of conception that year were investigated using path analysis. to increase t ...	1999	10343333
reproductive performance of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand: ii. risk factors for adult hind conception.	a 2-year longitudinal observational study of 15 red deer farms was carried out in new zealand from march 1992. about 2600 adult hinds were individually monitored for reproductive success. after mating, hinds were pregnancy-tested by ultrasound and were classified as having conceived before 1 may, after 1 may or as being not pregnant. risk factors potentially affecting the probability of conception before 1 may or of conception that year were investigated using path analysis. final path diagrams ...	1999	10343332
production of interferon by the conceptus in red deer cervus elaphus.	a type i interferon secreted by early sheep and cow conceptuses is responsible for the maternal recognition of pregnancy in these species. interferon-tau (ifn tau) acts locally on the maternal endometrium to prevent luteolysis and prolong progesterone secretion. the production of ifn tau was investigated in early pregnancy in red deer, cervus elaphus. the oestrous cycles of 14 hinds were synchronized using intra-vaginal controlled internal progesterone-releasing devices. hinds were run with a fe ...	1999	10341723
angiogenesis activators and inhibitors differentially regulate caveolin-1 expression and caveolae formation in vascular endothelial cells. angiogenesis inhibitors block vascular endothelial growth factor-induced down-regulation of caveolin-1.	angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels are formed via proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. a variety of angiogenesis inhibitors that antagonize the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bfgf) have recently been identified. however, the mechanism by which these diverse angiogenesis inhibitors exert their common effects remains largely unknown. caveolin-1 and -2 are known to be highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells ...	1999	10336480
activation of the 9e3/ccaf chemokine by phorbol esters occurs via multiple signal transduction pathways that converge to mek1/erk2 and activate the elk1 transcription factor.	using primary fibroblasts in culture, we have investigated the signal transduction mechanisms by which phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters, activate the 9e3 gene and its chemokine product the chicken chemotactic and angiogenic factor. this gene is highly stimulated by phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (pdbu) via three pathways: (i) a small contribution through protein kinase c (the commonly recognized pathway for these tumor promoters), (ii) a contribution involving tyrosine kinases, and (iii) a l ...	1999	10336436
reproductive performance of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in new zealand. i. descriptive data.	a longitudinal observational study of 15 red deer (cervus elaphus) farms was carried out in new zealand for 2 years from mar 1992. management of hind mobs and their composition during mating, calving, and weaning were recorded. about 2700 hinds were individually monitored for live weight, body condition score and reproductive success. all hinds were pregnancy tested in june by ultrasound and classified as having conceived before may 1, after may 1, or as being not pregnant. calving dates and dam ...	1999	10333069
targeting of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases to mef2 transcription factors.	mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase-mediated signalling to the nucleus is an important event in the conversion of extracellular signals into a cellular response. however, the existence of multiple map kinases which phosphorylate similar phosphoacceptor motifs poses a problem in maintaining substrate specificity and hence the correct biological response. both the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) and c-jun nh2-terminal kinase (jnk) subfamilies of map kinases use a second specificity ...	1999	10330143
stimulation of elk1 transcriptional activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases is negatively regulated by protein phosphatase 2b (calcineurin).	cellular calcium (ca2+) and the ca2+-binding protein calmodulin (cam) regulate the activities of ca2+/cam-dependent protein kinases and protein phosphatase 2b (calcineurin). functional interactions between cam kinases and mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases were described. in this report, we describe cross-talk between calcineurin and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. calcineurin was found to specifically down-regulate the transcriptional activity of transcription factor elk1, foll ...	1999	10329725
hypoxia-associated induction of early growth response-1 gene expression.	the paradigm for the response to hypoxia is erythropoietin gene expression; activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (hif-1) results in erythropoietin production. previously, we found that oxygen deprivation induced tissue factor, especially in mononuclear phagocytes, by an early growth response (egr-1)-dependent pathway without involvement of hif-1 (yan, s.-f., zou, y.-s., gao, y., zhai, c., mackman, n., lee, s., milbrandt, j., pinsky, d., kisiel, w., and stern, d. (1998) proc. natl. acad. sci. ...	1999	10329706
bone morphogenetic protein-2 inhibits mapk-dependent elk-1 transactivation and dna synthesis induced by egf in mesangial cells.	bone morphogenetic protein-2 (bmp-2) is a member of the tgfbeta superfamily of growth and differentiation factors. we investigated the effect of bmp-2 on epidermal growth factor (egf)-induced mitogenic signaling in kidney glomerular mesangial cells. bmp-2 dose-dependently inhibits egf-induced dna synthesis. maximum effect was obtained at a concentration of 100 ng/ml. bmp-2 had no inhibitory effect on the egf receptor (egfr)-associated tyrosine kinase activity indicating that inhibition of dna sy ...	1999	10329414
social segregation is not a consequence of habitat segregation in red deer and feral soay sheep.	in many sexually dimorphic mammals, adults tend to form single-sex groups ('social segregation'). it has been assumed that social segregation is simply a by-product of sex differences in habitat use ('habitat segregation'). i tested this assumption on red deer, cervus elaphus, and feral soay sheep, ovis aries, using data on group composition, habitat use and space use collected on the scottish islands of rum (1974-1993) and hirta (1985-1994), respectively. if social segregation had been a by-pro ...	1999	10328803
finding an appropriate order for a hierarchy based on probabilistic dominance.	methods of ranking individuals in a dominance hierarchy that use transitivity of relationships may obscure irregularities. furthermore, these methods use only a small proportion of the information available from dominance encounters. this paper presents an intuitively appealing and easily implemented alternative to existing methods for ordering dominance data, developed from the work of batchelder et al. (1992 journal of mathematical psychology36, 185-212). the procedure presented here is based ...	1999	10328784
bovine spongiform encephalopathy and new variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease.	bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) belong to a group of degenerative neurological disorders collectively known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses). the group also includes scrapie of sheep and goats, kuru of humans, chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk and transmissible encephalopathy of mink. these fatal diseases cause behavioural changes, alterations of sensation, changes in mental state and ataxia. the typical pathology is no ...	1998	10326298
monomorphism and polymorphism at mhc drb loci in domestic and wild ruminants.	genetic polymorphism at mhc class ii drb loci was investigated in samples of musk-ox from canada and greenland; moose from sweden, norway, canada, and alaska; roe deer from norway and sweden; reindeer from svalbard and norway; fallow deer from norway and sweden; and red deer from norway. the results were compared with published data on cattle, bison, goat, sheep, and red deer. cattle-specific primers amplified a single drb locus in all species except fallow deer and red deer, in which two loci w ...	1999	10319259
measuring corporate culture to ensure mission fulfillment.	ancilla systems, inc., elk grove village, il, developed a mission-based performance evaluation program to provide tangible evidence of mission fulfillment and ensure the provision of high-quality healthcare. the program--characteristics of service--translates the language of healthcare action and evaluates corporate culture to ensure that it fulfills the expectations of its sponsor. the nine characteristics of service are: respect for the dignity of all persons. orientation toward the family uni ...	1988	10290848
red deer regional hospital centre, red deer, alberta.		1985	10274849
mission effectiveness study identifies, reinforces values.	when the congregation of alexian brothers recommended that its sponsored institutions evaluate their mission effectiveness, the alexian brothers medical center, elk grove village, il, developed a study of patient and constituent perceptions. the purpose was to assess the degree to which the alexian mission guided the institution's performance. survey instruments included a survey of patient care perceptions and a questionnaire administered to alexians, alexian comembers, professional and support ...	1984	10268698
red deer regional dietetic services program.	the regional dietetic services program coordinated by the red deer regional hospital centre is described. the program became a reality in june 1978, in response to requests for professional dietetic assistance from the rural hospitals located in central alberta. the program objectives were defined, standards were determined, duties and responsibilities of red deer regional hospital centre (the 'agency') and the 'user' hospital were clarified, and a yearly contract was established. the dietetic c ...	1984	10268687
structural organization of the human elk1 gene and its processed pseudogene elk2.	in the ets gene family of transcription factors, elk1 belongs to the subfamily of ternary complex factors (tcfs) which bind to the serum response element (sre) in conjunction with a dimer of serum response factors (srfs). the primary structure of the human elk1 gene was determined by genomic cloning. the gene structure of elk1 spans 15.2 kb and consists of seven exons and six introns. the coding sequence resides on exons 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. sequencing of cdna clones isolated from human hippocampus ...	1999	10231026
nf-kappa b-inducing kinase is a common mediator of il-17-, tnf-alpha-, and il-1 beta-induced chemokine promoter activation in intestinal epithelial cells.	il-17 expression is restricted to activated t cells, whereas the il-17r is expressed in a variety of cell types including intestinal epithelial cells. however, the functional responses of intestinal epithelial cells to stimulation with il-17 are unknown. moreover, the signal transduction pathways activated by the il-17r have not been characterized. il-17 induced nf-kappa b protein-dna complexes consisting of p65/p50 heterodimers in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line iec-6. the induction of ...	1999	10228009
production, characterization, and uses of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant nucleoprotein of elk coronavirus.	this is the first report of the production of monoclonal antibodies against elk coronavirus. the nucleoprotein gene of elk coronavirus was amplified by pcr and was cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic expression vector. recombinant nucleocapsid protein was used to immunize mice for the production of hybridomas. twelve hybridomas that produced monoclonal antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein of elk coronavirus were selected by an indirect fluorescent-antibody test, an enzyme-linked immunos ...	1999	10225833
introgression through rare hybridization: a genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus cervus) in argyll, scotland.	in this article we describe the structure of a hybrid zone in argyll, scotland, between native red deer (cervus elaphus) and introduced japanese sika deer (cervus nippon), on the basis of a genetic analysis using 11 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial dna. in contrast to the findings of a previous study of the same population, we conclude that the deer fall into two distinct genetic classes, corresponding to either a sika-like or red-like phenotype. introgression is rare at any one locus, b ...	1999	10224266
a mitochondrial control region and cytochrome b phylogeny of sika deer (cervus nippon) and report of tandem repeats in the control region.	sika deer (cervus nippon temminck) are endemic to mainland and insular asia. numerous subspecies have been named, but they are not quantitatively well defined. portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (450 bp) and control region (512 bp) were sequenced from 28 individuals belonging to five sika subspecies and two cervus elaphus subspecies. phylogenetic trees constructed using these sequences clearly demonstrated that sika are monophyletic with respect to c. elaphus. a survey of variation ...	1999	10222160
effect of the method of capture on the haematology and blood chemistry of red deer (cervus elaphus).	haematological and plasma biochemical constituents can be affected during capture and handling operations in wildlife. the present study compares the blood constituents of 40 red deer (cervus elaphus) captured using two different methods: 20 were captured by physical means, using long nets and box traps, and 20 by chemical means, using a mixture of xylazine and ketamine. significant differences were found in the haemogram: red blood cell count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, and ...	1999	10208884
involvement of protein kinase c and rho gtpase in the nuclear signalling pathway by transforming growth factor-beta1 in rat-2 fibroblast cells.	the transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta signal-transduction cascade from the cell membrane to the nuclear target is poorly characterised. here we report that treatment with tgf-beta1 induces the levels of endogenous c-fos mrna in rat-2 fibroblast cells. in addition, by transient transfection analysis, tgf-beta1 was shown to stimulate c-fos serum response element (sre)-driven reporter gene activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, suggesting that sre is one of the nuclear targets of tgf-be ...	1999	10206347
prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in ixodes ricinus ticks in urban recreational areas of helsinki.	lyme borreliosis, an infection caused by the tick-borne spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, is a major health problem for populations in areas of endemicity in the northern hemisphere. in the present study we assessed the density of ticks and the prevalence of b. burgdorferi sensu lato among ticks in popular urban recreational areas of helsinki, finland. altogether 1,688 ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from five areas located within 5 km of the downtown section of helsinki, and 726 of them (303 ...	1999	10203487
environmental variation shapes sexual dimorphism in red deer.	sexual dimorphism results from dichotomous selection on male and female strategies of growth in relation to reproduction. in polygynous mammals, these strategies reflect sexual selection on males for access to females and competitive selection on females for access to food. consequently, in such species, males display rapid early growth to large adult size, whereas females invest in condition and early sexual maturity at the expense of size. hence, the magnitude of adult size dimorphism should b ...	1999	10200285
characterization of mhc-drb allelic diversity in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) provides insight into mhc-drb allelic evolution within cervidae.	although white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) are one of north america's best studied mammals, no information is available concerning allelic diversity at any locus of the major histocompatibility complex in this taxon. using the polymerase chain reaction, single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis, and dna sequencing techniques, 15 drb exon 2 alleles were identified among 150 white-tailed deer from a single population in southeastern oklahoma. these alleles represent a single locu ...	1999	10199919
bone morphogenetic protein 2 inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced c-fos gene transcription and dna synthesis in mesangial cells. involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase.	bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) play an important role in nephrogenesis. the biologic effect and mechanism of action of these proteins in the adult kidney has not yet been studied. we investigated the effect of bmp2, a member of these growth and differentiation factors, on mitogenic signal transduction pathways induced by platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) in glomerular mesangial cells. pdgf is a growth and survival factor for these cells in vitro and in vivo. incubation of mesangial cells ...	1999	10196167
ternary complex factors elk-1 and sap-1a mediate growth hormone-induced transcription of egr-1 (early growth response factor-1) in 3t3-f442a preadipocytes.	in our search for transcription factors induced by gh, we have analyzed immediate early gene activation in a model of gh-dependent differentiation. here we describe the activation of early growth response factor-1 (egr-1) in gh-stimulated 3t3-f442a preadipocytes and the transcription factors responsible for its transactivation. binding activity of egr-1 in electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa) increased transiently 1 h after gh stimulation, accompanied by a concomitant increase in egr-1 mr ...	1999	10194767
functional analysis of a mouse brain elk-type k+ channel.	members of the ether à go-go (eag) k+ channel subfamilies eag, erg, and elk are widely expressed in the nervous system, but their neural functions in vivo remain largely unknown. the biophysical properties of channels from the eag and erg subfamilies have been described, and based on their characteristic features and expression patterns, erg channels have been associated with native currents in the heart. little is known about the properties of channels from the elk subfamily. we have identified ...	1999	10191308
positive and negative regulatory elements in the upstream region of the rat cu/zn-superoxide dismutase gene.	cu/zn-superoxide dismutase (sod1) catalyses the dismutation of superoxide radicals and neutralizes the oxidative effects of various chemicals. deletion analysis of the upstream region of the rat sod1 gene revealed that the promoter contains a positive regulatory element (pre) and a negative regulatory element (nre), which encompass the regions from -576 to -412 and from -412 to -305 respectively from the site of initiation of transcription. these dna elements showed enhancer and silencer activit ...	1999	10191264
effects of preslaughter handling on the behaviour, blood biochemistry and carcases of farmed red deer.	eight groups of six red deer (four groups of males and four groups of females) were held overnight in an unfamiliar paddock, after which they were moved into a holding pen and slaughtered sequentially by stunning with a captive bolt pistol in a restraining pen. on entering the restraining pen, half the deer in each group were stunned immediately, but the other half were stunned after 10 minutes. deer spent much of the initial period in the holding pen standing stationary in 'alert' postures, but ...	1999	10189673
association releases new pediatric discharge guides.	an expert panel convened by the american academy of pediatrics (aap) in elk grove village, il, says traditional guidelines for the discharge of high-risk newborns are inadequate because they can't be tailored easily to many individual cases. in its own just-released guidelines, the aap distinguishes among four categories of high-risk newborns, including preterm infants, infants who require technological support, those at risk because of family issues, and those whose irreversible condition may r ...	1998	10182863
increasing medicaid clients' access to care. church, state, and private providers collaborate.	medicaid clients often have difficulty obtaining a physician referral and thus seek treatment for nonemergent conditions in hospital emergency rooms. a committee with representatives from alexian brothers health system, inc., elk grove village, il, and catholic charities of the archdiocese of chicago, rolling meadows, il, has collaborated with six other organizations to put an end to this misuse of the healthcare system in chicago's northwest suburbs. catholic charities physician referral servic ...	1991	10109231
a continuum of rehabilitative care. a day hospital extends patients' lifeline to the medical center.	alexian brothers medical center in elk grove village, il, carries out its commitment to a continuum of care through the alexian brothers rehabilitation center and its physical rehabilitation day hospital. the day hospital treats patients who need rehabilitation but do not need around-the-clock hospitalization. the day hospital individualizes its intensive comprehensive, pulmonary, and arthritis programs. an important component of these outpatient programs is education and preventive techniques t ...	1990	10107455
low-temperature sensitivity and enhanced bohr effect in red deer (cervus elaphus) haemoglobin: a molecular adaptive strategy to life at high altitude and low temperature.	a study of the functional properties of haemoglobin from red deer (cervus elaphus) whose habitat varies over a wide range of latitude, was performed. the oxygen-binding properties of the most common haemoglobin phenotype from the species living in sardinia were examined with particular attention to the effect of ph, chloride, 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate and temperature. results indicate that red deer haemoglobin, like all haemoglobins from ruminants so far examined, is characterized by a low intrin ...	1999	10102994
genomic fingerprinting and development of a dendrogram for brucella spp. isolated from seals, porpoises, and dolphins.	genomic dna from reference strains and biovars of the genus brucella was analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). fingerprints were compared to estimate genetic relatedness among the strains and to obtain information on evolutionary relationships. electrophoresis of dna digested with the restriction endonuclease xbai produced fragment profiles for the reference type strains that distinguished these strains to the level of species. included in this study were strains isolated from ...	1999	10098687
a differential requirement for the cooh-terminal region of the epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor in amphiregulin and egf mitogenic signaling.	the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) mediates the actions of a family of bioactive peptides that include epidermal growth factor (egf) and amphiregulin (ar). here we have studied ar and egf mitogenic signaling in egfr-devoid nr6 fibroblasts that ectopically express either wild type egfr (wt) or a truncated egfr that lacks the three major sites of autophosphorylation (c'1000). cooh-terminal truncation of the egfr significantly impairs the ability of ar to (i) stimulate dna synthesis, (ii) ...	1999	10085134
influence of social status on ovarian function in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).	this study examines the effects of behavioural and environmental factors on ovarian function in red deer hinds. patterns of postovulatory luteal progesterone secretion were investigated in groups of farmed red deer hinds following oestrus induced by progesterone administration and withdrawal. hinds were held under conditions leading to low (experiment 1, held in paddocks: 0.29 per animal/h) or high (experiment 2, held in pens: 1.11 per animal/h) interaction rates, and progesterone was measured i ...	1999	10073469
experimental narthecium ossifragum nephrotoxicity in cervids from norway.	one moose (alces alces), two red deer (cervus elaphus), two reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and two fallow deer (dama dama) were dosed intraruminally with an aqueous extract made from 30 g of bog asphodel (narthecium ossifragum) (wet weight) per kg live weight. the moose and one of the two reindeer were mildly depressed and had reduced appetite 3 to 7 days and 1 to 4 days after dosing, respectively. the serum creatinine and urea concentrations increased markedly in the moose and red deer, and moder ...	1999	10073342
effects of photoperiod on the cessation of growth during autumn in male red deer and growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-i secretion.	male red deer undergo seasonal cycles of food intake and growth rate, which are high during spring and low during winter, despite high quality food ad libitum. hormonal profiles during the cessation of growth in autumn and the potential role of photoperiod in the timing of the observed changes have been investigated. whether this seasonal decrease in growth affected the response of gh and igf-i to fasting was also examined. two groups of six male 1-year-old red deer were exposed to different pho ...	1999	10068507
arachidonic acid in platelet microparticles up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin formation via a protein kinase c/mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway.	activation of platelets results in shedding of membrane microparticles (mp) with potentially bioactive properties. platelet mp modulate platelet, monocyte, and vascular endothelial cell function, both by direct effects of mp arachidonic acid (aa) and by its metabolism to bioactive prostanoids. we have previously reported that platelet mp induce expression of cyclooxygenase (cox)-2 and prostacyclin production in monocytes and endothelial cells. to elucidate further the molecular mechanisms that u ...	1999	10066822
overexpression of protein tyrosine phosphatase-alpha (ptp-alpha) but not ptp-kappa inhibits translocation of glut4 in rat adipose cells.	protein tyrosine phosphatases (ptpases) are likely to play important roles in insulin action. we recently demonstrated that the nontransmembrane ptpase ptp1b can act as a negative modulator of insulin-stimulated translocation of glut4. we now examine the role of ptp-alpha and ptp-kappa (two transmembrane ptpases) in this metabolic action of insulin. rat adipose cells were transfected with either ptp-alpha or ptp-kappa and effects of these ptpases on the translocation of a cotransfected epitope-t ...	1999	10049686
signalling and gene regulation by urea and nacl in the renal medulla.	1. cells of the mammalian renal medulla are routinely subjected to an enormously elevated and labile ambient osmolality as a consequence of the renal concentrating mechanism. the present review focuses on the most recent advances in hyperosmotic solute-mediated signal transduction and regulation of gene transcription in cells of the kidney medulla. 2. on the basis of osmolality alone, nacl and urea are the principal renal medullary solutes. 3. urea, which is membrane permeant, activates transcri ...	1999	10027073
identification of grb4/nckbeta, a src homology 2 and 3 domain-containing adapter protein having similar binding and biological properties to nck.	adapter proteins made up of src homology (sh) domains mediate multiple cellular signaling events initiated by receptor protein tyrosine kinases. here we report that grb4 is an adapter protein closely related to but distinct from nck that is made up of three sh3 domains and one sh2 domain. northern analysis indicated that both genes are expressed in multiple tissues. both nck and grb4 proteins could associate with receptor tyrosine kinases and the sh3-binding proteins pak, sos1, and prk2, and the ...	1999	10026169
cloning and characterization of the promoters of the maxik channel alpha and beta subunits.	large conductance, calcium-activated potassium (maxik) channels are expressed in nerve, muscle, and other cell types and are important determinants of smooth muscle tone. to determine the mechanisms involved in the transcriptional regulation of maxik channels, we characterized the promoter regions of the pore forming (alpha) and regulatory (beta) subunits of the human channel complex. maximum promoter activity (up to 12.3-fold over control) occurred between nucleotides -567 and -220 for the alph ...	1999	10023076
id helix-loop-helix proteins inhibit nucleoprotein complex formation by the tcf ets-domain transcription factors.	the id subfamily of helix-loop-helix (hlh) proteins plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. id proteins are thought to inhibit differentiation mainly through interaction with other hlh proteins and by blocking their dna-binding activity. members of the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of ets-domain proteins have key functions in regulating immediate-early gene expression in response to mitogenic stimulation. tcfs form dna-bound complexes wi ...	1999	10022839
molecular phylogeny of the ets gene family.	we have constructed a molecular phylogeny of the ets gene family. by distance and parsimony analysis of the ets conserved domains we show that the family containing so far 29 different genes in vertebrates can be divided into 13 groups of genes namely ets, er71, gabp, pea3, erg, erf, elk, dets4, elf, ese, tel, yan, spi. since the three dimensional structure of the ets domain has revealed a similarity with the winged-helix-turn-helix proteins, we used two of them (cap and hsf) to root the tree. t ...	1999	10022817
high glucose alters the response of mesangial cell protein kinase c isoforms to endothelin-1.	high glucose causes glomerular mesangial growth and increased matrix synthesis contributing to diabetic glomerulopathy. our purpose was to determine if high glucose alters endothelin-1 (et-1) or platelet-derived growth factor-b activation of mesangial cell diacylglycerol-sensitive protein kinase c (pkc) isoforms and subsequent stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk; p42, p44).	1999	9987073