Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| investigation of sporulation in the desulfotomaculum genus: a genomic comparison with the genera bacillus and clostridium. | the genus desulfotomaculum, belonging to the firmicutes, comprises strictly anaerobic and endospore-forming bacteria capable of dissimilatory sulfate reduction. these microorganisms are metabolically versatile and are widely distributed in the environment. spore formation allows them to survive prolonged environmental stress. information on the mechanism of sporulation in desulfotomaculum species is scarce. herein, this process was probed from a genomic standpoint, using the bacillus subtilis mo ... | 2014 | 25132579 |
| comparative nutritional and chemical phenome of clostridium difficile isolates determined using phenotype microarrays. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea in north america and europe. the risk of cdi increases significantly in the case where antimicrobial treatment reduces the number of competing bacteria in the gut, thus leading to the increased availability of nutrients and loss of colonization resistance. the objective of this study was to determine comprehensive nutritional utilization and the chemical sensitivity profile of historic and newer c. difficile isolat ... | 2014 | 25130165 |
| concordance of the shea-idsa severity classification for clostridium difficile infection and the atlas bedside scoring system in hospitalized adult patients. | the society for healthcare epidemiology of america and infectious diseases society of america (shea-idsa) guidelines for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) recommend initial treatment of cdi based on disease severity. this severity definition has not been validated or evaluated based on clinical outcomes. the atlas scoring system is a validated tool useful in predicting treatment response and mortality in cdi. the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the concordance of t ... | 2014 | 25129565 |
| action of nitroheterocyclic drugs against clostridium difficile. | the nitroheterocyclic classes of drugs have a long history of use in treating anaerobic infections, as exemplified by metronidazole as a first-line treatment for mild-to-moderate clostridium difficile infection (cdi). since direct comparisons of the three major classes of nitroheterocyclic drugs (i.e. nitroimidazole, nitazoxanide and nitrofurans) and nitrosating agents against c. difficile are under-examined, in this study their actions against c. difficile were compared. results show that whils ... | 2014 | 25129314 |
| fulminant pseudomembranous colitis caused by clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in a healthy young woman in japan. | in the past two decades, clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027 strain has rapidly emerged as the leading cause of antibiotic-associated colitis in north america and europe; however, it has been reported only occasionally in japan. we report a case of fulminant pseudomembranous colitis caused by this strain in a healthy young woman in japan without any previous medical history. the strain isolated from our patient was susceptible to both gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, thus ... | 2014 | 25127156 |
| environmental sampling for clostridium difficile on alcohol-based hand rub dispensers in an academic medical center. | clostridum difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacillus that has substantial associated morbidity, mortality, and associated healthcare burdens. clostridium difficile spores are not destroyed by alcohol. alcohol gel dispensers are used commonly as the hand sanitization method of choice in hospitals. it is possible that gel dispensers are fomites for c. difficile. | 2014 | 25126976 |
| commentary: predictors of severe outcomes associated with clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients. | 2012 | 25123206 | |
| clinical characteristics of patients who test positive for clostridium difficile by repeat pcr. | the high sensitivity of pcr assays for diagnosing clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has greatly reduced the need for repeat testing after a negative result. nevertheless, a small subset of patients do test positive within 7 days of a negative test. the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics of these patients to determine when repeat testing may be appropriate. the results of all xpert c. difficile pcr (cepheid, sunnyvale ca) tests performed in the clinical microbiolog ... | 2014 | 25122866 |
| laboratory detection of clostridium difficile in piglets in australia. | clostridium difficile is a well-known enteric pathogen of humans and the causative agent of high-morbidity enteritis in piglets aged 1 to 7 days. c. difficile prevalence in australian piglets is as high as 70%. the current diagnostic assays have been validated only for human infections, and there are no published studies assessing their performance in australian piglets. we evaluated the suitability of five assays for detecting c. difficile in 157 specimens of piglet feces. the assays included a ... | 2014 | 25122859 |
| proton pump inhibitors and risk for clostridium difficile associated diarrhea. | increased incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among in-patients is associated with significant increased mortality, morbidity, and stay in the hospitals. this has occurred despite heightened awareness of the risks of broad-spectrum antibiotics, overall reduction in antibiotic use and increased focus on hospital hygiene. so though the main risk factor for cdi is use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the use of proton pump inhibitors (ppis) as a novel potential contributor has been imp ... | 2014 | 25116712 |
| nfil3 is crucial for development of innate lymphoid cells and host protection against intestinal pathogens. | the bzip transcription factor nfil3 (also known as e4bp4) is required for the development of natural killer (nk) cells and type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ilc1s). we find that nfil3 plays a critical role in the development of other mucosal tissue-associated innate lymphocytes. type 3 ilcs (ilc3s), including lymphoid tissue inducer (lti)-like cells, are severely diminished in both numbers and function in nfil3-deficient mice. using mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, we demonstrate that nfil3 is criti ... | 2014 | 25113970 |
| association of clostridium difficile infections with acid suppression medications in children. | multiple studies have confirmed associations between acid suppression medication and clostridium difficile infections (cdis) in adults. therefore, we sought to evaluate an association between acid suppression medications and cdi in children. | 2014 | 25112692 |
| an agent-based simulation model for clostridium difficile infection control. | control of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an increasingly difficult problem for health care institutions. there are commonly recommended strategies to combat cdi transmission, such as oral vancomycin for cdi treatment, increased hand hygiene with soap and water for health care workers, daily environmental disinfection of infected patient rooms, and contact isolation of diseased patients. however, the efficacy of these strategies, particularly for endemic cdi, has not been well studied. ... | 2015 | 25112595 |
| identifying all at-risk patients for clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 25110874 | |
| clostridium difficile: improving the prevention paradigm in healthcare settings. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a major public health problem worldwide with significant morbidity and mortality that is spread by spores and fecal oral transmission. a variety of risk factors have been identified. some risk factors such as age, are not amenable to change, while others such as antimicrobial utilization have resulted in broadly implemented antimicrobial stewardship programs. new risk factors are emerging such as proton pump inhibitor (ppi) use, irritable bowel disease (i ... | 2014 | 25109301 |
| corticosteroid use is associated with a reduced incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a retrospective cohort study. | the impact of corticosteroid use on the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) was examined retrospectively in 532 patients receiving antibiotic treatment for respiratory infections. as determined by logistic regression, corticosteroids were associated with a decreased incidence of cdad (odds ratio 0.12, 95% confidence interval 0.006-0.95). | 2014 | 25108272 |
| emergence of fecal microbiota transplantation as an approach to repair disrupted microbial gut ecology. | in the recent years fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has emerged as an effective therapeutic option for patients with refractory clostridium difficile infection that is not responding to antibiotic therapy. it results in implantation of donor microbiota into recipients and restoration of normal distal gut microbial community structure. we anticipate that this form of therapy represents merely the first entry into a new class of therapeutics. there is great interest in application of fmt or ... | 2014 | 25106113 |
| a mother cell-to-forespore channel: current understanding and future challenges. | formation of endospores allows some bacteria to survive extreme nutrient limitation. the resulting dormant cell, the spore, persists in the environment and is highly resistant to physical and chemical stresses. during spore formation, cells divide asymmetrically and the mother cell engulfs the developing spore, encasing it within a double membrane and isolating it from the medium. communication between mother cell and isolated forespore involves a specialised connection system that allows nurtur ... | 2014 | 25105965 |
| community hospital experience of refractory clostridium difficile colitis: treatment and efficacy of diverting loop ileostomy and colonic lavage. | 2014 | 25105383 | |
| bacteriophage behavioral ecology: how phages alter their bacterial host's habits. | bacteriophages have an essential gene kit that enables their invasion, replication, and production. in addition to this "core" genome, they can carry "accessory" genes that dramatically impact bacterial biology, and presumably boost their own success. the content of phage genomes continue to surprise us by revealing new ways that viruses impact bacterial biology. the genome of a clostridium difficile myovirus, phicdhm1, contains homologs of three bacterial accessory gene regulator (agr) genes. t ... | 2014 | 25105060 |
| evaluation of the luminex xtag gastrointestinal pathogen panel and the savyon diagnostics gastrointestinal infection panel for the detection of enteric pathogens in clinical samples. | infectious gastrointestinal disease is caused by a diverse array of pathogens, and is a challenging syndrome to correctly diagnose and manage. conventional laboratory diagnostic methods are often time-consuming and frequently suffer from low detection rates. two commercial multiplex nucleic acid amplification tests [luminex xtag gastrointestinal pathogen panel (gpp) and savyon diagnostics gastrointestinal infection panel (gip)] were applied to 1000 stored diarrhoeal clinical stool samples. the l ... | 2014 | 25102908 |
| vancomycin-resistant clostridium innocuum bacteremia following oral vancomycin for clostridium difficile infection. | an 85 year-old male initially admitted for septic shock due to urinary tract infection experienced clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea during hospitalization and was treated by oral vancomycin. his clinical course was complicated by cytomegalovirus colitis and then vancomycin-resistant clostridium innocuum bacteremia, which was cured by uneventfully parenteral piperacillin-tazobactam therapy. | 2014 | 25102472 |
| comparative evaluation of two commercial multiplex panels for detection of gastrointestinal pathogens by use of clinical stool specimens. | the detection of pathogens associated with gastrointestinal disease may be important in certain patient populations, such as immunocompromised hosts, the critically ill, or individuals with prolonged disease that is refractory to treatment. in this study, we evaluated two commercially available multiplex panels (the filmarray gastrointestinal [gi] panel [biofire diagnostics, salt lake city, ut] and the luminex xtag gastrointestinal pathogen panel [gpp] [luminex corporation, toronto, canada]) usi ... | 2014 | 25100818 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. | clostridium difficile is a bacterium widely distributed in the human environment. in the last decade the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection has grown, particularly in europe and north america, making it one of the more common nosocomial infections. a group particularly susceptible to clostridium difficile infection are patients with inflammatory bowel disease, especially those with involvement of the colon. this paper presents relevant data on clostridium difficile infecti ... | 2014 | 25097707 |
| cost-effectiveness analysis of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin in clostridium difficile infection. | fidaxomicin was non-inferior to vancomycin with respect to clinical cure rates in the treatment of clostridium difficile infections (cdis) in two phase iii trials, but was associated with significantly fewer recurrences than vancomycin. this economic analysis investigated the cost-effectiveness of fidaxomicin compared with vancomycin in patients with severe cdi and in patients with their first cdi recurrence. | 2014 | 25096079 |
| nursing staff can be a source of clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 25095957 | |
| [recurrent clostridium difficile infection treated with faecal microbiota transplantation]. | treatment of severe clostridium difficile infection (cdi) poses a clinical challenge. emerging evidence supports the use of faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt). an 81-year-old man was admitted with a third recurrent episode of cdi within two months. because of clinical deterioration with development of pancolitis in spite of two weeks of metronidazole and vanco-mycin treatment, fmt was performed using a duodenal tube. the patient recovered completely without further relapse during follow-up. ... | 2014 | 25095866 |
| [faecal transplantation as a treatment for clostridium difficile infection, ulcerative colitis and the metabolic syndrome]. | faecal transplantation as a therapeutic tool is increasingly reported in the scientific literature. faecal transplantation is currently becoming a treatment for nosocomial, refractory infections with c. difficile. furthermore, faecal transplantation has been suggested as a treatment for ulcerative colitis as well as for the metabolic syndrome. in the accumulated literature faecal transplantations appear to be safe, effective and superior to current treatments. faecal transplantation remains a sp ... | 2014 | 25095865 |
| [clostridium difficile ribotype 027 is a challenge]. | infection with clostridium difficile is the primary infective cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. in 2008, a major outbreak of cd027 took place in north zealand, denmark. we described this infection in a single medical department. patients positive for c. difficile enlisted at medical department o, herlev hospital, in 2009 were included and demographic data were recorded. in total, 69 patients were included, average age 83 years, charlson comorbidity score 4. of all patients 24 died. furth ... | 2014 | 25095864 |
| [successful measures to combat clostridium difficile at herlev hospital]. | clostridium difficile is a common cause of health-care associated diarrhoea. we describe the supplementary measures taken at herlev hospital to combat a concerning rise in number of cases. the measures taken involve implementation of antibiotic stewardship; meetings every two weeks between the cleaning department, head nurses, infection control nurse and a clinical microbiologist with plans for near future actions; prompt isolation of patients with diarrhoea; rapid, pcr-based diagnostics; room d ... | 2014 | 25095863 |
| [antibiotic stewardship has been established at herlev hospital]. | a high incidence of clostridium difficile and multiresistant organisms and increasing consumption of cephalosporins and quinolones have required an antibiotic stewardship programme, and antibiotic audits with feedback, revised guidelines and stringent prescription rules have been successful. the hospital intervention was managed by an antibiotic team combined with contact persons in all departments, a pocket edition of the guideline was available, and monthly commented reports about antibiotic c ... | 2014 | 25095862 |
| antibiotics and community clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 25095570 | |
| clostridium difficile infection after colorectal surgery: a rare but costly complication. | the incidence and virulence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are on the rise. the characteristics of patients who develop cdi following colorectal resection have been infrequently studied. | 2014 | 25091840 |
| clostridium difficile infection and candida colonization of the gut: is there a correlation? | 2014 | 25091308 | |
| delayed presentation of dpd deficiency in colorectal cancer. | case study mr. d., a 55-year-old male, presented to the medical oncology service with a diagnosis of stage iii adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon. he presented 7 weeks post sigmoid colectomy with lymph node resection and was initiated on adjuvant chemotherapy with capox (capecitabine [xeloda] and oxaliplatin [eloxatin]). standard dosing was used: oxaliplatin at 130 mg/m(2) on day 1 and capecitabine at approximately 2,000 mg/m(2)/day (rounded to the nearest 500-mg tablet size) for 14 days on an ... | 2014 | 25089219 |
| clostridium difficile infection: clinical challenges and management strategies. | clostridium difficile has become the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in adults. a substantial increase has occurred in morbidity and mortality associated with disease caused by c difficile and in the identification of new hypervirulent strains, warranting a high clinical index of suspicion for infections due to this organism. prevention of infection requires a multidisciplinary approach, including early recognition of disease, effective contact isolation precautions, adherence to disinfecta ... | 2014 | 25086091 |
| engineering of bacillus subtilis strains to allow rapid characterization of heterologous diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases. | microbial processes, including biofilm formation, motility, and virulence, are often regulated by changes in the available concentration of cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp). generally, high c-di-gmp concentrations are correlated with decreased motility and increased biofilm formation and low c-di-gmp concentrations are correlated with an increase in motility and activation of virulence pathways. the study of c-di-gmp is complicated, however, by the fact that organisms often enco ... | 2014 | 25085482 |
| current issues on safety of prokinetics in critically ill patients with feed intolerance. | feed intolerance in the setting of critical illness should be treated promptly given its adverse impact on morbidity and mortality. the technical difficulty of postpyloric feeding tube placement and the morbidities associated with parenteral nutrition prevent these approaches being considered as first-line nutrition. prokinetic agents are currently the mainstay of therapy for feed intolerance in the critically ill. current information is limited but suggests that erythromycin or metoclopramide ( ... | 2011 | 25083212 |
| helicobacter pylori: friend or foe? | helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) is a gram-negative spiral bacterium that is present in nearly half the world's population. it is the major cause of peptic ulcer disease and a recognized cause of gastric carcinoma. in addition, it is linked to non-ulcer dyspepsia, vitamin b12 deficiency, iron-deficient anemia and immune thrombocytopenic purpura. these conditions are indications for testing and treatment according to current guidelines. an additional indication according to the guidelines is "anyo ... | 2014 | 25083071 |
| three-week summer period prevalence of clostridium difficile in farm animals in a temperate region of the united states (ohio). | the cross-sectional (period) prevalence of clostridium difficile in 875 farm animals from 29 commercial operations during the summer of 2008 in ohio, usa was quantified. compared to an external referent population of intensively managed race horses (12.7%), intensively managed commercially mature food animals (poultry, cattle, swine; < 0.6%) were infrequent shedders of c. difficile (p < 0.00001) during the warmest weeks of 2008. | 2014 | 25082995 |
| first clinical and microbiological characterization of clostridium difficile infection in a croatian university hospital. | clinical background and molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the university hospital centre split were investigated from january 2010 to december 2011. in total, 54 patients with first episode of cdi were consecutively included in the study based on the positive eia test specific for a and b toxins. demographic and clinical data were prospectively analyzed from medical records. cdi incidence rate was 0.6 per 10,000 patient-days. thirty six cases (70.6%) were healthc ... | 2014 | 25079669 |
| passive and active immunization strategies against clostridium difficile infections: state of the art. | the pathophysiology of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) could be considered as a three-step process that takes place after disruption of the digestive microbiota by antibiotics: 1) germination of spores; 2) multiplication and persistence of c. difficile in the colonic niche thanks to colonization factors; 3) production of the two toxins tcda and tcdb and for some strains an additional toxin, the binary toxin cdt. different immunization strategies against c. difficile have been developed, f ... | 2014 | 25079668 |
| calorie intake of enteral nutrition and clinical outcomes in acutely critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. | the appropriate calorie intake to be provided to critically ill patients via enteral nutrition (en) remains unclear. we performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to compare the effect of initial underfeeding and full feeding in acutely critically ill patients. | 2015 | 25078609 |
| incidence of diarrhea by clostridium difficile in hematologic patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients: risk factors for severe forms and death. | we describe the rate of incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in hematologic and patients undergone stem cell transplant (hsct) at hc-fmusp, from january 2007 to june 2011, using two denominators 1,000 patient and 1,000 days of neutropenia and the risk factors associated with the severe form of the disease and death. the elisa method (ridascreen-biopharm, germany) for the detections of toxins a/b was used to identify c. difficile. a multivariate analysis was performed to ... | 2015 | 25076434 |
| clinical efficacy of fidaxomicin compared with vancomycin and metronidazole in clostridium difficile infections: a meta-analysis and indirect treatment comparison. | to evaluate the efficacy of fidaxomicin treatment, which has a limited effect on the normal gut flora, compared with vancomycin and metronidazole treatment in clostridium difficile infections (cdis). | 2014 | 25074856 |
| conserved oligopeptide permeases modulate sporulation initiation in clostridium difficile. | the anaerobic gastrointestinal pathogen clostridium difficile must form a metabolically dormant spore to survive in oxygenic environments and be transmitted from host to host. the regulatory factors by which c. difficile initiates and controls the early stages of sporulation in c. difficile are not highly conserved in other clostridium or bacillus species. here, we investigated the role of two conserved oligopeptide permeases, opp and app, in the regulation of sporulation in c. difficile. these ... | 2014 | 25069979 |
| a phase ii study of v-beam as conditioning regimen before second auto-sct for multiple myeloma. | high-dose melphalan has been the standard conditioning regimen for auto-sct in multiple myeloma (mm) for decades. a more effective conditioning regimen may induce deeper responses and longer remission duration. it is especially needed in the setting of second auto-sct, which rarely achieves comparable results with the first auto-sct using the same conditioning regimen. here we conducted a phase ii study to investigate the efficacy and safety of a conditioning regimen v-beam (bortezomib-beam) bef ... | 2014 | 25068418 |
| reinforcement of the intestinal mucus layer protects against clostridium difficile intestinal injury in vitro. | clostridium difficile infection is increasing in incidence and severity. attributable factors include virulence factors, including c difficile toxins a and b, as well as host immunologic status. the mucus component of the intestinal barrier is impaired by malnutrition, shock insults, and alterations in the gut microbiome. exogenous phosphatidylcholine (pc) administration results in reinforcement of the mucus layer and is of therapeutic benefit in chronic ulcerative colitis. we therefore studied ... | 2014 | 25067805 |
| community-acquired diarrhea associated with clostridium difficile in an hiv-positive cancer patient: first case report in latin america. | clostridium difficile is the most important cause of nosocomial diarrhea, mainly associated with antibiotic use and immunodeficiency. although, an increased incidence of community-acquired c. difficile infection (ca-cdi) has been reported worldwide, this infection has been under-diagnosed in latin america. this is the first report of a ca-cdi case in latin america, in an hiv-positive patient with cancer. | 2014 | 25066118 |
| incidence of polymerase chain reaction-diagnosed clostridium difficile in a large high-risk cohort, 2011-2012. | to describe incidence rates (irs) of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-diagnosed clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in a large high-risk cohort. | 2014 | 25064782 |
| tigecycline for severe clostridium difficile infection. | limited data suggest that tigecycline may be of value in the treatment of clostridiumdifficile infection. we reviewed our experience using tigecycline to treat severe c. difficile and compared outcomes to similarly ill patients who did not receive tigecycline. we found no difference between the groups. further study is needed before tigecycline can be recommended for use in severe c. difficile infection. | 2014 | 25064460 |
| infectious diarrhea: an overview. | diarrheal disease, which is most often caused by infectious pathogens, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children. this is particularly true in developing countries. recent outbreaks of infectious diarrhea in developed countries, including the usa, are often attributed to food handling and distribution practices and highlight the need for continued vigilance in this area. another common cause of infectious diarrhea, clostridium difficile infection (cdi), ... | 2014 | 25064318 |
| clostridium difficile in children: to treat or not to treat? | clostridium difficile infection has been increasing since 2000 in children and in adults. frequent antibiotics use, comorbidity, and the development of hypervirulent strains have increased the risk of infection. despite the high carriage rates of c. difficile, infants rarely develop clinical infection. discontinuing antibiotics and supportive management usually leads to resolution of disease. antibiotics use should be stratified depending on the patient's age and severity of the disease. | 2014 | 25061582 |
| phage tail-like particles kill clostridium difficile and represent an alternative to conventional antibiotics. | current clostridium difficile infection (cdi) antibiotic regimens have become increasingly ineffective at achieving cure and preventing recurrence. a recently developed alternative to conventional antibiotics are phage tail-like particles (ptlps), which are proteins that are morphologically similar to bacteriophages and are produced by c difficile. this study examines the in vitro killing spectrum of a previously unreported ptlp isolated from a clinical isolate of c difficile. | 2015 | 25061002 |
| first polish outbreak of clostridium difficile ribotype 027 infections among dialysis patients. | this report describes an outbreak of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in a nephrology ward in 2012, caused by the fluoroquinolone- and clindamycin-resistant polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 027 strains. an increase in the number of cases of diarrhoea was noted among patients hospitalised between 26 november 2012 and 17 december 2012 in a hospital in north poland. eight patients were on haemodialysis in the outpatient dialysis facility, while one patient was receiving peritoneal dial ... | 2015 | 25060801 |
| [using the real-time pcr assay to establish taqman-mgb probe for rapid identification of clostridium difficile and its toxin]. | to develop a real-time pcr assay for the rapid identification of clostridium(c.)difficile and its toxin. | 2014 | 25059372 |
| a novel multi-strain probiotic and synbiotic supplement for prevention of clostridium difficile infection in a murine model. | the protective effect of a multi-strain probiotic and synbiotic formulation was evaluated in c57bl/6 mice infected with clostridium difficile (cd) nap1/027. antibiotic-treated mice were divided into the following four groups: group 1, fed with a synbiotic formulation consisting of lactobacillus plantarum f44, l. paracasei f8, bifidobacterium breve 46, b. lactis 8:8, galacto-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides, and resistant starch; group 2, fed with the same four probiotic strains as gro ... | 2014 | 25059277 |
| cyclophilin-facilitated membrane translocation as pharmacological target to prevent intoxication of mammalian cells by binary clostridial actin adp-ribosylated toxins. | clostridium botulinum c2 toxin, clostridium perfringens iota toxin and clostridium difficile cdt belong to the family of binary actin adp-ribosylating toxins and are composed of a binding/translocation component and a separate enzyme component. the enzyme components adp-ribosylate g-actin in the cytosol of target cells resulting in depolymerization of f-actin, cell rounding and cell death. the binding/translocation components bind to their cell receptors and form complexes with the respective en ... | 2015 | 25058685 |
| ambulatory-treated clostridium difficile infection: a comparison of community-acquired vs. nosocomial infection. | the purpose of this study was to identify the clinical outcomes of ambulatory-treated clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and risk factors associated with community-associated cdi (ca-cdi). adult patients diagnosed with cdi in the institutional or ambulatory-care setting between 1 april 2005 and 30 april 2011, with no other cdi diagnosis in the previous 180 days, and who purchased an ambulatory, anti-cdi agent within 7 days of cdi diagnosis were included. a total of 1201 patients were included ... | 2015 | 25058469 |
| the cd27l and ctp1l endolysins targeting clostridia contain a built-in trigger and release factor. | the bacteriophage φcd27 is capable of lysing clostridium difficile, a pathogenic bacterium that is a major cause for nosocomial infection. a recombinant cd27l endolysin lyses c. difficile in vitro, and represents a promising alternative as a bactericide. to better understand the lysis mechanism, we have determined the crystal structure of an autoproteolytic fragment of the cd27l endolysin. the structure covers the c-terminal domain of the endolysin, and represents a novel fold that is identified ... | 2014 | 25058163 |
| healthcare resource utilization for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in a large university hospital in houston, texas. | there are limited data examining healthcare resource utilization in patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2014 | 25057871 |
| inter- and intraspecies transfer of a clostridium difficile conjugative transposon conferring resistance to mlsb. | resistance to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b group of antibiotics in clostridium difficile is generally due to erm(b) genes. tn6194, a conjugative transposon initially detected in pcr-ribotype 027 isolates, is an erm(b)-containing element also detected in other relevant c. difficile pcr-ribotypes. in this study, the genome of a c. difficile pcr-ribotype 001 strain was sequenced, and an element with two nucleotidic changes compared to tn6194 was detected. this element was transferred b ... | 2014 | 25055190 |
| the combined repetitive oligopeptides of clostridium difficile toxin a counteract premature cleavage of the glucosyl-transferase domain by stabilizing protein conformation. | toxin a (tcda) and b (tcdb) from clostridium difficile enter host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. a prerequisite for proper toxin action is the intracellular release of the glucosyltransferase domain by an inherent cysteine protease, which is allosterically activated by inositol hexaphosphate (ip6). we found that in in vitro assays, the c-terminally-truncated tcda1-1065 was more efficient at ip6-induced cleavage compared with full-length tcda. we hypothesized that the c-terminally-locate ... | 2014 | 25054784 |
| investigation of toxin gene diversity and antimicrobial resistance of clostridium difficile strains. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been previously reported in a number of studies. however, data collected from the chinese population is limited. in the present study, the diversity of the toxin genes, tcda and tcdb, of 57 clostridium difficile (c. difficile) isolates from a chinese population were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) (38 a(+)b(+), 14 a(-)b(+) and 5 a(-)b(-)). quantitative pcr was used to check the expression of these two genes and it was fou ... | 2014 | 25054021 |
| clostridium difficile infection: nursing considerations. | clostridium difficile is a bacterium which commonly causes diarrhoea in inpatients. c. difficile affects hospitalised patients worldwide and can pose a significant risk to patients. this article explores the transmission and risk factors for c. difficile infection (cdi). there are many aspects to the prevention and control of cdi: appropriate antibiotic use, early instigation and maintenance of prevention and control strategies, and high standards of environmental cleanliness, education, and sur ... | 2014 | 25052676 |
| intestinal microbiota transplantation, a simple and effective treatment for severe and refractory clostridium difficile infection. | restoring normal fecal flora through intestinal microbiota transplantation (imt) was successful in curing recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi). however, only a few cases have been reported of imt being utilized for the treatment of severe or fulminant cdi. | 2015 | 25052150 |
| the regulatory network controlling spore formation in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile, a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium, is a major cause of nosocomial infections such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea. spores are the vector of its transmission and persistence in the environment. despite the importance of spores in the infectious cycle of c. difficile, little was known until recently about the control of spore development in this enteropathogen. in this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory network cont ... | 2014 | 25048412 |
| the htra-like protease cd3284 modulates virulence of clostridium difficile. | in the past decade, clostridium difficile has emerged as an important gut pathogen. symptoms of c. difficile infection range from mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. besides the two main virulence factors toxin a and toxin b, other virulence factors are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. in other gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, conserved high-temperature requirement a (htra)-like proteases have been shown to have a role in protein homeostasis an ... | 2014 | 25047848 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of refractory clostridium difficile infection in children: an update. | the use of transplanted fecal material for the treatment of diarrheal illness dates back to the fourth-century china. while fecal microbiota transplant has gained increasing popularity over the past 50 years for the treatment of refractory clostridium difficile infections (rcdis) in adults, it has only been recently utilized in children. the purpose of this article is to review the use of fecal microbiota transplant (fmt) in the treatment of pediatric rcdis. | 2014 | 25046331 |
| role of gm-csf in the inflammatory cytokine network that regulates neutrophil influx into the colonic mucosa during clostridium difficile infection in mice. | clostridium difficile infection in antibiotic-treated mice results in acute colitis characterized by severe intestinal histopathology, robust neutrophil influx, and increased expression of numerous inflammatory cytokines, including gm-csf. we utilized a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) against gm-csf in a murine model to study the role of gm-csf during acute c. difficile colitis. cefoperazone-treated mice were challenged with c. difficile (strain 630) spores. expression of gm-csf was signi ... | 2014 | 25045999 |
| increasing incidence of clostridium difficile infection, australia, 2011-2012. | 2014 | 25045987 | |
| 5-aminosalicylic acid inhibits acute clostridium difficile toxin a-induced colitis in rats. | we tested the hypothesis that 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-asa) inhibits toxin a-induced generation of colonic leukotriene b4 (ltb4) and toxin a colitis in rats. isolated colonic segments in anesthetized rats were treated intraluminally with toxin a for 3 hours with or without 30 minutes of pretreatment with either 5-asa or sulfapyridine and then colonic tissue levels of ltb4 were measured and inflammation was assessed. separately, sulfasalazine was administered to rats in their drinking water for 5 ... | 2014 | 25045574 |
| reply to hughes et al.: impact of cleaning and other interventions on the reduction of hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infections in two hospitals in england assessed using a breakpoint model. | 2014 | 25044362 | |
| humoral immune response as predictor of recurrence in clostridium difficile infection. | low serum concentrations of antibodies directed against the toxins tcda and tcdb have been associated with a higher risk of recurrence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) after successful antibiotic treatment. however, there are conflicting reports. herein, we compared serum levels of antibodies of patients with a single episode of cdi with those of patients who subsequently suffered a recurrence. we used a serum bank from patients who received an experimental whey protein product following ... | 2014 | 25041274 |
| risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents a significant burden on the healthcare system and is associated with poor outcomes in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) patients. data are limited evaluating recurrence rates and risk factors for recurrence in hsct patients. | 2014 | 25040545 |
| diarrhoea in general practice: when should a clostridium difficile infection be considered? results of a nested case-control study. | clostridium difficile infections (cdis) are frequent in hospitals, but also seem to increase in the community. here, we aim to determine the incidence of cdi in general practice and to evaluate current testing algorithms for cdi. three dutch laboratories tested all unformed faeces (12,714) for c. difficile when diagnostic testing (for any enteric pathogen) was requested by a general practitioner (gp). additionally, a nested case-control study was initiated, including 152 cdi patients and 304 age ... | 2014 | 25040463 |
| clinical predictors of recurrent clostridium difficile infection in out-patients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) recurs in 20-30% of patients. | 2014 | 25039269 |
| comparison of culture based methods for the isolation of clostridium difficile from stool samples in a research setting. | effective isolation of clostridium difficile from stool samples is important in the research setting, especially where low numbers of spores/vegetative cells may be present within a sample. in this study, three protocols for stool culture were investigated to find a sensitive, cost effective and timely method of c. difficile isolation. for the initial enrichment step, the effectiveness of two different rich media, cycloserine-cefoxitin fructose broth (ccfb) and cycloserine-cefoxitin mannitol bro ... | 2014 | 25038491 |
| an in vitro culture model to study the dynamics of colonic microbiota in syrian golden hamsters and their susceptibility to infection with clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are caused by colonization and growth of toxigenic strains of c. difficile in individuals whose intestinal microbiota has been perturbed, in most cases following antimicrobial therapy. determination of the protective commensal gut community members could inform the development of treatments for cdi. here, we utilized the lethal enterocolitis model in syrian golden hamsters to analyze the microbiota disruption and recovery along a 20-day period following a s ... | 2015 | 25036923 |
| clostridium difficile and the microbiota. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading health care-associated illness. both human and animal models have demonstrated the importance of the gut microbiota's capability of providing colonization resistance against c. difficile. risk factors for disease development include antibiotic use, which disrupts the gut microbiota, leading to the loss of colonization resistance and subsequent cdi. identification of the specific microbes capable of restoring this function remains elusive. futu ... | 2014 | 25036699 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 25036411 | |
| risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile infection in hospitalized children. | this article defines the risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in hospitalized children in light of recent studies demonstrating a change in the epidemiology of these infections in both adults and children. | 2014 | 25032717 |
| the bristol stool scale and its relationship to clostridium difficile infection. | the bristol stool form scale classifies the relative density of stool samples. in a prospective cohort study, we investigated the associations between stool density, c. difficile assay positivity, hospital-onset c. difficile infection, complications, and severity of c. difficile. we describe associations between the bristol score, assay positivity, and clinical c. difficile infection. | 2014 | 25031446 |
| tailored cyclodextrin pore blocker protects mammalian cells from clostridium difficile binary toxin cdt. | some clostridium difficile strains produce, in addition to toxins a and b, the binary toxin clostridium difficile transferase (cdt), which adp-ribosylates actin and may contribute to the hypervirulence of these strains. the separate binding and translocation component cdtb mediates transport of the enzyme component cdta into mammalian target cells. cdtb binds to its receptor on the cell surface, cdta assembles and cdtb/cdta complexes are internalised. in acidic endosomes, cdtb mediates the deliv ... | 2014 | 25029374 |
| comparison of the verigene clostridium difficile, simplexa c. difficile universal direct, bd max cdiff, and xpert c. difficile assays for the detection of toxigenic c. difficile. | we compared the verigene clostridium difficile test (nanosphere, northbrook, il, usa), the simplexa c. difficile universal direct (focus diagnostics, cypress, ca, usa), the bd max cdiff (becton dickinson, franklin lakes, nj, usa), and the xpert c. difficile (cepheid, sunnyvale, ca, usa) assays for the detection of toxigenic c. difficile. one hundred and ninety deidentified, remnant diarrheal specimens were included in this study. after resolution of discordant results by toxigenic culture, the x ... | 2014 | 25027069 |
| effectiveness of screening hospital admissions to detect asymptomatic carriers of clostridium difficile: a modeling evaluation. | both asymptomatic and symptomatic clostridium difficile carriers contribute to new colonizations and infections within a hospital, but current control strategies focus only on preventing transmission from symptomatic carriers. our objective was to evaluate the potential effectiveness of methods targeting asymptomatic carriers to control c. difficile colonization and infection (cdi) rates in a hospital ward: screening patients at admission to detect asymptomatic c. difficile carriers and placing ... | 2014 | 25026622 |
| clostridium difficile infections in veterans health administration acute care facilities. | an initiative was implemented in july 2012 to decrease clostridium difficile infections (cdis) in veterans affairs (va) acute care medical centers nationwide. this is a report of national baseline cdi data collected from the 21 months before implementation of the initiative. | 2014 | 25026621 |
| [does the hospital cost of care differ for inflammatory bowel disease patients with or without gastrointestinal infections? a case-control study]. | gastrointestinal infections have been implicated as possible causes of exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) or risk factors for severe flares in general. the introduction of the g-drg reimbursement system has greatly increased the pressure to provide cost effective treatment in german hospitals. few studies have compared the costs of treating ibd patients with or without gastrointestinal infections and none of them have specifically considered the german reimbursement situation. | 2014 | 25026005 |
| [diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections: comparative study of two immuno enzyme assays with confirmation by pcr and culture followed by pcr ribotyping]. | comparison of two commercially avail-able tests for the detection of clostridium difficile glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and toxins a and b for their sensitivity and specificity. | 2014 | 25025672 |
| an optimized, synthetic dna vaccine encoding the toxin a and toxin b receptor binding domains of clostridium difficile induces protective antibody responses in vivo. | clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) constitutes a large majority of nosocomial diarrhea cases in industrialized nations and is mediated by the effects of two secreted toxins, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). patients who develop strong antitoxin antibody responses can clear c. difficile infection and remain disease free. key toxin-neutralizing epitopes have been found within the carboxy-terminal receptor binding domains (rbds) of tcda and tcdb, which has generated interest in devel ... | 2014 | 25024365 |
| efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in 2 children with recurrent clostridium difficile infection and its impact on their growth and gut microbiome. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is recognized as an alternative therapeutic modality for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi); however, data on its efficacy in children are lacking, including its effect on their growth and fecal microbiota. we report on 2 young children (<3 years old) who failed available therapeutics for rcdi, but responded remarkably well to fmt. besides resolution of clinical features of c difficile infection (cdi), fmt administration led to marked improvem ... | 2014 | 25023578 |
| in vivo assessment of smt19969 in a hamster model of clostridium difficile infection. | smt19969 [2,2'-bis(4-pyridyl)3h,3'-h 5,5-bibenzimidazole] is a novel narrow-spectrum nonabsorbable antibiotic currently in development for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. the comparative activities of smt19969 and vancomycin against nonepidemic and epidemic strains of c. difficile were studied in an established hamster model. against nonepidemic (va11) strains, the survival rates of smt19969-treated animals ranged from 80% to 95%. vancomycin exhibited 100% protection during tre ... | 2014 | 25022586 |
| synergistic effects of antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics against clostridium difficile. | accelerating rates of health care-associated infections caused by clostridium difficile, with increasing recurrence and rising antibiotic resistance rates, have become a serious problem in recent years. this study was conducted to explore whether a combination of antibiotics with human antimicrobial peptides may lead to an increase in antibacterial activity. the in vitro activities of the antimicrobial peptides hbd1 to hbd3, hnp1, hd5, and ll-37 and the antibiotics tigecycline, moxifloxacin, pip ... | 2014 | 25022581 |
| pharmacokinetic evaluation of esomeprazole for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. | proton pump inhibitors (ppis) are widely used for the treatment of acid-related diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd). they are recommended by the american college of gastroenterology for healing erosive esophagitis (eo) and as long-term treatment in patients with healed eo. the available ppis differ somewhat in their pharmacokinetics and clinical properties, but whether these differences are of clinical relevance is a matter of debate. some safety concerns have been raised wit ... | 2014 | 25019289 |
| in vitro activity of mcb3681 against clostridium difficile strains. | one hundred fourteen clostridium difficile strains were collected from 67 patients and analyzed for the presence of c. difficile toxin b by the cell cytotoxoicity neutralization assay, genes for toxin a, toxin b, binary toxin and tcdc deletion by pcr. all strains were also pcr-ribotyped. the mics of the isolates were determined against mcb3681 and nine other antimicrobial agents by the agar dilution method. all isolates were positive for toxin b as well as for toxin a and b genes. in addition, 1 ... | 2014 | 25016084 |
| gastrointestinal pathogens detected by multiplex nucleic acid amplification testing in stools of pediatric patients and patients returning from the tropics. | gastrointestinal infections are caused by a broad spectrum of pathogens. conventional diagnostic procedures are resource and time consuming due to single pathogen testing, often in different laboratories. | 2014 | 25015433 |
| clostridium difficile infection in diabetes. | diabetes-related hospitalization and hospital utilization is a serious challenge to the health care system, a situation which may be further aggravated by nosocomial clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi). studies have demonstrated that diabetes increases the risk of recurrent cdi with or (95% ci) 2.99 (1.88, 4.76). c. difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium which is widely distributed in the environment. up to 7% of healthy adults and up to 45% of infants m ... | 2014 | 25015315 |
| efficacy and safety of, and patient satisfaction with, colonoscopic-administered fecal microbiota transplantation in relapsing and refractory community- and hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection. | to report the efficacy and safety of, and patient satisfaction with, colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for community- and hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2014 | 25014180 |
| clostridium difficile 027 increasing detection in a teaching hospital in rome, italy. | 2014 | 25012877 | |
| challenges and opportunities in the management of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasing in all regions of the world where sought. there is no gold standard for diagnosis of cdi, with available tests having limitations. prevention of cdi will be seen with antibiotic stewardship, improved disinfection of hospitals and nursing homes, chemo- and immuno-prophylaxis and next generation probiotics. the important therapeutic agents are oral vancomycin and fidaxomicin with metronidazole being used only in mild cases or when oral therapy ca ... | 2014 | 25012255 |