Publications

elisa for igg-class antibody to hepatitis e virus based on a highly conserved, conformational epitope expressed in escherichia coli.	in assays based on most recombinant hepatitis e virus (hev) antigens, the igg antibody responses to hev are observed commonly to wane or disappear after the acute phase of infection. such igg assays have therefore been used for the diagnosis of acute hev infection, but they have limited usefulness in seroepidemiological studies. using western immunoblotting, it was shown previously that the open reading frame (orf) 2.1 antigen, representing the carboxy-terminal 267 amino acids (aa) of the capsid ...	1999	10488771
rapid detection of hepatitis e virus rna by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using universal oligonucleotide primers.	a rapid reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedure for the detection of hepatitis e virus (hev) rna in serum is described. total nucleic acids are extracted from a small volume of human serum and reverse transcribed using random hexamers. an aliquot of cdna is then utilized in nested pcr employing degenerate hev consensus primers. these primers are designed to sequences conserved between the burma, mexico, and us hev strains, generating amplicons within each of the three ...	1999	10488768
[preparation of recombinant polypeptides containing antigenic determinants of hepatitis e virus].	dna fragments complementary to hepatitis e burma strain orf2 and orf3 obtained by oligonucleotide synthesis were cloned in expressing bacterial system. recombinant polypeptides isolated from e. coli producer strains, immobilized on solid phase (polystyrene plates and nitrocellulose membranes), are studied in enzyme immunoassay to detect their ability to react with sera of patients with acute viral hepatitis from an uzbekistan region endemic for hepatitis e. two polypeptides reacting with the gre ...	1998	10488530
epidemiology of hepatitis b, c, e, and g virus infections and molecular analysis of hepatitis g virus isolates in bolivia.	prevalence of hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), hepatitis g virus (hgv), and hepatitis e virus (hev) was investigated among 574 healthy blood donors in bolivia. hcv rna and hgv rna in the serum were identified by a nested reverse transcription-pcr using primers derived from the 5' untranslated region (5' utr). we also tested for hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) and for the antibody to hev. the results revealed that hgv rna was present in 84 of 574 (14.6%) tested blood donors, ...	1999	10488194
evidence that the genomic rna of hepatitis e virus is capped.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is an unclassified virus with a positive-sense rna genome and an undefined replication strategy. in order to determine whether the hev genome is capped or not, we developed a reverse transcription-pcr assay that is based on the ability of a monoclonal antibody to recognize 7-methylguanosine (m(7)g). antibody to m(7)g bound rna extracted from virions of two different hev genotypes. the cap analog competitively inhibited the binding of virion rnas, demonstrating that hev ha ...	1999	10482642
the neurological manifestations of nipah virus encephalitis, a novel paramyxovirus.	a novel hendra-like paramyxovirus named nipah virus (niv) was the cause of an outbreak among workers from one abattoir who had contact with pigs. two patients had only respiratory symptoms, while 9 patients had encephalitis, 7 of whom are described in this report. neurological involvement was diverse and multifocal, including aseptic meningitis, diffuse encephalitis, and focal brainstem involvement. cerebellar signs were relatively common. magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain showed sca ...	1999	10482278
cell culture of sporadic hepatitis e virus in china.	the isolation and identification of the 87a strain of epidemic hepatitis e virus (hev) by means of cell culturing have been described previously. this paper reports the successful isolation of a sporadic hev strain (g93-2) in human lung carcinoma cell (a549) cultures. the etiology, molecular and biological properties, and serological relationship of this new strain to other, epidemic hev strains are described. the propagation of both sporadic and epidemic hev strains in a cell culture system wil ...	1999	10473526
evidence for widespread infection of wild rats with hepatitis e virus in the united states.	hepatitis e is an important medical pathogen in many developing countries but is rarely reported from the united states, although antibody to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) is found in > 1% of u.s. citizens. zoonotic spread of the virus is suspected. sera obtained from 239 wild rats trapped in widely separated regions of the united states were tested for anti-hev. seventy-seven percent of rats from maryland, 90% from hawaii, and 44% from louisiana were seropositive for anti-hev. rats from urban as ...	1999	10463689
pigs with highly prevalent antibodies to human coronavirus and swine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in the tohoku district of japan.	from 1985 to 1988, a total of 2496 swine sera from 60 farms in the tohoku district of the honshu island of japan were examined for antibodies to swine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev), human coronavirus (hcv) and bovine coronavirus (bcv) by haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test. antibodies to hev 67n strain and hcv oc43 strain were highly prevalent with positivity rates of 82.1 and 91.4%, respectively, while seropositivity rate to bcv kakegawa strain was 44.2%. no clinical signs ...	1999	10459660
seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus in the normal blood donor population and two aboriginal communities in malaysia.	the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (hev) has been examined in many countries, but such studies have generally been limited to majority populations such as those represented in healthy blood donors or cross sections of urban populations. due to its major route of enteric transmission, large differences in hev prevalence might be expected between populations in the same country but with different living conditions. using an elisa based on gst-orf2.1 antigen, the prevalence of igg-cl ...	1999	10459151
antigenic domains of the open reading frame 2-encoded protein of hepatitis e virus.	the antigenic composition of the hepatitis e virus (hev) protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (orf2) was determined by using synthetic peptides. three sets of overlapping 18-, 25-, and 30-mer peptides, with each set spanning the entire orf2 protein of the hev burma strain, were synthesized. all synthetic peptides were tested by enzyme immunoassay against a panel of 32 anti-hev-positive serum specimens obtained from acutely hev-infected persons. six antigenic domains within the orf2 protein we ...	1999	10449466
acute pancreatitis associated with viral hepatitis: a report of six cases with review of literature.	association of hepatitis viruses with acute pancreatitis in the setting of nonfulminant viral hepatitis is rare. we report six cases of nonfulminant viral hepatitis complicated by acute pancreatitis, including the first documented case of hepatitis e virus (hev) associated acute pancreatitis. the other five patients had acute viral hepatitis caused by hepatitis a infection. besides features of viral hepatitis, the presence of typical abdominal pain, high serum amylase, and ultrasound or ct scan ...	1999	10445566
absence of antibody to hepatitis e virus in turkish children.		1999	10445354
serological diagnosis of jaundice epidemics in india.	enterically transmitted non-a, nonb- hepatitis (et-nanbh) is a major public health problem in india, where the endemicity of this disease is high and poor public sanitation coupled with compromised quality of drinking water leads to major and minor outbreaks. sophisticated technics for characterization of hepatitis e virus (hev) are not easily available/affordable, resulting in continuation of the diagnosis of nanbh for most epidemics. this study attempts to serologically determine the etiology ...	1998	10437945
[suspicion of viral hepatitis e].		1999	10429553
seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in mexican subjects 1 to 29 years of age.	hepatitis e virus (hev) infection causes an acute, self-limited hepatitis associated with high mortality in pregnant women. community-based surveys are scarce and information on hev infection in populations is needed. the aim of this work was to study seroprevalence to hev in young adults and children in mexico, using a community-based survey.	1999	10427876
phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis e virus isolates from india (1976-1993).	seventeen indian hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates, representing epidemic and sporadic hepatitis e cases during 1976-1991, were sequenced in the rna polymerase (rnap) region. five isolates were also sequenced in the non-structural hypervariable region of open reading frame 1. open reading frames 2 and 3 were sequenced only for the prototype isolate. on the basis of the comparison of all the available sequences of the conserved rnap region, the hev isolates were divided into three genotypes, diffe ...	1999	10423137
the hepatitis alphabet--hepatitis a-g and ttv.	during the past three decades the number of viruses known to be capable to inducing liver inflammation has been considerably expanded. this short review gives a quick overview of the virologic characteristics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment options. newer hepatitis viruses such as hepatitis e virus (hev), hepatitis gb-virus c/hepatitis g virus (gbv-c/hgv), and transfusion-transmitted virus (ttv) are discussed and data concerning their disease-inducing capacity reviewed.	1999	10420504
foodborne infections during pregnancy.	the consequences of foodborne illness can be particularly devastating during pregnancy because both the woman and her fetus are at risk. escalated production of progesterone during pregnancy leads to down-regulation of cellular (cell-mediated) immune functions. many foodborne pathogens (and other pathogens) are intracellular pathogens, and infections caused by these pathogens are controlled by cell-mediated immunity. the pregnancy-induced decrease in cell-mediated immune functions leads to incre ...	1999	10419281
hbsag carrier with simultaneous amebic liver abscess and acute hepatitis e.	hepatitis e virus (hev) infection and amebiasis are waterborne diseases that are endemic in india. however, their co-occurrence has never been described. we report a patient who presented with fever, jaundice and tender hepatomegaly and on investigation was found to have coexisting acute hepatitis e and amebic liver abscess. incidentally, he was also an hbsag carrier.	1999	10407569
response of turkeys to simultaneous vaccination with hemorrhagic enteritis and newcastle disease viruses.	the effects of single and combined vaccination of turkeys against hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) and newcastle disease virus (ndv) were investigated. dual vaccination of turkeys with ndv-b1 and hevp30 or marble spleen disease virus (msdv) enhanced white mottling of the spleens and the apoptosis rate in spleen cells (p < 0.05). in addition, simultaneously vaccinated turkeys had fewer hev-infected spleen cells at 4 days postvaccination than turkeys given hevp30 or msdv alone. the anti-hev antib ...	1999	10396642
protection of turkeys from hemorrhagic enteritis with a recombinant fowl poxvirus expressing the native hexon of hemorrhagic enteritis virus.	hemorrhagic enteritis (he) is an economically important disease of turkeys caused by a type ii aviadenovirus, hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev). the vaccines currently available to the commercial poultry producer are highly effective in preventing disease outbreaks; however, they are immunosuppressive. a recombinant fowl poxvirus (rfpv) expressing the native hexon of hev has been shown to induce an anti-hev humoral immune response in turkeys. in this study, the rfpv expressing the native hexon o ...	1999	10396636
hepatitis e virus -- an update.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is the principal cause of enterically-transmitted, non-a, non-b hepatitis and has been associated with excess mortality in pregnant women infected during epidemics. molecular cloning of the viral genome led to the development of diagnostic tests, including enzyme immunoassays for antibody and rt-pcr for viral rna. candidate vaccines have not yet reached clinical trials. the virus resembles caliciviruses, with a positive sense rna genome encoding three open reading frames. ...	1999	10395034
acute sporadic non-a, non-b hepatitis in northeastern brazil: etiology and natural history.	in a 4-year follow-up study, patients with acute sporadic non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis were evaluated to determine the etiology and natural history of the disease. acute hepatitis c virus (hcv) was detected in 13 of 43 (30%) of patients, anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) igg in 5 (12%), and 25 (58%) were considered non-a-e. the hcv rna was detected in all hcv patients but none of the non-a-e cases. the initial clinical and biochemical presentation of the hcv and non-a-e cases was quite similar, alth ...	1999	10385669
hepatitis e infection in children: study of an outbreak.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is responsible for most of the hepatitis epidemics in the developing world and it frequently affects young adults. therefore, common perception is that it does not affect children.	1999	10385067
[serological character of hepatitis e virus mutants].	64 sera with serologically negative nona-e were tested for hev rna and their serological characteristics were studied.	1999	10366980
[antigenic specificity of recombinant polypeptides, containing fragments of hepatitis e virus proteins].	antigenic specificity of recombinant polypeptides he40 and he60 containing fragments of gene orf2 and orf3 protein products of hepatitis e, strain burma, produced in e. coli cells, is analyzed. blood sera from patients with acute hepatitis from an endemic region in uzbekistan were tested for igg to recombinant antigens by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay with a protein fragment coded by prf3 gene, a synthetic peptide previously characterized in a commercial test system, as the positive control. 93 ...	1999	10358898
only the non-glycosylated fraction of hepatitis e virus capsid (open reading frame 2) protein is stable in mammalian cells.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is a non-enveloped, positive-strand rna virus, with the genome encoding three open reading frames (orfs) of which orf 2 directs translation of the capsid protein, porf2. following pulse-labelling and cell fractionation of porf2 expressed in mammalian cells using the semliki forest virus replicon, the capsid protein was detected as three major species of 78 (porf2), 82 and 86 kda, with p82 and p86 being n-glycosylated (gporf2 and ggporf2, respectively). although gporf2 and ...	1999	10355765
[prevalence of infections by hepatitis b, c, d and e viruses in bolivia].	in bolivia, no studies have been carried out specifically on hepatitis viruses. thus, their prevalence and circulation patterns are virtually unknown. a seroepidemiologic study was performed from 1992 to 1996 to generate a preliminary idea of the overall prevalence of infection from hepatitis b, c, d, and e viruses (hbv, hcv, hdv, and hev, respectively) in different bolivian population groups. prompted by the data obtained in other areas of latin america, the study focused on indigenous communit ...	1999	10355311
[acute hepatitis e in spain].	hepatitis e virus (hev) is the worldwide leading cause of non-a non-b enterically transmitted hepatitis, and affects most commonly the population in developing countries. cases outside this area, are nearly always imported, although apparent local acquisition has been occasionally reported. we assisted three patients with acute hev hepatitis, confirmed by the presence of serum anti-hev igm. one of them did not report travelling outside of spain in the previous years. hev has to be included in th ...	1999	10349788
hepatocellular carcinoma in egyptians with and without a history of hepatitis b virus infection: association with hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection but not with (hcv) rna level.	the aim of this study was to analyze the association of hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) with hepatitis c virus (hcv) in egypt, using hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis e virus (hev) as virus controls. in addition, the association of hcc with hcv rna levels among persons seropositive for hcv was analyzed. we compared 131 patients with proven hcc, 247 with bladder cancer, and 466 healthy hospital employees. age, sex, and place of residence were recorded to study confounding factors. among the he ...	1999	10348253
etiology of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in taiwan: the role of hepatitis c virus, hepatitis e virus and gb virus-c/hepatitis g virus in an endemic area of hepatitis a and b.	the etiology of sporadic acute hepatitis was studied in 334 consecutive patients from taiwan (237 men and 97 women, aged 16-81 years), with emphasis on the role of hepatitis c virus (hcv), hepatitis e virus (hev), and gb virus-c/hepatitis g virus (gbv-c/hgv) in acute non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis and in hbsag carriers with superimposed acute hepatitis. according to the conventional diagnostic criteria, there were 12 cases (3.6%) of acute hepatitis a, 17 cases (5.1%) of acute hepatitis b, 128 cas ...	1999	10335863
[preparation of monoclonal antibodies against hepatitis e and its application].	to study the particle of hepatitis e virus (hev) and its significance in specific diagnosis for hepatitis e (he).	1998	10322795
evidence of hepatitis e virus replication on cell cultures.	several human and animal cell lines have been used to grow hepatitis e virus. the strain sar-55 was adapted only on plf/plc/5 cell line without any visible cytopathic effect. the growth of the sar-55 was monitored by examining the positive and the negative strands of hev-rna. stool samples, obtained from hospitalised acute hepatitis patients at the fever hospital of alexandria (egypt), were used to confirm the susceptibility of plf/plc/5 cells. after more than one-week's cultivation, three stool ...	1999	10322605
seroprevalence and anti-hev persistence in the general population of the republic of san marino.	the prevalence of anti-hev was assessed in 2,233 subjects aged 20-79 years in the republic of san marino in the years 1990-1991. the sera were tested by elisa and further confirmed by western blot (wb) analysis. the overall anti-hev prevalence was 1.5%. a significant trend by age was observed. anti-hev prevalence was 0.6% in subjects <30 years and 3.3% in those older than 70 years of age. family size larger than four persons (or = 3.8; 95% ci = 1.8-13.2) was the sole independent predictor of ant ...	1999	10223545
detection of hepatitis c and e virus genomes in sera of patients with acute viral hepatitis and fulminant hepatitis by their simultaneous amplification in pcr.	a study was undertaken to investigate the role of hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis e virus (hev), either alone or together, in the causation of sporadic acute viral hepatitis (avh) and fulminant hepatitis (fh) by simultaneous detection of their genomes in serum samples using the reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). a total of 50 patients were enrolled in the study of which 34 had avh and 16 had sporadic fh. the serum samples were first tested for hepatitis b ...	1998	10221812
hepatitis viruses a, b, c, d, e and g: implications for dental personnel.	this article provides dental personnel with a brief overview of the different types of viral hepatitis, including their epidemiology, clinical features, prevention and treatment. it also explores the ramifications of these diseases for the practice of dentistry. description of the condition: viral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by one of at least six distinct viruses. the hepatitis a and e viruses, or hav and hev, are enterically transmitted viruses that produce acute disease o ...	1999	10203901
high prevalence of gb virus c in brazil and molecular evidence for intrafamilial transmission.	the prevalence of gb virus c (gbv-c) in candidate brazilian blood donors with normal and elevated alanine aminotransferase levels was found to be 5.2% (5 of 95) and 6.5% (5 of 76), respectively. among brazilian patients, gbv-c was found in 9.5% (13 of 137) of cases of hepatitis not caused by hepatitis a virus (hav), hbv, hcv, hdv, or hev (non-a-e hepatitis) and in 18.2% (8 of 44) of individuals infected with hcv. molecular characterization of gbv-c by partial sequencing of the ns3 region showed ...	1999	10203545
mutational analysis of glycosylation, membrane translocation, and cell surface expression of the hepatitis e virus orf2 protein.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is the etiological agent for viral hepatitis type e, which is a major problem in the developing world. because hev cannot be cultured in vitro, very little information exists on the mechanisms of hev gene expression and genome replication. hev is a positive-strand rna virus with three potential open reading frames (orfs), one of which (orf2) is postulated to encode the major viral capsid protein (porf2). we earlier showed (s. jameel, m. zafrullah, m. h. ozdener, and s. k. ...	1999	10196303
[the first assessment of hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in northern portugal].	hepatitis e is an enterically transmitted acute viral hepatitis, etiologically associated with a recently characterized virus, the hepatitis e virus (hev). outbreaks mainly occur in developing countries and as sporadic cases in endemic regions. the authors present the first serological assessment in northern portugal to assess the presence of anti hev igg, using the elisa test, the eia and hev abbott, in samples from 50 blood donors and 103 chronic liver disease patients. in 2 blood donors (4%) ...	1998	10192978
[hepatitis e virus: detection of antibodies in blood donors in lebanon].	one hundred lebanese volunteers blood donors were tested for the qualitative detection of antibodies against hepatitis e virus (hev) by an immunoenzymatic method. the results showed 4% of positivity. this figure allows us to confirm the presence of infection due to hev in lebanon. more studies on a larger panel are necessary to confirm this result. this study leads us to suspect an hev infection in front of an acute non a, non b, non c hepatitis even if the patients have not lived in an endemic ...	1998	10095828
prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis e virus in haemodialysis patients in india.		1999	10095186
a hepatitis e virus variant from the united states: molecular characterization and transmission in cynomolgus macaques.	the partial sequence of a hepatitis e virus (hev-us1) isolated from a patient in the united states (us), suffering from acute viral hepatitis with no known risk factors for acquiring hev, has been reported. these sequences were significantly different from previously characterized hev isolates, alluding to the existence of a distinct human variant. in this paper, we report the near full-length sequences of hev-us1 and a second us isolate (hev-us2). hev-us2 was identified in a us patient sufferin ...	1999	10092008
identification of a novel variant of hepatitis e virus in italy.	hepatitis e infection is typically associated with areas in which hepatitis e virus (hev) is endemic. except for a few cases in europe and in the united states, acute hepatitis e is usually associated with travel to endemic areas. we set out to determine the etiologic role of hev in acute non-a-c hepatitis in italy. the presence of hev-rna and antibody was determined in 218 patients diagnosed with acute viral non-a-c hepatitis. acute hepatitis e infection was defined by the presence of hev-rna i ...	1999	10089046
[hepatitis e].		1999	10088338
hepatitis e virus: relevance in blood donors and risk groups.	hepatitis e virus (hev) infection usually causes acute self-limited disease. hev is associated with faecal-contaminated drinking water, but other vectors, such as blood, are possible. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hev in blood donors and in two groups at high risk for parenteral infections, namely, haemodialysis patients, and children infected with hcv via blood transfusion.	1999	10085522
[viral hepatitis of enteric origin].	hepatitis viruses of oral-fecal origin are responsible for a high morbidity and mortality throughout the world, even if they never result in chronic hepatitis. two viruses, the virus of hepatitis a (vha) and of hepatitis e (vhe) are at present the cause of severe viral hepatitis of enteric origin. water is the principle vector in the spread of these viruses. however, the epidemiological aspects vary according to the pathogenic agent. vha is excreted in a highly concentrated form in the feces for ...	1998	10078380
prevalence of enteric hepatitis a and e viruses in the mekong river delta region of vietnam.	a study of antibody prevalence for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) was carried out in southwestern vietnam in an area adjacent to a known focus of epidemic hev transmission. the purpose of this investigation was first to provide a prevalence measure of hepatitis infections, and second to determine the outbreak potential of hev as a function of the susceptible population. blood specimens collected from 646 persons in randomly selected village hamlets were examined by an elisa ...	1999	10072151
long-term serological follow up and cross-challenge studies in rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with hepatitis e virus.	the aims of this study were to examine the decline of igg anti-hev antibodies over a period of 7 years in rhesus monkeys experimentally infected with hepatitis e virus, and to assess the protectivity of these antibodies by challenging the monkeys with a heterologous isolate of hepatitis e virus, 5 years after the primary inoculation.	1999	10068096
novel hepatitis e virus (hev) isolates from europe: evidence for additional genotypes of hev.	hepatitis e infection is associated with areas in which hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is endemic. acute infections in industrialized nations are usually linked to travel to endemic areas. recently, an acute hepatitis infection in a patient from the united states (us), with no recent foreign travel history, was linked to a novel strain of hev. although a few additional cases have been reported from patients who have not traveled to endemic areas, the source of these infections has not been de ...	1999	10022795
transmission studies of hendra virus (equine morbillivirus) in fruit bats, horses and cats.	to determine the infectivity and transmissibility of hendra virus (hev).	1998	9972433
a divergent genotype of hepatitis e virus in chinese patients with acute hepatitis.	recent studies have reported and provided nucleotide sequence data from divergent isolates of hepatitis e virus (hev), including isolates from north america and africa. sera were investigated from 29 chinese patients with a diagnosis of acute hepatitis and who were negative for hepatitis viruses a-e by serology (hev was excluded by testing for igg antibody only). to determine whether some patients were infected with hev but had yet to seroconvert to antibody positivity, rt-pcr was carried out wi ...	1999	9934699
self-learning review. hepatitis e.		1998	9917145
primary structure of open reading frame 2 and 3 of the hepatitis e virus isolated from morocco.	the nucleotide sequence from position 5,014 to 7,186 of the hepatitis e virus (hev) genome was determined using a set of 10 polymerase chain reaction (pcr) fragments amplified directly from a pool of fecal specimens obtained from patients with well-documented epidemic hev infection in morocco. this sequence contains the 3'-terminal region of open reading frame 1 (orf1), full length orf2 and orf3, and a portion of the 3'-noncoding region. the hev morocco nucleotide sequence was compared with the ...	1999	9892396
phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis e virus isolates from egypt.	hepatitis e virus (hev) genome was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in fecal samples of two sporadic cases of hepatitis e in cairo egypt. sequence of the complete putative structural region [open reading frame (orf)-2] and complete region of unknown function (orf-3) was determined for the two hev isolates. phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences was performed using neighbor joining or maximum parsimony methods of tree reconstruction. direct correspon ...	1999	9890424
baculovirus expression of chimeric hepatitis b virus core particles with hepatitis e virus epitopes and their use in a hepatitis e immunoassay.	two hepatitis b core proteins bearing the immunodominant region of the hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid protein, one at the c terminus of hepatitis b virus core antigen (hbcag) and the other within the hbcag immunodominant loop, were constructed. both chimeric proteins exhibited hev reactivity, but only the first construct retained hbcag reactivity. the second construct was used to develop an anti-hev test which is equivalent to a commercial test for the detection of anti-hev immunoglobulin g (igg ...	1999	9889237
hepatitis e virus: relevance in blood donors and other risk groups.	hepatitis e virus (hev) infection usually causes an acute self-limited disease. hev is associated with feces-contaminated drinking water, but other vectors, such as blood, are possible. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hev in blood donors and in two groups at high risk of parenteral infections, namely, hemodialysis patients and children infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv) via blood transfusion.	1998	9873261
[detection of the level of serum igg antibody to hepatitis e virus].	the levels of serum igg antibody to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev-igg) was detected in serum specimens from 50 patients with acute sporadic hepatitis e and 20 healthy donors who were positive for anti-hev-igg by elisa titration. the results showed that the level of anti-hev-igg in acute hepatitis e patients was significantly higher than that in healthy donors and the average titer is 1:121 and 1:22, respectively (p < 0.01). so acute viral hepatitis e should be diagnozed when the titer of anti-hev- ...	1997	9868119
[a study on familial aggregation of hepatitis virus infection in fujian province].	in nine disease surveillance points of fujian province, positive serum antibody against hepatitis a virus (anti-hav), hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), antibody against hepatitis cvirus (anti-hcv) and antibody against hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) in people of 1,237 families were determined and their distribution was analyzed to study familial aggregation of hepatitis virus infection by fitting to binomial distribution. results showed that chi 2 of goodness-of-fit to binomial distribution was ...	1997	9863073
[a study on viremia in patients with hepatitis e].	hepatitis e virus rna (hev rna) was detected in 531 serial serum specimens collected from 62 hospitalized patients with hepatitis e by reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (rt-npcr) setting two pairs of primer from open reading frame 1 (orf1) to understand the process of hev infection more thoroughly. results showed that 71 percent of the patients were positive for hev rna. thirty-two of them with 288 serial serum specimens were followed up for the whole process, and 24 cases ( ...	1997	9863070
transmission of hepatitis e in germany.		1998	9861572
viral superinfection in previously unrecognized chronic carriers of hepatitis b virus with superimposed acute fulminant versus nonfulminant hepatitis.	the role of viral superinfection in hepatitis b surface antigen carriers with superimposed fulminant (n = 60) versus nonfulminant (n = 90) acute hepatitis was studied. the frequency of hepatitis a virus (hav) (0 versus 2.2%), hcv (18.3 versus 21.1%), hdv (15.0 versus 7.8%), and hev (1.7 versus 4.4%) infection showed no significant difference, while simultaneous hcv and hdv infection was significantly more prevalent in the former (8.3 versus 0%). only 3. 6% of fulminant cases and 3.3% of nonfulmi ...	1999	9854101
sporadic hepatitis e in austria.		1998	9841331
the attachment protein of hendra virus has high structural similarity but limited primary sequence homology compared with viruses in the genus paramyxovirus.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the attachment protein gene of hendra virus, a new member of the subfamily paramyxovirinae, has been determined from cdna clones derived from viral genomic rna. the deduced mrna is 2565 nucleotides long with one open reading frame encoding a protein of 604 amino acids, which is similar in size to the attachment protein of the members of the subfamily. however, the mrna transcript is >600 nucleotides longer than others in the subfamily due to the presence of lo ...	1998	9837786
hepatitis e virus: complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of a nepali isolate.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the nepali strain tk15/92 of hepatitis e (hev) was determined. it showed the highest sequence homology with the burmese b1 strain, but closer evolutionary relatedness to the indian strains. difficulties in reverse-transcribing and amplifying the hypervariable region in orf1 suggested that strong secondary structures might be intrinsically responsible for the high mutational rate observed in this region of the hev genome.	1998	9833882
routes of transmission in the hepatitis e epidemic of saharanpur.	a large waterborne epidemic of hepatitis e occurred in the city of saharanpur (uttar pradesh, india) between december 1992 and april 1993. a random survey was conducted in the affected area of saharanpur. source of water supply, number of family members, number and characteristics of affected persons were noted. blood, stool and water samples were collected. the incidence of hepatitis was 14% in the affected area of the city. a total of 3682 individuals were affected with the disease. attack rat ...	1998	9828709
clinical and viral marker pattern of acute sporadic hepatitis in children in madras, south india.	one hundred and twenty-seven children who presented with features of acute hepatitis during the period february 1995 to january 1996 were studied. specific aetiologic agents were identified in 89 per cent. of these, 67.7 per cent were due to a single virus, whereas 21.3 per cent were due to two or more hepatitis viruses. hepatitis a virus (hav) was the sole infecting agent in 38.6 per cent of cases, hepatitis b virus (hbv) in 13.4 per cent of cases, and hepatitis e virus (hev) in 15.7 per cent o ...	1998	9819489
the high rate of antibodies to hepatitis e virus in young, intravenous drug-abusers with acute hepatitis b-virus infection in a swedish community: a study of hepatitis markers in individuals with intravenously or sexually acquired hepatitis b-virus infection.		1998	9817531
hepatitis and travel abroad: a case report.	several distinct infections are grouped as hepatitis. although they are similar in many ways, they differ in etiology and in some epidemiologic, immunologic, clinical and pathologic characteristics. as well, their prevention and control vary greatly. the case reported here is a patient who developed hepatitis during a visit to pakistan, then a second infection upon return to the uk. subsequent tests indicate that the first episode was probably due to hepatitis e virus (hev), an enterically trans ...	1997	9815513
prevalence of igg anti-hev in buenos aires, a nonendemic area for hepatitis e.	hepatitis e virus (hev) is the main etiological agent for the enterically transmitted form of non-a, non-b hepatitis (et-nanb), and is associated with epidemic and sporadic forms of the disease,1 mainly in some developing countries.2 in argentina, no et-nanb hepatitis epidemics have been described, and no epidemiological hev data are known up to this time. the aim of the present study is to evaluate the prevalence of anti-hev in different groups of the population of buenos aires, an area conside ...	1997	9815490
illness in journalists and relief workers involved in international humanitarian assistance efforts in somalia, 1992-93.	background: journalists and relief workers participating in international relief efforts in somalia following the intervention of outside armed forces in late 1992, were faced with a number of threats to their health. principally these threats were from endemic infectious diseases and trauma. methods: in-patient, emergency clinic, and laboratory records of u.s. military field hospitals, which provided the only available sophisticated medical care in somalia during most of the study period (decem ...	1995	9815365
[a study on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hepatitis e in tianjin area].	using elisa to analyse 192 patients with hepatitis e (he) on their clinical and epidemiologyic characteristics, in tianjin area. result showed that 20 percent of the total patients diagnosed as viral hepatitis diseases belonged to he. the majority of he patients was middle-aged male with .78.6 percent of them infected through alimentary canal. five of them (2.6%) had a history of recent blood transfusion. the clinical picture of he was similar to ha, showing only the increase of alt and bil, but ...	1997	9812486
genetic and experimental evidence for cross-species infection by swine hepatitis e virus.	prior to the recent discovery of the swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev) in pigs from the midwestern united states, hev was not considered endemic to this country. since swine hev is antigenically and genetically related to human strains of hev, it was important to characterize this new virus further. the infectivity titer of a pool of swine hev in pigs was determined in order to prepare a standardized reagent and to evaluate the dose response in pigs. although the sequence of swine hev varied e ...	1998	9811705
comparative pathogenesis of haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) infection in turkeys and chickens.	the pathogenesis of haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) infection in chickens 3-4 days post-infection was compared with that in turkeys. as expected, infected turkeys showed hev-specific lesions that included enlargement and mottling of the spleen, as well as haemorrhagic enteritis. in infected chickens, only splenomegaly was observed. the number of hev-infected cells in the spleen was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the turkey than in the chicken. in both species, the immunohistochemical labe ...	1998	9807727
anti-hev in dialysis and renal transplant patients in an endemic region in chile.		1998	9799076
acute jaundice in vientiane, lao people's democratic republic.	analysis of serum samples from patients with acute jaundice by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction testing provided the first profile of this condition in vientiane, lao pdr, in 1995 and 1996. in a case-control, hospital-based study, evidence of acute infections due to hepatitis a and b viruses was found in 14% and 10% of cases, respectively. hepatitis e virus, however, did not appear to contribute to clinically recognized acute jaundice. similarly, antibody ...	1998	9798023
prevalence of igg-class antibodies against hepatitis e virus in a community of the southern amazon: a randomized survey.		1998	9797837
characterization of a strain of infectious hepatitis e virus isolated from sewage in an area where hepatitis e is not endemic.	raw sewage samples from an area where hepatitis e is not endemic (barcelona, spain) were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-pcr followed by nested pcr. one of the 37 tested samples showed a positive result for hepatitis e virus (hev). the detected strain was amplified by inoculation into rhesus monkeys, and the course of the infection was studied by analyzing serological and biochemical parameters and by monitoring the presence of hev in serum and feces. fecal suspensions from the rhesus monkeys ...	1998	9797311
neutralization of different geographic strains of the hepatitis e virus with anti-hepatitis e virus-positive serum samples obtained from different sources.	a recently developed polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based cell culture neutralization assay was used to investigate cross-neutralization of known hepatitis e virus (hev) strains obtained from various hev-endemic regions of the world with different anti-hev-positive serum samples. serum specimens obtained from cynomolgus macaques experimentally infected with strains from burma, mexico, or pakistan cross-neutralized the infectivity of each strain as well as an isolate from morocco. serum samples ...	1998	9791023
the complete dna sequence and genome organization of the avian adenovirus, hemorrhagic enteritis virus.	hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) belongs to the adenoviridae family, a subgroup of adenoviruses (ads) that infect avian species. in this article, the complete dna sequence and the genome organization of the virus are described. the full-length of the genome was found to be 26,263 bp, shorter than the dna of any other ad described so far. the g + c content of the genome is 34.93%. there are short terminal repeats (39 bp), as described for other ads. genes were identified by comparison of the dna ...	1998	9791022
spread of swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus from peripheral nerves to the cns.	swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) strain 67n was inoculated into the sciatic nerve or the right leg crural muscle of rats. in both cases, the virus was isolated first from the caudal half of the spinal cord on day 2 after inoculation, and from the rostral half of the spinal cord and the brain on day 3. the virus titers in the brain reached a maximum when the infected rats developed cns symptoms on day 5. using confocal laser scanning microscope, fluorescent positive cells were ...	1998	9782335
a serological survey of human coronavirus in pigs of the tohoku district of japan.	a total of 2496 swine sera from 60 farms in the tohoku district of japan was examined for hemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibodies to human coronavirus (hcv), swine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) and bovine coronavirus (bcv). hi antibodies to hcv oc43 strain and hev 67n strain were highly prevalent with positivity rates of 91.4 and 82.1%, respectively, while the bcv kakegawa strain was 44.2% positive. farm d in miyagi prefecture showed the highest antibody titers to hcv oc43 s ...	1998	9782320
hepatitis e virus rna detection in serum and feces specimens with the use of microspin columns.	this report describes the use of microspin columns for extraction of hepatitis e virus (hev) rna from stool and serum specimens for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and compares this method with the glass powder method. the microspin column method was found to be 1- to 2-log more sensitive in detecting hev rna than the glass powder method and had better reproducibility. the microspin column method also detected hev rna in a larger number of specimens than the glass powder ...	1998	9779621
the use of non-human primates as animal models for the study of hepatitis viruses.	hepatitis viruses belong to different families and have in common a striking hepatotropism and restrictions for propagation in cell culture. the transmissibility of hepatitis is in great part limited to non-human primates. enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses (hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus) can induce hepatitis in a number of old world and new world monkey species, while the host range of non-human primates susceptible to hepatitis viruses transmitted by the parenteral route (hepa ...	1998	9777010
[a new case of acute hepatitis type e in france].		1998	9775191
[partial nucleotide sequencing of 7 hepatitis e virus strains isolated from sera of patients with acute sporadic hepatitis e in china].	to compare partial nucleotide and amino acid sequences between epidemic and sporadic hepatitis e viruses (hev) in china and their relation to the frequency of hepatitis e (he).	1997	9772511
[acute autochtonus hepatitis e in lorraine].		1998	9762200
[viral contamination of food products: a poorly understood public health problem].	throughout the world there have been several epidemics of food-borne diseases (fbd) about which there is lack of sufficient information for public health institutions to take appropriate measures. this study was conducted for the purpose of contributing to the dissemination of information on these diseases and their etiologic agents, epidemiology, and control. the study was based on data from 61 sources, including review articles, reports of outbreaks, and databases. results reveal considerable ...	1998	9734216
prevalence of hepatitis e virus antibody in hemodialysis patients.		1998	9730711
experimental infection of pigs with the newly identified swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev), but not with human strains of hev.	a novel virus of pigs, swine hepatitis e virus (swine hev), was recently identified and shown to be antigenically and genetically related to human hev. in the present study, we attempted to infect specific-pathogen-free (spf) pigs experimentally with swine hev or with human strains of hev. serum samples collected from naturally infected pigs were used as the source of swine hev. pigs inoculated intravenously with serum samples containing swine hev seroconverted to anti-hev 4 to 8 weeks postinocu ...	1998	9722883
hepatitis e virus infection in eastern india.	most cases of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in india have so far been attributed to hepatitis e virus (hev) infection. most of the documented studies of hepatitis have focused on the incidence of this disease in northern, western, and south central india. a small seroprevalence study was conducted in the eastern indian city of patna to assess the degree of hev infection among acute sporadic hepatitis cases. forty-two percent (24 of 57) of the cases of acute sporadic hepatitis we ...	1998	9715942
hepatitis e virus and systemic sclerosis.		1998	9709473
infectious bursal disease and hemorrhagic enteritis.	infectious bursal disease (ibd) of chickens and hemorrhagic enteritis (he) of turkeys are caused by infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) and hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), respectively. both diseases have common features, including an acute stage followed by immunosuppression, resulting in lowered resistance to a variety of infectious agents and poor response to commonly used vaccines. the ibdv and hev infections are widespread in commercial chicken and turkey flocks, respectively. the acu ...	1998	9706087
the hepatitis e virus.		1993	9702257
etiologic considerations of fulminant non-a, non-b viral hepatitis in japan: analyses by nucleic acid amplification method.	the etiology of fulminant non-a, non-b hepatitis has remained unclear, even after the identification of hepatitis c and e viruses. to study the possible involvement of hepatitis b, c, d, and e virus infections, viral genomes were amplified by a sensitive polymerase chain reaction method in sera and liver tissues obtained from 20 patients serologically diagnosed with non-a, non-b fulminant hepatitis (n = 14), acute hepatitis severe type (n = 2), and ordinary acute hepatitis (n = 4). hepatitis c o ...	1998	9697711
hepatitis e in india.	institute of pediatric gastroenterology is superspecialised referral institute for all pediatric gastroenterological diseases from all over the country and for adjoining countries. we have our data and experience on 10,500 cases of proven hepatitis e (hev) in pediatric population. hev is non-enveloped 27-30 nm diameter rna virus, prototype for alpha-like supergroup of positive stranded rna virus. indian hev strain has 97% nucleotide and 98% amino acid sequence identity with chinese strains but m ...	1998	9684519
sequence analysis of the hendra virus nucleoprotein gene: comparison with other members of the subfamily paramyxovirinae.	the nucleoprotein (n) gene of hendra virus (hev), an unclassified member of subfamily paramyxovirinae in the family paramyxoviridae previously known as equine morbillivirus, was cloned and sequenced. the majority of the deduced amino acid sequence was further confirmed by direct sequencing of peptide fragments of the n protein derived from purified virions. the 3' untranslated sequence of the hev n gene mrna was 568 nt and was much longer than that observed in other paramyxovirinae. the n protei ...	1998	9680142
identification of a novel strain of hepatitis e virus responsible for sporadic acute hepatitis in taiwan.	hepatitis caused by the hepatitis e virus (hev) is a self-limited disease and occurs most frequently as epidemic or sporadic hepatitis in developing countries. the role of hev in sporadic acute hepatitis in areas without a history of hepatitis e epidemics is obscure. recently, it was found that more than 10% of the patients with acute non-a, non-b, non-c hepatitis in taiwan were associated with an acute hev infection. nucleotide sequences of the regions within the first open reading frame of hev ...	1998	9661839
antibodies to hepatitis e virus among several populations in greece: increased prevalence in an hemodialysis unit.	hepatitis e virus (hev) has been found to be the causative agent of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in tropical and subtropical countries. several investigators, however, have indicated that hev could be endemic in europe, albeit at a low prevalence.	1998	9661693
seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus among united nations mission in haiti (unmih) peacekeepers, 1995.	information about the prevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) infection is sparse in many countries. following the identification of four cases of acute hev infection among bangladeshi soldiers, a serologic survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of hev infection among other peacekeepers from the united nations mission in haiti (unmih) and haitian civilians. of the 981 participants in the survey, 876 were soldiers from eight unmih-participating countries representing asia, africa, and the ...	1998	9660454