Publications

electrophoretic type b2 of carboxylesterase b for characterisation of highly pathogenic escherichia coli strains from extra-intestinal infections.	the frequency of electrophoretic types b1 (fast mobilities) and b2 (slow mobilities) of carboxylesterase b, and alpha-haemolysin and mannose-resistant haemagglutinin (mrha) production were compared in 705 strains of escherichia coli isolated from cases of septicaemia, urinary tract infection (uti) and other extra-intestinal infections from different geographical origins, in particular france, america (usa and canada) and oceania (australia and new zealand). in all groups of strains, whether clas ...	1990	2231669
an outbreak of 'flu.		1990	2231518
black looks ... at when life begins.		1990	2213685
serological study of the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in asymptomatic patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	asymptomatic individuals seropositive for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were investigated for the presence of toxoplasma specific antibody. serological examination was performed using multiple assays. of 500 patients studied 133 had serological evidence of previous exposure to toxoplasma gondii. specific igm was detected in 7 patients using isaga and 2 patients by ds-elisa. the immunoglobulin-g annual seroconversion rate was calculated to be 0.75%. the results of this study indi ...	1990	2209744
multiple drug resistance in salmonellae in england and wales: a comparison between 1981 and 1988.	each year from 1981 through to 1988 the most common serotypes isolated from man in england and wales and identified at the division of enteric pathogens were s typhimurium, s enteritidis, and s virchow. in 1981 these three serotypes accounted for 45%, 12%, and 7% of isolations. the remaining 35% comprised strains belonging to a further 188 different serotypes, none of which accounted for more than 1% of the total. in 1988 s typhimurium accounted for 24% of isolations, s enteritidis 57%, and s vi ...	1990	2199536
abortion law in england: the medicalization of a crime.	abortion law in england has changed a great deal throughout its legal history. starting with total prohibition in common law and ending up a state regulated therapeutic medical procedure. the battle over abortion rights has been as large in england as in the us; however, the battle ground has been parliament, rather than the courts, as in the us. the reason for this stems mainly from the sovereignty of the parliament, which makes the english courts weaker than the us courts, which can actuall ...	1990	2197511
the first recorded blood transfusions: 1656 to 1668.	the transfusion of blood was only one of many scientific competitions in which the citizens of france and england engaged in the 1600s. this particular competition laid the foundations for transfusion therapy that were built on 100 years later when more was known about blood. at the time of the studies discussed here, the most important goal seemed to be the establishment of the primacy of the discovery by one or the other nation. in this, most scholars give lower and the english the first anima ...	1990	2190368
[the man behind the syndrome. harold sheehan. study of the mechanism behind postpartum necrosis of the hypophysis].		1990	2187134
plasmid profile typing can be used to subdivide phage-type 49 of salmonella typhimurium in outbreak investigations.	plasmid profile typing has been used to subdivide phage-type 49 of salmonella typhimurium, the most common phage type in humans in england and wales since 1985. twenty profile patterns have been identified in 350 strains examined. four profile patterns have been identified in 143 isolates from patients infected in 33 epidemiologically unrelated incidents and two patterns have predominated, st49:62 and st49:62, 1. these patterns were also common amongst s. typhimurium phage-type 49 isolated from ...	1990	2182328
halothane and hepatitis. incidence, predisposing factors and exposure guidelines.	despite early controversy, it is now recognised that halothane anaesthesia may be followed by abnormalities of liver function. the resulting hepatitis may take 1 of 2 forms: in type i, there is a minor degree of disturbance of liver function shown by increased serum transaminases or glutathione-s-transferase in up to 25 to 30% of patients; subsequent re-exposure to halothane is not necessarily associated with evidence of liver damage. in contrast, type ii hepatitis is often associated with massi ...	1990	2178633
sickness absence due to skin disorders in the coal mining industry.	i have examined sickness absence due to skin disorders at five collieries in the north east of england between 1978 and 1984, through sickness certificates kept for each man. a mean of 36.7 days per 100 men per year were lost through skin disease, with 2.3 men per 100 absent each year, of whom 36 per cent had bacterial infection of the skin, 25 per cent dermatitis, and 11 per cent epidermophytosis. however, dermatitis was the cause of the most days lost, with 2.9 days lost per man per year, comp ...	1990	2139150
the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a five year study in a london cohort of homosexual men.	progression rates from asymptomatic to symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection according to the cdc classification were prospectively studied in a cohort of 172 seropositive homosexual and bisexual men. the median follow-up time was 4 years. the progression from data of entry to the study to any group iv disease was 56% (se 7%) at 5 years. however, the progression from an estimated date of seroconversion to any group iv disease was 36% (se 4%) at 5 years. this was more than doub ...	1990	2133371
the elephant man. part ii.	this is the second in a series of three articles on joseph merrick, the elephant man. a description of his skeletal deformities is given, including details of the skull and dentition.	1990	2121198
tradimus. once an activist: a whistleblowing success story. interview by john naish.		1990	2119731
hiv infection and aids in england and wales: general practitioners' workload and contact with patients.	in mid-1988 a postal survey was conducted of one in five general practitioners in england and wales, to examine their contact with people with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) or with worries about hiv infection or aids. the response rate was 63.9%. of the 3339 respondents 22.7% knew of an asymptomatic hiv positive patient within their practice, 5.4% knew of a symptomatic hiv positive patient and 6.4% knew of a patient with aids. t ...	1990	2115352
the affirmation of human uniqueness.		1990	2111828
failure of influenza vaccine to prevent two successive outbreaks of influenza a h1n1 in a school community.	forty nine of the 149 boys (33%) at a preparatory school fell ill at the beginning of the autumn term 1986 with symptoms of influenza. one hundred and eighty two of the 470 pupils (39%) in the senior part of the same school had similar symptoms of influenza at the beginning of the spring term 1987. a new variant of influenza a h1n1 virus was isolated from both outbreaks and shown to be antigenically similar to a/taiwan/1/86. the attack rate among pupils who had previously received trivalent infl ...	1990	2107831
risk factors of female hiv-seropositive patients attending the clinic for sexually transmitted diseases at st mary's hospital, london.	of 3450 women tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1 and hiv-2 between september 1985 and july 1989, 61 were positive (1.8%). twenty-seven of these (44%) were presumed to have acquired their hiv infection by heterosexual contact and 23 (38%) were intravenous drug addicts. in geographical origin, 23 (38%) of the patients were from the uk and 19 (31%) from africa. amongst these 61 women, 2 (3%) have since died, one committed suicide and one was suspected of committing suicide.	1990	2103742
continuing medical education for general practitioners in north devon.	the establishment of a continuing medical education system for established principals in a semi-rural area is described. the essential requirement is a 'link man' in each general practice in the area. clinical tutors, course organisers and regional advisers are all actively involved to produce a regional educational policy.	1990	2099428
short-term prediction of hiv infection and aids: a critique of the working group's report to the department of health.	the report of the working group on the short-term prediction of aids/hiv (the cox report) is reviewed mainly to assess its calculations of the numbers of people in england and wales who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). two main methods are used in the report to estimate this total--the direct method and the back projection method. the direct method estimates the number of people infected with hiv by attempting to specify the numbers of people in various at-risk groups, a ...	1990	2099193
setting up a support service for male prostitutes in london.	estimating the number of male prostitutes working at any given time is fraught with difficulties. we suggest that perhaps around 600-700 men were selling sex in london in 1989. we report some preliminary observations gained during the setting up of a specific service for male prostitutes. of 32 male prostitutes seen, 26 worked as rent-boys, 4 worked through agencies and 2 worked independently from home. forty-one per cent had evidence of at least one sexually transmissible disease and 3 of 16 me ...	1990	2098154
experience in sheffield: follow-up of abnormal cervical cytology.	failure to re-attend for follow-up is a significant problem in patients attending genitourinary clinics. in this study, despite the efforts made to trac patients with cervical cytological abnormalities, adequate follow-up or further investigation was achieved in only 15.3% of women with inflammatory changes on initial cytology, 38.5% with herpes simplex virus changes, 34.5% with human papillomavirus changes, 60.8% with mild dyskaryosis, 79.9% with moderate dyskaryosis and 97% with severe dyskary ...	1990	2092795
new initiatives in a district aids counselling unit, 1988-89.	this paper describes the workload of the aids counselling unit in hampstead district health authority during its second year of service. between april 1988 and march 1989, the average number of patients seen each month by the unit doubled. it is anticipated that the caseload in the district will continue to increase, both among those with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and those without. new initiatives were developed within the district during the year. these included a new inpati ...	1990	2092784
recent developments in abortion law in industrialized countries.	an effort to bring new insights into the us abortion debate, this article reviews recent legal developments concerning abortion in 7 other industrialized countries. in addition to the us, the author examines developments in canada, england, ireland, france, belgium, romania, and bulgaria. in the us, the supreme court has become the battleground for an increasingly bitter abortion debate. the 1989 ruling in webster v. reproductive health services has setback the 1973 roe v. wade ruling which ...	1990	2089193
surveillance for anaemia: risk factors in patterns of milk intake.	the association between patterns of milk intake and anaemia was studied during a surveillance programme for iron deficiency anaemia. children aged 8-24 months were examined when they attended a routine immunisation clinic. haemoglobin was measured on finger prick blood samples using a portable haemoglobinometer, and a dietary questionnaire was completed, with special emphasis on the type and volume of milk intake and the age at which whole cows' milk was introduced. anaemia (defined as a haemogl ...	1990	2078206
relationships among given names in the scilly isles.	the pseudo-genetic analysis of given names shows that, in the scilly isles, coefficients of relationship of first names are similar on st mary's, the outer isles, and in the total sample of 5666 individuals married there in two and a half centuries. comparable coefficients of relationship of a sample of 1658 given names in marriages in england and wales in 1975 are considerably smaller, but similar within and between districts. the coefficients of relationship of given names on the scilly isles ...	1991	2061351
htlv-1 infection: the clinical spectrum widens.		1991	2056327
serological responses in volunteers to inactivated trivalent subunit influenza vaccine: antibody reactivity with epidemic influenza a and b strains and evidence of a rapid immune response.	a study of the immunogenicity of the inactivated trivalent subunit influenza vaccine for the 1989/90 season was performed in what proved to be an influenza epidemic year. one hundred student volunteers at the london hospital medical college participated in the study and the findings indicated that there was an excellent serological match between the epidemic strain of influenza a (h3n2) and the vaccine strain. before vaccination, the geometric mean titre (gmt) to a/england/308/89, a representati ...	1991	2051142
analysing the workload from hiv inpatients: a 10-month retrospective study.	to assess the clinical and laboratory workload arising from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related inpatient admissions in a london teaching hospital, a 10-month retrospective audit was performed of the casenotes of all hiv-infected inpatients admitted under the care of one consultant physician. during this period, 84 inpatients were identified who generated 371 admissions, of whom 71 (84.5%) had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). over two-thirds of admissions were essentially day ca ...	1991	2043715
the research imperative and bureaucratic control: the case of clinical research.	this paper examines the development of research ethics committees and explores some of the conflicts of value and role which surround the practice of medical research. the case of medical research on children is discussed as one which raises in an acute form concerns about consent and risk/benefit analysis. the paper draws on a survey of research ethics committees to illustrate their variety of structure and functioning, and to relate current practice to a model of bureaucratic control. bureaucr ...	1991	2024144
the case for family planning.	this paper briefly examines the troubled history of the rise of family planning services to full incorporation in the national health service by 1974, and argues for continued and increased governmental support of service provision. health promotion of family planning now extends to all men and women, and has become threatened by service cutbacks. family planning is crucial in preventing unwanted pregnancies and reducing infant, child, and maternal mortality. methods may help control the spre ...	1991	2008246
sexuality and sexually transmitted diseases in older men attending the genito-urinary clinic in birmingham.	eighty-seven men aged 60 years and over who attended the sole genito-urinary clinic in birmingham during the year 1989 had their records reviewed. sixty-five (75%) were sexually active and the most frequent complaints were penile soreness and urethral discharge. nineteen patients had positive serological tests for syphilis (tpha) and two men, both homosexuals, had positive hepatitis (hba2) serology. in this age group, compared to a caucasian, an afro-caribbean man had an odds ratio of 4.68 of ha ...	1991	2005609
availability of transplantable organs from brain stem dead donors in intensive care units.	by audit from january to june 1989 to quantify, separately for hearts, kidneys, liver, lungs and corneas, the possible increases in transplantable organs from brain stem dead potential donors in intensive care units and to compare them with the increases achieved in october-november 1989, during intense, national publicity about transplantation.	1991	1995135
[the man behind the syndrome. samuel a k wilson and hepatolenticular degeneration. the discovery of the connection with liver cirrhosis become a landmark for pathology and neurology].		1991	1994168
restriction site polymorphisms at the human hepg2 glucose transporter gene locus in caucasian and west indian subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.	digestion of human genomic dna with the restriction enzyme stui revealed a 2-allele polymorphism with a human hepg2 glucose transporter probe. bands of 3.2 kilobases (kb; s1 allele) and 2.6 kb (s2 allele) were observed. the genotype frequencies were investigated in 2 non-insulin-dependent diabetic populations. the genotype frequencies of s1s1, s1s2 and s2s2 were 6, 42 and 52% among caucasian diabetic subjects (n = 48), and 11, 38 and 51% in 47 controls, respectively. in west indian diabetic pati ...	1990	1968883
acquired immune deficiency syndrome: recommendations of a working party of the hospital infection society.	unified procedures to control those infections that are transmitted by inoculation of blood are recommended. these should be applied to patients with acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (aids), aids-related complex, persistent generalized lymphadenopathy or hepatitis b, those with serological evidence of infection by human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis b virus, and those in medical and social categories with a higher than average prevalence of such infections. when the identification of th ...	1990	1968481
epidemiology of shingles.	one thousand and nineteen patients with acute varicella zoster viral infection were referred to the physiotherapy department for treatment between 1978 and 1986. sixty per cent were women and 40% were men with a mean age of 58 years (range 9-96 years). the prevalence varied between 1.3 and 1.6 per 1000 per annum. the left side was affected in 52% while the right was affected in 48%. the thoracic dermatomes were the most commonly affected (56%) followed by cervical (17%), lumbar (10%), sacral (5% ...	1990	1962821
free trade in human sequence data?		1991	1961241
the economic implications of human salmonella infection.		1991	1960105
an unusual community outbreak of influenza a.	the hong kong h3n2 subtype of influenza a virus appeared in 1968 and since then has caused epidemics of varying degrees of severity. we describe a community outbreak of influenza a h3n2 which occurred in members of a bowls club in an english rural village in late april 1989. the explosive onset, high attack rate (34/41 = 83 per cent) in those exposed, and the clinical presentation initially suggested a toxic or allergic aetiology. twenty-three persons consulted their general practitioners; befor ...	1991	1958413
dogs as predictors of human epilepsy.		1991	1957464
25 years of infectious diseases.		1991	1954487
jackdaws and magpies as vectors of milkborne human campylobacter infection.	in 1990 we reported that milk bottles pecked by jackdaws and magpies were a probable source of human campylobacter infection. during april to june 1990 an extended study of campylobacter infections was carried out in the gateshead area. prior to the study a health education programme was undertaken in an attempt to reduce human infection. fifty-nine cases of human infection were recorded and 52 were interviewed. thirty were entered into a case control study which demonstrated a very strong assoc ...	1991	1936158
human listeriosis and paté: a possible association.	to study trends in human listeriosis and determine possible sources of infection.	1991	1932944
temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in a british skeletal population.	the potential role of dental function in tmj osteoarthritis is examined in an ancient british population. human skeletal remains from five archaeological sites in england (n = 369) were studied to assess the associations between the presence of osteoarthritis and dental function variables, in particular antemortem tooth loss and dental attrition. individuals aged over 17 years with at least a portion of either the left or right tmj were included in the study. each individual was scored for the o ...	1991	1928311
hla associations with autoimmune addison's disease.		1991	1926131
the frequency of a common anti-dna antibody idiotype (16/6) in different populations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.	the 16/6 anti-dna idiotype (id) is a pathogenic idiotype first identified on a human hybridoma antibody derived from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). the sa-1 anti-dna, which antibody was established in a similar fashion from a patient with polymyositis, also carries the 16/6 id, although it has a greater reactivity with dsdna. the presence of the 16/6 id as defined by anti-16/6 and anti-sa-1 was determined in 3 distinct populations of patients with sle: 502 mexicans, 98 englis ...	1991	1920308
incidence of numerical chromosome anomalies in human pregnancy estimation from induced and spontaneous abortion data.	induced abortion data provided an estimate of 4.7% numerical chromosome anomalies for women with a clinically recognized pregnancy at the end of the 7th week after the last menstrual period (lmp). this frequency requires that 51.9% of spontaneous abortions occurring after the 7th week should be chromosomally abnormal if the frequency of numerical chromosome anomalies at term (live and stillbirths combined) is 0.53%. cytogenetic data from surveys of spontaneous abortion suggested a lower incidenc ...	1991	1918307
a typhus-like illness caused by acute hiv seroconversion.	a patient is described in whom an acute human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion illness occurred following a trip to southern africa. the presentation was strikingly similar to that of african tick typhus and could only be distinguished by serological testing.	1991	1905405
course of brittle diabetes: 12 year follow up.	to determine the course of brittle diabetes.	1991	1904287
harold king. a notable contributor to anaesthesia.	harold king was an analytical chemist of distinction, who worked with sir henry dale and his colleagues in the medical research institute, later the medical research council. he helped to quash the theory that the anaesthetic action of ether was attributable to its impurities. interest in alkaloids led to the elucidation of the structure of hyoscine, the synthesis of muscarine and the first isolation of crystalline tubocurarine for which he proposed a structural formula, work which influenced bo ...	1991	1887980
live donation of human body parts: a case for negotiability?		1991	1886501
penicillin's forgotten man: norman heatley.		1991	1876832
[the history of the book, "the family horse doctor, or the art of healing one's own horse," by francis clater].	francis clater presumably was born in 1754 near nottingham. he became farrier after years of apprenticeships at newark and retford. in 1783 the first edition of his book "every man his own farrier" was published. within 50 years at least 30 editions were printed. this book was translated by pretot into french (1822), by s. von tennecker (1823) and by lentin (1834) into german and by turne (1838) into russian language. contents of some editions are compared and valued.	1991	1874137
a short history of occupational fitness and health promotion.	the suggestion of a linkage between adequate exercise and occupational health dates back to ramazzini's classical observations on cobblers and tailors. however, excessive hours of work at too high an intensity were of greater concern than increase of fitness or health promotion in the early phases of the industrial revolution. loss of physical condition is a more recent phenomenon, and it can be traced to automation in industry and the home, progressive urbanization, and widespread use of the au ...	1991	1862064
hiv/aids workshop for primary health care staff.	the purpose of this study was to develop and pilot a workshop to train general practitioners and other primary care workers to become competent in the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the development of the workshop took place at four venues in the south west thames region and involved 41 general practitioners and 33 primary care nurses. questionnaire evaluation before and immediately after each workshop showed a significant improvement in ...	1991	1857281
salivary and serum iga antibodies to the epstein-barr virus glycoprotein gp340: incidence and potential for virus neutralization.	human antibody responses to the epstein-barr virus (ebv) glycoprotein gp340 have been measured using purified preparations of the native molecule as the substrate in elisas. this glycoprotein is the dominant component of the ebv envelope and a major target for the virus-neutralizing antibody response. healthy virus carriers (both caucasian and chinese) regularly show detectable anti-gp340 igg in serum and, unexpectedly, 21-30% of these individuals are also serum anti-gp340 iga positive. chinese ...	1991	1850382
[the visual process as a theological analog of roger bacon's eye anatomy and physiology].	the author presents roger bacon's conception of the anatomy and physiology of the human eye. the knowledge of ocular function is a precondition to understand the laws of the "perspectiva", the science of seeing. but bacon doesn't stress perspective per se. the physical laws of light, which are to be analysed in geometrical forms, are analogous to those of the infusion of divine grace. optics (in the middle ages synonymous with perspective) seemed to be the model by which god spread his grace to ...	1991	1836074
history of clarke's stereotactic instrument.	the first original stereotactic instrument was designed by the turn of this century by the british surgeon, anatomist, and physiologist robert henry clarke. in 1905 james swift, in london, constructed the first machine, 'clarke's stereoscopic instrument employed for excitation and electrolysis'. it was first used in 1906 by clarke and victor horsley to create minute electrolytic lesions in the cns of animals. the stereotactic apparatus was patented by clarke in 1914 and cost 300 pounds. two furt ...	1991	1819133
breast-milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations of mothers in rural zaire.	the breast-milk calcium and phosphorus concentrations of 12 mothers living in a poor, rural area of zaïre have been measured serially over 18 months of lactation. calcium concentrations remained steady for the first 3-4 months and then decreased by approximately 27%. phosphorus concentrations decreased by an average of 16% during the first 6 months and then reached a low plateau. the calcium:phosphorus ratio decreased from 1.7 in early lactation to 1.3 after 15 months. a wide range of mineral co ...	1991	1810721
the elephant man.		1991	1795079
autonomic dysfunction in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.	autonomic function tests have been recorded in 40 male homosexual patients with serum antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and 12 male homosexuals without such antibodies. abnormalities of autonomic function were found in 15 of 31 patients without other recognized reasons for autonomic dysfunction. four patients had two or more test abnormalities. the profile of these abnormalities was found to be different from that of autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes and other disorder ...	1991	1782231
diffusion of in-vitro fertilization in the netherlands and england. an exploratory study.	in-vitro fertilization (ivf) is a relatively recent approach to overcoming human fertility problems. this study explored factors in the diffusion of ivf in england and in the netherlands. many factors were common to the two countries. governments in both countries have been passive, apparently wishing to avoid entering a controversial field. technology assessment has played little part in the diffusion process in these two countries.	1991	1778702
aids: knowledge, skills and attitudes among vocational trainees and their trainers.	in order to assess the adequacy of learning about the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in vocational training for general practice, a postal questionnaire survey was carried out among trainers and their trainees in seven health regions of england and scotland. a total of 616 trainers (62%) and 538 trainees (58%) responded to the questionnaire asking about their knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding hiv and aids. trainees' principal difficu ...	1991	1777293
antibiotic therapy, clinical features and outcome of 36 adults presenting to hospital with proven influenza: do we follow guidelines?	the impact of the 1989/1990 influenza epidemic on the nottingham hospitals was assessed in a retrospective survey. thirty-six cases of proven influenza were identified, 14 of whom died. non-survivors were more likely to be confused, uraemic and to lack focal chest signs and symptoms. antibiotic therapy both prior to admission and following hospitalization was not optimal and, in many cases, failed to follow previously published guidelines. such guidelines need emphasis during influenza epidemics ...	1991	1775424
distribution of oriental and german cockroaches, blatta orientalis and blattella germanica (dictyoptera), in the united kingdom.	results are presented of a survey carried out by rentokil ltd on the distribution of the oriental cockroach blatta orientalis l. and the german cockroach blattella germanica l. in the united kingdom. the known ranges of both species are increased considerably by the findings of the survey, with several new vice-county records for scotland (including the western isles), england and wales. the frequency at which blatta orientalis was observed in outdoor habitats may indicate that this species some ...	1991	1773117
the prevalence of toxocara canis ova in soil samples from parks and gardens in the london area.	toxocara canis is an ascarid parasite of the dog. human infection is acquired when ova of t. canis are ingested. parks and play areas contaminated with dog faeces are recognised as potential sources of infection. five hundred and twenty one soil samples were examined from fifteen parks and gardens in the greater london area to establish the prevalence of soil contamination in those facilities. samples were examined using a magnesium sulphate floatation method. t. canis ova were found in 6.3% of ...	1991	1767007
death, dying and the medical student.	the objective of this study was to determine the extent of medical students' experience of death and dying. a questionnaire was given to two groups of birmingham medical students at the beginning of clinical studies (third year) and in the final year which was designed to estimate their experience of death and of dying people. the questionnaire also explored the students' attitudes to their own future deaths. questionnaires were returned by 119 third-year and 143 final-year students. students ha ...	1991	1758331
is preterm delivery genetically determined?	surprisingly, the genetics of preterm delivery have received very little attention in the literature. possible explanations are the inability to obtain accurate information on the length of gestation in family studies and the heterogeneous nature of this disorder. in contrast to the many studies which consider the relative contribution of both genetic and environmental variance to the total variance of birthweight, few studies have examined the genetic basis of the duration of gestation in man. ...	1991	1754495
undergraduate education and recruitment in obstetrics and gynaecology.	the extent and quality of exposure to obstetrics and gynaecology that is required in the undergraduate curriculum has bearing on the knowledge, clinical skills and behaviour that are expected from the student. how much involvement should clinical obstetricians and gynaecologists have in teaching human reproduction and basic physiology and related science to the undergraduate? who should teach sexual medicine? what is the extent of practical experience which students should have? should the stude ...	1991	1748225
prostitutes, workers and kidneys: brecher on the kidney trade.	brecher argues that the practices of selling blood and kidneys are akin to the practices of prostitution and wage-labour since they all involve commodification and, by implication, should be subject to legal prohibition. i suggest that these practices need not involve commodification and that they should only be condemned if people are forced into them because of their lack of power. rather than these practices being prohibited, i suggest that it would be preferable if they were subject to state ...	1991	1741843
salmonella bacteraemia in england and wales, 1981-1990.	to report the incidence of nontyphoidal salmonellas in england and wales and identified in the division of enteric pathogens, london between 1981 and 1990.	1992	1740511
osteochondroma in a british neolithic skeleton.	the skeletal remains of past populations provide an important source of information on the natural history of disease. relatively few cases of bone tumours have been reported in archaeological material. this paper describes one of the oldest occurrences of osteochondroma to have been identified in a human skeleton.	1992	1737190
a review of 254 ectopic pregnancies in a teaching hospital in the trent region, 1977-1990.	a total of 254 cases of ectopic pregnancy were reviewed in a teaching hospital in sheffield, in three defined periods: i, 1977-9; ii, 1985-7 and iii, 1988-90. a previous history of infertility was noted in 37% of cases. overall, the presenting symptoms, clinical, laboratory, operative as well as histological findings, are in broad agreement with other series. the incidence increased steadily from 8.6 per 1000 total births in period i to 16.5 per 1000 total births in period iii. a number of chang ...	1991	1722218
cytotoxic drugs and the aquatic environment: estimation of bleomycin in river and water samples.	a radioimmunoassay has been used to determine levels of the anticancer drug bleomycin in sewage treatment works effluent, river and potable water samples. samples were concentrated 100-fold by lyophilisation and a final limit of detection of 5 ng l-1 was achieved. concentrations of immunoreactive bleomycin of between 11 and 19 ng l-1 were found in the effluents but a lower concentration range less than 5-17 ng l-1 was found in river and potable water samples. the risk to human health of ingestin ...	1990	1707456
breast-milk amylase activity in english and gambian mothers: effects of prolonged lactation, maternal parity, and individual variations.	breast milk contains an amylase that may contribute to carbohydrate digestion in infants. the aim of our study was to determine whether mothers differ in their breast-milk amylase activity and whether the activity is maintained during prolonged lactation. this was investigated by measuring breast-milk amylase activity by hydrolysis of maltotetraose in 63 english mothers of parity 1-5 and 107 gambian mothers of parity 1-12 who were at various stages of lactation (0.5-27 mo). amylase was present i ...	1990	1701531
prevalence of specific ige to storage mites (a. siro, l. destructor and t. longior) in an urban population and crossreactivity with the house dust mite (d. pteronyssinus).	the role of pyroglyphid mites in house dust allergy is well established and the major allergens from the common house dust mites (dermatophagoides species) have been characterized. there is, however, relatively little progress in the understanding of the human ige response to non-pyroglyphid storage mites, allergenic crossreactivity with other mite species and extent of environmental exposure. we studied 196 individuals from an urban environment who were not occupationally exposed to storage mit ...	1990	1695869
air quality in the vicinity of urban roads.	motor vehicle emissions are a major source of co, nox and lead particulate concentrations to urban air quality. london urban boroughs with high traffic densities are therefore a particular cause for concern. the air quality was monitored at an urban background site in the london borough of haringey for 2-years. the results of this study are assessed and their effect on human health is considered in the light of ec directives and who guidelines. a desk top modelling technique based on gaussian di ...	1990	1694303
growth factor-assisted chemotherapy--the manchester experience.	stimulation of red cell production by erythropoietin and of granulocyte production by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (g-csf) and granulocyte macrophage-csf (gm-csf) has been demonstrated in several clinical studies. the first study to show that a human csf could be used to shorten the period of neutropenia and reduce the risk of serious infection following intensive combination chemotherapy was carried out in manchester using g-csf. the period of neutropenia was significantly shortenened ...	1990	1690624
unusual pattern of influenza mortality in 1989/90.		1991	1683986
genetic polymorphisms at the human liver/islet glucose transporter (glut2) gene locus in caucasian and west indian subjects with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.	the liver/islet glucose transporter (glut2) is mainly expressed in the hepatocytes of the liver and the beta-cells of the pancreatic islets and a defect in this transporter could lead to diabetic phenotypes, such as relative hypoinsulinaemia and reduced uptake and metabolism of glucose in the liver. dna from unrelated individuals was digested with the restriction endonucleases bgl-i and taq-i followed by blotting and hybridisation with a 32p-labelled glut2 cdna which revealed three restriction f ...	1991	1683793
influenza a and meningococcal disease.		1991	1682561
phlebotomy in inoculation risk patients: a questionnaire survey of knowledge and practices of hospital doctors in liverpool.	to assess the knowledge of hospital doctors about patients at increased risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or hepatitis b virus, and the precautions they took during phlebotomy in such patients, an anonymous postal questionnaire was sent to all 307 hospital doctors working at two district general hospitals in liverpool, uk. two hundred and thirty-eight (77.5%) of the questionnaires were returned. more than 90% of respondents considered a history of male homosexuality, intr ...	1991	1682370
population variation in molecular polymorphisms of the short arm of the human x chromosome.	five dna probes (rc8, 754, xj 1-1, pert 87.8, and l1.28) from the short arm of the human x chromosome were investigated in samples from five populations (english, nigerian, chinese, muslim, and hindu from india). the variation in the allele frequencies of several probes between different groups was significant. the average heterozygosity in females of the five populations ranged from 32% to 51%. the genetic distance between the five groups was compatible with that using traditional polymorphic s ...	1991	1680294
influenza a and meningococcal disease.	there are several anecdotal accounts of the association between outbreaks of influenza and meningococcal disease. the exceptional increase in the number of cases of meningococcal infection 2 weeks after an influenza a outbreak in england and wales during november and december, 1989, provided an opportunity to investigate the relation between the two events. patients with meningococcal disease in december, 1989, were more likely than age-matched controls to show serological evidence of recent inf ...	1991	1678811
prevalence of maternal hiv-1 infection in thames regions: results from anonymous unlinked neonatal testing.	to monitor the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in the heterosexual population, residues of blood samples collected routinely on absorbent paper for neonatal screening (guthrie cards) in ne, nw, and sw thames regions in england have been tested for antibodies to hiv-1 since june, 1988. 323,369 dried blood spots were analysed to end march, 1991. prevalence of anti-hiv-1 in newborn babies has remained stable in outer london and non-metropolitan districts whereas prevalence in inner lon ...	1991	1675707
application of hazard analysis critical control point (haccp) to the handling of expressed breast milk on a neonatal unit.	hazard analysis critical control point (haccp) is a powerful procedure for ensuring quality and safety and has gained widespread use in industry. this paper describes the basic method which is a four-stage process including process analysis, hazard identification, identification of critical control points and devising effective control options. suggestions as to how the method can be adapted to the control of hospital infection are made. a haccp analysis, on the supply of expressed human breast ...	1991	1674260
schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 a2 influenza epidemic.	the birth dates of schizophrenic inpatients in eight health regions in england and wales were reviewed for any effect of the 1957 a2 influenza epidemic. 5 months after the peak infection prevalence, the number of births of individuals who later developed schizophrenia was 88% higher than the average number of such births in the corresponding periods of the 2 previous and the next 2 years. this finding is in accordance with a study from helsinki and with clinical and neuropathological evidence of ...	1991	1674062
acute respiratory infections.		1991	1669902
influenza activity.		1991	1669896
viral hepatitis, england and wales: 1989-91.		1991	1669858
influenza activity, england and wales.		1991	1669826
influenza surveillance.		1991	1669817
parainfluenza virus type 3: surveillance.		1991	1669815
respiratory infections in children.		1991	1669801
outbreaks of influenza b: 1991.		1991	1669799
hiv-2 in the united kingdom--a review.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) was first recognised in 1986 and subsequently the infection was shown to be widespread in west africa. there have been few case reports from countries outside the african continent. in north america and europe the highest number of infections have been in portugal and france. twelve hiv-2 infections have been identified in the united kingdom (uk) and nine of the twelve had some connection with africa, mostly west africa; in three cases only "sub-sahara ...	1991	1669765
voluntary antenatal hiv testing--results of a pilot study.	voluntary testing for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was offered to 4929 antenatal patients attending two hospitals in south manchester during a 12 month period in 1989/90 in order to assess the feasibility of obtaining seroprevalence data by this method. of these patients, 1728 (35%) agreed to a named test, 1396 (28%) to an unlinked anonymous test and the remaining 37% declined to be tested. the proportion of women tested increased from 22% to 88% over the period, and was simila ...	1991	1669760
screening of blood donations for hiv-1 antibody: 1985-1991.	one hundred and ninety hiv-1 antibody positive donors have been detected, out of 14.85 million blood donations screened in the united kingdom and the isle of man, since the start of testing in october 1985 to the end of march 1991. there were 145 men and 45 women, with an overall seropositivity rate of 0.001%. records for new donors (ie, those donating for the first time) have been kept since february 1986 and 79 out of 1.9 million donations have been seropositive (58 men and 21 women); a rate o ...	1991	1669759
influenza surveillance in england and wales: november 1990--june 1991.		1991	1669752