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trends in the antibiotic resistance patterns of enteric fever isolates - a three year report from a tertiary care centre.the incidence of multidrug resistant enteric fever is increasing alarmingly. this study was planned to determine the rate of isolation of salmonella spp. and to compare the isolates for their epidemiological parameters and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns at our center.201324043999
inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide are amplified in primary human monocytes but suppressed in macrophages by complement protein c5a.monocytes and macrophages are important innate immune cells equipped with danger-sensing receptors, including complement and toll-like receptors. complement protein c5a, acting via c5ar, is shown in this study to differentially modulate lps-induced inflammatory responses in primary human monocytes versus macrophages. whereas c5a enhanced secretion of lps-induced il-6 and tnf from primary human monocytes, c5a inhibited these responses while increasing il-10 secretion in donor-matched human monocy ...201324043889
fimy does not interfere with fimz-fimw interaction during type 1 fimbria production by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the production of type 1 fimbriae in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is controlled, in part, by three proteins, fimz, fimy, and fimw. amino acid sequence analysis indicates that fimz belongs to the family of bacterial response regulators of two-component systems. in these studies, we have demonstrated that introducing a mutation mimicking phosphorylation of fimz is necessary for activation of its target gene, fima. in addition, the interaction of fimz with fimw, a repressor of fima expre ...201324042120
new decontamination method based on caprylic acid in combination with citric acid or vanillin for eliminating cronobacter sakazakii and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in reconstituted infant formula.the antimicrobial effects of natural compounds (caprylic acid, ca; citric acid, cta; and vanillin, vnl) on the inactivation of cronobacter sakazakii and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium were examined in reconstituted infant formula. the samples were treated with: 1) ca, cta, or vnl alone (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 80 mm); 2) a combination of ca (10 and 20 mm) and cta (15 and 30 mm); and 3) a combination of ca (10 and 20 mm) and vnl (15 and 30 mm), at mild feeding temperatures (40 °c and ...201324042002
quantification and efficiency of lactobacillus sakei strain mixtures used as protective cultures in ground beef.lactobacillus sakei is a lactic acid bacterium, naturally associated with long term storage of fresh meat at low temperature. here we investigated the effect, on the evolution of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in ground beef, of l. sakei cocktails used as bioprotective cultures. we selectively developed a real time quantitative pcr method, allowing the quantification of individual l. sakei strains inoculated in ground meat with specific probes. six cocktails of three strains were tested ...201424041591
the plague of athens: an ancient act of bioterrorism?recent data implicate salmonella enterica serovar typhi as a causative pathogen of the plague of athens during the peloponnesian war (430-426 bc). according to thucydides, the sudden outbreak of the disease may link to poisoning of the water reservoirs by the spartans. the siege of a city was aimed at exhausting the supplies of a population, which often led to the outbreak and spread of epidemics. poisoning of the water reservoirs of a besieged city as an act of bioterrorism would probably short ...201324041196
commensal akkermansia muciniphila exacerbates gut inflammation in salmonella typhimurium-infected gnotobiotic mice.excessive mucin degradation by intestinal bacteria may contribute to inflammatory bowel diseases because access of luminal antigens to the intestinal immune system is facilitated. this study investigated how the presence of a mucin degrading commensal bacterium affects the severity of an intestinal salmonella enterica typhimurium-induced gut inflammation. using a gnotobiotic c3h mouse model with a background microbiota of eight bacterial species (sihumi) the impact of the mucin-degrading commens ...201324040367
stochastic simulation of endemic salmonella enterica serovar typhi: the importance of long lasting immunity and the carrier state.typhoid fever caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) remains a serious burden of disease, especially in developing countries of asia and africa. it is estimated that it causes 200,000 deaths per year, mainly in children. s. typhi is an obligate pathogen of humans and although it has a relatively complex life cycle with a long lived carrier state, the absence of non-human hosts suggests that well targeted control methods should have a major impact on disease. newer control methods ...201324040177
sandwich assay for mixed-sequence recognition of double-stranded dna: invader-based detection of targets specific to foodborne pathogens.a 96-well plate sandwich assay based on invader capture/signalling probes is used to recognize 28-mer mixed-sequence dsdna targets specific to salmonella enterica, campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli. targets are detected down to 20-55 pm concentration with excellent binding specificity.201324036937
requirement for cobalamin by salmonella enterica serovars typhimurium, pullorum, gallinarum and enteritidis during infection in chickens.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium synthesizes cobalamin (vitamin b12) only during anaerobiosis. two percent of the s. typhimurium genome is devoted to the synthesis and uptake of vitamin b12 and to b12-dependent reactions. to understand the requirement for cobalamin synthesis better, we constructed mutants of salmonella serovars enteritidis and pullorum that are double-defective in cobalamin biosynthesis (δcobsδcbia). we compared the virulence of these mutants to that of their respective w ...201124031771
identification and biological activity of potential probiotic bacterium isolated from the stomach mucus of breast-fed lamb.the lactic acid bacterium e isolated from the stomach mucus of breast-fed lamb was identified by sequencing of 16s rdna fragment and species-specific pcr as lactobacillus reuteri. its potential antimicrobial activity and ability to modulate immune system in vitro and in vivo was determined. the growth inhibition of potential pathogens decreased from staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica ser. minnesota to escherichia coli. the lowest inhibition activity was observed i ...201124031741
characterization of class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance genes in multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica isolates from foodstuff and related sources.in recent years, an increase in the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among salmonella enterica has been observed in several countries, which is worrisome because s. enterica is one of the most common causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide. the aim of this study was to characterize class 1 integrons and antibiotic resistance genotypes in salmonella enterica isolates recovered from foodstuff and related sources. nineteen multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella enterica isolates were recovere ...201124031680
expression of fljb:z66 on a linear plasmid of salmonella enterica serovar typhi is dependent on flia and flhdc and regulated by ompr.salmonella enterica serovar typhi z66-positive strains have two different flagellin genes, flic:d/j and fljb:z66, located on the chromosome and on a linear plasmid, respectively. to investigate the mechanism underlying the expressional regulation of fljb:z66, gene deletion mutants of the regulators flia, flhdc, and ompr were constructed in this study. the expression levels of flic and fljb:z66 were analyzed by qrt-pcr in the wild-type strain and mutants at high and low osmolarity. the results sh ...201024031550
effects of myrcia ovata cambess. essential oil on planktonic growth of gastrointestinal microorganisms and biofilm formation of enterococcus faecalis.the essential oil from the leaves of myrcia ovata cambess., commonly used in brazil for the treatment of gastric illnesses, was screened for antimicrobial activity and action in the formation of microbial biofilms by enterococcus faecalis. the oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using a clevenger-type system. its chemical composition was analyzed using gc and gc-ms. both mic and mbc of the essential oil were determined by broth microdilution techniques and agar dilution method. the essential o ...201024031537
yields from blood cultures of patients with suspected paratyphoid fever a.the yield and speed of detection of salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a from the blood of patients with suspected paratyphoid fever a in 13 500 paired aerobic and anaerobic bottles (aeb, anb) that were each filled with 5 ml of blood by the bact/alert 3d system were compared, and the blood bacterial counts of 1 000 probable patients were estimated by pour plate method. a total of 4 060 isolates were recovered, of these, 3 149 were recovered from both aeb and anb, 461 from the aeb only, and 4 ...201024031492
the contribution of genes required for anaerobic respiration to the virulence of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum for chickens.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is an intracellular pathogen of chickens. to survive, to invade and to multiply in the intestinal tract and intracellularly it depends on its ability to produce energy in anaerobic conditions. the fumarate reductase (frdabcd), dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso)-trimethylamine n-oxide (tmao) reductase (dmsabc), and nitrate reductase (narghij) operons in salmonella typhimurium (stm) encode enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration to the electron acceptors fumara ...200924031452
a defective mutant of salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum in cobalamin biosynthesis is avirulent in chickens.salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum (sg) is a fowl typhoid agent in chickens and is a severe disease with worldwide economic impact as its mortality may reach up to 80%. it is one of a small group of serovars that typically produces typhoid-like infections in a narrow range of host species and which therefore represents a good model for human typhoid. the survival mechanisms are not considered to be virulent mechanisms but are essential for the life of the bacterium. mutants of salmonella gal ...200924031393
mannanoligosaccharide agglutination by salmonella enterica strains isolated from carrier pigs.type-1 fimbriae are associated with most salmonella enterica serovars and are an essential factor for host colonization. mannanoligosaccharides (mos), a prebiotic that is agglutinated by type-1 fimbriae, are proposed for the control of enterobacteria colonization and may be an alternative to salmonella control in pigs. the aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of porcine salmonella strains to adhere to mos in vitro. a total of 108 strains of salmonella sp. isolated from carrier pigs w ...200924031388
molecular differentiation between salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar pullorum and salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar gallinarum.s. pullorum (sp) and s. gallinarum (sg) are very similar. they are the agents of pullorum disease and fowl typhoid, respectively, and the two diseases are responsible for economic losses in poultry production. although sp and sg are difficult to be differentiated in routine laboratory procedures, the ability to metabolize ornithine is a biochemical test that may be used to achieve this aim. while sp is able to decarboxylate this amino acid, sg is not. however, the isolation of strains showing at ...200924031341
validation of a predictive model describing growth of salmonella in enteral feeds.the growth of salmonella enterica subs. enterica sorovar typhimurium at 25ºc was monitored in industrialized and hospital formulated enteral feeds and the results were used to validate the mathematical model of salmonella growth presented by the pathogen modeling program (pmp) 7.0 (usda-usa). the generation time of salmonella in enteral feeds ranged from 21 to 34.8 min and, the maximum growth rate (μmax) varied from 1.28 to 1.95 h(-1), resulting in a population increase from 5 to 6 log10 cycles ...200924031335
control of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in laying hens by inactivated salmonella enteritidis vaccines.salmonella enteritidis is one of the agents that is responsible for outbreaks of human foodborne salmonellosis caused by salmonella enteritidis and is generally associated with the consumption of poultry products. inactivated salmonella enteritidis cell vaccine is one of the available methods to control salmonella enteritidis in breeders and laying hens, however results in terms of efficacy vary. this vaccine has never been tested in brazil, therefore, the present work was carried out to assess ...200824031235
cytotoxic t cell adjuvant effects of three salmonella enterica flagellins.bacterial flagellins are important virulence-associated factors and strong inducers of inflammatory responses in mammalian hosts. flagellins have also been investigated as potential vaccine adjuvants, either for induction of humoral or cellular immune responses, to different target antigens. in this study we investigated the adjuvant properties of three salmonella enterica flagellins types (flicd, flici and fljb) to an ovalbumin-derived cd8(+) t cell-restricted epitope (ova257-264). although mic ...200824031176
survival of foodborne pathogens on inshell walnuts.the survival of salmonella enterica enteritidis pt 30 or five-strain cocktails of s. enterica, escherichia coli o157:h7, and listeria monocytogenes was evaluated on inshell walnuts during storage. inshell walnuts were separately inoculated with an aqueous preparation of the pathogens at levels of 10 to 4 log cfu/nut, dried for 24 h, and then stored at either 4 °c or ambient conditions (23-25 °c, 25-35% relative humidity) for 3 weeks to more than 1 year. during the initial 24-h drying period, bac ...201324026009
sustained broad-spectrum antibacterial effects of nanoliposomes loaded with silver nanoparticles.the emergence of microbial resistance to antibiotics warrants the search for effective broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. silver nanoparticles (agnps) have been used as antimicrobial agents. agnps encapsulated in nanolipososmes have been developed as effective antimicrobial agents.201424024570
a novel insight on signal transduction mechanism of rcscdb system in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the rcscdb system of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is implicated in the control of capsule and flagella synthesis. the hybrid sensor rcsc, the phosphotransferase rcsd and the rcsb regulator, constitute the main components of the rcscdb system. the proposed rcs signaling cascade involves the autophosphorylation of rcsc and the transfer of the phosphate group to rcsb, mediated by rcsd. we previously reported that the overexpression of rcsb repress the transcription of rcsd by an autoregu ...201324023746
conformational changes of the bacterial type i atp-binding cassette importer hisqmp2 at distinct steps of the catalytic cycle.prokaryotic solute binding protein-dependent atp-binding cassette import systems are divided into type i and type ii and mechanistic differences in the transport process going along with this classification are under intensive investigation. little is known about the conformational dynamics during the catalytic cycle especially concerning the transmembrane domains. the type i transporter for positively charged amino acids from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (lao-hisqmp2) was studied by ...201424021237
tetracycline accelerates the temporally-regulated invasion response in specific isolates of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella isolates are associated with increased morbidity compared to antibiotic-sensitive strains and are an important health and safety concern in both humans and animals. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a prevalent cause of foodborne disease, and a considerable number of s. typhimurium isolates from humans and livestock are resistant to three or more antibiotics. the majority of these mdr s. typhimurium isolates are resistant to tetracycline, a commonly ...201324020473
the genomic blueprint of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhi p-stx-12.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhi is a rod-shaped, gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterium. it belongs to the family enterobacteriaceae in the class gammaproteobacteria, and has the capability of residing in the human gallbladder by forming a biofilm and hence causing the person to become a typhoid carrier. here we present the complete genome of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhi strain p-stx-12, which was isolated from a chronic carrier in varana ...201324019994
a non-classical assembly pathway of escherichia coli pore-forming toxin cytolysin a.cytolysin a (clya) is an α-pore forming toxin from pathogenic escherichia coli (e. coli) and salmonella enterica. here, we report that e. coli clya assembles into an oligomeric structure in solution in the absence of either bilayer membranes or detergents at physiological temperature. these oligomers can rearrange to create transmembrane pores when in contact with detergents or biological membranes. intrinsic fluorescence measurements revealed that oligomers adopted an intermediate state found d ...201324019520
novel determinants of intestinal colonization of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium identified in bovine enteric infection.cattle are naturally infected with salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and exhibit pathological features of enteric salmonellosis that closely resemble those in humans. cattle are the most relevant model of gastrointestinal disease resulting from nontyphoidal salmonella infection in an animal with an intact microbiota. we utilized this model to screen a library of targeted single-gene deletion mutants to identify novel genes of salmonella typhimurium required for survival during enteric inf ...201324019407
hfq and arca are involved in the stationary phase-dependent activation of salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) under shaking culture conditions.in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, many genes encoded within salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) are required to induce intestinal/diarrheal disease. in this study, we compared the expression of four spi1 genes (hila, invf, prgh, and sipc) under shaking and standing culture conditions and found that the expression of these genes was highest during the transition from the exponential to stationary phase under shaking conditions. to identify regulators associated with the stationary ...201324018968
the wbak acetyltransferase of salmonella enterica group e gives insights into o antigen evolution.o antigens are polysaccharides consisting of repeat units of three to eight sugars, generally assembled by genes in a discrete o antigen gene cluster. salmonella enterica produces 46 forms of o antigen, and most of the variation is determined by genes in the gene cluster. however in some cases the structures are modified by enzymes encoded outside of the gene cluster, and several such modifications have been reported for salmonella enterica group e, some with the genes on bacteriophages and one ...201324014662
rapid sample processing for detection of food-borne pathogens via cross-flow microfiltration.this paper reports an approach to enable rapid concentration and recovery of bacterial cells from aqueous chicken homogenates as a preanalytical step of detection. this approach includes biochemical pretreatment and prefiltration of food samples and development of an automated cell concentration instrument based on cross-flow microfiltration. a polysulfone hollow-fiber membrane module having a nominal pore size of 0.2 μm constitutes the core of the cell concentration instrument. the aqueous chic ...201324014538
foodborne illness outbreaks from microbial contaminants in spices, 1973-2010.this review identified fourteen reported illness outbreaks attributed to consumption of pathogen-contaminated spice during the period 1973-2010. countries reporting outbreaks included canada, denmark, england and wales, france, germany, new zealand, norway, serbia, and the united states. together, these outbreaks resulted in 1946 reported human illnesses, 128 hospitalizations and two deaths. infants/children were the primary population segments impacted by 36% (5/14) of spice-attributed outbreak ...201324010629
differences in biofilm formation of produce and poultry salmonella enterica isolates and their persistence on spinach plants.spinach plants were irrigated biweekly with water containing 2.1 log cfu salmonella/100 ml water (the maximum escherichia coli mpn recommended by the leafy greens marketing agreement; lgma), or 4.1 cfu salmonella/100 ml water to determine salmonella persistence on spinach leaves. green fluorescent protein expressing salmonella were undetectable by most-probable number (mpn) at 24 h and 7 days following each irrigation event. this study indicates that salmonella are unlikely to persist on spinach ...201324010621
use of marination for controlling salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes in raw beef.the effect of marination on the survival and growth of the pathogens salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes on beef pieces was investigated. five marinades were used: soy sauce base marinade without (sb) or with lactic acid (sbla), red wine base marinade without (wb) or with 0.5% v/v oregano essential oil (wbo), and sterile saline used as control (c). inoculated fresh beef pieces were marinated for 18 h at 5 °c, removed from the marinade and subjected to storage trials at 5 °c and 15 °c. ...201324010604
proof-of-concept study for successful inter-laboratory comparison of mlva results.multiple-locus variable-number of tandem repeats analysis (mlva) is widely used for typing of pathogens. methods such as mlva based on determining dna fragment size by the use of capillary electrophoresis have an inherent problem as a considerable offset between measured and real (sequenced) lengths is commonly observed. this discrepancy arises from variation within the laboratory set-up used for fragment analysis. to obtain comparable results between laboratories using different set-ups, some f ...201324008232
the ubiquitin ligase parkin mediates resistance to intracellular pathogens.ubiquitin-mediated targeting of intracellular bacteria to the autophagy pathway is a key innate defence mechanism against invading microbes, including the important human pathogen mycobacterium tuberculosis. however, the ubiquitin ligases responsible for catalysing ubiquitin chains that surround intracellular bacteria are poorly understood. the parkin protein is a ubiquitin ligase with a well-established role in mitophagy, and mutations in the parkin gene (park2) lead to increased susceptibility ...201324005326
altered expression and localization of ion transporters contribute to diarrhea in mice with salmonella-induced enteritis.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is an enteropathogen that causes self-limiting diarrhea in healthy individuals, but poses a significant health threat to vulnerable populations. our understanding of the pathogenesis of salmonella-induced diarrhea has been hampered by the lack of a suitable mouse model. after a dose of oral kanamycin, salmonella-infected congenic balb/c.d2(nrampg169) mice, which carry a wild-type nramp1 gene, develop clear manifestations of diarrhea. we used this model to ...201324001788
atlas salmonella detection method using transcription mediated amplification (tma) to detect salmonella enterica in a variety of foods and select surfaces.the atlas salmonella detection assay was compared to the reference culture methods for 12 foods and three surfaces. comparison of the atlas method to the u.s. food and drug administration bacteriological analytical manual (fda/bam) and u.s. department of agriculture-food safety and inspection service/microbiology laboratory guidebook (usda-fsis/mlg) reference methods required an unpaired approach. each method had a total of 320 samples inoculated with an s. enterica strain. each food and surface ...201324000758
comparison of 3m petrifilm aerobic count plates to standard plating methodology for use with aoac antimicrobial efficacy methods 955.14, 955.15, 964.02, and 966.04 as an alternative enumeration procedure: collaborative study.a multilaboratory study was conducted to determine the equivalence of the 3m petrifilm aerobic count plate and standard plating methodology for measuring viable bacteria and spores recovered from hard-surface carriers (stainless steel and porcelain), also known as "control carrier counts," used in aoac antimicrobial efficacy test methods. six laboratories participated in the study in which carriers inoculated with staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica, and spores of ...201324000742
evaluation of pre-pcr processing approaches for enumeration of salmonella enterica in naturally contaminated animal feed.three pre-pcr processing strategies for the detection and/or quantification of salmonella in naturally contaminated soya bean meal were evaluated.201423998352
effect of electropermeabilization by ohmic heating for inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes in buffered peptone water and apple juice.the effect of electric field-induced ohmic heating for inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and listeria monocytogenes in buffered peptone water (bpw) (ph 7.2) and apple juice (ph 3.5; 11.8 °brix) was investigated in this study. bpw and apple juice were treated at different temperatures (55°c, 58°c, and 60°c) and for different times (0, 10, 20, 25, and 30 s) by ohmic heating compared with conventional heating. the electric field strength was fixed at ...201323995939
microbiota-liberated host sugars facilitate post-antibiotic expansion of enteric pathogens.the human intestine, colonized by a dense community of resident microbes, is a frequent target of bacterial pathogens. undisturbed, this intestinal microbiota provides protection from bacterial infections. conversely, disruption of the microbiota with oral antibiotics often precedes the emergence of several enteric pathogens. how pathogens capitalize upon the failure of microbiota-afforded protection is largely unknown. here we show that two antibiotic-associated pathogens, salmonella enterica s ...201323995682
salmonella gallinarum field isolates from laying hens are related to the vaccine strain sg9r.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype gallinarum can cause severe systemic disease in chickens and a live salmonella gallinarum 9r vaccine (sg9r) has been used widely to control disease. using whole-genome sequencing we found point mutations in the pyruvate dehydrogenase (acee) and/or lipopolysaccharide 1,2-glucosyltransferase (rfaj) genes that likely explain the attenuation of the sg9r vaccine strain. molecular typing using pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multiple-locus variable ...201323994381
a novel method for purification of vi capsular polysaccharide produced by salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhi.vi capsular polysaccharide is the major component of vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccines. vi is synthesized during growth of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhi and is released into the fermentation broth in large quantities. along with the vi considerable amounts of impurities consisting of bacterial protein, nucleic acid and lipopolysaccharide (lps) as well as media components contaminate the fermentation broth. a purification method based on selective precipitation of vi usin ...201323994374
food-borne zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance of indicator bacteria in urban wild boars in barcelona, spain.wildlife is increasingly abundant in urban environments, but little is known about the zoonotic pathogens carried by these populations. urban wild boars are of particular concern because this species is well-known as a pathogen reservoir, and thus, we studied selected zoonotic pathogens in urban wild boars in barcelona, spain (n=41). salmonella enterica was found in 5.00% (95% ci 0.61-16.91) and campylobacter coli in 4.88% (95% ci 0.6-16.53) of the animals. e. coli o157:h7 and c. jejuni were not ...201323992794
mixed biofilm formation by shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium enhanced bacterial resistance to sanitization due to extracellular polymeric substances.shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium are important foodborne pathogens capable of forming single-species biofilms or coexisting in multispecies biofilm communities. bacterial biofilm cells are usually more resistant to sanitization than their planktonic counterparts, so these foodborne pathogens in biofilms pose a serious food safety concern. we investigated how the coexistence of e. coli o157:h7 and salmonella typhimurium strains would affec ...201323992495
prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing clinical salmonella enterica isolates in dakar, senegal, from 1999 to 2009.a total of 1623 clinical isolates of salmonella belonging to 229 serotypes were received by the senegalese reference center for enterobacteria from january 1999 to december 2009. the most common serotypes were enteritidis (19% of the isolates), typhi (8%), typhimurium (7%) and kentucky (4%). a significant increase in the prevalence of resistance to amoxicillin (0.9% in 1999 to 11.1% in 2009) and nalidixic acid (0.9% in 1999 to 26.7% in 2009) was observed in non-typhoidal salmonella serotypes. fo ...201423992040
non-contiguous finished genome sequence and description of salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae str. rks3027.salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae serovar 16:z4, z32:-- str. rks3027 was isolated from a human in illinois, usa. s. enterica subsp. houtenae is a facultative aerobic rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium. here we describe the features of this organism, together with the draft genome sequence and annotation. the 4,404,136 bp long genome (97 contigs) contains 4,335 protein-coding gene and 28 rna genes.201323991252
recombinant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as a vaccine vector for hiv-1 gag.the hiv/aids epidemic remains a global health problem, especially in sub-saharan africa. an effective hiv-1 vaccine is therefore badly required to mitigate this ever-expanding problem. since hiv-1 infects its host through the mucosal surface, a vaccine for the virus needs to trigger mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. oral, attenuated recombinant salmonella vaccines offer this potential of delivering hiv-1 antigens to both the mucosal and systemic compartments of the immune system. so ...201323989890
conducting nanosponge electroporation for affordable and high-efficiency disinfection of bacteria and viruses in water.high-efficiency, affordable, and low energy water disinfection methods are in great need to prevent diarrheal illness, which is one of the top five leading causes of death over the world. traditional water disinfection methods have drawbacks including carcinogenic disinfection byproducts formation, energy and time intensiveness, and pathogen recovery. here, we report an innovative method that achieves high-efficiency water disinfection by introducing nanomaterial-assisted electroporation impleme ...201323987737
trends of etiology and drug resistance in enteric fever in the last two decades in nepal: a systematic review and meta-analysis.prospective time-trend analyses on shifting etiology and trends of drug resistance in enteric fever are scarce. using published and unpublished datasets from nepal, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to understand the trends in etiology and resistance to antimicrobials that have occurred since 1993. thirty-two studies involving 21 067 salmonella enterica serotype typhi (st) and s. enterica serotype paratyphi a (spa) isolates were included. there was an increasing trend in enteric ...201323985342
genome and transcriptome adaptation accompanying emergence of the definitive type 2 host-restricted salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium pathovar.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium definitive type 2 (dt2) is host restricted to columba livia (rock or feral pigeon) but is also closely related to s. typhimurium isolates that circulate in livestock and cause a zoonosis characterized by gastroenteritis in humans. dt2 isolates formed a distinct phylogenetic cluster within s. typhimurium based on whole-genome-sequence polymorphisms. comparative genome analysis of dt2 94-213 and s. typhimurium sl1344, dt104, and d23580 identified few differe ...201323982073
decay of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli and bacteriophage ms2 on the phyllosphere and stored grains of wheat (triticum aestivum).cereal crops grown in the biosolids-amended soil can potentially become contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms during growth and at the time of harvesting. there is small but unquantified potential risk of transfer of enteric pathogens to humans and animals from contaminated plants and grains. this study examined decay of escherichia coli, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and bacteriophage ms2 on the wheat phyllosphere and on stored grains. this was done to assess the health implica ...201423980794
mechanism of antimicrobial action of sodium metasilicate against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.sodium metasilicate (sms) is an alkaline antimicrobial approved by the u.s. department of agriculture for use in poultry processing and ready-to-eat poultry products. the objectives of this study were to determine the effectiveness of sms against salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in suspension and to elucidate the antimicrobial mechanism of action of sms. salmonella typhimurium (atcc 14028) was exposed to 0 (positive control), 0.5%, 1%, 2% (wt/vol) sms and 0.1 n naoh (high ph) solutions fo ...201323980709
epithelial entry rather than the ensuing systemic immune response determines the pathogenicity of two salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains in a mouse model.most studies of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection focus only on the pathogenicity of one strain. we investigated whether differences in pathogenicity of two wild-type s. typhimurium strains; dt120 and sl1344, were related to gut invasion or the resulting immune response. oral administration of a ten-fold lower number of sl1344 (10(6) cfu) as compared to dt120 (10(7) cfu) resulted in higher bacterial counts in liver and lymph nodes, and led to massive neutrophil infiltration of th ...201323978790
innate immune detection of flagellin positively and negatively regulates salmonella infection.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a flagellated bacterium and one of the leading causes of gastroenteritis in humans. bacterial flagellin is required for motility and also a prime target of the innate immune system. innate immune recognition of flagellin is mediated by at least two independent pathways, tlr5 and naip5-naip6/nlrc4/caspase-1. the functional significance of each of the two independent flagellin recognition systems for host defense against wild type salmonella infection is ...201323977202
epidemic increase in salmonella bloodstream infection in children, bwamanda, the democratic republic of congo.salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bloodstream infection in children in sub-saharan africa, but few data are available from central-africa. we documented during the period november 2011 to may 2012 an epidemic increase in invasive salmonella bloodstream infections in hgr bwamanda, a referral hospital in equateur province, dr congo. salmonella spp. represented 90.4 % (103 out of 114) of clinically significant blood culture isolates and comprised salmonella typhimurium (54.4 %, 56 out of ...201423975545
physiological and functional characteristics of propionibacterium strains of the poultry microbiota and relevance for the development of probiotic products.the prevention and control of pathogens colonization through probiotics administration in poultry feeding is of increasing interest. the genus propionibacterium is an attractive candidate for the development of probiotic cultures as they produce short chain fatty acids (scfa) by carbohydrates fermentation. the presence of strains of this genus in hens of conventional production systems and backyard hens was investigated. propionibacteria were isolated from the intestine and identified by physiol ...201323973927
atg16l1 is required for autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells and protection of mice from salmonella infection.intestinal epithelial cells aid in mucosal defense by providing a physical barrier against entry of pathogenic bacteria and secreting antimicrobial peptides (amps). autophagy is an important component of immune homeostasis. however, little is known about its role in specific cell types during bacterial infection in vivo. we investigated the role of autophagy in the response of intestinal epithelial and antigen-presenting cells to salmonella infection in mice.201323973919
salmonella on feces, hides and carcasses in beef slaughter facilities in venezuela.this study determined salmonella prevalence at different stages during the slaughtering in three beef slaughter plants (a, b and c) located in the western region of venezuela (zulia and lara states). each facility was visited three times at monthly intervals, from the months october through december of 2006. samples were collected from hides (n=80), fecal grabs (n=80) and carcasses (n=80) at the phases of pre-evisceration, after-evisceration and pre-cooler at three sampling sites on the animals ...201323973832
emergence of pulsed electric fields resistance in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sl1344.in this investigation we selected and isolated a culture derived from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sl1344 with stable increased resistance to pulsed electric fields (pef) after repeated rounds of pef treatment and outgrowth of survivors. the resulting culture showed a higher resistance to pef treatments under different treatment conditions. the acquisition of pef resistance was only observed in stationary phase cells. the cytoplasmic membrane of the resistant variant showed a higher r ...201323973831
[salmonella serovars isolated in turkey up to the end of year 2011].bacteria in salmonella genus are separated into more than 2600 serovars. it is important that the isolated serovars and their sources are known in a certain country. this will help the identification of new salmonella serovars that will be isolated later on. since there is no salmonella reference center in turkey, salmonella serovars isolated in turkey were mainly reported by the articles of aksoycan's manuscripts in various years, and in the list of töreci and anğ in 1991. the aim of this meta- ...201323971922
genome sequence of salmonella enterica serovar typhi oral vaccine strain ty21a.attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi strain ty21a is an important vaccine for controlling typhoid fever and serves as an oral vector for delivering heterologous antigens. the key attenuating features of this randomly mutated strain remain in question. genome sequencing has revealed 679 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), and will help define alterations contributing to ty21a safety and immunogenicity.201323969054
roles of yehz, a putative osmoprotectant transporter, in tempering growth of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonella, a main cause of foodborne diseases, encounters a variety of environmental stresses and overcomes the stresses by multiple resistance strategies. one of the general responses to hyperosmotic stress is to import or produce compatible solutes so that cells maintain fluid balance and protect proteins and lipids from denaturation. the prop and prou systems are the main transport systems for compatible solutes. the osmu system, recently identified as a third osmoprotectant transport system ...201323966021
gastroenteritis outbreak associated with unpasteurized tempeh, north carolina, usa.during an investigation of an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi b variant l(+) tartrate(+), we identified unpasteurized tempeh as a novel food vehicle and rhizopus spp. starter culture as the source of the contamination. safe handling of uncooked, unpasteurized tempeh should be emphasized for prevention of foodborne illnesses.201323965530
[antibiotic resistance in nontyphoidal salmonellae serovars in the czech republic].to determine antibiotic resistance and incidence of multidrug resistance among nontyphoidal salmonellae serovars isolated from humans.201323964964
unique n-terminal arm of mycobacterium tuberculosis phop protein plays an unusual role in its regulatory function.mycobacterium tuberculosis phop, a master regulator involved in complex lipid biosynthesis and expression of unknown virulence determinants, is composed of an n-terminal receiver domain and a c-terminal effector domain. the two experimentally characterized phop orthologs, from escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, display vastly different regulatory capabilities. here, we demonstrate that the 20-residue-long n-terminal arm unique to m. tuberculosis phop plays an essential role in the expande ...201323963455
genetic lineages of salmonella enterica serovar kentucky spreading in pet reptiles.the purpose of the study was to define genetic diversity of reptilian salmonella enterica serovar (s.) kentucky isolates and their epidemiological relations to the ones from poultry, food, and environmental origin in poland. between 2010 and 2012 twenty-four s. kentucky isolates derived from snakes (n=8), geckos (n=7), chameleons (n=4), agamas (n=1), lizard (n=1), and environmental swabs taken from reptile exhibition (n=3) were identified. they were characterized with antimicrobial minimal inhib ...201323962467
signal peptide etiquette during assembly of a complex respiratory enzyme.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a gram-negative pathogen capable of respiration with a number of terminal electron acceptors. tetrathionate reductase is important for the infection process and is encoded by the ttrbca operon where ttra and ttrb are metallocofactor-containing proteins targeted to the periplasmic side of the membrane by two different tat targeting peptides. in this work, the inter-relationship between these two signal peptides has been explored. molecular genetics and b ...201323961722
antimicrobial activity of amazonian medicinal plants.the aqueous extracts of currently utilized amazonian medicinal plants were assayed in vitro searching for antimicrobial activity against human and animal pathogenic microorganisms.201323961431
the ferric enterobactin transporter fep is required for persistent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection.most bacterial pathogens require iron to grow and colonize host tissues. the gram-negative bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium causes a natural systemic infection of mice that models acute and chronic human typhoid fever. s. typhimurium resides in tissues within cells of the monocyte lineage, which limit pathogen access to iron, a mechanism of nutritional immunity. the primary ferric iron import system encoded by salmonella is the siderophore abc transporter fepbdgc. the fep system ...201323959718
simultaneous near-infrared radiant heating and uv radiation for inactivating escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in powdered red pepper (capsicum annuum l.).this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of the simultaneous application of near-infrared (nir) heating and uv irradiation for reducing populations of food-borne pathogens, including salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli o157:h7 in red pepper powder and to clarify the mechanisms of the lethal effect of the nir-uv combined treatment. also, the effect of the combination treatment on quality was determined by measuring changes in color and pungency constituents. s ...201323956394
free-living turtles are a reservoir for salmonella but not for campylobacter.different studies have reported the prevalence of salmonella in turtles and its role in reptile-associated salmonellosis in humans, but there is a lack of scientific literature related with the epidemiology of campylobacter in turtles. the aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of campylobacter and salmonella in free-living native (emys orbicularis, n=83) and exotic (trachemysscripta elegans, n=117) turtles from 11 natural ponds in eastern spain. in addition, different types of samples ...201323951312
the tip of the tail needle affects the rate of dna delivery by bacteriophage p22.the p22-like bacteriophages have short tails. their virions bind to their polysaccharide receptors through six trimeric tailspike proteins that surround the tail tip. these short tails also have a trimeric needle protein that extends beyond the tailspikes from the center of the tail tip, in a position that suggests that it should make first contact with the host's outer membrane during the infection process. the base of the needle serves as a plug that keeps the dna in the virion, but role of th ...201323951045
diverse secreted effectors are required for salmonella persistence in a mouse infection model.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium causes typhoid-like disease in mice and is a model of typhoid fever in humans. one of the hallmarks of typhoid is persistence, the ability of the bacteria to survive in the host weeks after infection. virulence factors called effectors facilitate this process by direct transfer to the cytoplasm of infected cells thereby subverting cellular processes. secretion of effectors to the cell cytoplasm takes place through multiple routes, including two separate ty ...201323950998
a whole-cell biosensor for the detection of gold.geochemical exploration for gold (au) is becoming increasingly important to the mining industry. current processes for au analyses require sampling materials to be taken from often remote localities. samples are then transported to a laboratory equipped with suitable analytical facilities, such as inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (icp-ms) or instrumental neutron activation analysis (inaa). determining the concentration of au in samples may take several weeks, leading to long delays i ...201323950889
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar manhattan strain 111113, from an outbreak of human infections in northern italy.we announce the draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar manhattan strain 111113, isolated from a patient during an outbreak in northern italy. the genome, which was obtained with illumina miseq technology, is composed of 21 contigs for a total of 4,684,342 bp, with a g+c content of 52.17%.201323950133
structural characteristics of thermostable immunogenic outer membrane protein from salmonella enterica serovar typhi.in this work, we explored the acid-induced unfolding pathway of non-porin outer membrane protein (omp), an immunogenic protein from salmonella typhi, by monitoring the conformational changes over a ph range of 1.0-7.0 by circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence, ans binding, acrylamide quenching, and dynamic light scattering. the spectroscopic measurements showed that omp in its native state at ph 7.0 exists in more stable and compact conformation. in contrast, at ph 2.0, omp retains substanti ...201423949993
genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance profiles of salmonella enterica serotype derby isolated from pigs, pork, and humans in france.in france, salmonella enterica serotypes typhimurium and derby are the most often isolated serotypes in pigs. moreover, serotype derby usually ranks between third and fourth in prevalence among human isolates in france. the aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic relationships between human and pig salmonella derby isolates based on their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns after xbai, blni, and spei restriction and on their antimicrobial resistance profiles. the 196 studied i ...201323944749
physical interactions of fish protamine and antisepsis peptide drugs with bacterial membranes revealed by combination of specular x-ray reflectivity and grazing-incidence x-ray fluorescence.as a defined model of outer membranes of gram negative bacteria, we investigated the interaction of monolayers of lipopolysacchrides from salmonella enterica rough strains r90 (lps ra) with natural and synthetic peptides. the fine structures perpendicular to the membrane plane and the ion distribution near the interface were determined by specular x-ray reflectivity (xrr) and grazing-incidence x-ray fluorescence (gixf) in the presence and absence of divalent cations. the unique combination of xr ...201323944490
evaluation of nanoparticles as endocytic tracers in cellular microbiology.the study of pathogen interactions with eukaryotic host cells requires the introduction of fluorescent probes to visualize processes such as endocytosis, intracellular transport or host cell manipulation by the pathogen. here, three types of fluorescent nanoparticles (nps), i.e. rhodamine-labeled polymethacrylate (pma) nps, silica nps and gold nps, were employed to label the host cellular endolysosomal system and monitor manipulations by the pathogen salmonella enterica. using live cell imaging, ...201323942623
detection of biological contaminants on foods and food surfaces using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (libs).the rapid detection of biological contaminants, such as escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica , on foods and food-processing surfaces is important to ensure food safety and streamline the food-monitoring process. laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (libs) is an ideal candidate technology for this application because sample preparation is minimal and results are available rapidly (seconds to minutes). here, multivariate regression analysis of libs data is used to differentiate the liv ...201323941554
attachment of bacterial pathogens to a bacterial cellulose-derived plant cell wall model: a proof of concept.this study aimed to establish, as a proof of concept, whether bacterial cellulose (bc)-derived plant cell wall models could be used to investigate foodborne bacterial pathogen attachment. attachment of two strains each of salmonella enterica and listeria monocytogenes to four bc-derived plant cell wall models (namely, bc, bc-pectin [bcp], bc-xyloglucan [bcx], and bc-pectin-xyloglucan [bcpx]) was investigated. chemical analysis indicated that the bcpx composite (31% cellulose, 45.6% pectin, 23.4% ...201323941519
optimization of antimicrobial combined effect of organic acids and temperature on foodborne salmonella and escherichia coli in cattle feed by response surface methodology.despite the importance of feedstuffs and feed ingredients in the food chain, few studies have analyzed the effectiveness of usual methods for the microbial decontamination of feeds. this work aimed to study the combined effect of temperature and organic acids (formic or lactic) on the inactivation of 10 isolates of salmonella enterica and escherichia coli obtained from vegetable feed ingredients, including cereals and other processed materials, in cattle feed. a central composite design was used ...201323941518
the putative thiosulfate sulfurtransferases pspe and glpe contribute to virulence of salmonella typhimurium in the mouse model of systemic disease.the phage-shock protein pspe and glpe of the glycerol 3-phosphate regulon of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium are predicted to belong to the class of thiosulfate sulfurtransferases, enzymes that traffic sulfur between molecules. in the present study we demonstrated that the two genes contribute to s. typhimurium virulence, as a glpe and pspe double deletion strain showed significantly decreased virulence in a mouse model of systemic infection. however, challenge of cultured epithelial cel ...201323940650
baseline antibody titres against salmonella typhi in apparently asymptomatic hiv positive individuals in a tertiary care hospital.enteric fever is common in tropical regions and is caused by salmonella enterica serotype typhi (s typhi ). for diagnosis of enteric fever, the widal test is the most widely used test after blood culture. in hiv infected individuals false positive and false negative widal reactions are common. the result is variable titres and baseline titres that are unusual in this patient population.201323940495
a low-ph medium in vitro or the environment within a macrophage decreases the transcriptional levels of fima, fimz and lrp in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.many salmonella typhimurium isolates produce type 1 fimbriae and exhibit fimbrial phase variation in vitro. static broth culture favours the production of fimbriae, while solid agar medium inhibits the generation of these appendages. little information is available regarding whether s. typhimurium continues to produce type 1 fimbriae during in vivo growth. we used a type 1 fimbrial phase-variable strain s. typhimurium lb5010 and its derivatives to infect raw 264.7 macrophages. following entry in ...201323938383
[salmonella is a rare cause of meningitis in infants].in developed countries, invasive disease caused by non typhoidal salmonella spp. is rare. here we present a danish case of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) meningitis in an infant who had no underlying diseases. the child had had no known expositions, and the source of the infection was never identified. the chance of finding uncommon microorganisms as cause of invasive infections such as meningitis and the choice of initial empiric antimicrobial treatments is discussed.201323937875
identification of immunogenic salmonella enterica serotype typhi antigens expressed in chronic biliary carriers of s. typhi in kathmandu, nepal.salmonella enterica serotype typhi can colonize and persist in the biliary tract of infected individuals, resulting in a state of asymptomatic chronic carriage. chronic carriers may act as persistent reservoirs of infection within a community and may introduce infection to susceptible individuals and new communities. little is known about the interaction between the host and pathogen in the biliary tract of chronic carriers, and there is currently no reliable diagnostic assay to identify asympto ...201323936575
pathoadaptive mutations in salmonella enterica isolated after serial passage in mice.how pathogenic bacteria adapt and evolve in the complex and variable environment of the host remains a largely unresolved question. here we have used whole genome sequencing of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 populations serially passaged in mice to identify mutations that adapt bacteria to systemic growth in mice. we found unique pathoadaptive mutations in two global regulators, phoq and stpa, which increase the competitive indexes of the bacteria 3- to 5-fold. also, all mouse-adapt ...201323936152
fecal shedding of zoonotic food-borne pathogens by wild rodents in a major agricultural region of the central california coast.recent outbreaks of food-borne illness associated with the consumption of produce have increased concern over wildlife reservoirs of food-borne pathogens. wild rodents are ubiquitous, and those living close to agricultural farms may pose a food safety risk should they shed zoonotic microorganisms in their feces near or on agricultural commodities. fecal samples from wild rodents trapped on 13 agricultural farms (9 produce, 3 cow-calf operations, and 1 beef cattle feedlot) in monterey and san ben ...201323934490
cell-free supernatants obtained from fermentation of cheese whey hydrolyzates and phenylpyruvic acid by lactobacillus plantarum as a source of antimicrobial compounds, bacteriocins, and natural aromas.cheese whey hydrolyzates supplemented with phenylpyruvic acid (ppa) and commercial nutrients can be efficiently metabolized by lactobacillus plantarum cect-221 to biosynthesize some compounds with attractive applications in the food market. the main metabolites of cell-free extracts were antimicrobial compounds such as phenyllactic acid (pla) and lactic acid (la). the production of pla by l. plantarum cect-221 was evaluated in the man-rogosa-sharpe broth supplemented with two biosynthetic precur ...201323934083
working group on quality, safety and efficacy of typhoid vi capsular polysaccharide conjugate, vaccines, jeju, republic of korea, 5-7 september 2012.typhoid fever is a gastrointestinal disease transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated water or food. the bacterium, salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhi is an important cause of illness and death in many poor countries where access to safe water and basic sanitation is limited. humans are the only natural host and reservoir of s. typhi. typhoid fever causes around 21 million cases and at least 200,000 deaths per year. currently, several groups are developing typhoid conj ...201323933367
nasal vaccination with attenuated salmonella expressing vapa: tlr2 activation is not essential for protection against r. equi infection.virulent strains of rhodococcus equi have a large plasmid of 80-90kb, which encodes several virulence-associated proteins (vap), including vapa, a lipoprotein highly associated with disease. we have previously demonstrated that oral immunisation with attenuated salmonella enterica typhimurium strain expressing the antigen vapa (stm vapa+) induces specific and long-term humoral and cellular immunity against r. equi. it was shown that vapa activates toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) on macrophages by es ...201323933366
genetic boundaries to delineate the typhoid agent and other salmonella serotypes into distinct natural lineages.the deadly human typhoid agent was initially classified as a species called salmonella typhi but later reclassified as a serovar of salmonella enterica together with other pathogenically diverse serovars. the dynamic changes of salmonella taxonomy reflect the need to clarify the phylogenetic status of the salmonella serovars: are they discrete lineages or variants of a genetic lineage? to answer this question, we compared s. typhi and other salmonella serotypes. we found that the s. typhi and sa ...201323933189
detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases and ampc β-lactamases in salmonella enterica isolates from patients in denmark during 2008-2010. 201323932741
the annexin a2/p11 complex is required for efficient invasion of salmonella typhimurium in epithelial cells.the facultative intracellular pathogen, salmonella enterica, triggers its own uptake into non-phagocytic epithelial cells. invasion is dependent on a type 3 secretion system (t3ss), which delivers a cohort of effector proteins across the plasma membrane where they induce dynamic actin-driven ruffling of the membrane and ultimately, internalization of the bacteria into a modified phagosome. in eukaryotic cells, the calcium- and phospholipid-binding protein annexin a2 (anxa2) functions as a platfo ...201423931152
infection of chickens with antimicrobial-resistant salmonella enterica typhimurium dt193 and monophasic salmonella typhimurium-like variants: an emerging risk to the poultry industry?antimicrobial-resistant salmonella enterica poses a particular risk to public health, and in particular isolates belonging to clonal lineages such as salmonella typhimurium dt104 cause epidemics across species including poultry. in recent years, antimicrobial-resistant s. typhimurium dt193 and specifically the monophasic s. typhimurium-like variants of this phage type, serotypes 4,12:i:- and 4,5,12:i:-, have become an increasing risk to public health in europe and the usa and now account for nea ...201323930753
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