Publications

sequence analysis of the apical membrane antigen-1 genes (ama-1) of plasmodium yoelii yoelii and plasmodium berghei.		1996	8813699
a method for the quantitative assessment of malaria parasite development in organs of the mammalian host.	a non-radioactive pcr method was developed to quantify the development of malaria parasites in the infected host. this was achieved by using plasmodium genus-specific primers corresponding to the parasite's small subunit ribosomal rna genes. the quantification of the pcr product was performed by high performance liquid chromatography, and calibration curves were obtained by amplification from defined quantities of purified plasmodium genomic dna. using this method, it was possible to quantify de ...	1996	8813659
malaria, blood glucose, and the role of tumour necrosis factor (tnf) in mice.	hypoglycaemia in falciparum malaria is associated with a poor prognosis and is correlated with mortality. high levels of serum tnf are also correlated with disease severity and mortality, and it has been suggested that tnf may cause the hypoglycaemia. however hypoglycaemia in mice infected with plasmodium chabaudi or the lethal strain of p. yoelii ym is related to hyperinsulinaemia. its development was not prevented by treatments which diminished tnf activity or production without affecting leve ...	1996	8809132
antimalarial and toxic effects of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (s)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine in plasmodium berghei-infected mice.	plasmodium berghei-infected mice died with low levels of parasitemia after repeated intraperitoneal administration (five times at 15 mg kg of body weight-1 every other day) of the in vitro active antimalarial acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (s)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(s)-hpmpa]. toxicological studies showed that the main cause of death resulted from (s)-hpmpa-induced nephrotoxicity. although concomitant intraperitoneal administration of the tubular epithelium transport bl ...	1996	8807044
the malaria sporozoite's journey into the liver.	perhaps the most challenging event of the malaria parasite's lifecycle is the sporozoite's journey to the hepatocyte. because few parasites are injected by the mosquito, they must be efficiently and rapidly targeted to hepatocytes, where they will invade and develop into merozoites, the form of the parasite infective for red blood cells. little is known about how sporozoites make their way to the liver and subsequently invade hepatocytes. some evidence suggests that they are initially trapped by ...	1996	8805080
studies on heme and heme oxygenase during plasmodium berghei infection in golden hamsters.	heme and heme degrading enzymes namely heme-oxygenase (ho) and biliverdin reductase (br) were monitored in liver and spleen during plasmodium berghei infection in golden hamsters. there was a sequential rise in the levels of heme and ho with the rise in parasitaemia. br was also significantly increased in these organs following infection.	1995	8786168
the large difference in infectivity for mice of plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii sporozoites cannot be correlated with their ability to enter into hepatocytes.	sporozoites of p. yoelii nigeriensis are 50-100-times more infective to mice than the strain nk65 of p. berghei. to study the mechanisms involved in this striking difference in the infectivity of these closely related species of malaria parasites, we have developed a quantitative pcr targeted to parasite-specific ribosomal rna. using this method, we detect rna from a single sporozoite, and exo-erythorcytic forms of rna in the livers of mice injected with 200 sporozoites. we find that 20 h after ...	1996	8784767
antimalarial activity of novel arylene bis(methylketone) compounds.	because of the spread of drug-resistant plasmodium species, there is an urgent need for novel effective antimalarial agents. a series of arylene bis(methylketone) compounds were screened in vitro against a number of plasmodium falciparum clones and in vivo against plasmodium berghei. 2-amino-4-(3,5-diacetylphenyl)amino-1,6-dimethylpyrimidinium chloride (cytokine network inc. [cni]-h0294) was the most effective of the compounds in vitro, with an ic50 of 1.5-4.0 microm against parasite clones with ...	1996	8769633
comparison of numerous delivery systems for the induction of cytotoxic t lymphocytes by immunization.	a variety of vaccine delivery systems including peptides with various adjuvants, recombinant particles, live recombinant viruses and bacteria and plasmid dna were tested for their ability to induce cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) against a well-defined epitope (amino acids 252-260) from the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium berghei. we compared routes of immunization that would be applicable for the administration of a malaria vaccine in humans. the majority of these vaccines did no ...	1996	8765044
naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids exhibit strong growth-inhibiting activities against plasmodium falciparum and p. berghei in vitro--structure-activity relationships of dioncophylline c.	the growth-inhibiting activities of naturally occurring naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids against asexual blood stages of plasmodium falciparum (nf 54, clone a1a9) and p. berghei (anka) were studied in vitro. three of the alkaloids [7-epi-dioncophylline a (8b), dioncolactone a (4), and 5'-o-demethyl-8-o-methyl-7-epidioncophylline a (11)] displayed good activities against both parasites, with median inhibitory concentrations (ic50) of 1-5 micrograms/ml. dioncophylline c (2), however, was even better ...	1996	8762401
participation of lymphocyte subpopulations in the pathogenesis of experimental murine cerebral malaria.	we determined the requirement for selected lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in the pathogenesis of experimental murine cerebral malaria (cm) by using gene-targeted knockout and mab-suppressed mice. plasmodium berghei anka infection induced cm in a 0/0 mice, which lack expression of surface mhc class ii glycoproteins and consequently express a severe and chronic reduction in numbers of cd4+ t cells. however, when a 0/0 mice, which are on a c57bl/6 x 129 genetic background, or immune-intact c57bl/ ...	1996	8759747
immunity to plasmodium berghei exoerythrocytic forms derived from irradiated sporozoites.	the nature of immunity generated by plasmodium berghei exoerythrocytic (ee) stages developing from irradiated sporozoites was studied using in vivo parameters of host protection on immunization with irradiated sporozoites and in vitro parameters of inhibition of sporozoite invasion and ee form development by serum antibodies from immunized mice. on in vivo challenge of immunized mice by sporozoites, protection was observed in an irradiation-dose-dependent manner. this finding stresses that prote ...	1996	8740544
pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines as conformationally restricted analogues of the antibacterial agent trimethoprim.	conformationally restricted analogues of the antibacterial agent trimethoprim (tmp) were designed to mimic the conformation of drug observed in its complex with bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). this conformation of tmp was achieved by linking the 4-amino function to the methylene group by one- and two-carbon bridges. a pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, a dihydro analogue, and a tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of dhfr. one analogue showed activity equi ...	1996	8735847
comparison of adjuvant formulations for cytotoxic t cell induction using synthetic peptides.	we have investigated the capacity of synthetic peptides delivered in different adjuvant formulations to induce cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) responses to a class i h-2kd-restricted plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite epitope, cs 252-260. using three immunogen formulations: soybean emulsion; montanide isa720; and lipopeptide (p3-cs), we first evaluated the effects of immunization routes on ctl induction. no ctl response was induced in mice immunized s.c. or i.p. with cs peptide formulated in soybe ...	1996	8735553
[erythrocyte immunity and regulating factors in mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka strain].	after seventy-two icr mice were inoculated with plasmodium berghei anka strain, parasitaemia was revealed in all animals inoculated in two to seven days. during the course the number of malaria parasites increased rapidly from 2.3 +/- 1.3 x 10(3) on d2 to 93.7 +/- 1.8 x 10(3) on d7, the number of erythrocytes increased from 8.2 +/- 0.9 x 10(12)/l on d0 to 11.1 +/- 1.0 x 10(12)/l on d2 and then decreased gradually, reaching 1.9 +/- 0.4 x 10(12)/l on d7, and the number of white blood cells appeare ...	1995	8732077
patterns of haemozoin accumulation in tissue.	a sensitive fluorometric method for assaying malarial pigment, haemozoin, has been developed and used to determine the haemozoin content of blood and tissue samples. plasmodium falciparum rings and trophozoites were found to contain 23 and 339 ng haemozoin/10(6) parasitized red blood cells (prbcs), respectively. unsynchronized plasmodium berghei nk65 or anka parasites from infected mice contained 27 and 61 ng haemozoin/10(6) prbcs, respectively. an exponential accumulation of haemozoin within 18 ...	1996	8728992
the course of plasmodium berghei, p. chabaudi and p. yoelii infections in beta-thalassaemic mice.	in order to study the effects of acclimatization of plasmodium in beta-thalassaemic mice, we used a mouse model of beta-thalassaemia (dba/2j/beta-thal/beta-thal), similar to that observed in humans. we acclimatized 3 rodent malarias (p. berghei, p. chabaudi and p. yoelii) in dba/2j and dba/2j/beta-thal mice lines, by 4 intraperitoneal serial transfers. all 3 rodent malarias developed in red blood cells of beta-thalassaemic mice without losing their virulence. there was no delay in infection and ...	1996	8728990
antimalarial properties of soy-bean fat emulsions.	intralipid and ivelip are commercial preparations of soy-bean lipid extracts used for intravenous supplementation of lipids in various clinical conditions. they were found to inhibit the growth of plasmodium falciparum in culture with an ic50 of 8.07 +/- 2.13 and 13.32 +/- 2.05 mg.ml-1, respectively. intralipid rapidly and efficiently inhibited nucleic acid synthesis in cultured p. falciparum, exhibiting full inhibitory activity in less than 2 h. ivelip injected intraperitoneally, was found by t ...	1995	8719958
[malaria parasite dna and rna changes connected with acquired resistance to chloroquine].		1996	8714121
the within-host cellular dynamics of bloodstage malaria: theoretical and experimental studies.	the properties of a mathematical model of bloodstage infection with a single strain of malaria were investigated. analysing the cell population dynamics in the absence of a host immune response we demonstrate a relationship between host and parasite parameters that defines a criterion for the successful invasion and persistence of the parasite. important parameters are the rates of merozoite production and death and those of erythrocyte production, death and invasion. we present data from experi ...	1996	8710412
effects of artesunate on immune function in mice.	to study the effects of artesunate (dihydroartemisinine-12-alpha-succinate, art) on immune function in mice.	1995	8701764
[ca++ ion transport blockers as reversants of the drug resistance of malarial parasites. 1. the effect of verapamil on the resistance to chloroquine in vivo of plasmodium berghei and in vitro of plasmodium falciparum].	the reversing action of verapamil on the effect of chloroquine was found in in vivo experiments by using a model p. berghei resistant to chloroquine, an lnk65 isolate having a naturally lower resistance to the agent, and its polyresistant strain with the acquired resistance to chloroquine and fansidar, as well as by employing the chlorine-resistant p. falciparum isolates from the south of the socialist republic of vietnam. the magnitude of this effect was related to the dose of verapamil, the fr ...	1996	8700004
wistar rat-plasmodium berghei model does not approximate human congenital malaria.	until recently, congenital malaria was thought to be rare. now, several reports suggest that more than 10% of newborns in some settings are parasitemic. the pathophysiology of transplacental transmission of plasmodium is not well understood, and no animal model of congenital malaria exists. a rodent model of malaria in pregnant females, however, has been developed. in an effort to test the usefulness of this model in the study of congenital malaria, wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally wi ...	1996	8691374
toward a novel metal-based chemotherapy against tropical diseases. 2. synthesis and antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo of new ruthenium- and rhodium-chloroquine complexes.	chloroquine free base (cq) reacts with [rh(cod)cl]2 (cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) and rucl3.-3h2o/zn to yield rh(cod)(cq)cl (1) and [rucl2(cq)]2 (2), respectively. the two novel metal- cq complexes, which were characterized mainly by 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopy, were tested against plasmodium berghei. the in vitro activity of 1 was comparable to that of chloroquine diphosphate (cqdp), whereas 2 was about 5 times more active. in in vivo tests at equivalent concentrations of free cq, cqdp reduced the ...	1996	8676344
plasmodium berghei mouse model: antimalarial activity of new alkaloid salts and of thiosemicarbazone and acridine derivatives.	sixteen compounds were synthesized and evaluated on plasmodium berghei in cd1 mouse. the nature of the salt associated to the active principle can give some advantages in the field of activity, bioavailability and toxicity. beta-resorcylic acid was chosen in this study because of its previously described antimalarial activity and its expected enhancement of quinine antimalarial activity. while treatment with subcutaneous quinine sulphate at 1 mmol/kg cured 6/10 mice, quinine beta-resorcylate cur ...	1996	8673843
efficient binding to the mhc class i k(d) molecule of synthetic peptides in which the anchoring position 2 does not fit the consensus motif.	peptides eluted from the mhc class i k(d) molecule are generally nonamers that display a strong preference for tyr in position 2 and ile or leu in position 9. we investigated the binding ability of several synthetic peptides which did not fit this consensus motif. in our peptides, tyr(2) was substituted by other amino acids, i.e. leu, ile or met. these peptides were variants of the 252-260 k(d)-restricted peptide syipsaeki derived from the plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein. they bound ...	1996	8654564
trafficking of plasmodium chabaudi adami-infected erythrocytes within the mouse spleen.	plasmodium chabaudi adami causes a nonlethal infection in mice. we found that crisis, the time of rapidly dropping parasitemia, was abrogated by splenectomy, indicating the role of spleen in parasite killing. the factors that mediate spleen-dependent immunity are not known. an earlier study in plasmodium berghei-infected rats showed an association between increased clearance of heat-treated erythrocytes and the onset of crisis [wyler, d. j., quinn, t. c. & chen, l.-t. (1982) j. clin. invest. 67, ...	1996	8643449
dietary iron supplementation does not aggravate experimental malaria in young rats.	the hypotheses that iron-deficient hosts are less susceptible to severe malaria and that iron supplementation aggravates infection have been supported by some clinical and experimental evidence. in the present study, the course of plasmodium berghei infection was monitored in an experimental model of dietary iron deficiency and iron supplementation. weanling wistar rats were fed purified diets with different iron concentrations: 20 mg/kg (group d, n = 24), 50 mg/kg (group n, n = 24) and 100 mg/k ...	1996	8632220
mhc class i-dependent presentation of exoerythrocytic antigens to cd8+ t lymphocytes is required for protective immunity against plasmodium berghei.	t lymphocytes are believed to play a major role in protection against malaria. previous experiments using in vivo depletion of cd8+ t cells, reconstitution with cd8+ t splenic cells, and adoptive transfer of cd8+ ctl clones demonstrated that protection against the exoerythrocytic stage of the murine strain, plasmodium berghei malaria, was cd8+ t cell-dependent. despite evidence for the critical role of cd8+ ctl, neither the cellular nor the molecular requirements for cd8+ t cell induction or for ...	1996	8617963
attenuated vaccinia virus-circumsporozoite protein recombinants confer protection against rodent malaria.	nyvac-based vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the circumsporozoite protein (csp) were evaluated in the plasmodium berghei rodent malaria model system. immunization of mice with a nyvac-based csp recombinant elicited a high level of protection (60 to 100%). protection did not correlate with cs repeat-specific antibody responses and was abrogated by in vivo cd8+ t-cell depletion. protection was not enhanced by modification of the subcellular localization of csp. these results suggest the pote ...	1996	8613376
sulfated polyanions inhibit invasion of erythrocytes by plasmodial merozoites and cytoadherence of endothelial cells to parasitized erythrocytes.	sulfated proteoglycans have been shown to be involved in the binding of sporozoites of malaria parasites to hepatocytes. in this study, we have evaluated the effect of sulfated glycosaminoglycans on the invasion of erythrocytes by plasmodium falciparum merozoites and cytoadherence of parasitized erythrocytes (prbc) to endothelial cells. invasion of erythrocytes by hb3ec-6 (an hb3 line selected for high binding to endothelial cells) was inhibited by dextran sulfate 500k, dextran sulfate 5k, sulfa ...	1996	8606103
interferon-gamma and the induction of protective igg2a antibodies in non-lethal plasmodium berghei infections of mice.	mice treated with anti-ifn-gamma monoclonal antibodies were unable to recover from infection with an attenuated variant of p. berghei (pb xat) which causes non-lethal malaria in normal mice. on the other hand, treatment with anti-il-4 monoclonal antibodies had no effect on the course of infection. ifn-gamma was produced by spleen cells in vitro during the early phase of the infection. treatment with anti-ifn-gamma suppressed development of an anti-plasmodial igg2a immunoglobulin isotype in the s ...	1995	8587787
plasmodium berghei: sensitivity of chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive strains to irradiation and the effect of irradiated malaria parasites on cytochrome p450-dependent monooxygenases.	differences in sensitivities of chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of plasmodium berghei were observed following irradiation of the parasites. a dose of 15 kilorads from a cobalt-60 source killed the erythrocytic stages of the chloroquine-sensitive strain and no parasitemias were observed when mice were injected with these irradiated parasites. in contrast, when the chloroquine-resistant strain was irradiated with the same dose of cobalt-60 and injected into mice, an infecti ...	1995	8581351
expression of a plasmodium gene introduced into subtelomeric regions of plasmodium berghei chromosomes.	targeted integration of exogenous dna into the genome of malaria parasites will allow their phenotype to be modulated by means of gene disruption or the stable expression of foreign and mutated genes. described here is the site-specific integration through reciprocal exchange, and subsequent expression, of a selectable marker gene into the genome of the pathogenic, bloodstage forms of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. stable integration of a single copy of the marker gene (retained ...	1996	8571132
the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. l. the activities of some synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant parasites. part 3: observations on 'fenozan-50f', a difluorinated 3,3'-spirocyclopentane 1,2,4-trioxane.	a novel difluorinated 3,3'-spirocyclopentane 1,2,4-trioxane ('fenozan-50f') is a potent blood schizontocide against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant rodent malaria parasites. it also exerts some action against pre-erythrocytic schizogony, is a potent gametocytocide, and exerts a direct sporontocidal effect in infected mosquitoes. in the '4-day test' the ed90s are 6.8 and 6.0 mg/kg/day for four consecutive days by the subcutaneous and oral routes respectively against drug-sensitive plasmodium be ...	1993	8561518
susceptibility to plasmodium berghei infection in rats is modulated by the acute phase response.	brown norway (bn) and sprague dawley (sd) rats are known to differ in their susceptibility to infection with sporozoites of plasmodium berghei, as measured by the density of liver schizonts. because of the known inhibitory effect of non-specific immunomodulators on schizont development, we compared some aspects of the acute phase response in these two rat strains. lps induced il-6 production was measured in supernatants of spleen cells and peritoneal macrophages of both strains. sd rats, which a ...	1995	8552412
syntheses and antimalarial activities of n-substituted 11-azaartemisinins.	a two-step reaction sequence between artemisinin and methanolic ammonia followed by treatment with amberlyst 15 yielded 11-azaartemisinin in 65% yield. substituting a variety of primary alkyl- and heteroaromatic amines for ammonia in the reaction sequence yields n-substituted 11-azaartemisinins in similar or greater yield. when amberlyst 15 is replaced by a mixture of sulfuric acid/silica gel, both 11-azaartemisinin and the expected metabolite, 10-azadesoxyartemisinin, are formed in 45% and 15% ...	1995	8544181
effect of fatty acid treatment in cerebral malaria-susceptible and nonsusceptible strains of mice.	cerebral malaria-susceptible (c57bl/6) mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka (pba) developed low parasitemia and died from typical neurological symptoms between 8 to 10 days after infection. in contrast, nonsusceptible (balb/c) mice developed high peripheral blood parasitemia and died 22-24 days later without neurological implications. daily injections of fatty acids (fa) during the first 3 days after infection protected c57bl/6 mice from cerebral symptoms but had no effect on balb/c mice. ...	1995	8544078
antimalarial activity of oxidized starch and cellulose imine derivatives.	with the purpose of screening potential antimalarial agents, oxidized starch imine derivatives of sulfonamides or pyrimidine - derivatives of sulfisoxazole (ml8), sulfameter (ml11) and trimethoprim (ml13) - and oxidized cellulose imine derivatives of dapsone (ml14), sulfadiazine (ml17), sulfamethoxazole (ml18), sulfisoxazole (ml19), sulfamethoxypyridazine (ml20) and sulfameter (ml22) were submitted to in vivo biological assays with mice infected with plasmodium berghei. only ml11 was 100% curati ...	1995	8527105
evaluation of resistant-reversal, cdri compound 87/209 and its possible mode of action in rodent experimental malaria.	the resurgence of malaria in form of resistance against chloroquine (cq) has decreased the importance of the drug as a chemotherapeutic agent. if an agent in combination with cq can make cq resistant plasmodia susceptible to cq, the problem of drug resistance may then be solved. use of conventional drugs like verapamil, desipramine along with cq suggested the feasibility of this approach. this report is concerned with a new class of compound, cdri compound 87/209 (15 mg/kg b. wt.) which is given ...	1995	8525290
proteolysis of a 34 kda phosphoprotein coincident with a decrease in protein kinase activity during the erythrocytic schizont stage of the malaria parasite.	protein phosphorylation events may play important roles in the replication and differentiation of the malarial parasite. investigations into the lability of a plasmodium protein kinase revealed that a 34 kda parasite phosphoprotein is rapidly converted into a 19 kda fragment. coincident with this conversion is a nearly total loss of a protein kinase activity, as determined from the phosphorylation of endogenous protein substrates. both the conversion of the 34 kda protein to the 19 kda protein a ...	1995	8520577
reversal of chloroquine resistance in murine malaria parasites by prostaglandin derivatives.	an oligomeric ester of prostaglandin b2 (oc-5186) was found to reverse chloroquine resistance in the murine malarial parasite plasmodium berghei. when mice were infected with either chloroquine-sensitive or -resistant p. berghei on day 0 (by intraperitoneal injection of 1 x 10(6) parasitized erythrocytes), they died before day 23. when treated with 15 mg/kg/day of chloroquine for the first four days of infection, all mice infected with the sensitive-strain survived, while all those infected with ...	1993	8517483
a 54-kda protein overexpressed by chloroquine-resistant plasmodium berghei anka strain.	using an insoluble chloroquine-adsorbent, a 54-kda protein (with a range of 50-60 kda) was extracted from serum of mice infected with chloroquine-resistant (cr) plasmodium berghei anka strain. immunoblotting assay with antiserum against the 54-kda protein showed that the content of the protein was higher in serum of mice infected with the cr parasites than that of mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive (cs) p berghei anka strain, and that instead of the 54-kda protein, a set of 15-, 16-, and 2 ...	1993	8503289
effect of chloroquine on hepatic heme-oxygenase during plasmodium berghei infection in mice.	hepatic heme-oxygenase and heme levels were monitored during plasmodium berghei infection and chloroquine treatment in swiss albino mice. a progressive increase in heme-oxygenase and heme levels was noticed with the rise in parasitemia. further, chloroquine treatment did not result in any change towards normal heme-oxygenase and heme content, when they were assayed a week after cessation of drug treatment. chloroquine treatment of non-parasitized and parasitized mice resulted in significant loss ...	1993	8496005
hemoglobin catabolism and host-parasite heme balance in chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant plasmodium berghei infections.	catabolism of host hemoglobin by the malaria parasite liberates required amino acid precursors, but is also releases large amounts of potentially toxic heme that accumulates in parasite food vacuoles during intra-erythrocytic development. the schizonticidal drug chloroquine binds to free heme with high affinity and is concentrated in parasite food vacuoles. to better understand the disposition of heme within the host-parasite complex, we studied the balance of hemoglobin and heme in plasmodium b ...	1993	8480854
the novel hydroxynaphthoquinone 566c80 inhibits the development of liver stages of plasmodium berghei cultured in vitro.	the causal prophylactic activity of the novel hydroxynaphthoquinone, 566c80, was assessed against the exo-erythrocytic (ee) stages of plasmodium berghei cultured in the human hepatoma cell line, hepg2. 566c80 was found to be highly active as an inhibitor of ee development and was more active than the established causal prophylactic pyrimethamine. a 566c80 concentration of 1.85 x 10(-9) m, added 3 h after sporozoite invasion, reduced the numbers of ee forms visible at 48 h by 50 degrees o, while ...	1993	8479795
differential t cell receptor photoaffinity labeling among h-2kd restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte clones specific for a photoreactive peptide derivative. labeling of the alpha-chain correlates with j alpha segment usage.	using a direct binding assay based on photoaffinity labeling, we studied the interaction of t cell receptor (tcr) with a kd-bound photoreactive peptide derivative on living cells. the kd-restricted plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite (pbcs) peptide 253-260 (yipsaeki) was reacted nh2-terminally with biotin and at the tcr contact residue lys259 with photoreactive iodo, 4-azido salicylic acid (iasa) to make biotin-yipsaek(iasa)i. cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) clones derived from mice immunized with ...	1993	8478607
real-time measurement of antigenic peptide binding to empty and preloaded single-chain major histocompatibility complex class i molecules.	cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) recognize peptides in association with major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i proteins, but how peptides bind to class i is not well understood. we used a fluorescence technique to measure antigenic peptide binding to a soluble, single-chain kd (sc-kd) molecule in which the kd heavy chain was connected by a 15-residue link to beta 2-microglobulin. peptides were covalently labeled at their n terminus with dansyl, and binding of dansylated kd-restricted peptid ...	1993	8477806
interleukin-1 as a possible agent for treatment of infection.	treatment of experimental animals with bacterial products, such as cell wall components of gram-negative bacteria, leads to enhanced resistance to a variety of microorganisms. since interleukin-1 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines are induced by such bacterial products, it has been investigated whether these cytokines are also capable of enforcing host resistance. it has been possible to demonstrate that a low dose of interleukin-1 protects mice against death from either gram-negative or gram- ...	1993	8477769
expression of members of the heat-shock protein 70 family in the exoerythrocytic stages of plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum.	exoerythrocytic stages of plasmodium berghei cultured in hepg2-a16 hepatoma cells and those of p. falciparum in human hepatocytes transplanted under the kidney capsule of cb-17/icr scid/scid mice were used to evaluate expression of heat-shock-related stress proteins. although undetectable in the sporozoites, the expression of proteins similar in sequence of a heat-shock protein of 70 kda and a glucose-regulated protein of 78 kda was markedly induced in the hepatic stages of malaria parasites. ex ...	1993	8475027
photoaffinity labeling of the t cell receptor on living cytotoxic t lymphocytes.	using a direct binding assay based on photoaffinity labeling, we have studied the interaction of an antigenic peptide with mhc class i molecules and the tcr on living cells. two photoreactive derivatives of the h-2kd (kd) restricted plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite (pbcs) peptide 253-260 (yipsaeki) were used. the first derivative contained an n-terminal photoreactive iodo, 4-azido salicyloyl (iasa) group and biotin on the tcr contact residue lys259 [iasa-yipsaek(biotin)i]. as previously descr ...	1993	8473735
malaria antigen and cytokine-induced production of reactive nitrogen intermediates by murine macrophages: no relevance to the development of experimental cerebral malaria.	the in vitro production of reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni) by murine macrophages was evaluated in response to heat-stable malaria antigen and cytokines. malaria antigen, interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and tumour necrosis factor (tnf) induced rni production in macrophages in a dose-dependent way. rni production steadily increased over a 2-day period and was enhanced when the malaria antigen was co-incubated with ifn-gamma and/or tnf. rni production induced by either ifn-gamma or malaria antig ...	1993	8473017
differentiation of toxoplasma gondii from closely related coccidia by riboprint analysis and a surface antigen gene polymerase chain reaction.	the tachyzoite of the human pathogen toxoplasma gondii is morphologically indistinguishable from the proliferative stages of some other zoonotic coccidia, including sarcocystis. to determine the identity of such coccidia obtained from human tissues and other sources, we compared riboprints (through restriction enzyme analysis of the polymerase chain reaction [pcr]-amplified small subunit rrna gene) of the following protozoa: the rh and ts-4 strains of t. gondii, lines oh3 and s11, which are two ...	1993	8470780
comparison of beta-artemether and beta-arteether against malaria parasites in vitro and in vivo.	the antimalarial activity of beta-artemether and beta-arteether was compared in three test systems: in vitro against chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive plasmodium falciparum parasites, in mice infected with p. berghei, and in aotus monkeys infected with chloroquine-resistant p. falciparum. in vitro, the mean 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) for beta-artemether was 1.74 nm (range 1.34-1.81 nm), and this value for beta-arteether was 1.61 nm (range 1.57-1.92 nm). they were approxima ...	1993	8470775
a new method for isolation of the intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodium and babesia from their host cells.	a new method for the isolation of intraerythrocytic stages of plasmodium berghei and babesia divergens from red blood cells is described. the technique is based on hydrodynamic forces occurring in a flow channel containing a turbulent liquid current, which are capable of rupturing infected erythrocytes and removing their plasma membrane from the parasites' surface. the temperature and the concentration of cells were revealed as factors influencing the hydrodynamic forces. about 90% of the intact ...	1993	8469669
effect of malaria infection and endotoxin-induced fever on the metabolism of antipyrine and metronidazole in the rat.	antipyrine and metronidazole were administered as a cocktail to young (4 weeks old) male wistar rats (n = 12 for each treatment) to investigate the effect of malaria infection due to the rodent parasite plasmodium berghei and escherichia coli endotoxin-induced fever on the metabolism of the two compounds in vivo. control rats received normal saline. antipyrine and metronidazole clearances were estimated from a single saliva sample while the formation clearances of their metabolites (in malaria-i ...	1993	8466545
effect of malaria infection and endotoxin-induced fever on phenacetin o-deethylation by rat liver microsomes.	we have investigated the effect of malaria infection with the rodent parasite plasmodium berghei and fever induced by escherichia coli endotoxin on the metabolism of phenacetin to paracetamol by rat liver microsomes from young (4 weeks old) male wistar rats (n = 5 in control and fever groups; n = 10 in malaria-infected group). following determination of % parasitaemia, the malaria-infected group was divided into a low parasitaemia subgroup (n = 5; mean % parasitaemia = 9.87 +/- 2.6) and a high p ...	1993	8466544
immunological detection of cytoskeletal proteins in the exoerythrocytic stages of malaria by fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy.	using monospecific antibodies, the presence and distribution of tubulin, actin, myosin, intermediate filaments, and lamins were examined in the exoerythrocytic liver schizont of plasmodium berghei by conventional indirect fluorescent antibody methods and confocal laser scanning microscopy. the binding reactivity of the antibodies to parasite proteins was determined by western blot analysis. the localisation of all antibodies in control host hepatocytes followed expected distributions in both uni ...	1993	8457799
effects of interleukin-8 on nonspecific resistance to infection in neutropenic and normal mice.	the effect of treatment with interleukin-8 (il-8), a neutrophil-activating cytokine, was investigated in normal and neutropenic mice infected with a lethal dose of pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, or plasmodium berghei. intraperitoneal (i.p.) il-8 treatment was associated with accelerated death when il-8 was administered shortly before i.p. infection with p. aeruginosa or shortly after i.p. infection with p. aeruginosa and k. pneumoniae. histopathological analyses demonstrated a te ...	1993	8452358
magnesium deficiency affects malaria susceptibility in mice.	one hundred twenty mice were fed control and magnesium-(mg) deficient diets containing 960 and 50 mg mg/kg, respectively. after 12 days, mice were inoculated with several strains of plasmodium (p). parasitemias and survivals were monitored for 20 days after infection. the mg-deficient diet protected mice against the nonlethal parasite p. chabaudi as shown by decreased parasitemia. all control mice infected with p. vinckei died from the infection. mg-deficient mice had a much lower parasitemia an ...	1993	8440813
selective damage of hippocampal neurons in murine cerebral malaria prevented by pentoxifylline.	the effect of pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, was investigated on the development of cerebral malaria in plasmodium berghei k 173 infected c57/b16 mice. no significant differences occurred in the course of parasitemia and survival time after infection between control mice and pentoxifylline treated mice. moreover, no differences were observed between the groups with respect to the occurrence of cerebral malaria. the only striking difference was that pentoxifylline treatment select ...	1993	8433093
binding of alanine-substituted peptides to the mhc class i protein, kd.	peptides eluted from the native mhc class i molecule, kd, are generally nonamers that display a strong preference for tyr in position 2. we investigated the molecular basis for this 'consensus motif' by synthesizing a virally derived peptide, np 147-155, that is known to be presented by kd on living cells, and peptide variants of np 147-155 in which the amino acids in the different positions were sequentially replaced by ala. all of the peptides bound to purified kd molecules in vitro with high ...	1993	8428632
transgenic mice expressing c-reactive protein are susceptible to infection with plasmodium yoelii sporozoites.	human and rat c-reactive proteins, major acute-phase reactants, bind to sporozoites and inhibit their in vitro development in hepatocytes (a. nussler, s. pied, m. pontet, f. miltgen, l. renia, m. gentilini, and d. mazier, exp. parasitol. 72:1-7, 1991, and s. pied, a. nussler, m. pontet, f. miltgen, h. matile, p.-h. lambert, and d. mazier, infect. immun. 57:278-282, 1989). we show here that rabbit c-reactive protein has identical properties. nevertheless, infection by plasmodium yoelii sporozoite ...	1993	8418060
transgenic mice expressing human sickle hemoglobin are partially resistant to rodent malaria.	the polymorphic frequency of the gene for beta s-globin involved in the generation of sickle trait and sickle cell anemia in the human population is caused by the enhanced resistance of sickle trait individuals to plasmodium falciparum malaria, as supported by epidemiologic and in vitro studies. however, the mechanism for the protective effect of sickle hemoglobin in vivo has not been fully defined. the generation of transgenic mice expressing high levels of human beta s- and alpha-chains has al ...	1993	8417791
experimental transmission of murine malaria by the oral route.	a total of 116 young male cd1 mice were orally inoculated with mouse blood; half of the animals received 0.2 ml of uninfected blood and the others were given 0.2 ml of plasmodium berghei yoelii-infected blood in six experiments performed at different times. almost 30% of the experimental mice acquired malaria as demonstrated by the observation of parasites in their blood. in no case were parasites found in the blood of control mice. rodent malaria parasites may be transmitted to cd1 mice by the ...	1993	8415572
presence of an endogenous superoxide dismutase activity in three rodent malaria species.	superoxide dismutase (sod) was investigated in three species of rodent malaria (plasmodium berghei, p. yoelii and p. vinckei). the isoelectric points (pi) of isozymes found in purified parasites were identical. sod activities detected by isoelectrofocusing at pl 5.0, 5.6, and 6.4 were cyanide-sensitive and could be considered as having been adopted by the parasites from the host red blood cell. the three rodent malaria parasites also contained a cyanide-resistant, hydrogen peroxide-sensitive sod ...	1993	8415538
tumour necrosis factor-alpha and macrophages in plasmodium berghei-induced cerebral malaria.	the effect of tumour necrosis factor-alpha on malaria-infected mice was studied. c57bl/6j mice infected with plasmodium berghei k173 exhibited an increased sensitivity to exogenous tnf. injection of 15 micrograms tnf was lethal to some of the animals when given 5-7 days after infection, while when given later on in the infection (i.e. days 8-10) amounts as low as 2.5 micrograms tnf appeared to be lethal in all mice. the pathology in infected mice treated with tnf resembled that found in the brai ...	1993	8414666
induction of hepatic inflammatory response by plasmodium berghei sporozoites protects balb/c mice against challenge with plasmodium yoelii sporozoites.	balb/c mice are about 2,000 times less susceptible to sporozoites of plasmodium berghei than to plasmodium yoelii. associated with this is the innate cellular response mounted after injection with p. berghei. host inflammatory cells do not normally attack p. yoelii during their development as exoerythrocytic forms (eefs) in the liver. we used p. berghei sporozoites to induce host inflammation that might act against developing p. yoelii eefs. mice injected with p. berghei sporozoites followed 1 h ...	1993	8410550
analysis of malarial transcripts using cdna-directed polymerase chain reaction.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based approach is being employed to study rna transcripts in malarial parasites, a system that is not easily amenable to molecular studies. our aim is to compare messages from different life cycle stages to determine whether regulatory information is encoded in the structure of plasmodial transcripts as a result of differential rna processing. in particular, we have analyzed the structure of the message encoding the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of the murine ma ...	1993	8410535
profiles of cytokine production in relation with susceptibility to cerebral malaria.	infection with plasmodium berghei anka (pba) leads, in susceptible strains of mice, to the development of cerebral malaria (cm), a lethal syndrome that reproduces some features of human cm. to study a possible relationship between genetic susceptibility to cm and the cytokine expression pattern, we quantitatively evaluated gene expression on rna extracted from various organs of malaria-infected mice, using strains that are susceptible and resistant to cm. northern blot analysis and semi-quantita ...	1993	8409439
effect of nifedipine on oxidative damage of erythrocytes in plasmodium berghei-infected mice.	it is known that the calcium channel blocker (ccb), nifedipine, can inhibit phagocyte oxidative burst in plasmodium berghei-infected mice. the extent of immunopathological changes as seen by the course of infection and membrane lipid peroxidation in nifedipine-treated mice was examined in comparison with untreated mice at different parasite loads. the glutathione antioxidant system was also studied in these animals to assess its capacity to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ros) in infected er ...	1993	8403562
[early ultrastructural evolution of murine malaria merozoites after entering red cells].	a tem study of murine malaria parasites, plasmodium berghei and p. yoelii was performed by consecutive sampling in vivo to look into the early sequential changes in the ultrastructure of the merozoites after entering red cells. the results showed that once finishing invasion, the merozoite resided in the peripheral cytoplasm of the red cell, creating a bulge at the invasion site, with an additional unit membrane around it (parasitophorous vacuole); apical structures disappeared; the spherical bo ...	1993	8403273
kinetics of expression of two major plasmodium berghei antigens in the mosquito vector, anopheles stephensi.	expression of a 21 kda determinant (pbs21), first detected on the surface of ookinetes, and of the circumsporozoite protein (csp) was studied by immunofluorescence and western blots during the developmental cycle of plasmodium berghei in the mosquito anopheles stephensi. the expression of pbs21 was predominantly localised on the ookinete surface one day after the infectious blood meal, and thereafter reactivity declined to a minimum on days 2 and 3, the time of onset of oocyst development. a gra ...	1993	8401470
plasmodium berghei: partial purification and characterization of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase.	mitochondria from a rodent malarial parasite (plasmodium berghei) were successfully purified by differential centrifugation and 22% percoll density gradient separation. the purified mitochondria from the erythrocytic stages of the parasite had a density of 1.05 and were found to be heterogeneous by transmission electron microscopy and rhodamine 123 fluorescence microscopy. three marker enzymes, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome c oxidase, were assessed during t ...	1993	8397100
antimalarial activity of azithromycin and erythromycin against plasmodium berghei.	several antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis on 70s ribosomes, including the macrolide erythromycin, and the azalides azithromycin (zithromax) and cp-63,956, demonstrated antimalarial activity against two strains of plasmodium berghei. in a four-day in vivo test, the azalides were 25-fold more potent than erythromycin against the chloroquine-sensitive p. berghei n strain, and displayed additive effects with chloroquine. this effect was not observed with the erythromycin-chloroquine combina ...	1993	8394660
kupffer cell elimination enhances development of liver schizonts of plasmodium berghei in rats.	we investigated the development of exoerythrocytic forms (eef) of plasmodium berghei in livers of normal and macrophage-depleted brown norway rats. macrophages were depleted by use of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate. upon inoculation of sporozoites, macrophage-depleted rats had significantly larger numbers of eef than untreated rats. we also investigated the effect of macrophage impairment by silica treatment on the development of eef and confirmed that silica induces a sig ...	1993	8386704
the roles of ca2+/calmodulin- and cgmp-dependent pathways in gametogenesis of a rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei.	the induction mechanism of gamete formation (gametogenesis) in a rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, was investigated using ca2+ antagonists, protein kinase inhibitors and amiloride, an inhibitor of monovalent cation/h+ exchange. treatment with 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)octyl ester (tmb-8, a ca2+ release inhibitor) and w-7/w-66 (calmodulin inhibitors) blocked formation of male gametes by inhibiting dna synthesis from 1.5c to 8c level. in contrast, inhibitors of camp/c ...	1993	8385016
the scid mouse as a laboratory model for development of the exoerythrocytic stages of human and rodent malaria.		1993	8375494
plasmodium berghei: recombinant interferon-gamma and the development of parasitemia and cerebral lesions in malaria-infected mice.	mice infected with plasmodium berghei k173-parasitized erythrocytes develop severe hypothermia followed by death as a consequence of murine cerebral malaria early in the second week after infection. a single intraperitoneal injection of 10(5) units of ifn-gamma given between day 4 and day 6 postinfection results in a transient decrease of body temperature. no effect on parasitemia and cerebral malaria is obtained by this treatment. daily injections of relatively low doses of ifn-gamma delays the ...	1993	8375490
plasmodium falciparum sporozoite immunization protects against plasmodium berghei sporozoite infection.	irradiated sporozoites are generally thought to elicit protective immune responses that are parasite stage and species specific. but immunization with plasmodium falciparum sporozoites delivered by the bite of infected mosquitoes protects an average of 60% mice from plasmodium berghei sporozoite infection. protection appears to be specific as p. falciparum sporozoite-immunized mice protected against p. berghei remain susceptible to plasmodium yoelii sporozoite infection. passively transferred im ...	1993	8375482
plasmodium berghei-specific t cells respond to non-processed sporozoites presented by b cells.	the mechanism of malaria protective immunity induced by immunization with radiation-attenuated plasmodium sporozoites (spz) is only partially understood. for example, b and t cell responses specific for the circumsporozoite (cs) protein, a 46 kda spz surface protein, have been characterized; however, events leading to spz-specific t cell activation, i.e., processing and presentation of spz by antigen-presenting cells have not been investigated. in the present study we describe the in vitro analy ...	1993	8370405
control of heme polymerase by chloroquine and other quinoline derivatives.	to evaluate the response of heme polymerase to treatment of malaria with chloroquine, we used mice infected with plasmodium berghei. six hours after treatment with 3 mumoles of chloroquine intraperitoneally per mouse, heme polymerase activity in parasitized erythrocytes decreased from 238 to 37 nanomoles of ferriprotoporphyrin ix polymerized per hour per mumole of ferriprotoporphyrin ix in preformed hemozoin, and nonhemozoin ferriprotoporphyrin ix increased in vivo from 40 to 123 nanomoles per m ...	1993	8363618
the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. xlix. the activities of some synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant parasites. part 2: structure-activity studies on cis-fused cyclopenteno-1,2,4-trioxanes (fenozans) against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant lines of plasmodium berghei and p. yoelii ssp. ns in vivo.	the activity of 51 synthetic cis-fused cyclopenteno-1,2,4-trioxanes has been examined against drug-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant malaria parasites in vivo. some of them display high levels of blood schizontocidal activity when administered orally or subcutaneously. they retain their activity against lines of parasites that are resistant to widely differing antimalarials such as 4-aminoquinolines, aminoalcohols, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors and artemisinin. the most potent compound of ...	1993	8346994
the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. xlviii. the activities of some synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant parasites. part 1: studies leading to the development of novel cis-fused cyclopenteno derivatives.	the new chinese antimalarial blood schizontocide, artemisinin, derived from the plant artemisia annua, displays a high level of activity against polyresistant plasmodium falciparum. several synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes were examined in a search for compounds that exhibit a similar type of action against drug-resistant parasites. this paper, the first of a series, describes the examination of these trioxanes against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant malaria parasites in a rodent model, using artemis ...	1993	8346987
plasmodium berghei: is nitric oxide involved in the pathogenesis of mouse cerebral malaria?	to analyze whether nitric oxide may be involved in the pathogenesis of the mouse cerebral malaria (cm), nitrate and nitrite were first measured in urines of plasmodium species infected mice. the cm-susceptible cba/j mice were infected with either plasmodium berghei or plasmodium chabaudi, and the cm-resistant balb/c mice were infected with p. berghei. no increased levels of nitrate and nitrite were detected in urine of mice infected with plasmodium whatever the time of monitoring. in contrast, t ...	1993	8344400
heterogeneity in patterns of malarial oocyst infections in the mosquito vector.	oocyst prevalence and intensity have been recorded in 349 laboratory infections of anopheles stephensi with plasmodium berghei. intensity and prevalence of infection are shown to be predictably related. the structure and heterogeneity in the infections has been analysed with the objective of describing the biological mechanisms by which the observed negative binomial oocyst distributions are generated. the analysis has revealed that the most likely processes lie within the population dynamic eve ...	1993	8341579
isolation from a plasmodium chabaudi chromosome 7 specific library of a novel gene encoding a protein with multiple ggmp repeats homologous to hsp70.		1993	8341330
structure and expression of a post-transcriptionally regulated malaria gene encoding a surface protein from the sexual stages of plasmodium berghei.	the sexual stage-specific protein pbs21 of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei, expressed on the surface of zygotes and ookinetes, has been shown to induce an effective and long-lasting transmission blocking immunity. the gene encoding pbs21 was cloned by screening a cdna library prepared from enriched zygotes and ookinetes using the monoclonal antibody 13.1.15, which is capable of blocking subsequent parasite sexual development in the mosquito vector. the pbs21 gene encoded a protein ...	1993	8341324
molecular cloning and localization of an abundant novel protein of plasmodium berghei.	screening of plasmodium berghei genomic libraries using dna insert corresponding to the 3' half of p. falciparum 70-kda heat shock protein gene identified several abundant clones which represent a novel gene in the parasite. the complete sequence was obtained using an approach based on inverse polymerase chain reaction. analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed the presence of 19 imperfect repeats of the sequence gly-gly-met-pro toward the carboxy terminus. except for the similar sequ ...	1993	8341321
enhancement of drug susceptibility in plasmodium falciparum in vitro and plasmodium berghei in vivo by mixed-function oxidase inhibitors.	a number of compounds, as exemplified by verapamil and desipramine, have been shown to enhance the susceptibility of resistant malaria parasites to chloroquine. the mechanism by which these agents reverse resistance is still controversial but is though to involve alterations in drug transport causing an increase in steady-state drug concentrations. we have proposed that an alternative resistance mechanism may involve the metabolic deactivation of the drug in some resistant parasites via cytochro ...	1993	8328780
role of macrophages in experimental malaria: i. development of immunobioassay indicators.	the role of macrophages in immunogenic mechanisms of malaria was studied. the first part of the study aimed at development of indicators for assessing immunobioassay. accordingly, data on the natural course of lethal plasmodium berghei infection in mice were collected, and baseline estimates of a set of indicators were made. the indicators along with their estimated means are: prepatent period (pp), 2.57 +/- 0.06 days; survival period (sp), 17.63 +/- 0.29 days; median survival day (msd), 17.20 d ...	1993	8319812
plasmodium berghei: serum-mediated inhibition of infectivity of infected mice to anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.	the transmission of plasmodium berghei-infected mice to anopheles stephensi mosquitoes showed a peak number of oocysts early in the infection prior to the peak of gametocytaemia. this was followed by a precipitous decline on days 4 and 5 (see also dearsley et al., parasitology, 100, 359-368, 1990). by measuring percentage relative infectivity (using membrane feeds with viable gametocytes), we have shown that serum collected daily during the course of a blood-induced infection blocked infectivity ...	1994	8299757
comparisons between microvascular changes in cerebral and non-cerebral malaria in mice, using the retinal whole-mount technique.	cba/t6 mice inoculated with plasmodium berghei anka strain (pba) exhibited cerebral symptoms and died from cerebral malaria 6-8 days p.i. whereas dba/2j mice developed (around days 6-9) a non-fatal cerebral malaria, with milder cerebral symptoms, and died between days 15 and 22 from other malaria-related complications. when inoculated with p. berghei k173 (pb) these mouse strains did not develop cerebral malaria. these mouse/parasite strain combinations were used, in conjunction with the retinal ...	1993	8295787
amelioration of murine cerebral malaria by dietary restriction.	cba/t6 strain mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka develop cerebral symptoms and die, with mononuclear cell attachment to the cerebral microvascular endothelium, petechial haemorrhages and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, some 6-7 days post-inoculation. the effects of dietary restriction on this process were examined. mice were fed ab libitum (group 1) or their food was restricted to produce body weight loss of 1.0-2.0% (group 2), 2.5-3.5% (group 3), 4.0-6.5% (group 4) or 7.0-9.5% (gr ...	1993	8295786
immunomodulation by morphine in plasmodium berghei-infected mice.	the effect of morphine on immunomodulation and host defense have been investigated during plasmodium berghei infection in balb/c mice. a single low (5.0 mg/kg) subcutaneous dose of morphine strongly suppressed (sometimes completely eliminated) the parasitaemia, whereas a high dose (80.0 mg/kg) exerted mild potentiating effect. mice treated with the low dose showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the total number of circulating leukocytes, the number (pool-size) of peritoneal macrophages, an ...	1994	8289594
[synthesis of pyronaridine related compounds and comparison of antimalarial activities].	the paper reports the synthesis of pyronaridine (i) related compounds ii-v for exploring whether the antimalarial activity of pyronaridine is by virtue of a nitrogen atom at position 1 in the ring and a pair of pyrrolidinyl mannich base side chains in its structure. the condensation of 2-methoxy-6,9-dichloroacridine or 4,7-dichloro-1,5-naphthyridine with 4-hydroxy-3,5-bis-(pyrrolidinyl-1'-methyl) aniline yielded the related compound ii, 1-deazapyronaridine, or v, 5-azabispyroquine, respectively. ...	1993	8285067
dissociation of the peptide/mhc class i complex: ph dependence and effect of endogenous peptides on the activation energy.	dansylated peptides were used to characterize the dissociation of peptides from a recombinant class i major histocompatibility complex protein. dissociation of endogenous, low-affinity peptides from the class i molecule kd had an activation energy of 6.78 +/- 0.64 kcal/mol in the 14 to 26 degrees c temperature range, but there was a break in the arrhenius plot between 12 and 14 degrees c. dissociation of a dansylated, high-affinity peptide had an activation energy of 20.24 +/- 1.69 kcal/mol, and ...	1993	8280136
accessibility and distribution of intraerythrocytic antigens of plasmodium-infected erythrocytes following mild glutaraldehyde fixation and detergent extraction.	malarial antigens on the surface of infected erythrocytes have been described by many investigators. however, few of these antigens have been unambiguously demonstrated to be exposed on the surface of erythrocytes. this study demonstrates that mild glutaraldehyde fixation results in the cytoplasmic face of the host membrane becoming accessible to antibody under conditions that normally do not expose the cytoplasmic face of uninfected erythrocytes. these results indicate that caution should be us ...	1993	8278340
phagocytosis of malaria-infected erythrocytes in rodent malaria.		1993	8266248
inhibition of malaria parasite development in mosquitoes by anti-mosquito-midgut antibodies.	the mosquito midgut plays a central role in the development and subsequent transmission of malaria parasites. using a rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, and the mosquito vector anopheles stephensi, we investigated the effect of anti-mosquito-midgut antibodies on the development of malaria parasites in the mosquito. in agreement with previous studies, we found that mosquitoes that ingested antimidgut antibodies along with infectious parasites had significantly fewer oocysts than mosquit ...	1994	8262645