Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile infection after cardiac surgery: prevalence, morbidity, mortality, and resource utilization. | despite increasing efforts to prevent infection, the prevalence of hospital-associated clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is increasing. heightened awareness prompted this study of the prevalence and morbidity associated with cdi after cardiac surgery. | 2014 | 25242055 |
| evaluation of the illumigene c. difficile assay for toxigenic clostridium difficile detection: a prospective study of 302 consecutive clinical fecal samples. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is a major pathogen causing nosocomial diarrhea. consequently, rapid detection of toxigenic c. difficile is very important in clinical laboratories. the illumigene c. difficile dna amplification assay (illumigene; meridian bioscience, inc.) is a rapid method that detects the toxin a gene (tcda) by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. in the present study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of the illumigene assay using 302 consecutive stool specimens in co ... | 2014 | 25241189 |
| isolation and characterization of a new clostridium difficile ribotype during a prospective study in a hospital in italy. | 2015 | 25240292 | |
| investigation to identify a resource-efficient case-control methodology for determining antibiotics associated with clostridium difficile infection. | antimicrobial exposure remains an important risk factor for developing clostridium difficile infection (cdi). efficient method to identify antibiotics associated with cdi is important for formulating strategies to curtail their use. as a prelude to a more extensive agency for healthcare research and quality-funded project (evaluation & research on antimicrobial stewardship's effect on clostridium difficile), we undertook an exploratory evaluation to determine a resource-efficient method for iden ... | 2014 | 25239720 |
| an interleukin-4 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: results of a retrospective cohort study. | clinical studies have suggested that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) are at greater risk for developing clostridium difficile infection (cdi). the purpose of this study was to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) associated with cdi among ibd patients. | 2014 | 25239315 |
| clostridium difficile outcomes difficult to generalize. authors' response. | 2013 | 25237683 | |
| trends in clostridium difficile disease: epidemiology and intervention. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. the incidence of c difficile infection (cdi) is increasing in both inpatients and outpatients, and outbreaks caused by a hypervirulent strain of c difficile are resulting in more severe disease. moreover, community-associated cdi is occurring in persons who lack the traditional risk factors, which include antibiotic use, advanced age, and severe underlying disease. the clinical severity of cdi ranges from a mild, s ... | 2009 | 25237212 |
| stimulation of innate immunity by in vivo cyclic di-gmp synthesis using adenovirus. | the bacterial second messenger cyclic di-gmp (c-di-gmp) stimulates inflammation by initiating innate immune cell recruitment and triggering the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. these properties make c-di-gmp a promising candidate for use as a vaccine adjuvant, and numerous studies have demonstrated that administration of purified c-di-gmp with different antigens increases protection against infection in animal models. here, we have developed a novel approach to produce c-di-g ... | 2014 | 25230938 |
| antimicrobial stewardship-qualitative and quantitative outcomes: the role of measurement. | overuse and misuse of antibiotics have contributed to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance and serious side effects including clostridium difficile infection. the centers for disease control and prevention estimates that more than 2 million people are infected by multidrug-resistant organisms every year. they propose that promoting antimicrobial stewardship programs (asp) is an essential component to combat this growing threat. one of the major barriers in implementing effective asp i ... | 2014 | 25230602 |
| clostridium difficile-induced colitis in mice is independent of leukotrienes. | clostridium difficile is the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in healthcare settings. however, the host factors involved in the intestinal inflammatory response and pathogenesis of c. difficile infection (cdi) are largely unknown. here we investigated the role of leukotrienes (lts), a group of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators, in cdi. notably, the neutrophil chemoattractant ltb4, but not cysteinyl (cys) lts, was induced in the intestine of c57bl/6 mice i ... | 2014 | 25230329 |
| [pharmaceutical intervention in duration of antimicrobial treatment at hospital ambit]. | to estimate the acceptance of the pharmaceutical intervention in controlling duration of antimicrobial therapy and to evaluate their impact on optimizing the treatment. | 2014 | 25229371 |
| evaluation of three enzyme immunoassays and a nucleic acid amplification test for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea at a university hospital in brazil. | despite the known importance of clostridium difficile as a nosocomial pathogen, few studies regarding clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in brazil have been conducted. to date, the diagnostic tests that are available on the brazilian market for the diagnosis of cdi have not been evaluated. the aim of this study was to compare the performances of four commercial methods for the diagnosis of cdi in patients from a university hospital in brazil. | 2014 | 25229284 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 027 is most prevalent among inpatients admitted from long-term care facilities. | intestinal inflammation was evaluated using faecal lactoferrin and ribotype in 196 hospitalized adults with clostridium difficile infection to determine the impact of ribotype 027 in long-term care facilities (ltcfs). ltcf residents (n=28) had greater antibiotic use (p=0.049) and more ribotype 027 infection [odds ratio (or): 4.87; 95% confidence interval (ci): 2.02-11.74; p<0.01], compared to those admitted from home. patients infected with ribotype 027 strains had worse six-month mortality (or: ... | 2014 | 25228227 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation: an interest in ibd? | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is a targeted microbiome-based therapy that has garnered a great deal of attention from the scientific, clinical, and lay communities. an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that fmt is a highly effective therapy for recurrent/refractory clostridium difficile infection and appears safe in the short term. uncontrolled reports suggest the possibility of benefit in a select group of ibd patients, but there is quite limited information so far. fmt fo ... | 2014 | 25227298 |
| host immunity to clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 017 strains. | clostridium difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen and the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. multilocus sequence typing indicates that c. difficile strains belong to five distinct genetic clades encompassing several pcr ribotypes (rt). since their emergence in 2003, hypervirulent rt027 strains have been a major focus of research; in contrast, our current understanding of rt017-mediated disease pathogenesis lags far behind. in this study, we aimed to characterize host immuni ... | 2014 | 25225246 |
| clostridium difficile infection induced by pregabalin-associated agranulocytosis. | a 33-year-old man who had recently undergone surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy was prescribed pregabalin for neuralgia, and the dose was increased to 600 mg/day during hospitalization. however, the patient was diagnosed with a clostridium difficile infection on day 34 after admission. a complete blood count showed agranulocytosis (neutrophil count: 105/μl). we did not observe any changes in vital signs, a relative increase in band cells, or intestinal edema. the patient's agranulocytos ... | 2014 | 25224205 |
| polymerase chain reaction ribotyping of clostridium difficile isolates in qatar: a hospital-based study. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is not generally reported to public health authorities in the middle east and its true prevalence remains largely unknown. the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of cdi and its associated ribotypes among c. difficile isolates in qatar. influence of age and correlation with other risk factors e.g. proton pump inhibitor use, antibiotic use, existence of chronic conditions, etc was also investigated for cdi positive patients. | 2014 | 25223337 |
| host recognition of clostridium difficile and the innate immune response. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore forming bacillus and the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in the united states. clinical outcomes of c. difficile infection (cdi) range from asymptomatic colonization to pseudomembranous colitis, sepsis and death. disease is primarily mediated by the action of the rho-glucosylating toxins a and b, which induce potent pro-inflammatory signaling within the host. the role of this inflammatory response during infection is just beginn ... | 2014 | 25223264 |
| pseudomembranous colitis due to clostridium difficile. | 2014 | 25223126 | |
| lessons learned from implementing clostridium difficile-focused antibiotic stewardship interventions. | to determine whether controlling the prescription of targeted antibiotics would translate to a measurable reduction in hospital-onset clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rates. | 2014 | 25222903 |
| racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare-associated infections in the united states, 2009-2011. | little is known about racial and ethnic disparities in the occurrence of healthcare-associated infections (hais) in hospitalized patients. | 2014 | 25222888 |
| risk factors and management of refractory or recurrent clostridium difficile infection in ileal pouch patients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is increasingly recognized in patients with ulcerative colitis with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa). the aim of this study was to identify clinical risk factors for treatment-refractory or recurrent cdi in patients with ipaa. | 2014 | 25222656 |
| recombination drives evolution of the clostridium difficile 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacer region. | pcr-ribotyping, a typing method based on size variation in 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacer region (isr), has been used widely for molecular epidemiological investigations of c. difficile infections. in the present study, we describe the sequence diversity of isrs from 43 c. difficile strains, representing different pcr-ribotypes and suggest homologous recombination as a possible mechanism driving the evolution of 16s-23s rrna isrs. isrs of 45 different lengths (ranging from 185 bp to 564 bp) were ... | 2014 | 25222120 |
| efficacy of sporicidal wipes for inactivation of a bacillus anthracis surrogate. | to evaluate five commercially available sporicidal wipes and two disinfecting wipes for their ability to inactivate bacillus atrophaeus spores deposited onto various material surfaces. | 2014 | 25220421 |
| [faecal microbiota transplantation in france: what applicable law?]. | the transplantation of gut microbiota addresses a critical gap in the treatment of recurrent severe clostridium difficile infection, and clinical trials are ongoing throughout the world for other potential broader clinical indications. as the fecal flora inoculum has currently no legal status under european law, we consider it provisionally a sui generis biological drug rather than a human tissue transplantation, with major implications in terms of legal liability in france. the inoculum obeys a ... | 2014 | 25220232 |
| risk factors of clostridium difficile infections among patients in a university hospital in shanghai, china. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an increasing concern in china. however, the risk factors of cdi are rarely reported in the chinese population. a prospective observational study was therefore conducted among patients with hospital-acquired c. difficile diarrhoea and the risk factors of cdi in a retrospective case-control study. the cdi patients were compared with the non-cdi diarrhoeal patients and those without diarrhoea, respectively. the recurrent cdi patients were compared with the ... | 2014 | 25219941 |
| [clostridium difficile isolation in children hospitalized with diarrhea]. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial and antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults, and its incidence has substantially risen over the last few years. the prevalence of this infection in children is difficult to assess due to the high rates of colonization in this setting. | 2015 | 25217386 |
| hand-hygiene compliance does not predict rates of resistant infections in critically ill surgical patients. | our institution had a major outbreak of multi-drug-resistant acinetobacter (mdra) in its general surgical and trauma intensive care units (icus) in 2011, requiring implementation of an aggressive infection-control response. we hypothesized that poor hand-hygiene compliance (hhc) may have contributed to the outbreak of mdra. a response to the outbreak including aggressive environmental cleaning, cohorting, and increased hand hygiene compliance monitoring may have led to an increase in hhc after t ... | 2014 | 25215463 |
| pseudomembranous colitis: not always caused by clostridium difficile. | although classically pseudomembranous colitis is caused by clostridium difficile, it can result from several etiologies. certain medications, chemical injury, collagenous colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia, and other infectious pathogens can reportedly cause mucosal injury and subsequent pseudomembrane formation. we present the case of a middle-aged woman with vascular disease who was incorrectly diagnosed with refractory c. difficile infection due to the presence of pseudomembranes. ... | 2014 | 25214850 |
| diagnosis and management of common gastrointestinal tract infectious diseases in ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease patients. | management of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), including ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease, stretches beyond control of flares. some infections of the gastrointestinal tract are more commonly seen in patients with ibd. work from the human microbiome project has been instrumental in our understanding of the interplay between the vast gut microbiota and host immune responses. patients with ibd may be more prone to infectious complications based on their underlying inflammatory disease and va ... | 2014 | 25208106 |
| molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile for clinical practice. | during the last decade, the world has witnessed numerous outbreaks of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) in healthcare settings. increasing incidence rates of cdi have been mainly attributed to the successful global spread of a more virulent strain of c. difficile - namely pcr-ribotype 027. more recent studies, however, point to the emergence of other ribotypes as the main cause of the continuing epidemic. this review summarises the current literature on the molecular epidemiology of c. diff ... | 2014 | 25207831 |
| impact of clostridium difficile infection on inflammatory bowel disease outcome: a review. | although a considerable number of studies support a substantial increase in incidence, severity, and healthcare costs for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), only few evaluate its impact on ibd outcome. medline and several other electronic databases from january 1993 to october 2013 were searched in order to identify potentially relevant literature. most of the studies showed that ibd patients with cdi present a greater proportion of worse outcomes than tho ... | 2014 | 25206277 |
| point-of-care testing for clostridium difficile infection: a real-world feasibility study of a rapid molecular test in two hospital settings. | in the developed world, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most important cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea. in addition to providing epidemiological data and helping to indicate that a local outbreak may be occurring, laboratory tests are used to augment clinical decisions on individual patients. very rarely do diagnostic tests provide results at the point of decision making; in the intervening period between requesting investigations on a patient with suspected cdi and return o ... | 2014 | 25205503 |
| fidaxomicin: a novel macrolide antibiotic for clostridium difficile infection. | to review the chemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, drug interactions, dosing, and administration of fidaxomicin (fdx). | 2014 | 25203410 |
| shared hoppers: a novel risk factor for the transmission of clostridium difficile. | 2014 | 25203194 | |
| clinical and molecular characteristics of an outbreak caused by the pandemic (bi/nap1/027) clostridium difficile clone in a single center in israel. | 2014 | 25203189 | |
| antimicrobial stewardship programs in inpatient hospital settings: a systematic review. | evaluate the evidence for effects of inpatient antimicrobial stewardship programs (asps) on patient, prescribing, and microbial outcomes. | 2014 | 25203174 |
| clostridium colitis: challenges in diagnosis and treatment. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been reported to occur with increasing frequency and with more severe presentations being encountered. this article presents data from the alfred hospital highlighting the increased incidence, the increased severity and the broader clinical presentations observed. a case series highlights a variety of clinical scenarios that provided diagnostic and management challenges. we additionally describe a novel form of treatment for fulminant colitis. | 2017 | 25201532 |
| novel risk factors for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in children. | clostridium difficile, a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, has been reported to recur in high rates in adults. the rates and risk factors for recurrent c difficile infection (rcdi) in children have not been well established. | 2015 | 25199038 |
| clostridium and bacillus binary enterotoxins: bad for the bowels, and eukaryotic being. | some pathogenic spore-forming bacilli employ a binary protein mechanism for intoxicating the intestinal tracts of insects, animals, and humans. these gram-positive bacteria and their toxins include clostridium botulinum (c2 toxin), clostridium difficile (c. difficile toxin or cdt), clostridium perfringens (ι-toxin and binary enterotoxin, or bec), clostridium spiroforme (c. spiroforme toxin or cst), as well as bacillus cereus (vegetative insecticidal protein or vip). these gut-acting proteins for ... | 2014 | 25198129 |
| procalcitonin elevation suggests a septic source. | procalcitonin is used as a marker for sepsis but there is little known about the correlation of the procalcitonin elevation with the causative organism in sepsis. all patients aged 18 to 80 years who were admitted to the surgery service from june 2010 to may 2012 and who had a procalcitonin drawn were evaluated. culture data were reviewed to determine the causative organism. infections analyzed included pneumonia, urinary tract infection (uti), bloodstream infection, and clostridium difficile. o ... | 2014 | 25197879 |
| appendicostomy for intraluminal antibiotic administration and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in severe hirschsprung's enterocolitis. | a term male infant with hirschsprung's disease underwent an uncomplicated laparoscopic-assisted endorectal pull-through procedure. four weeks after discharge, the patient developed severe clostridium difficile enterocolitis with hemodynamic instability and peritonitis. bedside laparotomy confirmed intestinal viability and accommodated an appendicostomy for antegrade vancomycin colonic irrigations. the patient required venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for physiological support for ... | 2014 | 25197866 |
| antiinfective therapy with a small molecule inhibitor of staphylococcus aureus sortase. | methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is the most frequent cause of hospital-acquired infection, which manifests as surgical site infections, bacteremia, and sepsis. due to drug-resistance, prophylaxis of mrsa infection with antibiotics frequently fails or incites nosocomial diseases such as clostridium difficile infection. sortase a is a transpeptidase that anchors surface proteins in the envelope of s. aureus, and sortase mutants are unable to cause bacteremia or sepsis in mice. h ... | 2014 | 25197057 |
| microbiome manipulation with faecal microbiome transplantation as a therapeutic strategy in clostridium difficile infection. | faecal microbiome transplantation (fmt) has generated huge recent interest as it presents a potential solution to a significant clinical problem--the increasing incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). in the short term, however, there remain many practical questions regarding its use, including the optimal selection of donors, material preparation and the mechanics of delivery. in the longer term, enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of action of fmt may potentiate novel therapie ... | 2015 | 25193538 |
| smt19969 as a treatment for clostridium difficile infection: an assessment of antimicrobial activity using conventional susceptibility testing and an in vitro gut model. | we investigated the efficacy of the novel antimicrobial agent smt19969 in treating simulated clostridium difficile infection using an in vitro human gut model. | 2015 | 25190720 |
| expression of the large clostridial toxins is controlled by conserved regulatory mechanisms. | the clostridia cause many human and animal diseases, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. host damage results from the action of potent exotoxins, an important group of which is the large clostridial toxins (lcts) produced by clostridium difficile, clostridium sordellii, clostridium perfringens and clostridium novyi. knowledge of the structure and function of these toxins has been attained, however, apart from c. difficile, the regulatory pathways that control lct production remain ... | 2014 | 25190355 |
| stool management systems for preventing environmental spread of clostridium difficile: a comparative trial. | the purpose of this study was to compare contamination of the immediate environment with clostridium difficile spores and vegetative cells from 2 stool management systems over a period of 30 days in a controlled laboratory setting. | 2016 | 25188802 |
| context for practice: challenges in practice, cauti, clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, hyperhydrosis, and the perils of cigarette smoking. | 2016 | 25188795 | |
| commentary on "high frequency of nonadherence to clostridium difficile treatment guidelines". | 2014 | 25188628 | |
| high frequency of nonadherence to clostridium difficile treatment guidelines. | the 2010 infectious diseases society of america/society for healthcare epidemiology of america treatment guidelines for clostridium difficile infections (cdi) recommend oral metronidazole for mild-to-moderate disease and oral vancomycin for severe disease. given that disease severity is easily determined by the peripheral white blood cell count and serum creatinine level, a computerized decision support (cds) pathway to guide treatment is inherently appealing. because providers often override or ... | 2014 | 25188627 |
| performance of chromid clostridium difficile agar compared with bbl c. difficile selective agar for detection of c. difficile in stool specimens. | we evaluated the performance of a new chromogenic medium for detection of clostridium difficile, chromid c. difficile agar (cdif; biomérieux, france), by comparison with bbl c. difficile selective agar (cdsa; becton dickinson and company, usa). after heat pre-treatment (80℃, 5 min), 185 diarrheal stool samples were inoculated onto the two media types and incubated anaerobically for 24 hr and 48 hr for cdif and for 48 hr and 72 hr for cdsa. all typical colonies on each medium were examined by gra ... | 2014 | 25187891 |
| epidemiology and clinical features of toxigenic culture-confirmed hospital-onset clostridium difficile infection: a multicentre prospective study in tertiary hospitals of south korea. | hypervirulent clostridium difficile strains, most notably bi/nap1/027, have been increasingly emerging in western countries as local epidemics. we performed a prospective multicentre observational study from december 2011 to may 2012 to identify recent incidences of toxigenic culture-confirmed hospital-onset c. difficile infections (cdi) and their associated clinical characteristics in south korea. patients suspected of having been suffering from cdi more than 48 h after admission and aged ≥20 y ... | 2014 | 25187603 |
| multi-institution case-control and cohort study of risk factors for the development and mortality of clostridium difficile infections in japan. | to examine risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) morbidity and mortality in japan. | 2014 | 25186155 |
| inflammatory bowel disease cause-specific mortality: a primer for clinicians. | inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), including crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc) is perceived to harbor significant morbidity but limited excess mortality, thought to be driven by colon cancer, compared with the general population. recent studies suggest mortality rates seem higher than previously understood, and there are emerging threats to mortality. clinicians must be up to date and able to clearly convey the causes of mortality to arm individual patients with information to mean ... | 2014 | 25185685 |
| evaluation of six pcr assays in combination with patient related data for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated infections. | the aim of this multicenter study was to establish a diagnostic algorithm using molecular methods for the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated infection (cdi). in addition patient specific data were taken into consideration for the interpretation of the results. | 2014 | 25185420 |
| clostridium difficile has a single sortase, srtb, that can be inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors. | bacterial sortases are transpeptidases that covalently anchor surface proteins to the peptidoglycan of the gram-positive cell wall. sortase protein anchoring is mediated by a conserved cell wall sorting signal on the anchored protein, comprising of a c-terminal recognition sequence containing an "lpxtg-like" motif, followed by a hydrophobic domain and a positively charged tail. | 2014 | 25183427 |
| cost and impact on patient length of stay of rapid molecular testing for clostridium difficile. | a study was performed to assess the cost of a rapid molecular assay (pcr) for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and the impact of its routine use on patient length of stay (los) in comparison with cell culture cytotoxin neutralization assay (ccna). | 2014 | 25183400 |
| ramoplanin at bactericidal concentrations induces bacterial membrane depolarization in staphylococcus aureus. | ramoplanin is an actinomycetes-derived antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive bacteria that has been evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of gastrointestinal vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) and clostridium difficile infections. recent studies have proposed that ramoplanin binds to bacterial membranes as a c2 symmetrical dimer that can sequester lipid ii, which causes inhibition of cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis and cell death. in this study, ramoplan ... | 2014 | 25182650 |
| biofilm formation of clostridium difficile and susceptibility to manuka honey. | biofilm bacteria are relatively more resistant to antibiotics. the escalating trend of antibiotic resistance higlights the need for evaluating alternative potential therapeutic agents with antibacterial properties. the use of honey for treating microbial infections dates back to ancient times, though antimicrobial properties of manuka honey was discovered recently. the aim of this study was to demonstrate biofilm formation of specific clostridium difficile strains and evaluate susceptibility of ... | 2014 | 25181951 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile: a hospital-based descriptive study in argentina and mexico. | a prospective study was conducted in four tertiary hospitals in argentina and mexico in order to describe the occurrence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in these settings. the objective was to evaluate the incidence of cdi in at-risk populations in argentina (one center) and mexico (three centers) and to further explore potential study sites for vaccine development in this region. a prospective, descriptive, cdi surveillance study was conducted among hospitalized patients aged ≥40 years ... | 2015 | 25179510 |
| severe community onset healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection complicated by carbapenemase producing klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase producing-klebsiella pneumoniae (kpc-kp) bloodstream infection (bsi) are emerging health-care associated (hca) diseases of public health concern, in terms of morbidity, mortality, and insufficient response to antibiotic therapy. both agents can be acquired in the hospital but clinical disease can develop in a community setting, after discharge. we report here a putative link between the above-mentioned healthcare assoc ... | 2014 | 25178451 |
| clostridium difficile increases the risk for venous thromboembolism. | inflammatory bowel disease is associated with a higher risk for venous thromboembolism (vte). whether clostridium difficile infection similarly increases this risk is unknown. | 2014 | 25175741 |
| calprotectin and lactoferrin faecal levels in patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi): a prospective cohort study. | measurement of both calprotectin and lactoferrin in faeces has successfully been used to discriminate between functional and inflammatory bowel conditions, but evidence is limited for clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we prospectively recruited a cohort of 164 cdi cases and 52 controls with antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad). information on disease severity, duration of symptoms, 30-day mortality and 90-day recurrence as markers of complicated cdi were recorded. specimens were subject to ... | 2014 | 25170963 |
| evaluation of an automated rapid diagnostic test for detection of clostridium difficile. | the verigene clostridium difficile nucleic acid test (verigene cdf test) (nanosphere, northbrook, il, usa) is a new multiplex qualitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test used to detect c. difficile toxin genes in fecal specimens. to evaluate the performance of the new method, we tested 69 fecal samples from patients with suspected c. difficile infection using the verigene cdf test, an enzyme immunoassay (eia) and pcr following anaerobic fecal culture. the sensitivity, specificity, and accur ... | 2014 | 25170836 |
| serum mannose-binding lectin concentration, but not genotype, is associated with clostridium difficile infection recurrence: a prospective cohort study. | mannose-binding lectin (mbl) plays a key role in the activation of the lectin-complement pathway of innate immunity, and its deficiency has been linked with several acute infections. however, its role in predisposing to, or modulating disease severity in, clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has not been investigated. | 2014 | 25170052 |
| agent-based model of fecal microbial transplant effect on bile acid metabolism on suppressing clostridium difficile infection: an example of agent-based modeling of intestinal bacterial infection. | agent-based modeling is a computational modeling method that represents system-level behavior as arising from multiple interactions between the multiple components that make up a system. biological systems are thus readily described using agent-based models (abms), as multi-cellular organisms can be viewed as populations of interacting cells, and microbial systems manifest as colonies of individual microbes. intersections between these two domains underlie an increasing number of pathophysiologi ... | 2014 | 25168489 |
| total synthesis of five lipoteichoic acids of clostridium difficile. | the emergence of hypervirulent resistant strains have made clostridium difficile a notorious nosocomial pathogen and has resulted in a renewed interest in preventive strategies, such as vaccines based on (synthetic) cell wall antigens. recently, the structure of the lipoteichoic acid (lta) of this species has been elucidated. additionally, this lta was found to induce the formation of protective antibodies against c. difficile in rabbits and mice. the lta from c. difficile is isolated as a micro ... | 2014 | 25168290 |
| the gap activity of type iii effector yope triggers killing of yersinia in macrophages. | the mammalian immune system has the ability to discriminate between pathogens and innocuous microbes by detecting conserved molecular patterns. in addition to conserved microbial patterns, the mammalian immune system may recognize distinct pathogen-induced processes through a mechanism which is poorly understood. previous studies have shown that a type iii secretion system (t3ss) in yersinia pseudotuberculosis leads to decreased survival of this bacterium in primary murine macrophages by unknown ... | 2014 | 25165815 |
| the host immune response to clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common infectious cause of healthcare-acquired diarrhoea. outcomes of c. difficile colonization are varied, from asymptomatic carriage to fulminant colitis and death, due in part to the interplay between the pathogenic virulence factors of the bacterium and the counteractive immune responses of the host. secreted toxins a and b are the major virulence factors of c. difficile and induce a profound inflammatory response by intoxicating intestinal e ... | 2013 | 25165542 |
| the use of fidaxomicin for treatment of relapsed clostridium difficile infections in patients with cancer. | to report our experience with the use of fidaxomicin (fdx), an oral macrocyclic antibiotic, in cancer patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi). | 2014 | 25164587 |
| extraction and sensitive detection of toxins a and b from the human pathogen clostridium difficile in 40 seconds using microwave-accelerated metal-enhanced fluorescence. | clostridium difficile is the primary cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea in humans and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. thus the rapid and accurate identification of this pathogen in clinical samples, such as feces, is a key step in reducing the devastating impact of this disease. the bacterium produces two toxins, a and b, which are thought to be responsible for the majority of the pathology associated with the disease, although the relative contribution of each is current ... | 2014 | 25162622 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation via nasogastric tube for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is a safe and effective therapy for adults with recurrent clostridium difficile colitis, but data regarding fmt in children are limited and focus on colonoscopic administration of fmt. we present 10 consecutive children who received fmt via nasogastric tube for treatment of recurrent c difficile infection. median age was 5.4 years, and 30% were receiving simultaneous immunosuppression. median follow-up was 44 days, and 90% of patients resolved their c diffi ... | 2015 | 25162365 |
| abundant and diverse clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat spacers in clostridium difficile strains and prophages target multiple phage types within this pathogen. | clostridium difficile is an important human-pathogenic bacterium causing antibiotic-associated nosocomial infections worldwide. mobile genetic elements and bacteriophages have helped shape c. difficile genome evolution. in many bacteria, phage infection may be controlled by a form of bacterial immunity called the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/crispr-associated (crispr/cas) system. this uses acquired short nucleotide sequences (spacers) to target homologous sequences ( ... | 2014 | 25161187 |
| opinions and practice of stress ulcer prophylaxis in australian and new zealand intensive care units. | intensivists frequently prescribe proton pump inhibitors (ppis) or histamine-2 receptor blockers (h2rbs) to intensive care unit patients for stress ulcer prophylaxis (sup). despite the common use of sup medicines, there is limited high-level evidence to support the choice between them. | 2014 | 25161018 |
| a multicentre feasibility study evaluating stress ulcer prophylaxis using hospital-based registry data. | it is unclear whether histamine-2 receptor blockers (h2rbs) or proton pump inhibitors (ppis) are preferred for stress ulcer prophylaxis (sup) in intensive care unit patients. suitably powered comparative effectiveness trials are warranted. | 2014 | 25161016 |
| the magnitude and duration of clostridium difficile infection risk associated with antibiotic therapy: a hospital cohort study. | antibiotic therapy is the principal risk factor for clostridium difficile infection (cdi), but little is known about how risks cumulate over the course of therapy and abate after cessation. we prospectively identified cdi cases among adults hospitalized at a tertiary hospital between june 2010 and may 2012. poisson regression models included covariates for time since admission, age, hospitalization history, disease pressure, and intensive care unit stay. impacts of antibiotic use through time we ... | 2014 | 25157757 |
| clostridium difficile infection worsens the prognosis of ulcerative colitis. | the impact of clostridium difficile infections among ulcerative colitis (uc) patients is well characterized. however, there is little knowledge regarding the association between c difficile infections and postoperative complications among uc patients. | 2016 | 25157528 |
| update on clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) occur primarily in hospitalized patients with risk factors such as concomitant or recent use of antibiotics. cdi related additional costs are important for the global population and health-care facilities. cdi epidemiology has changed since 2003: they became more frequent boosted by large outbreaks, more severe, more resistant to antibiotic treatment, and spread to new groups of population without any risk factor. this is partly due to the emergence and wor ... | 2014 | 25156678 |
| is pediatric clostridium difficile infection associated with prior antibiotic exposure? | 2014 | 25156370 | |
| [diarrhea in the elderly]. | the causes of acute and chronic diarrheal disorders and their underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are common at all ages. the impact of diarrhea, however, may be more pronounced in the elderly due to various causes, such as age-related structural and functional intestinal changes, concomittant illnesses, consume of preventive and therapeutic drugs, impaired sense of hunger and thirst, compromised nutrition and hydration to withstand the effect of diarrhea, more frequent hospital admissions an ... | 2014 | 25154690 |
| clostridium difficile infection in elderly nursing home residents. | age-related changes in intestinal flora and host defences, the receipt of antibiotic treatment, and the presence of underlying diseases are some of the most common risk factors associated with clostridium difficile infection. therefore, retirement care facilities for elderly people have been pinpointed as frequent sources of contamination. there is only limited data regarding the presence and epidemiology of c. difficile in nursing homes, and this gap in the current literature emphasises the nee ... | 2014 | 25152228 |
| proton pump inhibitors induce changes in colonocyte gene expression that may affect clostridium difficile infection. | proton pump inhibitors seem to promote clostridium difficile infection (cdi). although the current literature suggests that this association is mediated through gastric acid suppression, there has been little investigation into whether a direct effect on expression of colonocyte genes may also have a role. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of omeprazole on genome-wide gene expression in a human colonic cell line. | 2014 | 25151556 |
| john g. bartlett: contributions to the discovery of clostridium difficile antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | in 1975 john bartlett began trials investigating the problem of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. his work led the discovery of clostridium difficile and he identified it as the leading cause of hospital-associated infections. | 2014 | 25151480 |
| tigecycline suppresses toxin a and b production and sporulation in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is mediated by potent extracellular toxins and is spread largely via bacterial spores. we and others have shown that some antibiotics stimulate c. difficile toxin production in a strain-specific manner; however, the effects of newer anti-c. difficile antibiotics on this process remain to be investigated. | 2015 | 25151204 |
| the first case of severe clostridium difficile ribotype 027 infection in taiwan. | 2015 | 25150914 | |
| in vitro antibiotic susceptibility profile of clostridium difficile excluding pcr ribotype 027 outbreak strain in hungary. | our study showed the antibiotic susceptibility profile of toxigenic clostridium difficile isolated from nosocomial and community-acquired cdi between 2008 and 2010. mics of 200 c. difficile strains were determined using e®test method in the case of erythromycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin, rifampicin, and metronidazole. all strains were susceptible to metronidazole in the study period. resistance rates to erythromycin, clindamycin and moxifloxacin were 31%, 29.5%, and 21.5%, respectively. in the ... | 2014 | 25150212 |
| factors influencing the development of antibiotic associated diarrhea in ed patients discharged home: risk of administering iv antibiotics. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and clostridium difficile infection (cdi) are well-known outcomes from antibiotic administration. because emergency department (ed) visits frequently result in antibiotic use, we evaluated the frequency of aad/cdi in adults treated and discharged home with new prescriptions for antibiotics to identify risk factors for acquiring aad/cdi. | 2014 | 25149599 |
| use of adenosine 5'-triphosphate bioluminescence assays to measure cleaning: the role of spores and clostridium difficile infection rates. | 2014 | 25148937 | |
| performance of severity of illness classification for clostridium difficile infection to predict need-for-colectomy or inpatient death. | in current state of practice, disease severity assessment for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) lacks consensus between different organizations. in the latest guidelines for management of cdi, authors have proposed a new disease severity classification. this classification has been derived from expert opinion and includes previously reported patient related factors that predict unfavorable outcome in cdi. | 2014 | 25147642 |
| clostridium difficile hfq can replace escherichia coli hfq for most of its function. | a gene for the hfq protein is present in the majority of sequenced bacterial genomes. its characteristic hexameric ring-like core structure is formed by the highly conserved n-terminal regions. in contrast, the c-terminal forms an extension, which varies in length, lacks homology, and is predicted to be unstructured. in gram-negative bacteria, hfq facilitates the pairing of srnas with their mrna target and thus affects gene expression, either positively or negatively, and modulates srna degradat ... | 2014 | 25147238 |
| can rapid integrated polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostics for gastrointestinal pathogens improve routine hospital infection control practice? a diagnostic study. | every year approximately 5000-9000 patients are admitted to a hospital with diarrhoea, which in up to 90% of cases has a non-infectious cause. as a result, single rooms are 'blocked' by patients with non-infectious diarrhoea, while patients with infectious diarrhoea are still in open bays because of a lack of free side rooms. a rapid test for differentiating infectious from non-infectious diarrhoea could be very beneficial for patients. | 2014 | 25146932 |
| reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction-based method for selectively detecting vegetative cells of toxigenic clostridium difficile. | the laboratory diagnostic methods for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) include toxigenic culture, enzyme immunoassays (eias) to detect the toxins of c. difficile, and nucleic acid amplification tests (naats) to detect c. difficile toxin genes, but each of these methods has disadvantages; toxigenic cultures require a long time to produce results, eias have low sensitivity, and naats that target dna cannot distinguish vegetative cells from spores and dead cells. here we report a new detection ... | 2014 | 25145894 |
| iron fortification adversely affects the gut microbiome, increases pathogen abundance and induces intestinal inflammation in kenyan infants. | in-home iron fortification for infants in developing countries is recommended for control of anaemia, but low absorption typically results in >80% of the iron passing into the colon. iron is essential for growth and virulence of many pathogenic enterobacteria. we determined the effect of high and low dose in-home iron fortification on the infant gut microbiome and intestinal inflammation. | 2015 | 25143342 |
| intracolonic administration of vancomycin for clostridium difficile infection. | 2014 | 25140945 | |
| clostridium difficile infection: an undeniably common problem among hematopoietic transplant recipients. | 2014 | 25139684 | |
| investigation of the mics of fidaxomicin and other antibiotics against hungarian clostridium difficile isolates. | the aim of this study was to investigate in vitro activities of fidaxomicin and other antibiotics against 188 clostridium difficile strains collected from different centers of hungary. c. difficile isolates showed minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) range for fidaxomicin of ≤0.008-0.5 mg/l, with a mic90 of 0.125 mg/l. only four isolates (2.1%) had 0.5 mg/l mic to fidaxomicin. the obtained mics showed identical distribution to those found in the eucast database for wild-type strains. | 2015 | 25139122 |
| a bundle strategy including patient hand hygiene to decrease clostridium difficile infections. | prevention strategies for clostridium difficile infection traditionally have addressed barrier precautions, environmental disinfection, and health care worker hand hygiene. when applied as a bundle, this approach has been used widely as an evidence-based strategy to prevent hospital-acquired c. difficile infection. expanding the bundle to include patient hand hygiene is a nurse-driven approach to prevent c. difficile transmission. | 2014 | 25137788 |
| the post-translational modification of the clostridium difficile flagellin affects motility, cell surface properties and virulence. | clostridium difficile is a prominent nosocomial pathogen, proliferating and causing enteric disease in individuals with a compromised gut microflora. we characterized the post-translational modification of flagellin in c. difficile 630. the structure of the modification was solved by nuclear magnetic resonance and shown to contain an n-acetylglucosamine substituted with a phosphorylated n-methyl-l-threonine. a reverse genetics approach investigated the function of the putative four-gene modifica ... | 2014 | 25135277 |
| [diagnosis and therapy of clostridium difficile infection: czech national guidelines]. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a disease of varying severity. its manifestations range from mild diarrhea to life-threatening paralytic ileus, painful distension of the large bowel, and sepsis. another possible manifestation of the disease is recurring colitis that can exhaust the patient. for establishing the diagnosis, the patient's stool should be examined with two or three different microbiological methods (testing for clostridial toxins a and b; testing for clostridial glutamate d ... | 2014 | 25135141 |
| pharmacological therapy of feed intolerance in the critically ills. | feed intolerance in the setting of critical illness is associated with higher morbidity and mortality, and thus requires promptly and effective treatment. prokinetic agents are currently considered as the first-line therapy given issues relating to parenteral nutrition and post-pyloric placement. currently, the agents of choice are erythromycin and metoclopramide, either alone or in combination, which are highly effective with relatively low incidence of cardiac, hemodynamic or neurological adve ... | 2014 | 25133043 |