Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| hev identified in serum from humans with acute hepatitis and in sewage of animal origin in spain. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmitted pathogen that appears sporadically in non-endemic countries. we studied hev as a causal agent of acute hepatitis cases in the spanish population, and the role of pigs as an animal reservoir. | 2000 | 11097493 |
| identification of a novel variant of hepatitis e virus in austria: sequence, phylogenetic and serological analysis. | we isolated a novel hepatitis e virus (hev-au1) variant from a patient in austria suffering from acute viral hepatitis, who had no known risk factors for acquiring hepatitis e. the clinical presentation and initial serological findings have been reported previously. in this paper we report the results of sequence and phylogenetic analysis of hev products from viral rna isolated from acute phase serum. the results show that hev-au1 is significantly divergent from other hev isolates. the nucleotid ... | 2000 | 11086119 |
| seroepidemiology of tt virus, gbc-c/hgv, and hepatitis viruses b, c, and e among women in a rural area of tanzania. | the seroprevalence and determinants of hepatitis b, c, and e virus infection, and of gbv-c/hepatitis g virus and tt virus infection were investigated among women from a rural area of northeastern tanzania. high seroprevalence rates were found for ttv (74%), hbv (74%), and gbv-c/hgv (35%), whereas 7% of the women had evidence of hcv and hev infection. the majority of ttv dna sequences in the study population belonged to the genotypes 1 or 2. one sequence seems to represent a new subtype of genoty ... | 2000 | 11074483 |
| a seroprevalence study of viral hepatitis e infection in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected subjects in malaysia. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a rna virus transmitted enterically. a study of anti-hev antibodies in 145 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infected subjects found that 14.4% of them were reactive to anti-hev antibodies. anti-hev igg and anti-hev igm was detected in 10.3% and 4.1% of the subjects respectively. prevalence of anti-hev (either igg or igm) was similar across all adult ages (p = 0.154), between the three ethnic groups (p = 0.378), and across risk groups (p = 0.120). the results ... | 2000 | 11072492 |
| new hepatitis viruses. | three new hepatitis viruses are reviewed; hepatitis e virus (hev), hepatitis g virus (hgv), and transfusion transmitted virus (ttv). only hev has been clearly associated with liver damage. it is transmitted by the fecal-oral route and tends to occur in poor socio-economic conditions. acute disease is diagnosed by the presence of anti-hev igm antibodies in the serum. hepatitis g virus and ttv are transmitted parenterally. hgv is the same agent as gbv-c. although it is hepatotropic, and high level ... | 2000 | 11063553 |
| diagnostic value of immunoglobulin g (igg) and igm anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) tests based on hev rna in an area where hepatitis e is not endemic. | acute hepatitis e (ahe) has rarely been reported in industrialized countries, but the rate of seroprevalence of hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies (anti-hev) is inappropriately high. the sensitivity and specificity of the assay used to test for immunoglobulin g (igg) and igm anti-hev have not been well established in areas where hepatitis e is not endemic (hereafter referred to as "nonendemic areas"). we collected serum samples from 13 ahe patients, 271 healthy subjects, and 160 other liver dise ... | 2000 | 11060044 |
| empty virus-like particle-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to hepatitis e virus. | hepatitis e, an enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis, is a serious viral infection that occasionally causes large epidemics in developing countries. in developed countries, the disease only appears sporadically due to the transmission routes, and it is considered to be less important. the hepatitis e virus (hev) cannot grow in cultured cells and no reliable assay system has ever been developed. in addition, the present diagnostic are not perfect, and actual rates of hev infection may b ... | 2000 | 11055242 |
| retrospective analysis of blood transfusion recipients: evidence for post-transfusion hepatitis e. | of 200 volunteer blood donors we had screened earlier for hepatitis e virus (hev) rna, using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, 3 were positive, raising the possibility of transfusion-associated hepatitis e in areas endemic for this virus. this retrospective study was to reassess the extent of post-transfusion hepatitis e among transfusion recipients, investigated in 1982. | 2000 | 11054043 |
| hepatitis e virus infection in chimpanzees: a retrospective analysis. | different patterns of disease were observed among 11 chimpanzees who were inoculated intravenously with hepatitis e virus (hev) positive fecal specimens from four different outbreaks (nepal 1981, uzbekistan 1981, pakistan 1985, and mexico 1986). five chimpanzees had marginal or no liver enzyme elevations within 70 days of inoculation. two of the chimpanzees had limited viremia, but did not produce detectable antibody. the four remaining chimpanzees had liver enzyme elevations, viral shedding, vi ... | 2000 | 11043950 |
| xenotransplantation and the potential risk of xenogeneic transmission of porcine viruses. | the clinical success of allotransplantation and the shortage of donor organs have led to a proposal for the use of animal organs as alternative therapeutic materials for humans. in that regard, swine are preferable to non-human primates as a source of donor organs. while applications for clinical trials for xenotransplantation have not yet been received in canada, several trials have already been authorized in the united states. a major concern, however, is the potential for xenogeneic transmiss ... | 2000 | 11041495 |
| [algorithm for specific laboratory diagnosis in viral hepatitis among inpatients (lecture)]. | 2000 | 11031429 | |
| the exceptionally large genome of hendra virus: support for creation of a new genus within the family paramyxoviridae. | an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in hendra, a suburb of brisbane, australia, in september 1994 resulted in the deaths of 14 racing horses and a horse trainer. the causative agent was a new member of the family paramyxoviridae. the virus was originally called equine morbillivirus but was renamed hendra virus (hev) when molecular characterization highlighted differences between it and members of the genus morbillivirus. less than 5 years later, the closely related nipah virus (niv) emerged ... | 2000 | 11024125 |
| the cleavage activation and sites of glycosylation in the fusion protein of hendra virus. | hendra virus (hev) is an unclassified member of the paramyxoviridae family that causes systemic infections in humans, horses, cats, guinea pigs and flying foxes. the fusion protein (f(0)) of members of the paramyxoviridae family that cause systemic infections in vivo contains a basic amino acid-rich region at which the protein is activated by cleavage into two subunits (f(1) and f(2)). hev f(0) lacks such a domain. we have determined the cleavage site in hev f(0) by sequencing the amino terminus ... | 2000 | 11018278 |
| duration of viraemia and faecal viral excretion in acute hepatitis e. | data on duration of viral excretion and viraemia during hepatitis e virus (hev) infection are limited. we tested serial stool and serum samples from 20 patients with acute hepatitis e for hev rna. faecal excretion and viraemia in these patients were found to be short lived. in 19 patients, all samples obtained after biochemical resolution of hepatitis tested negative; in the remaining patient, hev rna was detected in the serum samples but not in stool after biochemical resolution. long-term pers ... | 2000 | 11009149 |
| lack of hepatitis e infection among backpackers to tropical countries. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a feco-orally transmitted virus that occurs primarily among the indigenous populations of the indian subcontinent, central america and africa. most recognized cases of hev occur after contamination of water supplies such as after monsoon flooding.1,2 in contrast with hepatitis a infection, secondary person-to-person spread is rare. most cases of hev are reported in epidemics, but sporadic cases also occur. backpackers traveling from developed to developing countries ar ... | 2000 | 11003735 |
| risk of hepatitis e infection to travelers. | hepatitis e virus (hev), previously referred to as enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis, is a major cause of epidemic hepatitis and acute, sporadic hepatitis in endemic areas of the world. the existence of hev was suspected based upon epidemiological grounds for many years. however, it was only in the early 1990s that confirmation occurred when two prototype strains of hev from burma and mexico were sequenced.1-3 outbreaks of hev infection as well as sporadic transmission commonly occu ... | 2000 | 11003732 |
| pathogenic avian adenovirus type ii induces apoptosis in turkey spleen cells. | wild-type mammalian adenoviruses are known to inhibit programmed cells death in infected cells. this study demonstrated for the first time that an avian type ii adenovirus, the hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) of turkeys, induced apoptosis in turkey spleen cells at 3 and 4 days post infection. the increased apoptosis rate in spleens of hev-infected turkeys was associated with increased virus replication. increased apoptosis preceded extensive virus-induced cellular necrosis. at 3 days post infe ... | 2000 | 11003476 |
| hepatitis e. | hepatitis e, previously known as enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis, is an infectious viral disease with clinical and morphologic features of acute hepatitis. its causative agent, hepatitis e virus, consists of small, 32- to 34-nm diameter, icosahedral, nonenveloped particles with a single-stranded, positive-sense, 7.5-kb rna. the virus has two main geographically distinct strains, asian and mexican; recently, novel isolates from nonendemic areas and a genetically related swine hev h ... | 2000 | 10987115 |
| [sequential antibody determination in hepatitis e virus]. | twenty-four patients with presumptive diagnosis of hve with a mean age of 37.7 years are presented. a qualitative antihve by elisa was performed in all of them, and repeated at monthly intervals during a 6 month period, and 18 gave a positive result for acute hve. the majority were detected 60 days after the initiation of their signosintomatology. clinical characterization are outlined. | 2000 | 10975019 |
| hepatitis e virus immunoglobulin g antibodies in different populations in campinas, brazil. | the seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies was investigated by enzyme immunoassay in 205 volunteer blood donors, 214 women who attended a center for anonymous testing for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, and 170 hospital employees in campinas, a city in southeastern brazil. the prevalence of anti-hev antibodies ranged from 2.6% (3 of 117) in health care professionals to 17.7% (38 of 214) in women who considered themselves at risk for hiv. the prevalence of anti-he ... | 2000 | 10973460 |
| reclassification of the caliciviridae into distinct genera and exclusion of hepatitis e virus from the family on the basis of comparative phylogenetic analysis. | caliciviridae and picornaviridae belong to the same subphylum and genera within picornaviridae are well characterized. until 1998, caliciviridae included one genus calicivirus, containing strains with distinct structural and genomic features. phylogenetic analyses of capsid genes revealed five clusters within caliciviridae corresponding to differences in genome organization. in order to determine to what taxonomic level these clusters correspond, genomic sequences of caliciviruses, picornavirus ... | 2000 | 10963346 |
| expression of the hepatitis e virus orf1. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an unclassified, plus-strand rna virus whose genome contains three open reading frames (orfs). orf1, the 5' proximal orf of hev, encodes nonstructural proteins involved in rna replication which share homology with the products of the corresponding orf of members of the alphavirus-like superfamily of plus-strand rna viruses. among animal virus members of this superfamily (the alphavirus and rubivirus genera of the family togaviridae), the product of this orf is a nonstr ... | 2000 | 10963340 |
| identification of immunodominant and conformational epitopes in the capsid protein of hepatitis e virus by using monoclonal antibodies. | antibody to the capsid (porf2) protein of hepatitis e virus (hev) is sufficient to confer immunity, but knowledge of b-cell epitopes in the intact capsid is limited. a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) was generated following immunization with recombinant orf2.1 protein, representing the c-terminal 267 amino acids (aa) of the 660-aa capsid protein. two mabs reacted exclusively with the conformational orf2.1 epitope (f. li, j. torresi, s. a. locarnini, h. zhuang, w. zhu, x. guo, and d. ... | 2000 | 10933710 |
| viral hepatitis: recent experiences from serological studies in bangladesh. | infections due to hepatitis a (hav), hepatitis b (hbv), hepatitis c (hcv) and hepatitis e (hev) viruses are the major causes of hepatitis and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries like bangladesh. the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hbsag, anti-hcv antibody, anti-hav antibody and anti-hev antibody in patients suspected of having infection by hbv, hcv, hav and hev, respectively. antibody to hav was detected in 39% of subjects ... | 2000 | 10928622 |
| [dynamics of anti-hev orf2, orf3, igm and igg in serial sera of patients with hepatitis e and their clinical significance]. | to study the dynamics of anti-hev orf2, orf3, igm and igg in serial sera of patients with hepatitis e. | 1998 | 10923456 |
| acute and chronic viral hepatitis. | viral hepatitis is the most common cause of acute and chronic hepatitis. the term viral hepatitis generally refers to infections resulting from one of the hepatotrophic viruses: hepatitis a, b, c, d, and e. the last 10 years have brought many important advances in understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular biology, and immunoprophylaxis of infections caused by hepatotrophic viruses. development of sensitive and specific immunoassays has enabled detection of specific agents. this has ... | 2000 | 10916125 |
| isolation of hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of hendra virus. | since it was first described in australia in 1994, hendra virus (hev) has caused two outbreaks of fatal disease in horses and humans, and an isolated fatal horse case. our preliminary studies revealed a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to hev in bats of the genus pteropus:, but it was unclear whether this was due to infection with hev or a related virus. we developed the hypothesis that hev excretion from bats might be related to the birthing process and we targeted the reproductive tr ... | 2000 | 10900029 |
| distribution of hammerhead and hammerhead-like rna motifs through the genbank. | hammerhead ribozymes previously were found in satellite rnas from plant viroids and in repetitive dna from certain species of newts and schistosomes. to determine if this catalytic rna motif has a wider distribution, we decided to scrutinize the genbank database for rnas that contain hammerhead or hammerhead-like motifs. the search shows a widespread distribution of this kind of rna motif in different sequences suggesting that they might have a more general role in rna biology. the frequency of ... | 2000 | 10899150 |
| molecular characterization of a hepatitis e virus isolate from namibia. | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes sporadic and epidemic acute viral hepatitis in many developing countries. in africa, hepatitis e has been documented by virus detection (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, rt-pcr) in egypt, chad, algeria, morocco and tunisia. cases of presumptive hepatitis e also have been documented by detection of antibody to hev in the sudan, kenya, ethiopia, somalia, djibouti and south africa. recently, we reported the recovery of 9 isolates of hev from feces coll ... | 2000 | 10895057 |
| augmentation of immune responses to hepatitis e virus orf2 dna vaccination by codelivery of cytokine genes. | dna vaccines encoding a viral structural protein have been shown to induce antiviral immune responses and provide protection against subsequent viral challenge. in the present study we show that dna immunization with a plasmid expressing the hepatitis e virus orf2 structural protein (pcdna-orf2) induced low levels of long-lasting antibody responses in the murine model. the use of plasmids expressing interleukin-2 (il-2) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor (gm-csf) in conjunction ... | 2000 | 10892997 |
| identification of 2 novel isolates of hepatitis e virus in argentina. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has been identified in 2 argentine patients with acute hepatitis who reported no history of travel to regions in which hev is considered endemic. these isolates are the first to be identified in south america. by use of degenerate primers from open reading frames 1 and 2, hev sequences were obtained from these patients' serum and compared with published hev sequences. the argentine isolates are different from all previously identified hev isolates and are most closely rel ... | 2000 | 10882610 |
| hepatitis e virus: recent advances. | 2000 | 10881621 | |
| the inhibitory effect of the imidazoquinolinamine s-28828 on the pathogenesis of a type ii adenovirus in turkeys. | in this study we show that a type i-ifn inducing compound, s-28828, modulated the pathogenesis of an avian type ii adenovirus in turkeys. by itself, s-28828 induced a strong reaction in the spleen characterized by hyperplasia of the red and white pulps as well as an increase in lymphoid cell aggregations. oral administration of s-28828 before the time of virus inoculation suppressed significantly (p<0.05) the replication of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) in turkeys. two doses of 5 or 50 mg of ... | 2000 | 10867157 |
| 93g, a novel sporadic strain of hepatitis e virus in south china isolated by cell culture. | the nucleotide sequence of hepatitis e virus (hev) serous isolates (g-9 and g-20) from guangzhou, south china, which has been reported previously, are divergent significantly from those of other reported hev isolates. in order to investigate more extensively the guangzhou isolate, the 93g strain was isolated from the faecal sample of the same individual as g-9 by a549 cell culture and identified immunologically and by molecular biological techniques. the results showed that strain 93g could be p ... | 2000 | 10861638 |
| the complete sequence of hepatitis e virus genotype 4 reveals an alternative strategy for translation of open reading frames 2 and 3. | isolates of hepatitis e virus (hev) have recently been described from china that are distinct from burmese, mexican and us viruses and constitute a novel genotype (genotype 4). here, the complete genomic sequence of a representative isolate of genotype 4 hev, amplified directly from the stool of an acutely infected patient, is presented. analysis of the entire sequence confirms our previous conclusion, based upon partial sequence data, that these chinese isolates belong to a novel genotype. typi ... | 2000 | 10859372 |
| genetic variability of hepatitis e virus within and between three epidemics in india. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important cause of epidemic and sporadic acute viral hepatitis in many developing countries, including india. we evaluated the genetic variability within two regions (a 476-nt long orf1 segment and a 304-nt long orf2 segment) from specimens collected during three outbreaks in the cities of karnal (1987), yamunanagar (1989), and meerut (1996), india, and from one patient, residing in lucknow, india, who had a case of sporadic hepatitis (1996). within an outbreak, seq ... | 1999 | 10854164 |
| [viral hepatitis e: its epidemiological characteristics in the republic of tajikistan]. | the characteristic feature of the republic of tajikistan, as well as other republics of central asia, is the wide spread of virus hepatitis e. the epidemiology of this grave disease, recently known as virus hepatitis non a, non b with the fecal-oral mechanism of transmission of this infection, has been yet insufficiently studied. the article points out to the specific character of this infection which essentially differs, both epidemiologically and clinically, from other enteric hepatitis (hepat ... | 1999 | 10852045 |
| acute hepatic failure in india: a perspective from the east. | acute hepatic failure (ahf) in india almost always presents with encephalopathy within 4 weeks of the onset of acute hepatitis. further subclassification of ahf into hyperacute, acute and subacute forms may not be necessary in this geographical area, where the rapidity of onset of encephalopathy does not seem to influence survival. viral hepatitis is the cause in approximately 95-100% of patients, who therefore constitute a more homogeneous population than ahf patients in the west. in india, hep ... | 2000 | 10847431 |
| an outbreak of enterically transmitted non-a, non-e viral hepatitis. | patients with isolated serum transaminase elevations of unknown cause are common in china. an outbreak of such disease took place in a technicians' school during 1996. to define the epidemic and determine the etiology, a study was carried out, which included investigation of epidemiological, clinical and histological features. the symptoms of this disease were mild. the major clinical feature was transaminase elevation, and all serum markers of known hepatitis viruses were negative. although the ... | 1999 | 10847131 |
| prevalence of hepatitis viruses in an anti-human immunodeficiency virus-positive population from argentina. a multicentre study. | the objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of infections with hepatotrophic viruses in an anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive population from buenos aires and to compare it among the main risk groups for hiv infection. four hundred and eighty-four consecutive patients attending the hiv outpatients clinic were studied: 359 men and 125 women, median age 29 years (range 16-67 years); 35.5% had presented acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids)-defining conditions ... | 1999 | 10847130 |
| anti-hev in blood donors: what is test and what is virus? | 2000 | 10838522 | |
| prevalence of hepatitis e virus as a causative agent of acute hepatitis. | 2000 | 10835866 | |
| prevalence of hepatitis e antibodies in immigrants from developing countries. | the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis e virus (hev) antibodies among indigenous spanish blood donors and immigrants from developing countries in order to determine whether immigrants pose a significant risk for the transmission of hev to the healthy spanish population. the seroprevalence of hev was determined in a cohort of 90 asymptomatic immigrants (mostly from countries in sub-saharan africa) who had recently arrived in madrid, spain, and in 863 bloo ... | 2000 | 10834823 |
| identification by phage display and characterization of two neutralizing chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies to the hepatitis e virus capsid protein. | two monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the orf2 protein of the sar-55 strain of hepatitis e virus (hev) were isolated by phage display from a cdna library of chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) gamma1/kappa antibody genes. both mabs, hev#4 and hev#31, bound to reduced, denatured open reading frame 2 (orf2) protein in a western blot, suggesting that they recognize linear epitopes. the affinities (equilibrium dissociation constants, k(d)) for the sar-55 orf2 protein were 1.7 nm for hev#4 and 5.4 nm for ... | 2000 | 10823861 |
| nepal calls the shots in hepatitis e virus vaccine trial. | 2000 | 10821375 | |
| short report: phylogenetically distinct hepatitis e viruses in pakistan. | hepatitis e, which is enterically transmitted, is the most common cause of acute hepatitis in much of asia. phylogenetic analysis of several isolates of hepatitis e virus (hev) from asia suggests that transmission of this virus is geographically restricted. in sarghoda, pakistan, hev sar-55 was isolated from a 1987 outbreak. it belongs to the central-asian cluster of the asian sub-genotype. we now report the complete sequence of a second pakistan hev from a 1988 outbreak in abbottabad. the abbot ... | 2000 | 10813471 |
| taxonomy of the caliciviruses. | the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv) has recently approved several proposals submitted by the present caliciviridae study group. these proposals include the division of the family into 4 new genera designated lagovirus, vesivirus, "norwalk-like viruses (nlvs), and "sapporo-like viruses (slvs); the latter 2 genera were assigned temporary names until acceptable names can be determined by the scientific community. the genera have been further divided into the following species: ... | 2000 | 10804145 |
| identification and phylogenetic comparison of salem virus, a novel paramyxovirus of horses. | a virus that could not be identified as a previously known equine virus was isolated from the mononuclear cells of a horse. electron microscopy revealed enveloped virions with nucleocapsid structures characteristic of viruses in the paramyxoviridae family. the virus failed to hemabsorb chicken or guinea pig red blood cells and lacked neuraminidase activity. two viral genes were isolated from a cdna expression library. multiple sequence alignments of one gene indicated an average identity of 45% ... | 2000 | 10793001 |
| sporadic acute hepatitis e in the united kingdom: an underdiagnosed phenomenon? | hepatitis e (hev) is the primary cause of enterically transmitted non-a non-b hepatitis worldwide. case reports of hev in individuals in the united kingdom relate to travel to endemic areas or contact with individuals who have visited these areas. | 2000 | 10764721 |
| comparison of the prevalence of igg antibodies to hepatitis e virus and hepatitis a virus in members of households in the mekong delta region of vietnam. | 2000 | 10761716 | |
| fulminant hepatic failure: etiology, viral markers and outcome. | to investigate the etiology and outcome of fulminant hepatic failure (fhf) in children. | 1999 | 10745331 |
| identification of a novel hepatitis e virus in nigeria. | sporadic cases of acute hepatitis e among ten native nigerian adults were reported in port-harcourt (nigeria). hepatitis e virus (hev) was detected in serum and/or faecal samples of seven patients by rt-pcr of the open reading frame (orf)-1 polymerase region and the 3'-end of orf2. restriction analysis widely used to distinguish genotypes i and iii showed that all nigerian strains have a pattern similar to the mexican strain (noti, nt 286; smai, nt 397; no kpni restriction site) but displayed a ... | 2000 | 10725415 |
| acute hepatitis e infection acquired in california. | 2000 | 10722465 | |
| hepatitis e: an overview and recent advances in clinical and laboratory research. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a non-enveloped rna (7.5 kb) virus that is responsible for large epidemics of acute hepatitis and a proportion of sporadic hepatitis cases in southeast and central asia, the middle east, parts of africa and mexico. hepatitis e virus infection spreads by the faecal-oral route (usually through contaminated water) and presents after an incubation period of 8-10 weeks with a clinical illness resembling other forms of acute viral hepatitis. clinical attack rates are the hig ... | 2000 | 10719741 |
| immunopathogenesis of haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) in turkeys. | infection of turkeys with the haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), a type ii avian adenovirus, results in varying rates of morbidity and mortality. the disease is characterised by splenomegaly, intestinal haemorrhage, sudden death and immunosuppression. the mechanisms of hev immunopathogenesis and immunosuppression are not fully understood. recent studies indicate that immune responses play a central role in disease pathogenesis. hev infects b cells and macrophages and induces necrosis as well as ... | 2000 | 10717290 |
| the 20th united states-japan joint hepatitis panel meeting. | 2000 | 10706578 | |
| a four year review of acute viral hepatitis cases in the east coast of peninsular malaysia (1994-1997). | a total of 1,157 sera from jaundiced patients with clinical and biochemical evidence of liver disease received from government hospital in kelantan and terengganu, during the period from 1994 to 1997, were investigated to determine the cause. hepatitis a virus was found to be the main cause in 26.1% (24/92) of symptomatic clinical hepatitis cases in 1994, 47.8% (63/132) in 1995, 66.4% (613/923) in 1996 and 20% (2/10) in 1997. sera received in 1996 were also tested for hepatitis b, hepatitis c, h ... | 1999 | 10695797 |
| recombinant subunit orf2.1 antigen and induction of antibody against immunodominant epitopes in the hepatitis e virus capsid protein. | a recombinant subunit antigen (orf2.1), representing the carboxy-terminal 267 amino acids of the 660-amino-acid hepatitis e virus (hev) capsid protein, was expressed in escherichia coli and used for the immunisation of rats. purified antigen formulated with either aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant (alum) or titermax gave high and equivalent levels of antibody after three doses. responses to two doses of 15, 75, or 150 microg antigen, formulated with alum and given at 0 and 4 weeks, were also equi ... | 2000 | 10686019 |
| experimental hendra virus infectionin pregnant guinea-pigs and fruit bats (pteropus poliocephalus). | antibodies to hendra virus (hev) have been found in a high percentage of fruit bats (pteropus spp.) in australia, indicating a possible reservoir for the virus. the aim of the experiments reported here was to investigate transplacental infection as a possible mode of transmission of the virus in fruit bats and other animals. in a first experiment, 18 pregnant guinea-pigs in the mid-stage of gestation were inoculated with hev, as an experimental model in a conventional laboratory animal. nine dev ... | 2000 | 10684689 |
| hepatitis e virus infection. | 2000 | 10683033 | |
| hepatitis e: an emerging infectious disease. | 1999 | 10682255 | |
| hepatitis e virus in cuba. | the hepatitis e virus (hev) has a global distribution and is known to have caused large waterborne epidemics of icteric hepatitis. the transmission is primarily fecal-oral. some reports have suggested parenteral transmission of hev from its association to hepatitis b or hepatitis c infection, or due to the development of hepatitis e after blood transfusion. though most of the developing countries in asia and africa have been shown to be endemic for hev infection, studies in the latin american co ... | 2000 | 10680744 |
| prevalence of antibody to hepatitis e virus among rodents in the united states. | the recent identification of antibody to hepatitis e virus (hev) in pigs, sheep, and cattle and characterization of an hev isolated from domestic pigs suggest animal reservoirs for this virus. to investigate whether rodents might be a natural reservoir of hev, the prevalence of anti-hev was determined among a variety of species throughout the united states. serum samples were obtained from 806 rodents of 26 species in 15 genera. anti-hev prevalence was assessed by 2 eias (mosaic protein- and 55- ... | 2000 | 10669325 |
| the in vitro-synthesized rna from a cdna clone of hepatitis e virus is infectious. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an important etiological agent of epidemic and sporadic hepatitis, which is endemic to the indian subcontinent and prevalent in most of the developing parts of the world. the infection is often associated with acute liver failure and high mortality, particularly in pregnant women. in order to develop methods of intervention, it is essential to understand the biology of the virus. this is particularly important as no reliable in vitro culture system is available. we hav ... | 2000 | 10666275 |
| epidemic hepatitis e: serological evidence for lack of intrafamilial spread. | hepatitis e presents as epidemic as well as sporadic disease. fecal contamination of drinking water results in epidemics of hepatitis e. the extent of intrafamilial spread needs to be assessed employing serological assays. | 2000 | 10659484 |
| [hepatitis e virus]. | 1999 | 10635857 | |
| cloning, sequencing, and expression of the hepatitis e virus (hev) nonstructural open reading frame 1 (orf1). | hepatitis e virus (hev) causes enterically transmitted epidemic and sporadic viral hepatitis affecting millions of people in the developing world. different geographical isolates of hev show a high degree of homology at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. the approximately 7.2 kb rna genome has three open reading frames of which orf1 is predicted to code for the viral nonstructural polyprotein. the expression, processing and properties of the nonstructural orf1 polyprotein have not been report ... | 2000 | 10630959 |
| retrospective serological analysis of hepatitis e patients: a long-term follow-up study. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the persistence and protective role of antibodies to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) after natural hepatitis e infection. a retrospective analysis of immunoglobulin g (igg) anti-hev was performed in 37 patients followed-up for 5 years after epidemics of hev. two patients with sporadic hepatitis e (he) were followed-up for 12 and 8 years. all patients infected during epidemics of he were positive for igg anti-hev at 5 years of follow-up (geometric mean titre: 17 ... | 1999 | 10607264 |
| shift of hepatitis e virus rna from hepatocytes to biliary epithelial cells during acute infection of rhesus monkey. | hepatitis e virus (hev) has been considered to be the major cause of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in developing countries. however, little is known about viral replication and localization in the liver. the aim of this study was to examine the distribution of hev-infected cells in experimentally infected animals. seven captured wild rhesus monkeys were inoculated intravenously with faecal extract derived from a myanmar strain of hev. animals were killed at different time-points ... | 1999 | 10607243 |
| hepatitis e virus: can it be transmitted parenterally? | of 200 voluntary blood donors screened for hepatitis e virus (hev) rna, employing the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), three were found to be positive (1.5%). none of the hev rna-positive blood donors had any symptoms at the time of blood donation or during subsequent follow-up. one donor was positive for immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies to hev, with a raised serum alanine aminotransferase (alt) level, whereas the other two donors were negative for both immunoglobulin g ... | 1999 | 10607228 |
| recombinant hepatitis e capsid protein self-assembles into a dual-domain t = 1 particle presenting native virus epitopes. | the three-dimensional structure of a self-assembled, recombinant hepatitis e virus particle has been solved to 22-a resolution by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. the single subunit of 50 kda is derived from a truncated version of the open reading frame-2 gene of the virus expressed in a baculovirus system. this is the first structure of a t = 1 particle with protruding dimers at the icosahedral two-fold axes solved by cryo-electron microscopy. the protein she ... | 1999 | 10603315 |
| storage of viruses on filter paper for genetic analysis. | the purpose of this study was to develop a method to store viruses on filter paper without the need for special conditions for future use of the genetic material. two non-enveloped viruses were used as models. infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv), a double-stranded rna virus that infects chickens, belongs to the birnaviridae family. hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev), with double-stranded dna, belongs to the adenoviridae family. three different solutions were found suitable for loading the viru ... | 1999 | 10598079 |
| [the role of hev in acute non-a, non-c hepatitis and the identification of a new variant hev in italy]. | 1999 | 10596434 | |
| clinical and epidemiological implications of swine hepatitis e virus infection. | in nonendemic areas, most patients with acute hepatitis e were infected through traveling to endemic areas. however, some patients did not have a history of foreign travel before infection. furthermore, high seroprevalence rates of antibody to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) were found in the general adult population in some countries without any recorded outbreak of hepatitis e. the significance of anti-hev assay in these subjects remains obscure. to study if swine might be a source of hev infecti ... | 2000 | 10596016 |
| hepatitis e seroconversion in united states travelers abroad. | sporadic cases of symptomatic hepatitis e virus (hev) infection have been reported in united states travelers to developing countries, including mexico and pakistan. to evaluate the risk of exposure in united states travelers, 356 patients seen in our travel clinics were tested for antibodies to hev before and 6 weeks after traveling. samples obtained 6 months after traveling were available for 211 travelers. igg and igm antibodies to hev were assayed with hev elisa diagnostic kits containing 3 ... | 1999 | 10586918 |
| remote village survey for agents causing hepatosplenic disease in the republic of yemen. | the objective of this study was to epidemiologically describe potential infectious agents among rural people in the republic of yemen. this would aid clinicians in designing empirical therapy and public health officials in planning disease prevention. we sought to examine evidence for the geographical distribution of pathogens causing human hepatic and splenic disease among villagers and domestic animals living in three remote areas with differing altitudes. in june 1992, a cross-sectional surve ... | 1999 | 10578634 |
| [gene analysis of acute sporadic hev in the southern areas of china]. | to investigate the existing different gene sequences of hepatitis e virus (hev) in the southern areas of china. | 1999 | 10572683 |
| [geographical distribution of hepatitis e virus genotypes]. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the major agent of acute hepatitis in developing countries where the infection occurs sporadically or in large waterborne epidemics. hev, classified in the caliciviridae, is not culturable. the detection of hev rna by rt-pcr in serum and stool samples is reliable during the 7 to 15 days following the onset of the disease. restriction endonuclease analysis, cloning and sequencing of pcr products allow a phylogenetic analysis of hev isolates. although they belong to a si ... | 1999 | 10572664 |
| hepatitis e virus: an update on its molecular, clinical and epidemiological characteristics. | the present overview gives a summary of hev infection comprising its discovery, a characterisation of the virus, its diagnosis, epidemiology, course of the disease, and finally its prevention. | 1999 | 10567844 |
| identity of a novel swine hepatitis e virus in taiwan forming a monophyletic group with taiwan isolates of human hepatitis e virus. | recently, we found that more than 10% of the cases of acute non-a, non-b, non-c hepatitis in taiwan were caused by a novel strain of hepatitis e virus (hev). since none of these patients had a history of travel to areas where hev is endemic, the source of transmission remains unclear. the recent discovery of a swine hev in herd pigs in the united states has led us to speculate that hev may also circulate in herd pigs in taiwan and may serve as a reservoir for hev in taiwan. of 275 herd pigs obta ... | 1999 | 10565892 |
| hepatitis c virus infection in sporadic fulminant viral hepatitis in north india: cause or co-factor? | the role of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in fulminant hepatitis (fh) is poorly understood and the available data are conflicting. we have examined the aetiological role of hcv in 50 consecutive patients with sporadic fh by employing serology and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). | 1999 | 10563532 |
| enterically transmitted hepatitis. hepatitis a and e viruses. | enterically-transmitted hepatitis is caused by hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus. the most important agent is hepatitis a virus, which is distributed worldwide and infects all age groups. most infections in children are minimally symptomatic and immunity is long-lasting, so severe disease tends to occur in nonimmune adults. hepatitis e virus is found in the developing world and has a greater propensity for symptomatic infection of children. both agents are transmitted via contaminated wate ... | 1999 | 10549431 |
| hepatitis e virus infection prevalence among selected populations in iowa. | hev causes an enteric infectious disease endemic in developing areas with hot climate. a case of endogenous hev infection has been reported in the us. recently, hev-like virus was isolated from swine in iowa. swine production is a major industry in iowa with the potential for human exposure to swine in and around industrial and family farm operations. | 1999 | 10548130 |
| hav and hev infection in hospitalised hepatitis patients in alexandria, egypt. | a total of 202 serum and stool samples from acute hepatitis patients attending the fever hospital of alexandria, egypt, have been studied to reveal markers of hepatitis virus infection. anti-hav igm were detected in 21 out of 202 sera (10.4%), whereas 201 sera (99.5%) had anti-hav igg. the first age attack was in the class-age 0-9 years with 64.7% of anti-hav igm positive sera. among 202 patients, anti-hepatitis e igg (sample/over cut off > 1.0) was identified in 90 patients (44.5%). the anti-he ... | 1999 | 10543349 |
| prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a and e viruses among rural populations of the chaco region, south-eastern bolivia. | we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against hepatitis a and hepatitis e viruses (hav and hev) in the population of two rural areas, camiri and villa montes, of the chaco region, south-eastern bolivia. hav antibodies were detected in 461 (94.1%) of 490 serum samples tested, not differing significantly between sexes and study areas. the hav seropositivity rate (64.7%) was high even in the youngest age group (1-5 years). the prevalence of hev was 7.3%, ... | 1999 | 10540299 |
| hepatitis e virus in end-stage renal disease. | 1999 | 10532427 | |
| hepatitis e virus infection in travelers. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a major cause of clinical hepatitis in regions of endemicity, affecting primarily young adults and travelers to these areas. we present 5 cases of acute hev infection in travelers and review 143 cases of hev infection found by a literature search that were contracted in areas of endemicity. fulminant hepatitis occurred in 2.7% of the reported cases; 2 of these were fatal. the destination of most of the travelers with acute hev infection was the indian subcontinent. the ... | 1999 | 10524982 |
| hepatitis e virus. advances in hev biology and hev vaccine approaches. | hepatitis e, previously known as enterically transmitted, enteric, or epidemic hepatitis, is a worldwide public health problem. the causative agent, the hepatitis e virus, is involved in epidemic, sporadic, and fulminant hepatitis cases worldwide. this review describes the advances in the biology of the hepatitis e virus and the progress made to develop simple and robust serologic assays for the diagnosis of hev infection. genomic sequence comparisons with a recently identified us isolate now su ... | 1999 | 10516473 |
| caliciviruses: an overview. | several caliciviruses are known to cause diseases in animal and man. amongst them are vesicular exanthema virus of swine (vesv), feline calicivirus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv), and norwalk and sapporo-like viruses; the latter viruses cause gastroenteritis in man. in this paper, an overview of caliciviruses is presented, with particular emphasis on the molecular aspects. the unique properties as compared to other related families of positive-stranded rna viruses will be discussed. ma ... | 1999 | 10515270 |
| antiserum generated by dna vaccine binds to hepatitis e virus (hev) as determined by pcr and immune electron microscopy (iem): application for hev detection by affinity-capture rt-pcr. | previously, we have described that injection of an expression vector containing hepatitis e virus (hev) open reading frame 2 (hev-orf-2) generated a strong antibody response in mice. to characterize the reaction of this antiserum with native hev and to evaluate its potential diagnostic application, we tested the antiserum's ability to bind hev using immune electron microscope (iem) and affinity-capture reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) amplification. antiserum to orf-2 agg ... | 1999 | 10513287 |
| factors in spread of hepatitis e. | 1999 | 10509491 | |
| [severe viral hepatitis]. | 1999 | 10506864 | |
| hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in children living in rural ghana. | large outbreaks of hepatitis e virus have been reported in warm climates with poor sanitation although it exists in endemic form in these areas too. this oro-fecally transmitted infection has been described mainly in adults with very little data from children. this study looked at seroprevalence in children resident in a rural district in ghana with very little pipe-borne water supply. sera from 803 randomly selected pupils aged 6-18 years were evaluated for anti-hev. the overall seroprevalence ... | 1999 | 10504860 |
| prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis e virus in pigs from countries where hepatitis e is common or is rare in the human population. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is a very important public health concern in many developing countries where epidemics of hepatitis e are common. sporadic cases of clinical hepatitis e not only occur in these countries but also occur uncommonly in patients with no known epidemiological exposure to hev in industrialized countries. the source of infection in industrialized countries is unknown but it has been suggested that animals might serve as a reservoir for hev in both settings. we recently identifie ... | 1999 | 10502259 |
| sequence data suggests big liver and spleen disease virus (blsv) is genetically related to hepatitis e virus. | a monoclonal antibody (mab) that reacted specifically with a 16 kda big liver and spleen disease virus (blsv) protein was used to identify the protein in western immunoblots of infected liver extracts and enable partial amino acid sequence analysis of the protein. based on this sequence, a degenerate primer was designed that was used in conjunction with random hexamers in a reverse transcriptase-por (rt pcr), to amplify a 523 bp product from rna extracted from homogenates of blsv-infected livers ... | 1999 | 10501168 |
| serological evidence for swine hepatitis e virus infection in australian pig herds. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmitted human pathogen, with some similarities to caliciviruses. a variant of hev was recently identified in pigs in the usa, infecting almost 100% of animals in commercial herds. phylogenetic analysis suggests that this is a true 'swine hev' distinct from the human virus, but the swine virus may also infect man. using an in-house elisa based on a highly conserved, recombinant hev protein, we have examined collections of sera from australian pigs for ... | 1999 | 10501166 |
| newly discovered viruses of flying foxes. | flying foxes have been the focus of research into three newly described viruses from the order mononegavirales, namely hendra virus (hev), menangle virus and australian bat lyssavirus (abl). early investigations indicate that flying foxes are the reservoir host for these viruses. in 1994, two outbreaks of a new zoonotic disease affecting horses and humans occurred in queensland. the virus which was found to be responsible was called equine morbillivirus (emv) and has since been renamed hev. inve ... | 1999 | 10501164 |
| [serologic markers to hepatitis e virus in residents in nonendemic regions]. | hepatitis e is a disease endemic for countries with tropical and subtropical climate with developing national economy. antibodies to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) were detected in the population of other regions of the world, including european and north american countries with well-developed economy, where anti-hev are regularly detected in 1-3% normal subjects. the number of seropositive subjects is the highest among patients with liver diseases and with some diseases without primary involvemen ... | 1999 | 10500981 |
| the unique riverine ecology of hepatitis e virus transmission in south-east asia. | the ecology of hepatitis e virus (hev) transmission in south-east asia was assessed from a review of 6 published and 3 unpublished namru-2 reports of hepatitis outbreak investigations, cross-sectional prevalence studies, and hospital-based case-control studies. findings from indonesia and viet nam show epidemic foci centred in jungle, riverine environments. in contrast, few cases of acute, clinical hepatitis from cities in indonesia, viet nam and laos could be attributed to hev. when communities ... | 1999 | 10492753 |
| pcr for specific detection of haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys, an avian adenovirus. | a hexon gene based pcr was developed for specific amplification of dna sequences from the haemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) of turkeys. the hexon genes of different avian adenoviruses were compared for primer construction. two regions with low sequence homology between hev and fowl adenovirus (fav) hexon genes were selected for primer localisation. in correlation with the known sequence data a fragment of 1647 bp was amplified from a live vaccine and spleens of turkeys suffering from haemorrhag ... | 1999 | 10488779 |