Publications

epidemiology of aeromonas species in a hospital.	the occurrence of aeromonas spp. in a hospital water supply, in patients and in the local community was investigated. in healthy persons outside the hospital the isolation rate was 3.6% and among hospital patients it was 6%. seven per cent of water samples yielded aeromonas strains. isolates were typed by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sulphur-35 methionine labelled proteins of aeromonas isolates. no relationship between water and human isolates could be establishe ...	1988	2896686
occurrence and properties of fy(att25)+ escherichia coli associated with diarrhoea in calves.	escherichia coli producing the adhesive antigen fy(att25) were isolated from 46 of 1341 (3.4 per cent) e coli isolated from calves on 20 of 164 (12.1 per cent) farms in scotland and england. twenty of the 46 calves had diarrhoea and in nine of these animals there were mixed infections with rotavirus, coronavirus, cryptosporidium and salmonella typhimurium. the f41 fimbrial adhesin was found on one of the fy(att25)+ e coli. this strain also produced heat stable enterotoxin. the remaining fy(att25 ...	1987	2889286
prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, gonorrhoea rates, and changed sexual behaviour in homosexual men in london.	the prevalence of antibody against human immunodeficiency virus (anti-hiv), which rose among british homosexual/bisexual men attending a london sexually-transmitted-disease clinic from 3.7% (4/107) in march, 1982, to 21% (26/124) in july, 1984, was 18.1% (17/94) in april/may 1985, 24.5% (61/249) in january, 1986, and 25.3% (25/99) in november/december, 1986. this slower rise in anti-hiv prevalence coincided with a fall in the annual gonorrhoea rate from 15.3% in 1982 to 5.1% in the first half of ...	1987	2882084
human immunodeficiency virus infection in two cohorts of homosexual men: neutralising sera and association of anti-gag antibody with prognosis.	sequential sera from 48 subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-i) were examined over 36 months for the presence of neutralising antibodies, and for specific anti-gag (p24) and anti-env (gp41) antibodies to hiv-i. results were interpreted in terms of clinical outcome during the period 1982/3 to 1985/6. hiv-i-infected subjects who remained symptom-free, by comparison with those who manifested aids or aids-related complex (arc), had a significantly higher titre of anti-p24 ...	1987	2879968
hydatidiform mole in england and wales 1973-83.	the number of cases of hydatidiform mole (hm) registered annually in england and wales has risen since 1973 to 1.54 per 1000 live births in 1983. for women over 50 the risk per pregnancy was 411 times and for girls under 15 it was six times greater than that for women aged 25-29. 7.75% of patients had chemotherapy for invasive mole or choriocarcinoma. patients who had had oxytocin-induced or prostaglandin-induced uterine evacuation or hysterotomy were more likely to need chemotherapy. human chor ...	1986	2876145
risk factors for undescended testis.	the hypothesis that undescended testis is caused by an excess of maternal oestrogen in pregnancy has been tested indirectly in a case-control study comparing mothers of boys with undescended testis (83) and mothers of normal boys (129) born on the same day. the study concentrated on the gestation of the boys, but also investigated the mother's previous obstetric history and postnatal events in the boys. the hypothesis predicted that there should be an excess of nausea, vomiting and hypertension ...	1986	2873109
koilocyte frequency and prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus infection.		1986	2869284
human parvovirus and rubella-like illness.		1985	2863649
dual infection with rubella and human parvovirus.		1985	2863648
coxsackie b, mumps, rubella, and cytomegalovirus specific igm responses in patients with juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in britain, austria, and australia.	patients from england, austria, and australia with recently diagnosed juvenile-onset insulin-dependent diabetes (type 1) mellitus (iddm) and matched controls were tested for specific igm responses to coxsackie b1-5 viruses. 37 of 122 (30%) patients aged less than 15, but only 15 of 204 (6%) controls, were positive (p less than 0.005). differences in coxsackie b virus specific igm responses between patients and controls were statistically significant for patients in england and austria (p less th ...	1985	2861361
rising prevalence of human t-lymphotropic virus type iii (htlv-iii) infection in homosexual men in london.	the prevalence of antibody to htlv-iii has increased from 3.7% (4/107) amongst unselected british homosexual men attending a london sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic during one week in march, 1982, to 21% (26/124) in those attending during one week in july, 1984. seropositive men had a significantly higher prevalence of infection with hepatitis b virus than did seronegative men. 82% (27/33) of the seropositive men in 1984 were symptomless or had only local genito-urinary symptoms referab ...	1985	2860454
aeromonas hydrophila in chlorinated water supplies.	methods for the isolation and enumeration of aeromonas hydrophila in water supplies are described. examination of 286 chlorinated samples collected between july and october showed that 19% of otherwise uncontaminated waters contained aerom. hydrophila, rising to 71% of those from which escherichia coli was isolated. the isolation rate during january and february was only 7% for all samples. on the basis of these results, tap water is a likely source of the aeromonads found in human intestinal fl ...	1985	2859326
court of appeals rules dhss notice on family planning contrary to law.	in the december 1982 case of gillick v. west norfolk and wisbech aha, the british court of appeal acceded to mrs. victoria gillick's petition that no professional employed by the health authority be permitted to give contraceptive or abortion treatment to any of her children under the age of 16 without her prior knowledge and consent. the ruling held that a 1980 department of health and social security notice allowing treatment of minors without parental consent was contrary to law. the court ...	1985	2856993
nature, incidence and prognosis of neurological involvement in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in central london.	clinical neurological involvement at various times throughout the illness was recorded in 52% of 122 patients seen in central london who died from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). various metabolic encephalopathies, dementias, focal encephalopathies, retinopathies and peripheral nerve pathology were the most frequent manifestations. seven of 9 patients with a neurological presentation had no other major systemic illness. the median time from diagnosis of aids to death was 9 months and ...	1988	2855752
cytological screening for cervical cancer and human papillomavirus in general practice.	in a retrospective study of cervical screening in a general practice in birmingham 156 out of 1913 smears taken over three years showed some abnormality. smears from 65 women showed severe non-specific inflammation, and 91 women had various grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, of whom 53 were aged under 30 and 13 over 40. of 35 women with clinical evidence of human papillomavirus, 21 had normal results on cervical testing and 14 abnormal results. the incidence of genital warts among sex ...	1988	2852515
aetiology of bilateral sensori-neural deafness in children.	the study was carried out in the department in children born during the four year period 1981-1984 in a well defined geographical areas known as the greater manchester county. the children were investigated for possible congenital infections. perinatal assessment was carried out in conjunction with the paediatricians for aetiological adverse factors. family histories were obtained and parents and siblings were examined for any hearing impairment. a total of 155 cases were investigated. cases wit ...	1988	2852399
an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 37.	an epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 37 in liverpool in 1984 is reported. initially serum neutralisation suggested that isolates were type 10 but further neutralisation studies supported by dna restriction enzyme analysis showed that they were type 37. clinical and epidemiological features of this cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, recently recognised in the united kingdom, are presented and the implications for the laboratory investigation discussed.	1988	2841171
recent respiratory and enteric adenovirus infection in children in the manchester area.	seventy-three group b adenoviruses (29 type 3 and 44 type 7) identified in a recent community outbreak were analysed with restriction endonucleases. considerable genetic heterogeneity was identified, particularly amongst the type 3 isolates, but this genome variation could not be correlated with either clinical or epidemiological findings. group f adenoviruses were found in 132 (4.1%) of 3202 stool specimens from children with gastroenteritis and, after rotaviruses, they were the most common vir ...	1988	2830401
pruritus in parvovirus infection.	an outbreak of slapped cheek syndrome (erythema infectiosum) occurred in chepstow between march and june 1986. about 50 children with the illness were seen in one general practice. during the same period five women in the practice developed arthritis associated with human parvovirus infection and four of them suffered marked pruritus. it is suggested that if pruritus is a feature in any patient with an acute onset arthritis, parvovirus infection should be considered as a possible cause.	1987	2826779
an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a home for the elderly associated with astrovirus type 1 and human calicivirus.	we describe an outbreak of gastroenteritis, which lasted for 22 days in a residential home for the elderly. the outbreak was biphasic and affected 34/42 (80%) residents and 13/29 (44%) members of the staff. calicivirus was associated with cases of illness during the first 9 days of the outbreak, and astrovirus type 1 with cases arising between days 16 to 22. although the symptoms were generally mild, the resources required and the inconvenience caused were considerable.	1987	2826678
effect of two disinfectant treatments on laboratory analyses.	inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the retrovirus associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids), can be achieved both by heating at 56 degrees c and by chemical disinfection with beta-propiolactone (bpl). such treatment of specimens from patients with suspected aids or antibodies to hiv could reduce any occupational risk to laboratory staff. this study demonstrates the effects of these treatments on laboratory analyses. heat treatment of plasma caused clinically ...	1987	2821254
ethnicity, sibling, and family correlates of young adults' status attainment: a follow-up study.	longitudinal data were used to examine relationships among sibling variables, perceptions of family environments, and measures of educational attainment, occupational status, and occupational aspirations. the analyses involved 21-year-old australians from anglo-australian, greek, and southern italian families. regression surfaces were plotted from models that included terms to test for possible linear, interaction, and curvilinear associations among the variables. the study indicated that sibsiz ...	1989	2814566
condom use by heterosexuals attending a department of gum: attitudes and behaviour in the light of hiv infection.	the use of condoms to prevent the further spread of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is one of the main themes of the government's health education campaign against aids. a study of the use of and attitudes towards condoms in 222 heterosexual men and women attending a department of genitourinary medicine (gum) in central london showed that 55% (50/91) to 59% (41/70) of men or women never, and 6% (6/95) to 15% (14/91) always, used condoms with their regular or non-regular sexual partn ...	1989	2807283
incidence and nature of human tuberculosis due to mycobacterium africanum in south-east england: 1977-87.	a total of 210 new cases of tuberculosis due to mycobacterium africanum were registered at the south-east regional centre for tuberculosis bacteriology, dulwich, between 1977 and 1987 inclusive. this represented 1.25% of bacteriologically-confirmed cases of tuberculosis in south-east england, an incidence slightly higher than that of disease due to m. bovis. two variants were identified: 150 strains were typed as african i (a type associated with east africa) and 60 as african ii (a type more pr ...	1989	2789145
reexamination of london, england, mortality in relation to exposure to acidic aerosols during 1963-1972 winters.	air pollution epidemiology since the 1950s has been able to demonstrate that increases in daily mortality in london, england, were associated with elevated concentrations of index air pollutants, i.e., british smoke (bs) and sulfur dioxide (so2). in this work, we reanalyze that portion of the 1958-1972 winter mortality-pollution record for which daily direct acid aerosol measurements were made at a central site in london (st. bartholomew's medical college). the purposes of these exploratory anal ...	1989	2785034
limits on bilingualism.	speech, in any language, is continuous; speakers provide few reliable cues to the boundaries of words, phrases, or ther meaningful units. to understand speech, listeners must divide the continuous speech stream into portions that correspond to such units. this segmentation process is so basic to human language comprehension that psycholinguists long assumed that all speakers would do it in the same way. in previous research, however, we reported that segmentation routines can be language-specifi ...	1989	2755479
microcomputer networking in the hospital environment: powerful computing for the common man? discussion paper.		1989	2754683
a two-year study of the distribution of 'thermophilic' campylobacters in human, environmental and food samples from the reading area with particular reference to toxin production and heat-stable serotype.	the incidence of 'thermophilic' campylobacters in foods and environmental samples has been studied over a two-year period. of 781 environmental samples, 529 (67%) were found to contain campylobacters, and campylobacters were isolated from 835 (39%) of 2116 food samples. sewage was almost always contaminated with campylobacters (96.6% of samples) and of the food samples both poultry (55.5%) and offal (47.0%) were commonly contaminated. determination of the heat-stable serotypes of all strains iso ...	1989	2753842
group c streptococci in human infection: a study of 308 isolates with clinical correlations.	a collection of 308 clinical isolates of beta-haemolytic lancefield group c streptococci was assembled from laboratories in england, nigeria and new zealand. of these, 276 isolates were streptococcus equisimilis, 23 s. milleri and nine s. zooepidemicus. isolates of s. equisimilis in the african collection, though few, gave higher rates of lactose and raffinose fermentation, aesculin hydrolysis and positive alpha-galactosidase reactions than those from elsewhere. erythromycin resistance was found ...	1989	2737252
an assessment of the risks to the health of grazing animals from the radioactive contamination of pastures.	as a result of the chernobyl accident sheep and cattle in wales, cumbria and scotland became contaminated with radionuclides of caesium and iodine. in the worst case, the maximum levels of contamination were of the order of 4000 bq/kg of caesium-137 and 2000 bq/kg of caesium-134 in muscle and 2,000,000 bq/kg of iodine-131 in the thyroid gland. calculations show that the radiation dose rates to the animals from these burdens of the radionuclides of caesium would have been approximately one thousa ...	1989	2736377
hiv testing. human rights assessed.		1989	2716831
attitudes of operating theatre staff to inoculation-risk cases.	in a 12-month period, 177 patients at risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) or hepatitis b were operated on. sixty-nine had hiv antibodies. the procedures used to identify these patients and minimize the risk of infection of hospital staff in the operating department are described. all staff working in the operating department were surveyed to determine their caseload, feelings of anxiety, and the incidence of high-risk exposure to infection. anxiety was not related to worklo ...	1989	2702457
[a historical perspective of human-animal interaction as a field of study].	a chronological review is given of the most important people, publications, scientific gatherings and societies which have contributed to the development and recognition of human-animal interactions as a field of study. lorenz is recognised as the founder of this new field of study. his contribution was to emphasise the role of humans who have to have a thorough knowledge of animal behaviour and he also pointed out the fact that modern man needs to keep contact with nature. other pioneers were l ...	1989	2699501
the strange tale of martin van butchell.	in the eighteenth century, a pedestrian strolling around georgian london may have witnessed the bizarre sight of an ageing gentleman parading the streets on a painted horse and brandishing the jawbone of an ass. not only was this man an eccentric, he was also a dentist. david watkins here relates the remarkable story of martin van butchell, a dentist extraordinaire.	1989	2695150
dr richard bright--a man of many parts. his bicentenary year--1789-1858.		1989	2692780
roe v. wade and the history of abortion regulation.	in "roe," the supreme court found that the privacy right in the 14th amendment's view of "personal liberty" encompasses a woman's right to choose an abortion. the court found that "abortion is a fundamental right." these conclusions are mistaken. the court's analysis of "the history of abortion regulation" had a lot of errors and did not consider the state of technology in which abortion evolved. sir edward coke, a 16th and 17th century jurist, said that abortion was a "great misprison." qu ...	1989	2690604
who was the first to describe anorexia nervosa: gull or lasègue?	leading articles or textbooks on anorexia nervosa generally give credit for its discovery to either the british physician william withey gull or to the french neuropsychiatrist ernest charles lasègue. although the major contributions of both men show a remarkable but independent coincidence around 1873, gull is mostly given a slight priority because of a rather cryptic mention of an anorexia-like condition in a paper read in 1868. an analysis of the events, however, shows that the british physic ...	1989	2687918
dna discoverer james watson now dreams of curing genetic diseases.		1989	2685379
acquisition of a drug resistance plasmid converts salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 to phage type 24.	salmonella enteritidis accounted for 55% of the 27,478 salmonellae isolated from humans in england and wales during 1988. within this serotype phage type 24 has increased from 24 isolations in 1987 to 201 in 1988. the high frequency of drug resistance in this phage type has been shown to be due to the presence of plasmids belonging to inc n and coding for resistance to a range of antimicrobial drugs among which resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline (ast) and t predominate. these p ...	1989	2680544
aids vaccine study begins in england.		1989	2668833
verotoxin-producing escherichia coli infections in sheffield: cattle as a possible source.	during 1986 and 1987, faecal samples from patients with haemorrhagic colitis (hc) or haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus) were examined for evidence of infection by verotoxin-producing escherichia coli (vtec). during the 2-year period vtec infections were found in 31 (78%) of 40 patients initially presenting with hc, and in 5 (63%) of 8 patients initially presenting with hus. vtec were found in only 2 (0.9%) of 229 age and sex matched control patients with acute non-bloody diarrhoea. all but one vt ...	1989	2661252
a prospective study of the incidence and significance of fetal choroid plexus cysts.	cysts of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle can be detected in the fetus during routine scanning at 16-18 weeks' gestation with an approximate incident of one in every 120 pregnancies. it is likely that in a high percentage of cases cysts are bilateral and that their recent discovery is mainly due to improvements in imaging technology. although the great majority of cases resolve and do not result in any morbidity, five cases of trisomy 18 and one case of trisomy 21 associated with feta ...	1989	2652132
persistent and transient clones of salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141 recognized by biotyping.	among the 81 cultures of salmonella typhimurium of phage type 141 examined, 72 had been isolated from sheffield incidents in 1984-5 and 9 were scottish isolates from 1986-7. all of these cultures from diverse sources belonged to primary biotype 31; 79 were of full biotype 31beg and 2 anaerogenic cultures were of full biotype 31begj. this is the first known occasion on which an epidemic strain of s. typhimurium of phage type/biotype 141/31beg has been implicated in outbreaks of human or animal in ...	1989	2645152
longitudinal studies based on vital registration records.	we describe here the increased use of routine vital event and census records to construct national follow-up and longitudinal studies. the strengths and weaknesses of these studies are discussed and examples given of their use in research into relationships between employment and mortality and socio-economic differences in mortality.	1989	2626588
epidemiology of human t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (htlv-1) infections in a subpopulation of afro-caribbean origin in england.	epidemiological studies on neurological diseases in residents of afro-caribbean origin in the west midlands region of england have identified eight patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (tsp), all of whom were found to be infected with human t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (htlv-1). the husband of one of the patients with tsp was also infected with htlv-1 and had a t-cell lymphoma. in addition, six asymptomatic htlv-1-infected first-degree relatives of the tsp patients have been foun ...	1989	2621455
influenza influence.		1989	2616319
workers exposed to ethylene oxide: a follow up study.	a cohort study has been carried out of 2876 men and women with potential exposure to ethylene oxide. subjects were identified from employment records at four companies that have produced or used ethylene oxide since the 1950s and at eight hospitals which have had ethylene oxide sterilising units since the 1960s. the cohort represents a substantial proportion of the british workforce with a history of occupational exposure to ethylene oxide. industrial hygiene data were not available before 1977, ...	1989	2611160
fatal echovirus 7 infection during an outbreak in a special care baby unit.	a case of fatal echovirus 7 infection in a neonate which was probably acquired from the symptomatic mother and an outbreak of infection in a neonatal unit are described. the baby who died had extensive haemorrhagic necrosis of the brain, liver, adrenal glands and kidneys as well as disseminated intravascular coagulation. three other babies and one member of staff were found to be infected. no other babies died. human normal immunoglobulin was administered to all babies on the unit.	1989	2600441
the epidemiology of echinococcus granulosus in great britain. v. the status of subspecies of echinococcus granulosus in great britain.	twenty-five years ago williams and sweatman suggested that in great britain there are two subspecies of echinococcus granulosus--e. granulosus granulosus and e. granulosus equinus. echinococcus granulosus granulosus does not mature either in foxes or in horses: e. granulosus equinus will mature in either. the prepatent period of e. granulosus granulosus in the definitive host is about 42 days while that of e. granulosus equinus is about 70 days. each subspecies has a characteristic morphology. m ...	1989	2596902
teaching medicine in general practice: the guy's experience.	the development of teaching in general practice at guy's hospital medical school is described. important features of the current programme (a new programme for the united schools of guy's and st thomas' hospitals will come into effect this year) are the emphasis on learning directly from patients and the active role and responsibility given to clinical students. students welcome the opportunities to see patients first, to deal with undifferentiated problems, to work with one clinical teacher, to ...	1989	2593881
[a comparison of the spectra of antibodies to individual proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus in seropositive sera collected in the territories of the ussr and england].	antibody spectra to individual proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in 74 seropositive serum samples collected in the ussr and 65 serum samples collected in britain were studied by immunoblotting techniques. most of the sera belonged to clinically healthy persons, some of the sera collected in britain contained specific igm antibodies. the results were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. in the former case the study of samples collected both in the ussr and in britain yielded s ...	1989	2588879
pseudologia fantastica: a case study of a man charged with murder.	a case of pseudologia fantastica is presented in a man charged with murder. psychological assessment revealed him to be highly compliant and suggestible, consistent with early research (healy and healy, 1915) which showed pathological liars to be suggestible to misleading information. a specific dyslexic disorder is also demonstrated, and the possible mechanisms behind the man's lying considered. some implications regarding the reliability of the man's varying confessions to the police are discu ...	1989	2586275
[aids--the most important events in 1988. the london declaration. resolution on avoiding discrimination].	two documents are discussed whose acceptance the author considers as the most important events in 1988 in the control of aids, that is the london declaration and the resolution of the 41st world health assembly concerning avoiding of discrimination of subjects infected with hiv and aids patients. both these documents are of essential epoch-making importance for facilitation of the trend of the further prophylactic actions conducted for halting the aids epidemic in the whole world.	1989	2576569
subtypes of human papillomavirus 16 in cervical tissue.		1989	2574295
assessment of the axicare human milk pasteuriser (cm80).	the performance of the axicare human milk pasteurizer was evaluated under different load conditions. the design criteria for pasteurisation specified that milk should be held at 63 degrees c for 30 min. the holding time at this temperature was insufficient if bottles of milk frozen at -20 degrees c were placed into the machine as directed, after the water-bath preheating phase. however, if the machine was loaded with frozen bottles before the whole cycle was commenced, adequate thawing and warmi ...	1989	2572634
epidemiological and statistical aspects of the aids epidemic: introduction.	in 1988, a government working party studied estimates of incidence and prevalence of numbers of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) cases. they investigated a series of epidemiological, statistical and mathematical problems associated with predicting trends in incidences of aids. this paper introduces a series of papers that give a fuller and more technical exposition of the appendixes of that working party report. the papers provide a brief background to the current state of knowledge on ...	1989	2572020
evidence for recent changes in sexual behaviour in homosexual men in england and wales.	over 80% of cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) in england and wales have occurred in homosexual men. changes in sexual behaviour in this group may have a substantial influence on the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and will therefore be crucial in determining future cases of aids. this paper critically weighs the indirect and direct evidence for changes in behaviour in homosexual men since the advent of the aids epidemic. the paper reports on falling in ...	1989	2572014
relation between infection with a subtype of hpv16 and cervical neoplasia.	a variant (hpv16b) of the previously described human papillomavirus (hpv)16 (now called hpv16a) has been identified by polymerase chain reaction assays. compared with hpv16a, hpv16b has a 21bp deletion and several point mutations within the upstream regulatory region. all cervical carcinoma samples studied contained only hpv16a. hpv16b was found only rarely in cervical neoplasia but was common in the normal population.	1989	2566780
conservative management of an echovirus 11 outbreak in a neonatal unit.	two babies in a neonatal unit presented on the same day with meningitis due to echovirus 11, which was thought to have been introduced by staff. at this time echovirus 11 was also isolated from the stools of eight other babies; five of them did not have signs of infection. no intervention was made except to emphasise the importance of handwashing. there was evidence of secondary spread to two babies who were both clinically well. the attack rate was twelve (29%) of forty-one babies exposed. seve ...	1989	2564069
london general practitioners' involvement with hiv infection.	a total of 2510 general practitioners in the london postal districts were circulated with a questionnaire about their involvement with patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection--1261 (50%) replies could be analysed. over half of the respondents had at least one patients who was hiv seropositive and most felt confident to handle such patients' psychosocial problems. although almost 60% of doctors had attended at least one postgraduate teaching session on the acquired immune defic ...	1989	2556542
erythema infectiosum in a primary school: investigation of an outbreak in bury.	between january and april 1987, 97 of 302 (32%) children attending a primary school in bury, lancashire, were affected by an exanthematous illness. the duration and extent of the episode caused considerable local interest and anxiety. examination of 6 serum specimens obtained during the subsequent investigation demonstrated evidence of recent human parvovirus b19 infection in 3 children and 1 teacher. no evidence of recent rubella virus infection was found. the investigation of the episode is di ...	1989	2552489
group c rotavirus infections in patients with diarrhea in thailand, nepal, and england.	atypical rotavirus obtained from fecal specimens of six patients with diarrhea from thailand, nepal, and england were characterized by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immune electron microscopy. the electropherotypes were characteristic of the porcine reference group c rotavirus strain but demonstrated considerable strain-to-strain variation. human convalescent group c sera had a high titer (1:320) when tested against the human isolates and a low titer (1:40) when tested against a p ...	1989	2547880
human papillomavirus type 31 infection of the uterine cervix in england.	a total of 452 uterine cervical scrapes, from two centres in england, has been examined by dot blot hybridisation for the presence of human papilloma virus (hpv) types 6, 11, 16, 18 and 31. hpv dna was found in 36.5% samples. twenty-nine of the women were infected with more than one type. of those with detectable hpv, 14.5% had hpv type 31 infections. this type appears to cause significant infection of the genital tract in england.	1989	2545788
epidemiology of parainfluenza virus type 3 in england and wales over a ten-year period.	we have analysed data on respiratory syncytial (rs) and parainfluenza type 3 (pf3) viruses reported to the communicable disease surveillance centre, london, over the period 1978-87. these confirm the annual winter epidemic of rs virus and show that, in england and wales, pf3 is a summer infection with regular yearly epidemics.	1989	2544442
clinical manifestations of human parvovirus b19 in adults.	human parvovirus b19 has been associated with various clinical effects in a number of uncontrolled reports. to define the usual manifestations of b19 infection in adults and the factors that influence them we present a clinicoepidemiological study of an outbreak of b19 infection centered on a junior school. four hundred fifty-three of 475 adults in this community were interviewed and blood was obtained for serological diagnosis. fifty-four cases of recent infection were identified and were hla t ...	1989	2541666
monitoring the prevalence of hiv.	britain's department of health has proposed a program of extensive human immunodeficiecy virus (hiv) testing of unlinked anonymous blood samples from patients in a variety of health care settings in england and wales. the program's aim is to provide estimates of the prevalence of hiv infection in the population, and of the rate of change of prevalence estimates over time. this information will be used to target prevention campaigns to high-risk populations, and to determine future allocations ...	1989	2513926
brain stem death and organ donation.	organs for donation are in short supply in the united kingdom, resulting in allegations that relatives of potential donors are not being asked for consent. legislation on "required request" has been proposed to overcome this. the incidence, causes, complications, and patterns of organ donation in brain stem dead patients in one referral centre were studied over 12 months. data were collected on all patients fulfilling criteria for brain stem death or considered suitable for donating organs after ...	1989	2511940
uptake of influenza vaccination by patients with serious cardiac disease.		1989	2506971
the liverpool chimaera.	a dispermic human chimaera is described who is a fertile female xx/xy chimaera. the chimaera was discovered due to anomalies found during routine antenatal testing. the patient had two red cell populations differing in three blood group systems; abo, rh and mn. analysis of cultured lymphocytes showed 70% of cells to have the 46, xy male karyotype and analysis of cultured skin cells showed 30% of cells to have the 46, xy karyotype.	1989	2506694
radioiodine in human thyroid glands and incidence of thyroid cancer in cumbria.		1989	2504410
sexual behaviour of young and middle aged men in england and wales.	establishing patterns of sexual behaviour is essential in predicting the future spread of hiv. the sexual behaviour patterns of a randomly selected sample of 480 white men aged 15 to 49 were obtained by interview and analysed in relation to age, social class, and area of residence. over half of the men had first had intercourse before the age of 18 and over three quarters had done so before the age of 20. age at first intercourse tended to be lower in more recent birth cohorts and in social clas ...	1989	2500166
chronic liver disease. a case control study of the effect of previous blood transfusion.	a means of assessing hepatitis nanb virus infection, via blood transfusion, as a cause of chronic liver disease was investigated in a hospital in each of two cities in england. patients with chronic liver disease were matched for age and sex with other patients in the same hospital and histories taken included details of previous operations and blood transfusions; if these were within ten years of the study enquiries were made of hospital records officers. all positive histories were found corre ...	1989	2498969
human immunodeficiency viruses in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in london, 1982-7.	to determine the prevalence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in all patients attending a london sexually transmitted disease clinic over four weeks at the end of 1987 and to see how it varied from that in similar samples studied between 1982 and 1986.	1989	2495047
the dilemma of the reproduction revolution.		1989	2494329
the locus standi of an unborn child threatened with abortion.	the abortion law of england is set out and the recent case of c v s, which was an unsuccessful attempt to restrain an abortion by the unmarried father of the unborn child. neither the father nor the unborn child has the locus standi to bring such an action. legal personality and rights and duties with reference to the unborn child are investigated.	1989	2493556
the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in the elderly in a surgical biopsy population: a retrospective analysis of 4042 cases.	a series of over 4000 oral mucosal biopsy cases was examined in two age groups, elderly (greater than or equal to 65 years) and non-elderly, and allocated between seven diagnostic categories. the data were analysed against the know age-sex distribution of the general population of the mersey region from which the oral biopsy cases had been drawn. the distribution of diagnostic categories was significantly different between the two age groups. for all diagnostic categories except mucosal cysts (m ...	1989	2488722
prejudice and aids: the views and experiences of people with hiv infection.	discrimination against people on the basis of physical or mental infirmity is common and creates a considerable burden for sufferers. there has been considerable debate about the prejudice against people with disease resulting from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. this study reports on the views and experiences of stigmatization by 192 outpatients with hiv infection interviewed at two london teaching hospitals. despite reticence about discussing their infection, one quarter of patie ...	1989	2488279
restriction enzyme analysis of faecal adenoviruses in newcastle upon tyne.	adenovirus dna was isolated directly from virus-containing stools and digested with restriction endonucleases. the resulting fragments were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) and visualized by silver staining. this enabled us to assign most of the viruses detected to subgenus, serotype and, sometimes, unique strains. although less sensitive than electron microscopy, the method allowed more information about the infecting virus to be obtained and no cultivation was necessary. ...	1988	2460364
survey of attitudes to testing for human immunodeficiency virus infection in antenatal clinics in west glamorgan.		1990	2400754
the list of threatening experiences: the reliability and validity of a brief life events questionnaire.	during the 23 years since the original work of holmes & rahe, research into stressful life events on human subjects has tended towards the development of longer and more complex inventories. the list of threatening experiences (lte) of brugha et al., by virtue of its brevity, overcomes difficulties of clinical application. in a study of 50 psychiatric patients and informants, the questionnaire version of the list (lte-q) was shown to have high test-retest reliability, and good agreement with inf ...	1990	2399824
a probable waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in the sheffield area.	there was a marked peak in human cases of cryptosporidiosis in the sheffield area in may and june 1986. extensive epidemiological investigations failed to find a common source of food or a consistent history of animal contact, but did suggest that a waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis may have occurred. cryptosporidium oocysts were found in untreated water and in fish from a reservoir complex implicated by epidemiological analysis. laboratory investigations confirmed that cattle on a farm a ...	1990	2391708
infection with human t cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus type i in patients attending an antenatal clinic in london.		1990	2390591
lead and cadmium in human hair: a comparison among four countries.		1990	2383677
tax man gives married couples a break.		1990	2377200
investigating stresses in general practice using an open-ended approach in interviews.	this paper describes a preliminary study which investigated the stresses of 30 general practitioners in london. the methodology used was an unstructured interview technique known as 'emic'. this aimed to obtain the doctors' own perceptions of their stresses. the accounts were therefore 'free-flowing'. the links between this 'open-ended' methodology and the findings are discussed. in this kind of approach stresses are uncovered--produced by the subject--which would otherwise not be revealed to th ...	1990	2369988
human selenium status and glutathione peroxidase activity in north-west england.	nutritional selenium deficiency disease, due to low soil selenium content, is well recognized in british livestock. the adequacy of the selenium status of 25 healthy human volunteers, 50 blood donors, 94 general medical patients and 106 allergy clinic patients was investigated in 1987/8 by measuring serum selenium concentration and platelet glutathione peroxidase activity. mean serum selenium concentration for the entire study population was 92 micrograms/l. significant linear correlations betwe ...	1990	2364917
heavy metal levels in the near vicinity to roads in a north london borough.	the ingestion and inhalation of heavy metals through soil, surface dust, air and food contamination may have a detrimental effect on human health. metal levels have been measured in a local authority in london, uk and are discussed where possible in relation to health risk and relevant guidelines.	1990	2360032
zinc in breast milk during prolonged lactation: comparison between the uk and the gambia.	a total of 580 breast milk samples were collected from 56 lactating women living in a rural village community in the gambia, west africa, and 92 samples were obtained from 57 lactating women living in cambridge, england. total zinc content of each sample was measured by atomic absorption spectrometry, and pooled samples of the gambian breast milks, representing successive periods of lactation, were fractionated into fat, whey and insoluble casein fractions, to examine zinc distribution. the two ...	1990	2354693
a study of human respiratory tract chlamydial infections in cambridgeshire 1986-88.	human respiratory tract chlamydial infections have been studied in cambridgeshire for many years, but until recently we have been unable to distinguish between infection with chlamydia psittaci or chlamydia pneumoniae (twar). in this study, we have employed the micro-immunofluorescence (micro-if) test for this purpose and to look for the relative incidence of c. psittaci and c. pneumoniae infections in cambridgeshire. among 50 patients with community-acquired respiratory tract symptoms whose ser ...	1990	2347386
new limits.	gynecological nurses have supported the changes to the abortion law as part of the human fertilisation and embryology bill. the main change is the reduction of the limit for legal abortions from 28 weeks to 24 weeks. reducing the time limit to lower than 24 weeks would probably lead to more women having illegal abortions. however, in cases where the woman's life is at risk or the fetus is shown to be physically handicapped, there is no limit. this change of 4 weeks is said to make no differe ...	1990	2342929
unusual features in the inheritance of ataxia telangiectasia.	a prevalence study of ataxia telangiectasia was conducted in the west midlands, with a population of over 5 million. the prevalence in those aged 50 or less was found to be 1 in 514,000 and the birth frequency to be about 1 in 300,000. a genetic study of 47 families ascertained throughout the united kingdom was carried out concurrently. a low parental consanguinity rate was found, no parents being first cousins or more closely related, whereas 10% had been expected. the incidence of ataxia telan ...	1990	2338342
hiv infection and aids in england: the experience, knowledge and intentions of community nursing staff.	a postal survey of 5243 community nursing staff throughout england sought information about their experience, education, knowledge, confidence and beliefs in relation to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids). a response rate of 74% was obtained. while experience of patients positive for hiv antibody or with aids was limited, one-third of community nursing staff had encountered patients worried about hiv infection. however, most lacked confidenc ...	1990	2332547
human toxicology and the british toxicology society--a closer association.		1990	2328145
medicine and ethics.		1990	2308116
observations on the influenza epidemic of november/december 1989.	this paper reports on the surveillance of influenza by the weekly returns service of the royal college of general practitioners during the epidemic of november/december 1989. an epidemic of influenza became evident in mid-november and incidence peaked in the week beginning 6 december. the increase in incidence of influenza-like illness and of aggregated data for all respiratory disease to above the levels for non-epidemic years occurred one week before that attributed to influenza. the pattern o ...	1990	2282227
correlation between environmental monitoring of thermophilic campylobacters in sewage effluent and the incidence of campylobacter infection in the community.	environmental monitoring of thermophilic campylobacters in liquid sewage effluent (primary settlement only) during 1988 and 1989 showed a prominent seasonality with distinct peaks in may and june (the average number of bacteria per 100 ml of effluent in months other than may and june was 2244 and the average for the peak months was 50,778). apart from september 1989, this seasonality coincided precisely with the seasonal variation of campylobacter enteritis in the community with similar distinct ...	1990	2272945
dogs, distemper and osteitis deformans: a further epidemiological study.	there is extensive evidence linking paramyxoviruses, notably measles and respiratory syncytial virus, with paget's disease of bone. the epidemiology of paget's disease does not fit with that of known human paramyxovirus infections and it is possible that the disease is a zoonosis with domestic animals acting as host. canine distemper, a paramyxovirus of the morbillovirus family (closely related to measles) is therefore a potential candidate. we have surveyed previous pet ownership in 150 paget's ...	1990	2268748
teaching of medical ethics.	teaching medical ethics in manchester within the introductory course of obstetrics and gynaecology is a joint activity with the centre for social ethics and policy. this interdisciplinary teaching has evolved through lecture sessions with small-group discussions dealing with topics of interest in human reproduction. the small-group discussion have been replaced by an open debate conducted by the students. their own involvement and participation and an exposure to the disciplines of the humanitie ...	1990	2266890
changes in the law on abortion.	in light of liberalized abortion legislation, the author considers the potential for increased 3rd-trimester abortion rates in england. the paper refers specifically to the human fertilization and embryology bill passed by the house of lords on october 18, 1990. the bill allows abortion during the 1st 24 weeks of pregnancy if risk is posed to the mother or existing children's physical or mental health. the 24-week limit is not, however, applicable when the mother is a risk of grave permanent i ...	1990	2252917
survey of human immunodeficiency virus infection and sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual and bisexual men attending genitourinary medicine clinics in the uk during 1986-88. the british cooperative clinical group.	a multicentre investigation was made into the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and hiv infection amongst homosexual/bisexual (hs/bs) men attending genitourinary medicine clinics in the uk during the final quarters of 1986, 1987, and 1988. the results from individual clinics have been collated into regional groupings in order to assess geographical and temporal trends. a statistical analysis has also been performed on the data from 19 large teaching hospital clinics which contributed t ...	1990	2245988