Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| isolation of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses (h3n2) from patients following administration of amantadine in japan. | in japan, the use of amantadine for treatment of influenza a virus infection was not accepted until november 1998, although it was widely used for treatment of parkinsonism. since then, we have monitored the emergence of amantadine-resistant viruses and isolated two viruses from patients on long-term treatment with amantadine. | 2001 | 11283109 |
| h9n2 influenza a viruses from poultry in asia have human virus-like receptor specificity. | h9n2 influenza a viruses are currently widespread in chickens, quail, and other poultry in asia and have caused a few cases of influenza in humans. in this study, we found that h9n2 viruses from hong kong live bird markets have receptor specificity similar to that of human h3n2 viruses. in addition, the neuraminidase of poultry h9n2 viruses has mutations in its hemadsorbing site, a characteristic resembling that of human h2n2 and h3n2 viruses but differing from that of other avian viruses. pecul ... | 2001 | 11277689 |
| infection of human airway epithelia with h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2 influenza a virus strains. | three subtypes of influenza a virus cause human disease: h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2. although all result in respiratory illness, little is known about how these subtypes infect differentiated airway epithelia. therefore, we assayed a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/japan/305/57 (h2n2), and x31 (h3n2) influenza virus strains for binding and infection on fully differentiated primary cultures of airway epithelia isolated from human bronchus, grown on semiporous filters at an air-liquid interface. in this model system, ... | 2001 | 11273782 |
| binding of influenza type a viruses to group b streptococcus and haemagglutination by virus-bound bacteria. | we studied the bindings of human influenza a type viruses to group b streptococcus (gbs), types ia, ii, iii and iv, of sialic acid (sa)alpha2-3 linkage, using a/pr/8/34(h1n1) and a/memphis/1/71(h3n2). the viruses were found to bind to all types of gbs, with the exception of pr/8/34 for gbsii, and to elute from gbsia, iii and iv at 37 degrees c, except gbsii. electron microscopy confirmed these behaviours of the influenza viruses. the virus-binding capability of gbs types seemed to depend on the ... | 2000 | 11270858 |
| adaptation of influenza a viruses to cells expressing low levels of sialic acid leads to loss of neuraminidase activity. | influenza a viruses possess two virion surface proteins, hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na). the ha binds to sialyloligosaccharide viral receptors, while the na removes sialic acids from the host cell and viral sialyloligosaccarides. alterations of the ha occur during adaptation of influenza viruses to new host species, as in the 1957 and 1968 influenza pandemics. to gain a better understanding of the contributions of the ha and possibly the na to this process, we generated cell lines exp ... | 2001 | 11264365 |
| synthesis, antiretroviral and antioxidant evaluation of a series of new benzo[b]furan derivatives. | the antiretroviral and anti-oxidant profile of a series of new c-2 and c-7 substituted benzo[b]furans was explored by employing well established antiviral and antioxidant protocols. the most potent antioxidant compound tested was analog 7, which bears an oh at c-7 and a benzoyl group at c-2. in the influenza a type h3n2 virus screens analog 8a was almost five-fold more active than its counterparts and equipotent to rimantadine and amantadine. in the influenza b screening all of the new compounds ... | 2001 | 11258046 |
| diversity of epitope and cytokine profiles for primary and secondary influenza a virus-specific cd8+ t cell responses. | screening with the flow cytometric ifn-gamma assay has led to the identification of a new immunogenic peptide (ssyrrpvgi) [corrected] from the influenza pb1 polymerase (pb1(703--711)) and a mimotope (isplmvaym) from the pb2 polymerase (pb2(198--206)). cd8(+) t cells specific for k(b)pb1(703) make both ifn-gamma and tnf-alpha following stimulation with both peptides. the cd8(+) k(b)pb1(703)(+) population kills pb2(198)-pulsed targets, but cell lines stimulated with pb2(198) neither bind the k(b)p ... | 2001 | 11254721 |
| zanamivir: a rational approach to influenza b. | influenza b viruses have co-circulated with the hin1 and h3n2 subtypes of influenza a since 1977. influenza a viruses are found in various animals, whereas influenza b viruses are probably restricted to humans. the lack of an animal reservoir means that the virus has no potential for genetic reassortment across species. in addition, influenza b viruses are more serologically homogeneous than influenza a viruses. thus, the chance of influenza b causing a pandemic is much lower than that of influe ... | 2001 | 11234975 |
| [properties of influenza a and b, isolated from chick embryos and in mdck cell culture]. | mdck culture was used along with the traditional chicken embryonated eggs (cee) for improving the efficiency of isolation of epidemic influenza a and b viruses from clinical material. the number of influenza viruses isolated in both systems in epidemic seasons of 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 was as follows: 1 in mdck and 21 in cee for influenza a(h1n1), 56 and 7, respectively, for influenza a(h3n2), and 4 and 2 strains, respectively, for influenza b viruses. influenza a viruses were heterogeneous by ... | 2001 | 11233284 |
| [mechanism of the emergence of pandemic influenza virus strains and their control measures]. | the 1957 asian h2n2 and 1968 hong kong h3n2 pandemic strains of influenza are genetic reassortants between avian viruses and human strains. since avian viruses of any subtype can contribute genes in the generation of reassortants in pigs, none of the 15 ha and 9 na subtypes can be ruled out as potential candidates for future pandemics. the h5n1 influenza virus transmission from domestic poultry to humans in hong kong in 1997 further emphasized the need to have information on influenza viruses in ... | 2000 | 11225307 |
| [influenza and influenza-like acute respiratory diseases in slovakia in the 1999-2000 season]. | acute respiratory infections (ari) represent the most frequent cause of morbidity. their epidemic outbreaks become a severe problem not only in healthcare, but also in economical and social spheres. | 2000 | 11218957 |
| two cases of severe bronchopneumonia due to influenza a (h3n2) virus: detection of influenza virus gene using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. | we report two cases of severe bronchopneumonia due to influenza a (h3n2) virus. the severity of the disease necessitated initiation of empiric therapy based on the present illness and clinical data on admission. both patients were improved by artificial ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressures and administration of broad spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids before confirming the diagnosis of viral bronchopneumonia using viral culture and serological tests. within 24 hours, influenz ... | 2001 | 11201374 |
| [sensitivity and specificity of rapid diagnosis kit detecting separately influenza a and b viruses]. | sensitivity and specificity of the directigen flu a + b kit, a rapid test for influenza virus a and b, were evaluated. this test detects influenza a and b viruses separately by eia. reactivity of the kit was tested using a total of 23 isolates: 13 isolates of human influenza virus a (h1n1, h3n2) and 10 isolates of human influenza virus b. all of the isolates were tested positive and no difference in reactivity was found in antigenic variables and subtypes. the kit was only reactive to influenza ... | 2000 | 11193556 |
| recent zoonoses caused by influenza a viruses. | influenza is a highly contagious, acute illness which has afflicted humans and animals since ancient times. influenza viruses are part of the orthomyxoviridae family and are grouped into types a, b and c according to antigenic characteristics of the core proteins. influenza a viruses infect a large variety of animal species, including humans, pigs, horses, sea mammals and birds, occasionally producing devastating pandemics in humans, such as in 1918, when over twenty million deaths occurred worl ... | 2000 | 11189716 |
| in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effects of the cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor rjw-270201. | the cyclopentane influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor rwj-270201 was evaluated against influenza a/nws/33 (h1n1), a/shangdong/09/93 (h3n2), a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), and b/hong kong/05/72 virus infections in mice. treatment was by oral gavage twice daily for 5 days beginning 4 h pre-virus exposure. the influenza virus inhibitor oseltamivir was run in parallel, and ribavirin was included in studies with the a/shangdong and b/hong kong viruses. rwj-270201 was inhibitory to all infections using do ... | 2001 | 11181355 |
| cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitors with potent in vitro anti-influenza virus activities. | a novel series of cyclopentane derivatives have been found to exhibit potent and selective inhibitory effects on influenza virus neuraminidase. these compounds, designated rwj-270201, bcx-1827, bcx-1898, and bcx-1923, were tested in parallel with zanamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate against a spectrum of influenza a (h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1) and influenza b viruses in mdck cells. inhibition of viral cytopathic effect ascertained visually and by neutral red dye uptake was used, with 50% effective ( ... | 2001 | 11181354 |
| [influenza virus surveillance in tama, tokyo--viral examinations in 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, and 1999/2000 seasons]. | during the 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, and 1999/2000 seasons, isolations of influenza virus and/or confirmations of hemagglutinin gene of virus from the throat swab of patients in 9 medical institutions in tama, tokyo were carried out by rt-pcr and tissue culture with mdck cells. in 1996/97 and 1997/98 seasons, type a (h3n2) was the predominant type of influenza virus, which was 85% in the 1996/97 and 97% in the 1997/98, but small-scale outbreaks with type b virus was also confirmed in the 1996/9 ... | 2000 | 11140082 |
| influenza a virus infection and pulmonary microthromboembolism. | this report presents the cases of two patients with rapidly progressive hypoxemia associated with influenza a(h3n2) virus infection, who were diagnosed with influenza related acute pulmonary microthromboembolism by serum d-dimer, lung perfusion and ventilation scans and computed-tomography scan of the chest, and were successfully treated by anti-coagulant therapy. the present cases suggest that acute onset pulmonary microthromboembolism should be considered in some patients with sudden, unexplai ... | 2000 | 11128871 |
| change in receptor-binding specificity of recent human influenza a viruses (h3n2): a single amino acid change in hemagglutinin altered its recognition of sialyloligosaccharides. | human h3n2 influenza a viruses were known to preferentially bind to sialic acid (sa) in alpha2,6gal linkage on red blood cells (rbc). however, h3n2 viruses isolated in mdck cells after 1992 did not agglutinate chicken rbc (crbc). experiments with point-mutated hemagglutinin (ha) of a/aichi/51/92, one of these viruses, revealed that an amino acid change from glu to asp at position 190 (e190d) was responsible for the loss of ability to bind to crbc. a/aichi/51/92 did not agglutinate crbc treated w ... | 2000 | 11118381 |
| vaccine effectiveness for influenza in the elderly in welfare nursing homes during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic. | influenza vaccine effect on the occurrence and severity of influenza virus infection in a population residing in nursing homes for the elderly was studied as a cohort study during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic in japan. of 22,462 individuals living in 301 welfare nursing homes, 10,739 voluntarily received inactivated, sub-unit trivalent influenza vaccine in a programme supported by the osaka prefectural government. there were statistically significantly fewer cases of influenza, hospital admiss ... | 2000 | 11117963 |
| influenza a virus infection complicated by fatal myocarditis. | influenza virus typically causes a febrile respiratory illness, but it can present with a variety of other clinical manifestations. we report a fatal case of myocarditis associated with influenza a infection. a previously healthy 11-year-old girl had malaise and fever for approximately 1 week before a sudden, witnessed fatal collapse at home. autopsy revealed a pericardial effusion, a mixed lymphocytic and neutrophilic myocarditis, a mild lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, focal bronchial/bronc ... | 2000 | 11111801 |
| immunization against influenza: comparison of various topical and parenteral regimens containing inactivated and/or live attenuated vaccines in healthy adults. | methods for enhancing immune responses to influenza were explored in 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. intranasal (inl) immunization with monovalent, live attenuated, cold-adapted recombinant (cr) or inactivated influenza virus (miv) vaccine and intramuscular (im) immunization with miv were evaluated in various combinations. healthy susceptible adults were assigned randomly to receive 10(7.1) tcid(50) of cr (a/h1n1 or a/h3n2), homologous miv (15 microg), or placebo inl and placebo or ho ... | 2001 | 11110645 |
| [hemorrhagic pneumonia caused by influenza virus: virological diagnosis]. | the paper presents the case of a female patient who was admitted to "calixto garcía" general hospital with respiratory distress and hypovolemic or septic shock. she was diagnosed with viral hemorrhagic pneumonia. from the endotracheal secretion taken as a sample, the influenza virus was isolated as etiological agent, which, through the hemaglutination inhibition technique, was characterized as a strain belonging to h3n2 subtype, very similar to strain a/johannesburg/33/94 from the antigenic view ... | 2000 | 11107898 |
| [variability and prevalence characteristics of influenza a virus (h1n1) in period 1990-1998]. | circulation of influenza a(h1n1) viruses in russia and cis countries had a wave-like pattern with period of silence in 1990-1995 and activation in 1995-1998, when these viruses were isolated together with a(h3n2) and b viruses. antigenic drift of epidemic strains' hemagglutinin (ha) was directed to alteration of ha in reference strains a/texas/36/91, a/johannesburg/82/96, and a/beijing/262/95. a/moscow/17/98 strain similar to a/beijing/262/95 was isolated on mdck cells for the first time in euro ... | 2000 | 11107648 |
| antioxidant properties of rimantadine in influenza virus infected mice and in some model systems. | influenza virus infection is associated with development of oxidative stress in lung and blood plasma, viz. increase of primary and secondary lipid peroxidation products. it was established that rimantadine treatment led to a decrease of the products of lipid peroxidation in tissues of mice experimentally infected with influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2). the effect is strongest in blood plasma (a decrease of about 50%) and weaker in the lung (about 20%). to elucidate the mechanism of this actio ... | 2000 | 11098838 |
| profound protection against respiratory challenge with a lethal h7n7 influenza a virus by increasing the magnitude of cd8(+) t-cell memory. | the recall of cd8(+) t-cell memory established by infecting h-2(b) mice with an h1n1 influenza a virus provided a measure of protection against an extremely virulent h7n7 virus. the numbers of cd8(+) effector and memory t cells specific for the shared, immunodominant d(b)np(366) epitope were greatly increased subsequent to the h7n7 challenge, and though lung titers remained as high as those in naive controls for 5 days or more, the virus was cleared more rapidly. expanding the cd8(+) memory t-ce ... | 2000 | 11090168 |
| zanamivir use during transmission of amantadine-resistant influenza a in a nursing home. | to describe the use of zanamivir during an influenza a outbreak. | 2000 | 11089653 |
| [prevention of influenza--current recommendations]. | recommendation of the control of influenza include principal changes as follow: the age for universal vaccination has been lowered to 50 years from 65 years scheduling of large, organized vaccination campaigns after mid-october--2000/2001 trivalent vaccine virus strains are a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like, a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like, and b/beijing/184/93-like strains. | 2000 | 11081349 |
| [influenza in 1998]. | in poland in 1998 total number of 825,345 cases of influenza were noted. it meant decrease in half (47.7%) of the number of cases registered in 1997. cumulative incidence was 2134.5 per 100,000. it was 449,592 cases in children up to 14 years old. 489 persons were hospitalized which was 0.06% of reported cases. percentage of hospitalizations decreased almost in half. number of case fatalities due to influenza was 63. in january 1998 there were isolated four variants of influenza virus of subtype ... | 2000 | 11076146 |
| an outbreak of influenza a virus in a hilltribe village of mae hong son province thailand, 1997. | an outbreak of influenza a virus occurred in a hilltribe village between july 18th and august 8th, 1997. the overall infection rate was 92.5 per cent. the household infection rate was higher in the crowded part of the village. the symptoms analyzed after all, were fever (100%), cough (99%), headache, myalgia (78.1%) and rhinorrhea (50.5%). the patients were self - recovery within 5-7 days. isolation and haemagglutination inhibition test (hi) were undertaken to identify the causative agent. the r ... | 2000 | 11075965 |
| a comparative study of immunocapture elisa and rt-pcr for screening clinical samples from southern greece for human influenza virus types a and b. | an immunocapture (ic) elisa and reverse transcriptase (rt)-pcr assays were evaluated as screening methods for the detection of influenza virus types a and b in clinical samples collected from individuals presenting with influenza-like symptoms in southern greece. standard virus isolation in embryonated hens' eggs was taken as the reference method. according to the reference method, 25 (16.7%) of the 150 clinical samples examined were infected by influenza viruses - 19 type a (h3n2) and 6 type b. ... | 2000 | 11073158 |
| [serum concentration of amantadine in the treatment of children with influenza type a infection]. | fifteen children with influenza type a (h3n2) virus infection (mean age, 38 months) were treated with amantadine. amantadine was prescribed as 5 mg/kg/day and the serum concentration was measured in 5-7 days. as a result, the mean serum concentration of amantadine was 164.6 +/- 92.5 ng/ml (range, 67.4-446.9 ng/ml). adverse reactions were not associated to them. amantadine therapy against influenza type a infection is probably safe in children because of the low serum concentration shown in this ... | 2000 | 11068362 |
| super-infection by bacillus thuringiensis h34 or 3a3b can lead to death in mice infected with the influenza a virus. | bacterial super-infections are the main cause of complication and mortality after influenza virus (iav) infection. since bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is considered non-pathogenic for humans and is widely sprayed in urban areas, the aim of this work was to evaluate the potential pathogenicity of a combined infection bt-iav in a mouse model of pneumonia. bacteria used for super-infections were bt serotype h34 isolated from human infection and the insecticidal strain 3a3b obtained from a commercial ... | 2000 | 11064263 |
| [influenza season 1999/2000 and vaccine composition for the season 2000/01]. | the first signs of influenza activity in the netherlands during the 1999/2000 influenza season were the isolation of an influenza a (h3n2) virus in week 40 and of two more in week 43 of 1999. from week 50 onwards, a strong increase of the clinical influenza activity was observed which reached its peak in weeks 1 and 2 of 2000 and then rapidly declined. the clinical influenza activity was associated with the isolation of predominantly influenza a (h3n2) viruses. near the end of the epidemic, infl ... | 2000 | 11048562 |
| exposure to ultraviolet radiation enhances mortality and pathology associated with influenza virus infection in mice. | ultraviolet radiation (uvr) causes systemic immune suppression, decreasing the delayed type and contact hypersensitivity responses in animals and humans and enhancing certain mycobacterial, parasitic and viral infections in mice. this study tests the hypothesis that prior exposure to uvr enhances influenza infections in mice. balb/c female mice were exposed to 0-8.2 kj/m2 of uvr. exposed and unexposed mice were infected intranasally three days later with 150-300 plaque-forming units/mouse (letha ... | 2000 | 11045721 |
| comparison of three non-nested rt-pcr for the detection of influenza a viruses. | background: the viral isolation technique (vit) is largely used as a gold standard for the detection of influenza a and b viruses in respiratory samples. some recent studies have pointed out that the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays allow sensitive and rapid detection of influenza viruses, also providing excellent correlation with traditional methods. objectives and design study: the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three non-nested pcr, two pcr-hybridization assays usin ... | 2000 | 10996113 |
| efficacy of influenza vaccine in the elderly: reduction in risks of mortality and morbidity during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic for the elderly in nursing homes. | the effect of influenza vaccination on the occurrence and severity of influenza virus infection in elderly nursing home residents was studied during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic in japan. of 22,462 individuals living in 301 welfare nursing homes, 10,739 received inactivated (subunit) influenza vaccine. through the period november 1998 to march 1999, there were 950 cases of influenza infection diagnosed clinically, with virus isolation and/or serology. there were statistically significantly few ... | 2000 | 10984124 |
| recognition of n-glycolylneuraminic acid linked to galactose by the alpha2,3 linkage is associated with intestinal replication of influenza a virus in ducks. | the hemagglutinin (ha) of h3 human influenza viruses does not support viral replication in duck intestine despite its avian origin. a leu-to-gln mutation at position 226 and a ser-to-gly mutation at position 228 in the ha of human a/udorn/307/72 (h3n2) permit a reassortant virus [human udorn ha, with all other genes from a/mallard/new york/6750/78 (h2n2)] to replicate in ducks. to understand the molecular basis of this change in host range restriction, we investigated the receptor specificity of ... | 2000 | 10982377 |
| phosphatidylserine-mediated phagocytosis of influenza a virus-infected cells by mouse peritoneal macrophages. | influenza virus induces apoptosis in cultured cell lines as well as in animal tissues. hela cells were infected with influenza virus a/udon/72 (h3n2) under conditions resulting in almost 100% infection. such cells underwent typical caspase-dependent apoptosis and were efficiently phagocytosed by macrophages prepared from peritoneal fluids of thioglycolate-treated mice. the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine appeared on the surfaces of virus-infected cells at around the time efficient phago ... | 2000 | 10982371 |
| surveillance of influenza viruses isolated from travellers at nagoya international airport. | in order to conduct a survey of influenza viruses entering japan via travellers arriving by airplanes, gargle solutions were collected from passengers who reported to the quarantine station of nagoya international airport complaining of respiratory symptoms. from 504 samples collected between august 1996 and march 1999, 30 influenza virus strains were isolated. twenty-eight of the isolates were influenza a (h3n2) viruses and two were influenza b viruses. no h1n1 virus was isolated. among 28 isol ... | 2000 | 10982075 |
| studies of the 1996-1997 inactivated influenza vaccine among children attending day care: immunologic response, protection against infection, and clinical effectiveness. | a randomized, blinded, pilot study of influenza vaccine administered to children attending day care centers was conducted during the 1996-1997 winter. vaccine efficacy in preventing serologically proven influenza virus infection was 0.45 (95% confidence limit [cl]: -0.02, 0.69) for influenza b and 0.31 (95% cl: -0.95, 0.73) for influenza a(h3n2). for both influenza a(h3n2) and b, children without preexisting hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody to these antigens had lower antibody responses ... | 2000 | 10979921 |
| [characteristics of epidemiological strains of influenza a virus (h3n2) isolate in 1997-1999. virus a/moscow/10/99--a candidate to become the vaccine strain]. | antigenic properties of influenza a(h3n2) viruses isolated during two epidemic seasons 1997-98 and 1998-99 in russia are analyzed. all strains are antigenic variants of the reference strain a/sydney/5/97. characteristics of epidemic strain a/moscow/10/99, proposed by who expert committee as vaccine strain for 1999-2000 have been studied. this strain, isolated on chick embryos, is characterized by high reproductive activity in chicken embryos with an infectious titer of 10(6) eid50/0.2 ml, easily ... | 2000 | 10971961 |
| adequate seroresponse to influenza vaccination in dialysis patients. | hemodialysis (hd) patients are immunocompromised, and they have been shown to react suboptimally to recommended vaccinations. advances in dialysis therapy and other supportive measures may theoretically result in better immune system functions. clinical evidence supporting this theory has, however, not been presented. with influenza vaccination response, we tried to address this question. | 2000 | 10971154 |
| [influenza--always present among us]. | influenza virus infects about 10 million persons worldwide each year. two important characteristics of influenza are its epidemic outbreak and high mortality rate, mostly caused by complications. influenza virus is characterised by a great antigenic variability. major modifications, called antigenic shifts or type changes, occur approximately three times per century and result in worldwide epidemics--pandemics. minor modifications, called antigenic drifts or strain changes demand new vaccine com ... | 2000 | 10965680 |
| early alterations of the receptor-binding properties of h1, h2, and h3 avian influenza virus hemagglutinins after their introduction into mammals. | interspecies transmission of influenza a viruses circulating in wild aquatic birds occasionally results in influenza outbreaks in mammals, including humans. to identify early changes in the receptor binding properties of the avian virus hemagglutinin (ha) after interspecies transmission and to determine the amino acid substitutions responsible for these alterations, we studied the has of the initial isolates from the human pandemics of 1957 (h2n2) and 1968 (h3n2), the european swine epizootic of ... | 2000 | 10954551 |
| evolution of swine h3n2 influenza viruses in the united states. | during 1998, severe outbreaks of influenza were observed in four swine herds in the united states. this event was unique because the causative agents, h3n2 influenza viruses, are infrequently isolated from swine in north america. two antigenically distinct reassortant viruses (h3n2) were isolated from infected animals: a double-reassortant virus containing genes similar to those of human and swine viruses, and a triple-reassortant virus containing genes similar to those of human, swine, and avia ... | 2000 | 10954521 |
| variation in response among individuals to antigenic sites on the ha protein of human influenza virus may be responsible for the emergence of drift strains in the human population. | eight convalescent human sera obtained from patients aged 3 to 14 years old, who were infected with influenza a(h3n2) virus during the 1990/1991 influenza season, were characterized by a binding assay with chimeric hemagglutinin (ha) proteins between influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 and a/kamata/14/91(h3n2) strains. these sera did not recognize the ha protein of the a/aichi/2/68 strain but recognized that of the a/kamata/14/91 strain. the binding assay revealed that these sera recognized only the ha ... | 2000 | 10936103 |
| safety and immunogenicity of adjuvanted and unadjuvanted subunit influenza vaccines administered intranasally to healthy adults. | antigen-specific mucosal immunity is thought to be important for protection against influenza virus infection. currently licensed parenteral influenza vaccines stimulate the production of serum antibodies, but are poor inducers of mucosal immunity. the adjuvant mf59 has been shown to enhance the humoral immune response to parenteral influenza vaccine in humans and the mucosal immune response to intranasally-administered influenza vaccine in mice. we conducted an open-label safety study followed ... | 2000 | 10930676 |
| genetic characterization of h3n2 influenza viruses isolated from pigs in north america, 1977-1999: evidence for wholly human and reassortant virus genotypes. | since 1998, h3n2 viruses have caused epizootics of respiratory disease in pigs throughout the major swine production regions of the u.s. these outbreaks are remarkable because swine influenza in north america had previously been caused almost exclusively by h1n1 viruses. we sequenced the full-length protein coding regions of all eight rna segments from four h3n2 viruses that we isolated from pigs in the midwestern u.s. between march 1998 and march 1999, as well as from h3n2 viruses recovered fro ... | 2000 | 10930664 |
| antiviral activity of nmso3 against respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro and in vivo. | nmso3, a sulfated sialyl lipid was evaluated for its efficacy against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and other myxovirus infections in cell culture. the median effective concentration (50% effective concentration, ec(50)) of nmso3 against replication of the long strain of rsv in hep-2 cells was 0.2 and 0.32 microm by optical elisa and the plaque reduction method, respectively. on the other hand, the corresponding values for ribavirin were 10.5 and 11.2 microm, respectively. nmso3 showed poten ... | 2000 | 10930645 |
| vitamin e supplementation increases t helper 1 cytokine production in old mice infected with influenza virus. | compared with young mice, old mice infected with influenza virus have significantly higher pulmonary viral titres, although these can be reduced significantly with dietary vitamin e supplementation. t helper 1 (th1) cytokines, especially interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), play an important role in defending against influenza infection. however, there is an age-associated loss of th1 cytokine production. prostaglandin e2 (pge2) production, which increases with age, can modulate the t helper cell funct ... | 2000 | 10929076 |
| a comprehensive systematic approach to identification of influenza a virus genotype using rt-pcr and rflp. | amplification of influenza a virus gene segments by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) can be combined with enzymatic digestion to reveal unique restriction fragment length polymorphisms specific for h1n1 and h3n2 subtype viruses. we have used the method to provide a rapid, specific and reproducible identification of the genotype of high-growth influenza reassortants derived from a/puerto rico/8/34 (pr8). digestion of the gene segments amplified from wild-type viruses, pr8 ... | 2000 | 10921838 |
| [use of sentinel reporting clinics for influenza surveillance in the winter of 1996-1997]. | in a joint effort of the israel center for disease control, the national center for influenza in the central virology laboratory, together with a group of collaborating pediatricians and family physicians, a network for influenza surveillance was established in the winter of 1996-97. nose and throat swabs were obtained from 571 patients with flu-like illness. 133 (23%) were positive for influenza virus. both influenza a(h3n2) and b were isolated, predominantly influenza b during the beginning of ... | 1999 | 10914192 |
| influenza virus infection of desialylated cells. | sialic acid has long been considered to be the sole receptor for influenza virus. the viral hemagglutinin (ha) is known to bind cell surface sialic acid, and sialic acids on viral glyco-proteins are cleaved by the viral neuraminidase (na) to promote efficient release of progeny virus particles. however, nws-mvi, a mutant virus completely lacking na, grows well in mdck cells continuously treated with exogenous neuraminidase (sialidase). exogenous sialidase quantitatively releases all sialic acids ... | 2000 | 10910970 |
| systemic and mucosal isotype-specific antibody responses in pigs to experimental influenza virus infection. | the immunoglobulin isotype-specific responses in serum and at the respiratory mucosa of pigs after a primary infection with influenza virus were studied. to do this, we developed an aerosol challenge model for influenza in specified pathogen-free (spf) pigs and isotype-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). ten-week-old pigs were inoculated without anesthesia in the nostrils with an aerosol of the field isolate influenza a/swine/neth/st. oedenrode/96 (h3n2). the infection caused a ... | 2000 | 10893003 |
| antigenic drift in the influenza a virus (h3n2) nucleoprotein and escape from recognition by cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | viruses exploit different strategies to escape immune surveillance, including the introduction of mutations in cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) epitopes. the sequence of these epitopes is critical for their binding to major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecules and recognition by specific ctls, both of which interactions may be lost by mutation. sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene of influenza a viruses (h3n2) isolated in the netherlands from 1989 to 1999 revealed two independen ... | 2000 | 10888619 |
| [diagnosis of an acute respiratory infection outbreak in children under 3 years of age in santiago de cuba]. | in november, 1996, there was an outbreak of acute respiratory infection in children under 3 in the province of santiago de cuba. 7 samples of nasopharyngeal exudates were received to determine the causal agent of the outbreak by indirect immunofluorescence technique (4 positive samples, 57.14%). they were inoculated in mdck cells culture and those cases that presented positive hemadsorption (6 isolates, 85.71%) were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence techniques (6 positive samples, 100%) an ... | 1999 | 10887559 |
| [seroepidemiological survey for influenza virus in belém, pará, brazil, 1992-1993] | a seroepidemiological study was carried out from 1992 to 1993 to estimate the prevalence of antibody to prevailing influenza virus strains circulating among patients attending the iec virology laboratory in belem, northern brazil. a total of 179 (11%) of serum samples were obtained during the post-epidemic period and processed by the hemagglutination inhibition test against the a/taiwan/1/86 (h1n1), a/beijing/353/89 (h3n2), and b/yamagata/16/88 types of influenza virus. the serological results i ... | 1997 | 10886836 |
| a simple restriction fragment length polymorphism-based strategy that can distinguish the internal genes of human h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1 influenza a viruses. | a simple molecular technique for rapid genotyping was developed to monitor the internal gene composition of currently circulating influenza a viruses. sequence information from recent h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1 human virus isolates was used to identify conserved regions within each internal gene, and gene-specific pcr primers capable of amplifying all three virus subtypes were designed. subtyping was based on subtype-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) patterns within the amplifie ... | 2000 | 10878047 |
| cross-protection against a lethal influenza virus infection by dna vaccine to neuraminidase. | cross-protection against a lethal influenza virus infection was examined in balb/c mice immunized with plasmid dnas encoding the neuraminidase (na) from different subtype a viruses. each na-dna was administered twice, 3 weeks apart, at the dose of 1 microg per mouse by particle-mediated dna transfer to the epidermis (gene gun) or at a dose of 30 microg per mouse by electroporation into the muscle. three weeks after the second vaccination, the mice were challenged with lethal doses of homologous ... | 2000 | 10869766 |
| [variability of hemagglutinin from strains of influenza virus a (h3n2), isolated in russian from 1989 to 1999]. | analysis of 154 strains isolated in russia and cis countries in 1989-1999 showed that influenza virus a(h3n2) caused epidemics and epidemic rises 8 times, circulating together with a(h1n1) and b viruses. antigenic drift was revealed using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. analysis of antigenic properties of the viruses in the population showed that strains isolated during the same year were usually variants of one or rarely two reference strains. a drop of isolation rate of a(h3n2) strains o ... | 2000 | 10867992 |
| expression of eotaxin by normal airway epithelial cells after influenza virus a infection. | viral infection is known to cause lung inflammatory disease, including bronchial asthma. the mechanisms of inflammatory cell accumulation into the airways after viral infection are not well understood. eotaxin is a cc chemokine which is a potent and specific agonist for cc chemokine receptor 3 (ccr3). ccr3 is expressed on eosinophils, basophils and t lymphocytes. these cells are known to be key cells in the pathogenesis of asthma. although it has recently been demonstrated that airway epithelial ... | 2000 | 10867508 |
| herd factors associated with the seroprevalences of four major respiratory pathogens in slaughter pigs from farrow-to-finish pig herds. | the objective of this study was to investigate sero-epidemiological aspects of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (mh), influenza h1n1 and h3n2 viruses and aujeszky disease virus (adv) in fattening pigs from 150 randomly selected farrow-to-finish pig herds. different herd factors were examined as potential risk indicators for the percentage of pigs with antibodies against the 4 pathogens. the median within-herd seroprevalences of the pathogens were: mh 76%, h1n1 100%, h3n2 40% and adv 53%. there was a pos ... | 2000 | 10863948 |
| effects of passage history and sampling bias on phylogenetic reconstruction of human influenza a evolution. | in this paper we determine the extent to which host-mediated mutations and a known sampling bias affect evolutionary studies of human influenza a. previous phylogenetic reconstruction of influenza a (h3n2) evolution using the hemagglutinin gene revealed an excess of nonsilent substitutions assigned to the terminal branches of the tree. we investigate two hypotheses to explain this observation. the first hypothesis is that the excess reflects mutations that were either not present or were at low ... | 2000 | 10860959 |
| [the etiological structure of the morbidity from influenza and other ards on the territory of russia in the season of 1997-1998]. | the antigenic properties of 51 strains of influenza virus a(h1n1), isolated in different cities of russia during the epidemic of 1998, were studied. most of these strains (49) proved to be similar to virus a/bern/07/95 in the antigenic structure of hemagglutinin, but 2 strains isolated in ulan-ude were found to be closely related to new antigenic variants of this virus: a/beijing/262/95 and a/fukuoka/c7/98. the analysis of the antigenic structure of influenza-like diseases (ild) in different cit ... | 1999 | 10852031 |
| efficacy of influenza vaccine in the elderly in welfare nursing homes: reduction in risks of mortality and morbidity during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic. | the effect of influenza vaccination on the occurrence and severity of influenza virus infection in a population residing in nursing homes for the elderly was studied during an influenza a (h3n2) epidemic in japan. of 22,462 individuals living in 301 welfare nursing homes, 10,739 received either one dose (2027 subjects) or two doses (8712 subjects) of inactivated, subunit trivalent influenza vaccine. during the period nov. 1998 to march 1999, there were 950 cases of influenza infection diagnosed ... | 2000 | 10847209 |
| genetic characterization of an h1n2 influenza virus isolated from a pig in indiana. | an h1n2 influenza virus was isolated from a pig during an outbreak of respiratory disease and abortion on an indiana farm in november 1999. results of phylogenetic analyses indicate that this virus is a reassortant between a recent classical h1 swine virus and the reassortant h3n2 viruses that have emerged among american pigs since 1998. | 2000 | 10835031 |
| a longitudinal study of serological patterns of respiratory infections in nine infected danish swine herds. | sixteen litters of seven pigs from each of nine danish farrow-to-finish herds were followed to investigate the serological patterns caused by natural infection with mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, pasteurella multocida toxin and actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 2, 5-7, 12. in seven of the herds, pigs were followed as two separate cohorts started 4 weeks apart, and in two herds only one cohort was followed.a total of 999 pigs were included in the study. the pigs were blood sampled at weaning a ... | 2000 | 10821962 |
| surveillance for influenza--united states, 1994-95, 1995-96, and 1996-97 seasons. | influenza epidemics occur nearly every year during the winter months and are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality in the united states, including an average of approximately 114,000 hospitalizations and 20,000 deaths per year. | 2000 | 10817484 |
| population estimates of persons presenting to general practitioners with influenza-like illness, 1987-96: a study of the demography of influenza-like illness in sentinel practice networks in england and wales, and in the netherlands. | incidence data by age of new episodes of influenza-like illness reported by sentinel general practice networks in england and wales and in the netherlands over a 10-year period were examined to provide estimates of the consulting population during influenza epidemic periods. baseline levels of recording in each age group were calculated from weeks in which influenza viruses were not circulating and the excess over baseline calculated to provide the population estimates during influenza epidemics ... | 2000 | 10813150 |
| influenza-associated encephalopathy in japan: pathogenesis and treatment. | it is estimated that more than 100 children die of influenza-associated encephalopathy (influenza encephalopathy) every year in japan. influenza encephalopathy is distinct from reye's syndrome. specifically, 20% of influenza encephalopathy patients exhibit bilateral thalamic necrosis on neuroimaging, a lesion referred to as acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ane). influenza encephalopathy may develop by the same pathogenetic mechanisms as ane, possibly via vasoactive substances or a process leadi ... | 2000 | 10804744 |
| influenza virus-induced encephalopathy: clinicopathologic study of an autopsied case. | rapid progressive encephalopathy with a high fever, consciousness loss and recurrent convulsions has been occasionally reported in children during influenza pandemics in japan since 1995. we examined a 2-year old girl with hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome associated with acute influenza a virus infection (a/nagasaki/76/98; h3n2), to answer several questions for which no histologic or virologic data exist. | 2000 | 10804743 |
| epidemiology of influenza-associated encephalitis-encephalopathy in hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan. | it is well known that acute onset brain dysfunction, which usually is diagnosed as encephalitis or encephalopathy, occurs in association with influenza. however, this may have been underestimated as a rather infrequent event. sixty-four infants and children developed encephalitis-encephalopathy during the five recent influenza seasons in hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan. | 2000 | 10804741 |
| emergence of h3n2 reassortant influenza a viruses in north american pigs. | in late summer through early winter of 1998, there were several outbreaks of respiratory disease in the swine herds of north carolina, texas, minnesota and iowa. four viral isolates from outbreaks in different states were analyzed, both antigenically and genetically. all of the isolates were identified as h3n2 influenza viruses with antigenic profiles similar to those of recent human h3 strains. genotyping and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the four swine viruses had emerged through two ... | 2000 | 10799777 |
| the epidemiology and evolution of influenza viruses in pigs. | pigs serve as major reservoirs of h1n1 and h3n2 influenza viruses which are endemic in pig populations world-wide and are responsible for one of the most prevalent respiratory diseases in pigs. the maintenance of these viruses in pigs and the frequent exchange of viruses between pigs and other species is facilitated directly by swine husbandry practices, which provide for a continual supply of susceptible pigs and regular contact with other species, particularly humans. the pig has been a conten ... | 2000 | 10799776 |
| involvement of the mannose receptor in infection of macrophages by influenza virus. | influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (pr8; h1n1), a/aichi/68 x-31 (hkx31; h3n2), and a/beijing/89 x-109 (bjx109; h3n2) show marked differences in their ability to infect murine macrophages, including resident alveolar and peritoneal macrophages as well as the macrophage-derived cell line j774. the hierarchy in infectivity of the viruses (pr8 < hkx31 < bjx109) resembles that of their reactivity with mannose-binding lectins of the collectin family. since the macrophage mannose receptor recognizes the same ... | 2000 | 10799594 |
| global epidemiology of influenza: past and present. | pandemics are the most dramatic presentation of influenza. three have occurred in the twentieth century: the 1918 h1n1 pandemic, the 1957 h2n2 pandemic, and the 1968 h3n2 pandemic. the tools of molecular epidemiology have been applied in an attempt to determine the origin of pandemic viruses and to understand what made them such successful pathogens. an excellent example of this avenue of research is the recent phylogenetic analysis of genes of the virus that caused the devastating 1918 pandemic ... | 2000 | 10774473 |
| [in vitro proliferative activity of lymphocytes from elderly persons after separate and combined immunization with live and inactivated flu vaccines]. | cellular (lymphocyte proliferation activity--lpa), humoral (serum antibodies), and secretory (iga antibodies from the upper respiratory tract) immune responses were compared in 45 subjects aged 66-95 years, vaccinated with two influenza trivalent a(h1n1) + a(h3n2) + b vaccines: russian live attenuated cold-adapted reassortant (liv) and usa inactivated split-virus (iiv) vaccines. none of immunization protocols suppressed lpa after in vitro stimulation of cell culture with homologous virus antigen ... | 2000 | 10765550 |
| the role of alpha/beta and gamma interferons in development of immunity to influenza a virus in mice. | during influenza virus infection innate and adaptive immune defenses are activated to eliminate the virus and thereby bring about recovery from illness. both arms of the adaptive immune system, antibody neutralization of free virus and termination of intracellular virus replication by antiviral cytotoxic t cells (ctls), play pivotal roles in virus elimination and protection from disease. innate cytokine responses, such as alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) or ifn-gamma, can have roles in det ... | 2000 | 10756011 |
| application of a fluorogenic pcr assay for typing and subtyping of influenza viruses in respiratory samples. | a fluorogenic pcr-based method (taqman-pcr) was developed for typing and subtyping of influenza virus genomes in clinical specimens. the taqman-pcr employs a probe technology that exploits the endogenous 5'-3' nuclease activity of the taq dna polymerase to allow direct detection of the amplicon by release of a fluorescent reporter during the pcr. therefore, post-pcr analysis is avoided since hybridization with the fluorogenic probe and quantification of the amplified product is performed simulta ... | 2000 | 10747142 |
| local and systemic immune response in community-dwelling elderly after intranasal or intramuscular immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine. | intramuscular (im) influenza vaccines are about 50% effective in preventing clinical illness among the elderly and their effectiveness in eliciting mucosal response may be even lower. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunological effect of a novel inactivated intranasal (in) trivalent whole influenza virus vaccine among community-dwelling elderly. sixty-one subjects were vaccinated with two doses of an in vaccine and a control group of 31 subjects was vaccinated with a commercia ... | 2000 | 10745240 |
| mismatch between the 1997/1998 influenza vaccine and the major epidemic a(h3n2) virus strain as the cause of an inadequate vaccine-induced antibody response to this strain in the elderly. | the success of influenza vaccination depends largely on the antigenic match between the influenza vaccine strains and the virus strains actually circulating during the season. in the past, this match has proved to be satisfactory in most seasons. in the 1997/1998 season, however, hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays with ferret antisera indicated a considerable mismatch between the h3n2 vaccine component and the most prevalent epidemic influenza a(h3n2) virus. the results from antigenic analy ... | 2000 | 10745239 |
| influenza a virus-binding activity of glycoglycerolipids of aquatic bacteria. | as the aqueous sphere has been proposed to be an important source medium for the virus infection of land animals, the glycolipids of some aquatic organisms were examined for human influenza a virus-binding activity. active compounds were not found among the eight echinoderm gangliosides, but two active non-sialylated glycoglycerolipids were isolated from an aquatic bacterium, corynebacterium aquaticum. the structural formula of one of them, h632a, was elucidated to be 1-14-methyl-hexadecanoyl-3- ... | 2000 | 10731684 |
| a previously unrecognized h-2d(b)-restricted peptide prominent in the primary influenza a virus-specific cd8(+) t-cell response is much less apparent following secondary challenge. | respiratory challenge of h-2(b) mice with an h3n2 influenza a virus causes an acute, transient pneumonitis characterized by the massive infiltration of cd8(+) t lymphocytes. the inflammatory process monitored by quantitative analysis of lymphocyte populations recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage is greatly enhanced by prior exposure to an h1n1 virus, with the recall of cross-reactive cd8(+)-t-cell memory leading to more rapid clearance of the infection from the lungs. the predominant epitope reco ... | 2000 | 10729122 |
| correlates of immune protection induced by live, attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine. | the authors conducted a 2-year, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy field trial of live, attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent influenza vaccine administered by nasal spray to children 15-71 months old. overall, vaccine was 92% efficacious at preventing culture-confirmed infection by influenza a/h3n2 and influenza b. because influenza a/h1n1 did not cause disease during the years in which this study was conducted, the authors sought to determine vaccine efficacy and correlates o ... | 2000 | 10720541 |
| inactivation of human type a and b influenza viruses by tea-seed saponins. | the effects of a mixture of tea-seed saponins obtained from the seeds of camellia sinensis var. sinesis on human influenza viruses types a and b were investigated. at the concentrations of 60, 80, and 100 micrograms/ml, respectively, the mixture inactivated viruses a/memphis/1/71 (h3n2), b/lee/40, and a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) almost completely. the mixture also inactivated type a virus a/pr/8/34 after inoculation at concentrations of 1-30 micrograms/ml dose-dependently. | 2000 | 10705466 |
| effective construction of dna vaccines against variable influenza genes by homologous recombination. | we demonstrate the potential of cloning by homologous recombination as a rapid method to construct dna molecules encoding newly developing hemagglutinins (ha) of influenza a virus. the variable parts of the ha genes were cloned into a basic construct containing the ha gene from an h3n2 strain. the recombinant dnas thus created encode different variable domains with neutralising epitopes from four recently circulating influenza a h3 strains. the technology allows rapid production of dna construct ... | 2000 | 10704333 |
| efficacy of vaccination with live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine against a variant (a/sydney) not contained in the vaccine. | to determine the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of revaccination of children with live attenuated influenza vaccine. | 2000 | 10657821 |
| genotypic stability of cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine in an efficacy clinical trial. | an investigational live influenza virus vaccine, flumist, contains three cold-adapted h1n1, h3n2, and b influenza viruses. the vaccine viruses are 6/2 reassortants, in which the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes are derived from the circulating wild-type viruses and the remaining six genes are derived from the cold-adapted master donor strains. the six genes from the cold-adapted master donor strains ensure the attenuation, and the ha and na genes from the wild-type viruses confer ... | 2000 | 10655394 |
| h3n2 influenza a virus recovered from a neonatal pig in ontario--1997. | 1999 | 10646069 | |
| hepatic decompensation in patients with cirrhosis during infection with influenza a. | patients with chronic liver disease can develop hepatic decompensation during systemic infections. although gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria are well recognized as causes of decompensation, the effect of influenza virus infection on patients with chronic liver disease is poorly documented. | 2000 | 10632312 |
| [evaluation of a rapid enzyme immunoassay for detection of influenza a virus among adult and elderly patients]. | directigen flu a, an enzyme immunoassay membrane test for the detection of influenza a virus, was compared with serum hemagglutinine inhibition assay in adult and elderly patients. throat specimens were collected by vigorous swabbing from febrile patients who were suspect for influenza by clinical symptoms and tested with directigen flu a. serum samples were collected from the patients at onset of illness and two to eleven weeks later and tested for antibody titer to influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2, an ... | 1999 | 10624096 |
| influenza activity--united states, 1999-2000 season. | influenza activity was low during october 3-november 6, 1999; influenza virus isolates were reported from 30 states, and four long-term-care facility outbreaks were reported from three states. the predominant viruses isolated were influenza type a(h3n2) viruses. this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states during october 3-november 6, 1999. it also summarizes u.s. influenza surveillance methodology, including the four primary sources of surveillance data, a modification to pneu ... | 1999 | 10599589 |
| evaluation of trivalent, live, cold-adapted (caiv-t) and inactivated (tiv) influenza vaccines in prevention of virus infection and illness following challenge of adults with wild-type influenza a (h1n1), a (h3n2), and b viruses. | trivalent, live, cold-adapted influenza vaccine (caiv-t) is highly effective in the prevention of influenza in children, and a variety of monovalent and bivalent cold-adapted influenza vaccines have been efficacious in adults. in order to determine the efficacy of caiv-t in healthy adults, we administered caiv-t, trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (tiv) or placebo to 103 adults in randomized double-blind fashion, and then challenged those subjects who had pre-screening serum hemagglutinatio ... | 1999 | 10580204 |
| the impact of winter epidemics of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus on paediatric admissions to an urban general hospital. | to demonstrate the impact of influenza epidemics on pediatric hospital admissions, admissions that were attributable to influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection to the pediatric ward of an urban general hospital in japan were followed-up during a 4-month period from december to march 1991 through 1998. during the 1997-1998 influenza type a (h3n2) epidemic, a diagnosis of influenza type a (h3n2) was made in 26.3% of all patients admitted aged 15 years or lower. during the peak of ... | 2000 | 10568771 |
| [efficacy of influenza vaccine among geriatric inpatients: effect of previous vaccination and antibody induction by single and twice injections]. | to investigate the effect of previous influenza vaccination and the difference in antibody induction by single and twice injection of influenza vaccine in the elderly, hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody titers of the three types of influenza viruses were measured. influenza vaccination was done for 217 inpatients. for the patients who had influenza vaccination in the year prior to the study, influenza vaccine was administered once to 77 patients and twice to another 70 patients. influenza ... | 1999 | 10565120 |
| positive selection on the h3 hemagglutinin gene of human influenza virus a. | the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of influenza viruses encodes the major surface antigen against which neutralizing antibodies are produced during infection or vaccination. we examined temporal variation in the ha1 domain of ha genes of human influenza a (h3n2) viruses in order to identify positively selected codons. positive selection is defined for our purposes as a significant excess of nonsilent over silent nucleotide substitutions. if past mutations at positively selected codons conferred a selec ... | 1999 | 10555276 |
| [influenza season 1998/99; composition of vaccine for 1999/2000]. | the first indication of influenza activity in the netherlands in the 1998/'99 season was the isolation of an influenza b virus in week 47 of 1998. in subsequent weeks influenza activity slowly increased, reaching a peak in week 6 of 1999. after a gradual decline for three weeks a second peak was reached in week 8 of 1999. the first wave of influenza activity was primarily caused by influenza b viruses, whereas during the second wave predominantly influenza a viruses of the a/h3n2 subtype were is ... | 1999 | 10535060 |
| impact of the introduction of a/sydney/5/97 h3n2 influenza virus into south africa. | in 1998 south africa experienced a major influenza epidemic that was characterized by extensive illness and an unusually early season. the impact of the epidemic was charted by measuring proxy indexes of influenza activity such as school absenteeism and excess mortality in persons older than 65 years. viruses isolated from patients of all age groups were analyzed both antigenically and at the molecular level to determine the characteristics of the influenza strain responsible for the outbreaks. ... | 1999 | 10534742 |
| difficulties in standardizing the neuraminidase content of influenza vaccines. | to achieve better standardization of influenza vaccines, an elisa immunocapture assay was developed for n2 neuraminidase quantification. this sensitive and highly specific assay was successfully applied to vaccine preparations produced in embryonated hens' eggs from 1992 to 1997 and to antigenically related viral suspensions produced in mdck cells. a study of the neuraminidase activity of prototype a/h3n2 strains stored at 4 degrees c showed the gradual development of enzymatic instability from ... | 1999 | 10494973 |