Publications

overexpression of cytochrome c by a recombinant rabies virus attenuates pathogenicity and enhances antiviral immunity.	the pathogenicity of individual rabies virus strains appears to correlate inversely with the extent of apoptotic cell death they induce and with the expression of rabies virus glycoprotein, a major inducer of an antiviral immune response. to determine whether the induction of apoptosis by rabies virus contributes to a decreased pathogenicity by stimulating antiviral immunity, we have analyzed these parameters in tissue cultures and in mice infected with a recombinant rabies virus construct that ...	2001	11602721
rhabdoviruses and the cellular ubiquitin-proteasome system: a budding interaction.	the matrix (m) proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus (rv) play a key role in both assembly and budding of progeny virions. a pppy motif (py motif or late-budding domain) is conserved in the m proteins of vsv and rv. these py motifs are important for virus budding and for mediating interactions with specific cellular proteins containing ww domains. the py motif and flanking sequences of the m protein of vsv were used as bait to screen a mouse embryo cdna library for cellul ...	2001	11602704
quantitative study of the infection in brain neurons in human rabies.	rabies virus is a highly neuronotropic virus that causes encephalomyelitis. rabies virus infection was studied in neurons in the brain of an 8-year-old girl that died of rabies in mexico. the extent of the neuronal infection was evaluated quantitatively in neuronal cell types of the brain using histologic staining for negri bodies and immunoperoxidase staining for rabies virus antigen in the same neurons. quantitative image analysis was used to compare the amount of infection in five different n ...	2001	11596101
rabies virus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors enables retrograde axonal transport and access to the nervous system after peripheral delivery.	in this report it is demonstrated for the first time that rabies-g envelope of the rabies virus is sufficient to confer retrograde axonal transport to a heterologous virus/vector. after delivery of rabies-g pseudotyped equine infectious anaemia virus (eiav) based vectors encoding a marker gene to the rat striatum, neurons in regions distal from but projecting to the injection site, such as the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, become transduced. this retrograde transpor ...	2001	11590128
preexposure efficacy of a novel combination dna and inactivated rabies virus vaccine.	several strategies are being examined to enhance the potency of dna rabies vaccine (drv) so that it can be used for both prophylaxis and postexposure therapy of rabies. in this study, we report a novel combination rabies vaccine (crv) containing a low dose of cell culture-derived inactivated rabies virus vaccine and drv. mice immunized with crv develop higher levels of rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (rvna) than those immunized with drv and are completely protected against peripheral as wel ...	2001	11589833
immunohistochemical and histopathological studies of fixed rabies virus in goats.	the purpose of this study was to systematically demonstrate and compare the pathological and immunohistochemical changes in goats which were infected by a fixed rabies virus that was used in vaccine production. in the histopathological examinations, varying degrees of inflammatory, degenerative and necrotic changes were detected in the central nervous system. in the preparations stained by the immunoperoxidase (ip) method, intra- and/or extracellular viral antigens were observed on the cerebellu ...	2001	11585097
isolation and replication of rabies virus in c6 rat glioma cells (clone ccl-107).	the susceptibility of the c6 rat glioma cell line (atcc; ccl-107) to rabies virus was characterized. the kinetics of infection performed with a fixed and a wild strain (from an infected cow) of rabies virus was monitored by direct immunofluorescence. fluorescent cytoplasmic bodies were readily observed by uv microscopy from 24 hours post-infection (hpi) onwards. the ability of c6 to produce rabies infective virion particles was confirmed by determining the viral titres present in the supernatant ...	2001	11580211
functional interaction map of lyssavirus phosphoprotein: identification of the minimal transcription domains.	lyssaviruses, the causative agents of rabies encephalitis, are distributed in seven genotypes. the phylogenetically distant rabies virus (pv strain, genotype 1) and mokola virus (genotype 3) were used to develop a strategy to identify functional homologous interactive domains from two proteins (p and n) which participate in the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) transcription-replication complex. this strategy combined two-hybrid and green fluorescent protein-reverse two-hybrid assays in saccharomyce ...	2001	11559793
kinetics of humoral immune response after rabies vr-g oral vaccination of captive fox cubs (vulpes vulpes) with or without maternally derived antibodies against the vaccine.	in western europe during the spring, the largest proportion of fox populations are cubs and the key to successful rabies oral vaccination campaigns is cub vaccination. in this paper we report on studies of the serology of 93 fox (vulpes vulpes) cubs born to unvaccinated and orally vaccinated captive vixens, some of which were orally vaccinated at 30 or at 90 days of age with the vaccinia recombinant vaccine (vr-g) that expresses the rabies virus glycoprotein. the duration of cub passively acquir ...	2001	11535333
immunogenicity, safety and lot consistency in adults of a chromatographically purified vero-cell rabies vaccine: a randomized, double-blind trial with human diploid cell rabies vaccine.	the immunogenicity and safety of a chromatographically purified rabies vaccine (cprv) was evaluated using us veterinary medical students. in the first study, 242 healthy adults were enrolled in a randomized, modified double-blind, multicenter trial and received five doses of either cprv or human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) by intramuscular injection on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 concurrently with human rabies immunoglobulin in a simulated post-exposure prophylaxis regimen. post-immunization titers ...	2001	11535311
rescue of rabies virus from cloned cdna and identification of the pathogenicity-related gene: glycoprotein gene is associated with virulence for adult mice.	in order to identify the viral gene related to the pathogenicity of rabies virus, we tried to establish a reverse genetics system of the attenuated rc-hl strain, which causes nonlethal infection in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. a full-length genome plasmid encoding the complete antigenomic cdna of the rc-hl strain and helper plasmids containing cdnas of the complete open reading frame of the n, p, and l genes, respectively, were constructed. after transfection of these plasmids int ...	2001	11533176
human infection due to recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus.		2001	11529212
human lymphocyte proliferation responses following primary immunization with rabies vaccine as neoantigen.	evaluation of the t-cell immune response following primary antigenic challenge with a neoantigen is a critical aspect of assessment of the cellular immune response. while many antigens can be used to accurately assess in vitro t-cell proliferation to a recall antigen, only a few neoantigens have been tested for their capacities to measure t-cell responses in vitro to a primary immunization. rabies vaccination is an excellent candidate for the testing of t-cell proliferation responses to a primar ...	2001	11527796
immunogenicity of an e1-deleted recombinant human adenovirus against rabies by different routes of administration.	the immunogenic properties of an e1-deleted, human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) vaccine virus with activity against rabies were examined in mice, foxes and dogs using different routes of administration. nmri mice received 10(5.8), 10(5.3), 10(4.3), 10(3.3) and 10(2.3) tcid(50) by peroral or intramuscular (i.m.) administration. furthermore, six mice received 10(5.8) tcid(50) intracerebrally (i.c.). the construct elicited marked seroconversion in mice after oral administration. immunoreactivity in mice ...	2001	11514729
report of isolations of unusual lyssaviruses (rabies and mokola virus) identified retrospectively from zimbabwe.	rabies isolates that had been stored between 1983 and 1997 were examined with a panel of anti-lyssavirus nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. out of 56 isolates from cats and various wild carnivore species, 1 isolate of mokola virus and 5 other non-typical rabies viruses were identified. the mokola virus isolate was diagnosed as rabies in 1993 from a cat. genetic analysis of this isolate suggests that it falls in a distinct subgroup of the mokola virus genotype. the 5 non-typical rabies viruses w ...	2001	11513267
expression and immunogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag expressed by a replication-competent rhabdovirus-based vaccine vector.	a replication-competent rhabdovirus-based vector expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag protein was characterized on human cell lines and analyzed for the induction of a cellular immune response in mice. we previously described a rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vector expressing hiv-1 gp160. the recombinant rv was able to induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses against the hiv-1 envelope protein in mice (m. j. schnell et al., proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 97:3 ...	2001	11507217
survey of bat populations from mexico and paraguay for rabies.	a mammalian survey was conducted in mexico (october 1994-january 1996) and in paraguay (august 1996-march 1997); a complete specimen was collected for each bat in the survey, including primary voucher specimen, ectoparasites, karyotype, and various frozen tissues. the surveys combined provided 937 brain samples (65 bat species) for rabies diagnosis. one male lasiurus ega, collected in paraguay, tested positive for the rabies virus (overall prevalence rate of 0.1%). nucleotide sequence from a 300 ...	2001	11504233
[studies on clinical trials and immune effect of a new purified rabies vaccine prepared from vero cells].	to observe the safety and neutralizing antibody response of a new purified rabies vaccine prepared from vero cells.	2000	11503018
[expression of glycoprotein gene of the rabies virus 3ag strain by e-3 deleted adenovirus recombinant].	to analyze chinese rabies virus vaccine strain 3ag glycoprotein (gp) gene and further produce gp by e3-deleted human adenovirus recombinant.	2000	11498699
rapid clearance of sag-2 rabies virus from dogs after oral vaccination.	this study investigated the safety, efficacy, and clearance of sag-2, an attentuated rabies virus, after oral vaccination in dogs. nineteen dogs consumed baits containing lyophilized vaccine, but residual sag-2 virus was recovered in only one of 57 oral swabs, collected one hour post-vaccination. seven vaccinates were euthanized between 24 and 96 h after consuming a bait. rabies virus rna was detected in tonsils from all seven dogs by nested rt-pcr, with primers to the viral glycoprotein. genomi ...	2001	11483278
selection of single chain variable fragments (scfv) against the glycoprotein antigen of the rabies virus from a human synthetic scfv phage display library and their fusion with the fc region of human igg1.	we have prepared human recombinant antibody molecules against the glycoprotein antigen of the rabies virus (gprv) based on the single chain variable fragment (scfv) format. anti-gprv scfvs were selected from a human synthetic scfv phage display library with a repertoire of approximately 109 specificities. after three rounds of selection against the pv11 strain of the virus, 40% of the clones tested recognized the rabies antigen. of the 20 positive clones that were sequenced, five distinct sequen ...	2001	11472431
early rabies antibody response to intramuscular booster in previously intradermally immunized travelers using human diploid cell rabies vaccine.	postexposure treatment (pet) of travelers who may have had a potential rabies exposure is simpler, safer, and cheaper if the traveler is preimmunized. preimmunization can be done with human diploid cell rabies vaccine (hdcv) administered intramuscularly or intradermally. some authorities, however, are now advocating that travelers vaccinated by the intradermal (id) route should be treated as if they are not immunized. a particular concern raised is that travelers who have received pre-exposure r ...	2001	11468113
effect of maternal immunity on the immune response to oral vaccination against rabies in young foxes.	to determine effect of maternal antibodies on immune response to oral vaccination against rabies in young foxes.	2001	11453495
rabies postexposure prophylaxis. human and domestic animal considerations.	the emphasis on rabies control and prevention in the united states seems to be a function of our perception of proximity of the threat. wildlife rabies epizootics within a state may be of little concern to the uninformed urban dweller. additionally, many parts of the western united states are free of terrestrial rabies; were it not for the presence of bat rabies, people in those areas would likely interpret rabies control as a minor public health concern. it is essential that federal, state, and ...	2001	11446104
a model for neutralization of viruses based on antibody coating of the virion surface.		2001	11443871
failure of pre- and postexposure rabies vaccinations in a child infected with hiv.	we report the case of a 6-y-old hiv-infected girl with severe immune deficiency who failed to respond to intramuscular pre-exposure rabies vaccination using human diploid cell rabies vaccine on days 0, 7 and 28. she also failed to respond to an intradermal postexposure rabies regimen using purified verocell rabies vaccine at 4 sites on days 0, 3 and 7 and at 2 sites on days 30 and 90 (double the usual regimen). sequentially monitored rabies neutralizing antibody titers were below the who minimum ...	2001	11440231
treatment after rodent exposure necessary to avoid death from rabies.		2001	11429723
protection of rainbow trout against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus four days after specific or semi-specific dna vaccination.	a dna vaccine against a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv), was shown to provide significant protection as soon as 4 d after intramuscular vaccination in 2 g rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) held at 15 degrees c. nearly complete protection was also observed at later time points (7, 14, and 28 d) using a standardized waterborne challenge model. in a test of the specificity of this early protection, immunization of rainbow trout with a dna vaccine against another f ...	2001	11427277
experimental utility of rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies in post-exposure prophylaxis.	rabies immune globulin (rig) is essential for post-exposure prophylaxis but is expensive and not widely available. rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were evaluated in vitro and in a syrian hamster model as a potential future alternative. seven mabs neutralized representative rabies virus variants. however, a european bat lyssavirus was not neutralized by either mabs or rig. moreover, duvenhage virus was neutralized by rig, but not by mabs, and lagos bat and mokola viru ...	2001	11427255
epidemiologic characteristics of rabies virus variants in dogs and cats in the united states, 1999.	to evaluate epidemiologic features of rabies virus variants in dogs and cats in the united states during 1999 and assess the role of bat-associated variants.	2001	11417737
gene immunization of mice with plasmid dna expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.	gene immunization can be an effective vaccine strategy eliciting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. we constructed plasmid vectors expressing the full-length vnukovo-32 rabies virus glycoprotein g under the control of cmv ie promoter and enhancer, adenovirus tripartite leader sequences and poly a signal of sv40. the gene vaccines were evaluated for the ability to elicit neutralizing antibodies and to protect balb/c mice against lethal rabies virus challenge. first, mice were inject ...	2000	11402706
immunogenicity and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine sad b19 in foxes.	studies on the immunogenicity and efficacy of sad b19 attenuated rabies virus vaccine in foxes under laboratory conditions were conducted. twenty-seven foxes (vulpes vulpes) were offered a vaccine bait containing 10(6.3) ffu/ml sad b19. blood samples were collected 60, 110 and 190 days post-vaccination. on day 190 post vaccination the animals and 14 controls were challenged with a canid street rabies virus. twenty-four of the 26 vaccinated foxes (92.3%) survived the challenge, whereas all the co ...	2001	11393813
rabies virus production in non-woven polyester fabric(nwpf) packed-bed reactors.	the production of rabies virus from baby hamster kidney-ankara66 (bhk-an(66), hukuk 99050302) monolayer cells was examinedin a packed-bed reactor containing non-woven polyester fabric (nwpf)discs. at first, growth characteristics of the cells were determined instatic culture. the suspension culture studies were realized in a 1litre spinner basket with nwpf support. bhk-an(66) cells(inoculation density, 5x10(4) cells.ml(-1)) were maintained in the reactor loaded with5 g.l(-1) carrier. the culture ...	2001	11389670
genetic characterization and geographic distribution of rabies virus isolates in brazil: identification of two reservoirs, dogs and vampire bats.	we analyzed 50 rabies virus samples isolated in brazil from 12 dogs, 11 cats, 5 vampire bats, 15 cattle, 2 horses, 1 pig, 1 sheep, and 3 humans to investigate the molecular epidemiology of rabies viruses. we sequenced 203 nucleotides on the nucleoprotein gene by direct sequencing of the pcr-amplified products. all the isolates belonged to the genotype 1 and homology of the 203 nucleotides was at least 83.7% among isolates. the main reservoirs were estimated based on the homology of nucleotide se ...	2001	11384221
a comparative study of the fluorescent antibody test for rabies diagnosis in fresh and formalin-fixed brain tissue specimens.	many diagnostic methods have been used to detect rabies virus antigen. the preferred method for routine diagnosis of rabies in fresh or frozen brain tissues is the fluorescent antibody test (fat). in this study, the fat was used to evaluate the rabies status of fresh/frozen brain specimens from more than 800 rabies-suspected cases, in more than 14 different species of animals. a comparable brain specimen from each case was fixed in 10% buffered formalin and examined by the fat. the evaluation of ...	2001	11377721
engineered virus targets hiv-infected cells: interview with garry nolan, ph.d. interview by john s. james.	a yale independent research team and a research team at the federal research center for virus diseases of animals in tubingen, germany have engineered viruses that will target and destroy hiv-infected cells while leaving uninfected cells intact. the yale team has genetically engineered the vesicular stomatitis virus and the german team has engineered the rabies virus to enter human cd4 cells in the same way hiv does, that is, by recognizing the hiv protein gp120 that appears on the surface of in ...	1997	11364688
stability of attenuated live virus rabies vaccine in baits targeted to wild foxes under operational conditions.	the viability of an attenuated live virus rabies vaccine in a bait targeted to red foxes was examined under various operational conditions in a series of experiments in ontario. the virus was relatively stable over a 28-day period in the field, losing a mean 0.5, s = 0.2 log10 of virus titer. the micro-environment into which the bait was placed (open cultivated field, grassy meadow, wooded grove, sun or shade) did not make an appreciable difference in the viability of the virus. there was no sig ...	2001	11360859
genetic engineering of live rabies vaccines.	rabies virus is not a single entity but consists of a wide array of variants that are each associated with different host species. these viruses differ greatly in the antigenic makeup of their g proteins, the primary determinant of pathogenicity and major inducer of protective immunity. due to this diversity, existing rabies vaccines have largely been targeted to individual animal species. in this report, a novel approach to the development of rabies vaccines using genetically modified, reverse- ...	2001	11348722
evaluating rabies exposure.		2001	11344926
high level expression of a human rabies virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody by a rhabdovirus-based vector.	humans exposed to rabies virus must be promptly treated by passive immunization with anti-rabies antibody and active immunization with rabies vaccine. currently, antibody prepared from pooled human serum or from immunized horses is utilized. however, neither of these reagents are readily available, entirely safe, or consistent in their biological activity. an ideal reagent would consist of a panel of human monoclonal antibodies. such antibodies are now available, their only drawback being the co ...	2001	11334980
preliminary report on a single-tube, non-interrupted reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of rabies virus in brain tissue.	a simple method for the rapid detection of rabies virus was developed employing a single-tube reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). the method utilized a single buffer system for both rt and pcr and was performed without interruption as a single thermal cycling programme. two primer sets within the genes coding for rabies nucleoprotein and glycoprotein were used to amplify a 533 bp and a 406 bp amplicon, respectively. the amplified products were detected with a challenge viru ...	2001	11334152
prevention and treatment of dog bites.	almost one half of all dog bites involve an animal owned by the victim's family or neighbors. a large percentage of dog bite victims are children. although some breeds of dogs have been identified as being more aggressive than other breeds, any dog may attack when threatened. all dog bites carry a risk of infection, but immediate copious irrigation can significantly decrease that risk. assessment for the risk of tetanus and rabies virus infection, and subsequent selection of prophylactic antibio ...	2001	11327433
preparation and mass spectrometric study of egg yolk antibody (igy) against rabies virus.	rabies virus was used as the antigen to immunize laying chickens. anti-rabies virus immunoglobulin y(igy) was isolated from yolks of the eggs laid by these chickens using a two-step salt precipitation and one-step gel filtration protocol. the purified igy was reduced with dithiothreitol, and heavy chains (hc) and light chains (lc) were obtained. in addition, the purified igy was digested with pepsin and the fragment with specific antigen binding properties (fab) was produced. using matrix-assist ...	2001	11319793
dog ecology and demography information to support the planning of rabies control in machakos district, kenya.	a study of 150 dog-owning households from six randomly selected sublocations was conducted in machakos district, kenya. initially, all households were visited to collect information on dog ecology and demography based on who guidelines and to collect serum for rabies antibody detection. a second visit was made 1 year later, to obtain follow-up data on births, deaths, dog movements and other events since the first visit. dog ownership was common, with a range of 53--81% (mean=63%) of households o ...	2001	11311185
neutralizing antirabies antibodies in urban terrestrial wildlife in brazil.	the prevalence of rabies neutralizing antibodies (na) in sera of wild animals from são paulo city (brazil) was investigated using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test between 1994 and 1997. sera from 547 specimens were examined. marsupials represented 45% of the sample and primates 37%; carnivores, rodents, deer and edentates represented 6, 6, 3 and 2%, respectively. the overall prevalence of na was 14%. the prevalence of na was 18% in primates; whereas in marsupials, carnivores, edentate ...	2001	11310897
rabies virus-based vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope protein induce a strong, cross-reactive cytotoxic t-lymphocyte response against envelope proteins from different hiv-1 isolates.	novel viral vectors that are able to induce both strong and long-lasting immune responses may be required as effective vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection. our previous experiments with a replication-competent vaccine strain-based rabies virus (rv) expressing hiv-1 envelope protein from a laboratory-adapted hiv-1 strain (nl4-3) and a primary hiv-1 isolate (89.6) showed that rv-based vectors are excellent for b-cell priming. here we report that cytotoxic t-lymphocyt ...	2001	11287595
rabies and canine distemper in an arctic fox population in alaska.	two oil field workers were attacked by a rabid arctic fox (alopex lagopus) in the prudhoe bay oil field (alaska, usa) prompting officials to reduce the local fox population. ninety-nine foxes were killed during winter 1994. we tested foxes for prevalence of rabies and canine distemper. exposure to rabies was detected in five of 99 foxes. of the five, only one fox had rabies virus in neural tissue as determined by the direct fluorescent antibody test. the other four foxes had been exposed to rabi ...	2001	11272487
a comparison of complete genome sequences of the attenuated rc-hl strain of rabies virus used for production of animal vaccine in japan, and the parental nishigahara strain.	in order to establish the molecular basis of the pathogenicity of the attenuated rc-hl strain of rabies virus used for the production of animal vaccine in japan, the complete genome sequence of this strain was determined and compared with that of the parental nishigahara strain which is virulent for adult mice. the viral genome of both strains was composed of 11,926 nucleotides. the nucleotide sequences of the two genomes showed a high homology of 98.9%. the homology of the g gene was lower than ...	2001	11270607
postexposure rabies prophylaxis in immunosuppressed patients.		2001	11268256
post-exposure dna vaccination protects mice against rabies virus.	post-exposure anti-rabies vaccination for individuals who have not previously been immunized against rabies includes a cell culture-derived vaccine and a one time injection of rabies immune globulin. recent studies have shown dna vaccinations to be highly effective in rabies pre-exposure experiments, but post-exposure protection has not been achieved. this failure is likely due to the slow onset of dna vaccine induced antibody production. in an attempt to accelerate the onset of the antibody res ...	2001	11257379
the incurable wound revisited: progress in human rabies prevention?	rabies is the most important viral zoonosis from a global perspective. modern human postexposure prophylaxis consists of potent vaccines and local infiltration of rabies immune globulins (rigs), but the latter biologicals are not widely available or affordable. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) offer several theoretical advantages over rigs. to this end, several human and equine rigs, alone or in combination with vaccine, were investigated for postexposure efficacy in a syrian hamster model, compared ...	2001	11257347
proposal of abolition of the skin sensitivity test before equine rabies immune globulin application.	an epizootic outbreak of rabies occurred in 1995 in ribeirão preto, sp, with 58 cases of animal rabies (54 dogs, 3 cats and 1 bat) confirmed by the pasteur institute of são paulo, and one human death. the need to provide care to a large number of people for the application of equine rabies immune globulin (erig) prevented the execution of the skin sensitivity test (sst) and often also the execution of desensitization, procedures routinely used up to that time at the emergency unit of the univers ...	2001	11246284
cat bites: a source of rabies exposure in rural tennessee.	in summary, several errors occurred with this patient. one, the patient should have been treated prophylactically for p. multocida, as most cat bites become infected. in the patient not allergic to penicillin, augmentin is the drug of choice, not erythromycin. two, rabies postexposure prophylaxis should have been advised immediately after assessing the significance of the exposure. a feral cat must be assumed to be rabid if it cannot be quarantined for 10 days. therefore, the bite or scratch fro ...	2001	11242755
rabies virus ocular disease: t-cell-dependent protection is under the control of signaling by the p55 tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor, p55tnfr.	following brain infection, the challenge virus standard strain of rabies virus infects the retina. rabies virus ocular infection induces the infiltration of neutrophils and predominantly t cells into the eye. the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha)-lymphotoxin signaling in the control of rabies virus ocular infection and inflammatory cell infiltration was assessed using mice lacking the p55 tnf-alpha receptor (p55tnfr(-/-) mice). the incidence of ocular disease and the intensity of r ...	2001	11238868
evidence of two lyssavirus phylogroups with distinct pathogenicity and immunogenicity.	the genetic diversity of representative members of the lyssavirus genus (rabies and rabies-related viruses) was evaluated using the gene encoding the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the virus-host interaction, immunogenicity, and pathogenicity. phylogenetic analysis distinguished seven genotypes, which could be divided into two major phylogroups having the highest bootstrap values. phylogroup i comprises the worldwide genotype 1 (classic rabies virus), the european bat lyssavirus (ebl) ge ...	2001	11238853
a survey of camel (camelus dromedarius) diseases in jordan.	information on incidences of camel (camelus dromedarius) diseases in jordan is scarce. in this survey, 369 live and 156 slaughtered camels were examined in four jordanian geographic regions and the proportion of diseased camels was calculated. intestinal parasite ova were detected in 98% of camels; one or more species of external parasites were found on the skin of all camels; 33% had nasal myiasis; and hydatid cysts were identified in 44% of the slaughtered animals. sarcoptic mange (sarcoptes s ...	2000	11237140
inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition delays death of rabies virus-infected mice.	a pathophysiological mechanism of cerebral damage and impairment of neuronal function during rabies virus infection was examined. synthesis of nitric oxide (no) and expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) gene are strongly upregulated during rabies virus infection. treatment of rabies virus-infected mice with a selective inhibitor of inos, aminoguanidine (ag), significantly delayed their death. prolonged survival was not due to suppression of an inflammatory response in the cent ...	2001	11232769
antigenic and genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species indigenous to canada.	antigenic characterisation of over 350 chiropteran rabies viruses of the americas, especially from species reported rabid in canada, distinguished 13 viral types. in close accord with this classification, nucleotide sequencing of representative isolates, at both the n and g loci, identified four principal phylogenetic groups (i-iv), sub-groups of which circulated in particular bat species. amongst the north american bat viruses, there was a notable division between group i specimens associated w ...	2001	11226582
effect of rabies virus infection on gene expression in mouse brain.	a variety of molecular genetic approaches were used to study the effect of rabies virus (rv) infection on host gene expression in mouse brain. the down-regulation of gene expression was found to be a major effect of rv infection by using subtraction hybridization. however, a combination of techniques identified approximately 39 genes activated by infection. these included genes involved in regulation of cell metabolism, protein synthesis, synaptic activity, and cell growth and differentiation. n ...	2001	11226313
[correction of measurement errors in the elisa test].	the authors followed the influence of the arrangement of measured and control samples on microtitration plate on the elisa test results by quantitative evaluation of rabies antibodies titres in human blood serum. they performed the test under identical conditions in all microtitration plate wells. they calculated the result according to five calibration curves--four of them were obtained by different positioning of the control positive and negative sera and the fifth curve was obtained from aver ...	2000	11218947
mammalian reservoirs and epidemiology of rabies diagnosed in human beings in the united states, 1981-1998.	between 1981 and 1998, 37 cases of rabies were diagnosed in human beings in the united states. information directly linking the cause of infection to animal bite was available for only eight of these cases. indirect incrimination of the vector by analysis of cdna sequences obtained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of samples indicated that for all cases (12/12) believed to have been acquired in foreign countries, variants of the rabies virus (vrvs) associated with dogs (7/12 in ...	2000	11193644
virus isolation from saliva and salivary glands of cattle naturally infected with paralytic rabies.	the infectivity of saliva, salivary and mammary glands, muscle, lung, kidney and liver of 87 cattle infected with paralytic rabies (positive viral isolation from brains) was studied. fifty percent dilutions of saliva and tissue samples were inoculated intracerebrally into 10- to 15-day-old mice. viral isolation in mice was confirmed by direct rabies fluorescent-antibody test and the antigenic variant of the isolates characterized by monoclonal antibodies. rabies virus was isolated from 4.6% of s ...	2001	11182465
[how to prove complete virus inactivation in rabies vaccines. a comparison of an in vivo to an in vitro method]	at present, the complete inactivation of rabies virus in rabies vaccines ad us. vet. is proven by an animal experiment which causes severe suffering, the intracerebral injection of mice. this animal experiment yet is not validated. we have quantified the sensitivity of the mouse test and examined whether the animal experiment may be replaced by the immunofluorescence assay (ift) as an in vitro method. detection limits of both assays were determined depending on the examined product, i.e. prior t ...	1998	11178540
postexposure rabies prophylaxis in a patient with lymphoma.		2001	11176806
absence of the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor promotes survival in rabies virus acute encephalitis.	we investigated the role played by inflammation in acute encephalitis following infection with a neurotropic virus by comparing the disease caused by the cvs strain of rabies virus in c57bl/6 and mice deficient for the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor (p55tnfr-/-). morbidity (weight loss and paralysis) and mortality of infected mice were associated with viral propagation, cytokine (il-6, il-10, tnf-alpha and ifn-gamma) production, induction of apoptosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells. mortality ...	2000	11175323
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of foxes (vulpes vulpes) after experimental primary and secondary oral vaccination using sag2 and v-rg vaccines.	humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of 36 captive foxes to two oral vaccines against rabies currently used for foxes in europe were studied. the street alabama dufferin (sad) mutant gif (sag2) vaccine has been selected by double mutation from the sad virus. the vaccinia recombinant virus (v-rg) expresses the rabies glycoprotein. both vaccines induce similar humoral and cell-mediated responses after primary and secondary oral administration. we observed a typical anamnestic response, altho ...	2001	11166908
pre-exposure rabies vaccination: strategies and cost-minimization study.	an alternative strategy for pre-exposure rabies vaccination to the institutional recommendations of the world health organization and the centers for disease control and prevention is proposed based on recent long-term follow-up of post-vaccinal seroconversion rates. the alternative strategy uses the same primary series (i.e. vaccination in the deltoid area on d0, d7, and d28), but is completed by a scheduled booster vaccination at d365. the frequency of recommended subsequent booster injections ...	2001	11163664
selective role for the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor in immune unresponsiveness induced by an acute viral encephalitis.	brain infection by the laboratory strain challenge virus standard (cvs), a highly neurotropic strain of rabies virus, causes splenocytes to become less responsive to in vitro stimulation with cona. cvs-induced immune unresponsiveness is less severe in mice lacking the p55 kd tnf-alpha receptor (p55tnfr(-/-)) than in c57bl/6 mice, despite a similar invasion of the brain. comparison of cvs infection in these two strains of mice indicated that decreased immune responsiveness is associated with: (1) ...	2001	11137581
immunohistochemical study of human rabies.	rabies is a communicable disease that is almost always fatal. in its classic form, rabies is well recognized, but cases presenting with a paralytic illness mimic landre's guillain-barre syndrome and in such cases the diagnosis remains in doubt. this problem is further compounded when the history of dogbite is not forthcoming. at autopsy rabies can be diagnosed by subjecting fresh tissue to virologic investigations or examining formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections for the presence of ...	2000	11132935
rabies surveillance in the united states during 1999.	during 1999, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,067 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals to the centers for disease control and prevention, a decrease of 11.2% from 7,961 cases in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 1998. more than 91% (6,466 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 8.5% (601 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 92.4% in wild animals and 7.6% in domestic species in 1998). no cases of rabies were reported in human beings in 1 ...	2000	11132881
immunogenicity and safety of purified vero-cell rabies vaccine in severely rabies-exposed patients in china.	the immunogenicity and safety of a purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (pvrv, verorab; aventis pasteur, france) were evaluated in 171 patients treated for severe exposure to rabies (who category iii contacts) at the shandong provincial antiepidemic station in jinan and an epi center in ping yin, china. post-exposure treatment consisted of a single dose of equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig, 40 iu/kg body weight) on day (d) 0, and intra-muscular administration of pvrv on d 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. antir ...	2000	11127328
structure of recombinant rabies virus nucleoprotein-rna complex and identification of the phosphoprotein binding site.	rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) was produced in insect cells, in which it forms nucleoprotein-rna (n-rna) complexes that are biochemically and biophysically indistinguishable from rabies virus n-rna. we selected recombinant n-rna complexes that were bound to short insect cellular rnas which formed small rings containing 9 to 11 n monomers. we also produced recombinant n-rna rings and viral n-rna that were treated with trypsin and that had lost the c-terminal quarter of the nucleoprotein. trypsin- ...	2001	11119617
rabies in israel: decades of prevention and a human case.	animal rabies is endemic in israel, with 50-80 laboratory-confirmed cases being diagnosed annually. despite the high incidence among animals, human rabies has not occurred in israel for almost four decades. this is likely due to the highly effective prevention policy implemented by the ministry of health, based on pre-exposure vaccination of populations at risk, post-exposure treatment, and updated rules. notwithstanding the previous success, a human case occurred in 1996 when a soldier was bitt ...	2000	11114763
a recombinant rabies virus expressing vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein fails to protect against rabies virus infection.	to investigate the importance of the rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein (g) in protection against rabies, we constructed a recombinant rv (rrv) in which the rv g ecto- and transmembrane domains were replaced with the corresponding regions of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) glycoprotein (rrv-vsv-g). we were able to recover rrv-vsv-g and found that particle production was equal to rrv. however, the budding of the chimeric virus was delayed and infectious titers were reduced 10-fold compared with the ...	2000	11114165
[phylogenetic relationship of street rabies virus strains and their antigenic reactivity with antibodies induced by vaccine strains. ii. correlation between genetic distance and antibody reactivity].	the aim of these studies was the estimation of the influence of genetic divergence of reactivity with sera of people vaccinated against rabies of polish rabies strains. genetic similarity between cvs strain and street rabies strains of genotype 1 is relatively high. however, cvs strain showed the highest reactivity with standard immunoglobulin and sera of antirabies vaccinated people (measured by western blot method). it was completely different from street viruses. cluster method based on genet ...	2000	11107792
[phylogenetic relationship of street rabies virus strains and their antigenic reactivity with antibodies induced by vaccine strains. i. analysis of phylogenetic relationship of street rabies virus strains isolated in poland].	the aims of these studies were: genetic characteristic of street rabies virus strains isolated from different animal species in poland and determination of phylogenetic relationships to reference laboratory strains of the street rabies viruses belonging to genotype 1 and 5. the variability of rabies isolates and their phylogenetic relationship were studied by comparing the nucleotide sequence of the virus genome fragment. the polish strains of genotype 1 belong to four phylogenetic groups (ne, c ...	2000	11107791
rabies.	rabies is an important disease in wildlife in the united states and canada, and dog rabies is still a major public health problem in many developing countries of the world. rabies virus is transmitted in saliva by animal bites. bats transmitted most recent cases of human rabies in the united states, often without known exposures. there have been recent developments in our understanding of rabies pathogenesis. characteristic clinical features should raise the possibility of a diagnosis of rabies ...	2000	11097515
rabies.	human rabies is fatal except in the small number of patients who received rabies immunization before the onset of clinical rabies. therapy has been futile in all other cases once rabies has developed. rabies is always preventable after an exposure if current recommendations are followed. after a potential rabies exposure, details about the contact, the animal, and the local epidemiologic situation are important in making a decision whether to initiate postexposure prophylaxis (pep). rabies pep i ...	2000	11096762
serologic survey for selected infectious disease agents in swift and kit foxes from the western united states.	a serologic survey of swift fox (vulpes velox) and kit fox (v. macrotis) from the western usa was conducted for 12 infectious diseases. samples from swift fox were collected between 1987 and 1992 from colorado (n = 44), kansas (n = 10), and wyoming (n = 9). samples from kit fox were collected in california (n = 86), new mexico (n = 18), utah (n = 9), and arizona (n = 6). overall antibody prevalence rates were 33 of 110 (30%) for canine parvovirus (cpv), 9 of 72 (13%) for canine distemper virus ( ...	2000	11085448
rna polymerase (l) gene and genome terminal sequences of ephemeroviruses bovine ephemeral fever virus and adelaide river virus indicate a close relationship to vesiculoviruses.	the sequence of the rna genome of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) was determined from the start of the l (polymerase) gene to the end of the untranslated 5' trailer sequence, completing the sequence of the 14900 nucleotide (nt) genome. the 6470 nt l gene encodes a single long orf of 2144 amino acids with a deduced molecular weight of 249766 da. the 70 nt befv 5' trailer region displays partial terminal complementarity with the 3' leader sequence and contains a 26 nt direct repeat of the u-ri ...	2000	11074128
rabies as a transneuronal tracer of circuits in the central nervous system.	the ability of selected neurotropic viruses to move transneuronally in the central nervous system makes them particularly well suited for use as tracers in experimental neuroanatomy. recently, techniques have been developed for using rabies virus as a transneuronal tracer. several features of rabies infection make the virus particularly useful for this purpose. we examined transneuronal transport of rabies in the central nervous system of primates after intracortical and intramuscular injections ...	2000	11074096
reactivation of nedd-2, a developmentally down-regulated apoptotic gene, in apoptosis induced by a street strain of rabies virus.	a laboratory strain of rabies virus has been reported to induce apoptosis in experimental animals. the present study demonstrated that a bat strain and a primary canine rabies virus isolate also induced apoptosis in vivo. this death process involved reactivation of the caspase gene, nedd-2, a developmentally down-regulated apoptotic gene. expression of nedd-2 was significantly up-regulated in infected adult and suckling mice. reactivation of nedd-2 in infected adult mice started at around day 3 ...	2000	11073159
first isolation of a rabies-related virus from a daubenton's bat in the united kingdom.	on may 30, 1996, a sick daubenton's bat (myotis daubentonii) was recovered from the cellar of a public house in newhaven, east sussex. its condition deteriorated rapidly, and it was euthanased and examined. positive results, establishing the presence of a rabies or rabies-related virus in its brain, were obtained from the fluorescent antibody test, the rabies tissue culture isolation test, and a hemi-nested reverse-transcription pcr. the complete sequence of the nucleoprotein gene was determined ...	2000	11073000
infection of bergmann glia in the cerebellum of a skunk experimentally infected with street rabies virus.	rabies virus is a highly neuronotropic virus and glial cell infection is not prominent in the central nervous system (cns). paraffin-embedded tissues from the cerebella of skunks experimentally infected with either a skunk salivary gland isolate of street rabies virus or the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain of fixed rabies virus were examined with immunoperoxidase staining for rabies virus antigen by using an anti-rabies virus nucleocapsid protein monoclonal antibody. a skunk infected with ...	2000	11041500
reinvestigation of the role of the rabies virus glycoprotein in viral pathogenesis using a reverse genetics approach.	the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) gene of the highly neuroinvasive and neurotropic strains shbrv-18, cvs-n2c, and cvs-b2c was introduced into the non-neuroinvasive and less neurotropic sn-10 strain to provide further insight into the role of g in the pathogenesis of rabies. phenotypic analyses of the recombinant viruses revealed, as expected, that the neurotropism of a particular rabies virus strain was a function of its g. nevertheless, the pathogenicity of the recombinant viruses was, in every ...	2000	11031690
abortive rabies virus central nervous infection is controlled by t lymphocyte local recruitment and induction of apoptosis.	nonfatal paralysis, induced by the attenuated pasteur strain of rabies virus, is characterised by local and irreversible flaccid paralysis of the inoculated limbs. we characterised the spread and localisation of virus in the cns of infected mice, determined the nature of cell injury and examined the role of the immune response. data indicate that infection of balb/c mice induced paralysis in 60% of infected mice, the others recovering without sequelae. in both groups of mice, virus was detected ...	2000	11031689
cytoplasmic dynein lc8 interacts with lyssavirus phosphoprotein.	using a yeast two-hybrid human brain cdna library screen, the cytoplasmic dynein light chain (lc8), a 10-kda protein, was found to interact strongly with the phosphoprotein (p) of two lyssaviruses: rabies virus (genotype 1) and mokola virus (genotype 3). the high degree of sequence divergence between these p proteins (only 46% amino acid identity) favors the hypothesis that this interaction is a common property shared by all lyssaviruses. the p protein-dynein lc8 interaction was confirmed by col ...	2000	11024152
interaction of the rabies virus p protein with the lc8 dynein light chain.	the rabies virus p protein is involved in viral transcription and replication but its precise function is not clear. we investigated the role of p (cvs strain) by searching for cellular partners by using a two-hybrid screening of a pc12 cdna library. we isolated a cdna encoding a 10-kda dynein light chain (lc8). lc8 is a component of cytoplasmic dynein involved in the minus end-directed movement of organelles along microtubules. we confirmed that this molecule interacts with p by coimmunoprecipi ...	2000	11024151
the rabies virion-associated 100-kda polypeptide (vap100) is a host-derived minor component of the viral envelope.	we investigated a minor polypeptide component of 100-kda detected in the rabies virion (referred to as vap100) by using a monoclonal antibody (mab), #16743, which was shown to recognize the sds-denatured vap100 antigen by immunoblot analyses. although the vap100 antigen was hardly detectable in the cell by usual immunoblot methods with this mab, we could detect the antigen by a luminescent immunoblot method as well as by immunoprecipitation from the metabolically radiolabeled cell lysates and vi ...	2000	11021396
intradermal postexposure rabies vaccine regimens.		2000	11017848
the modification of fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (favn) test for the detection of antibodies to rabies virus.	the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (favn) for the detection of antibodies against rabies virus was modified by using a monoclonal anti-rabies antibodies and peroxidase anti-mouse conjugate instead of a fluorescent anti-rabies conjugate. the results were read on an automatic multi-channel spectrophotometer. a total of 182 serum samples from dogs were tested by both the original and modified favn methods and the results were compared. good correlation was found between the two test ...	2000	11014062
neutralizing antibodies to rabies following injection of rabies immune globulin into gluteal fat or deltoid muscle.	this experiment was carried out to determine whether there is any difference in circulating rabies antibody when rabies immune globulin is administered into fat or muscle tissue.	2000	11003730
rabies in tamarins (callithrix jacchus) in the state of ceará, brazil, a distinct viral variant?	presently, the state of ceará reports the largest percentage of human rabies cases originated from wild animals in brazil, transmitted by the principal simian species, the tamarin (callithrix jacchus), found in various locations throughout the state, but concentrated along the coast. epidemiological studies indicated that possibly the same virus caused the deaths in humans and non-human primates. this rabies virus seem to be different from all other identified so far.	2000	10998207
serologic survey of selected viral agents in recently captured wild north american river otters (lontra canadensis).	blood samples were collected from 64 wild north american river otters (lontra [lutra] canadensis) from northern and eastern new york state and analyzed for serologic evidence of exposure to selected viral agents during a 1995 1996 translocation program. no clinical signs of disease nor lesions suggestive of prior viral exposure were seen. titers were detected for antibodies against canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus-1, and canine parvovirus-2 but not for antibodies against canine adenovi ...	2000	10982127
rabies virus infection prevents the modulation by alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, but not muscarinic receptors, of ca(2+) channels in ng108-15 cells.	in mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid (ng108-15) cells, we examined whether rabies virus infection affects the voltage-dependent ca(2+) current (i(ca)) and agonist-induced i(ca) inhibition. the viral infection had little effect on the current-voltage relationship for peak i(ca) or on the late i(ca) that remained at the end of a 200-ms step depolarization. noradrenaline and carbachol, via alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors, respectively, reduced i(ca) concentration dependently. ...	2000	10980265
diffusion and fate of intramuscularly injected human rabies immune globulin.	the importance of rabies immune globulin (rig) in postexposure rabies treatment is well known and it has been emphasized that the local injection into the animal bite sites is crucial. this preliminary study used a radioisotope tracer that allows following the fate of human rabies immune globulin (hrig) injected intramuscularly. there was significant retention and local diffusion of the immune globulin at the injection site and significant radiotracer could still be detected at the site 24 h lat ...	2000	10974171
transcutaneous immunization of domestic animals: opportunities and challenges.	transcutaneous immunization (tci), the topical application of antigen and adjuvant directly onto intact skin, can safely and effectively elicit systemic immune responses in mice and humans against a variety of antigens. this novel method of vaccine delivery has the potential to provide a safe and convenient method by which vaccines may be delivered to elicit protective immunity in domestic animals. to date, however, immune responses induced by tci in companion and production animals has not been ...	2000	10967220
virus neutralization by germ-line vs. hypermutated antibodies.	mice infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), a cytopathic virus closely related to rabies virus, mount a virus-neutralizing antibody response protecting against lethal disease. vsvneutralizing monoclonal iggs isolated from primary immune responses were devoid of somatic mutations, whereas most secondary and all hyperimmune response iggs tested were hypermutated. a comparative analysis of recombinant single-chain antibody fragments (scfv-ckappa) revealed that even the germ-line precursor ...	2000	10963674
bovine respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins ns1 and ns2 cooperatively antagonize alpha/beta interferon-induced antiviral response.	the functions of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) nonstructural proteins ns1 and ns2 were studied by generation and analysis of recombinant brsv carrying single and double gene deletions. whereas in mdbk cells the lack of either or both ns genes resulted in a 5,000- to 10,000-fold reduction of virus titers, in vero cells a moderate (10-fold) reduction was observed. interestingly, cell culture supernatants from infected mdbk cells were able to restrain the growth of ns deletion mutants i ...	2000	10954520
spread and pathogenic characteristics of a g-deficient rabies virus recombinant: an in vitro and in vivo study.	rabies virus (rv), a highly neurotropic enveloped virus, is known to spread within the cns by means of axonal transport. although the envelope spike glycoprotein (g) of cell-free virions is required for attachment to neuronal receptors and for virus entry, its necessity for transsynaptic spread remains controversial. in this work, a g gene-deficient recombinant rv (sad delta g) complemented phenotypically with rv g protein (sad delta g+g) has been used to demonstrate the absolute requirement for ...	2000	10950970