Publications

evaluation of anthelmintic activity in captive wild ruminants by fecal egg reduction tests and a larval development assay.	the effectiveness of anthelmintics was evaluated in four herds of captive ruminants, wapiti (cervus elaphus), armenian red sheep (ovis orientalis), giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis), and pronghorn (antilocapra americana), by the use of fecal egg reduction tests (ferts) and a commercial larval development assay (lda) designed to evaluate susceptibility or resistance of nematodes to anthelmintics. haemonchus sp. was the predominant nematode in the red sheep, giraffe, and pronghorn herds, whereas os ...	2000	11237142
successful in vitro production of embryos in the red deer (cervus elaphus) and the sika deer (cervus nippon).	the aim of our study was to define the conditions for ivm and ivf of oocytes in 2 common deer species as models for endangered related subspecies. immature oocytes were recovered during the breeding season from postmortem ovaries (red deer) or by repeated laparoscopic follicular aspiration (sika deer). oocytes were cultured for 24 h in ivm medium supplemented with egf or fsh and follicular fluid. stag semen was collected by electroejaculation (both species) or by epididymal flushing (red deer) a ...	2001	11233790
a novel erythroid-specific marker of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.	transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) are a group of invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases and include scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in cattle, chronic wasting disease in deer and elk, and kuru disease, creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) and variant cjd in humans. the pathological effects of disease occur predominantly in the cns (central nervous system), where common hallmarks include vacuolation, gliosis, accumulation of a protease-resistant, abnormally ...	2001	11231637
high prevalence of large spiny-tailed protostrongylid larvae in iberian red deer.	the prevalence and abundance of protostrongylid larvae (nematoda: protostrongylidae) in 173 fecal samples of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus erxleben, 1777) are presented. large (401(365-425)+/-24 micom) spiny-tailed larvae, comparable to the descriptions of first stage elaphostrongylus cervi larvae were found in 66.47+/-0.7% of the samples (range 6.8-100%, depending on the locality). the overall abundance of larvae in faces was overdispersed with an average of 24.94+/-96.23 (range 0 ...	2001	11230923
infection with bartonella weissii and detection of nanobacterium antigens in a north carolina beef herd.	very recently, bartonella organisms have been isolated from large ruminants (deer, elk, and dairy and beef cattle) located in the united states and in france. in this study, we report the serologic, microbiologic, and molecular findings related to the isolation of a bartonella species in north carolina beef cattle and the detection of nanobacterial antigen using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. between august 1998 and september 1999, blood was collected from 38 cattle ...	2001	11230398
homocysteine stimulates the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in endothelial cells leading to enhanced monocyte chemotaxis.	hyperhomocysteinemia has been identified as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. the infiltration of monocytes into the arterial wall is one of the key events during atherogenesis. monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (mcp-1) is a potent chemokine that stimulates the migration of monocytes into the intima of the arterial wall. the mechanism by which increased monocyte infiltration occurs in atherosclerotic lesions in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia has not been delineated. the object ...	2001	11216856
cyclic amp and mitogen-activated protein kinases are required for glutamate-dependent cyclic amp response element binding protein and elk-1 phosphorylation in the dorsal striatum in vivo.	dopaminergic and glutamatergic signalling cascades are integrated in striatal medium spiny neurones by cyclic amp response-element binding protein and elk-1 phosphorylation. phosphorylated cyclic amp response-element binding protein and phosphorylated elk-1 contribute to c-fos expression by binding to the calcium and cyclic amp response-element and the serum response element, respectively, in the c-fos promoter. the role of cyclic amp and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling cascades in g ...	2001	11208903
purification of first-stage larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi (nematoda: protostrongylidae) from feces.	parasites are often found in a milieu that requires extensive preparation and labor-intensive cleaning before they are suitable for use in analytical procedures. application of modern techniques in immunology and molecular biology demands pure yields of parasites. to purify first-stage (l1) larvae of elaphostrongylus cervi, fecal suspensions from an infected red deer were processed by the baermann method and embedded in a gel matrix with the objective of selectively trapping fecal debris. about ...	2000	11191912
cosegregation of t108a elk-1 with mental retardation.		2000	11186900
the gestation length of wapiti (cervus elaphus) revisited.	as an ancillary activity to an artificial insemination program in farmed wapiti, the length of gestation of 28 wapiti hinds that delivered single calves of established parentage was calculated. estrus was synchronized in 47 wapiti using progesterone impregnated devices (controlled internal drug release, cidr) and an injection of pmsg. all hinds were artificially inseminated between 60 and 63h after cidr removal. pregnancy was determined between 45 and 65 days by ultrasound. a verifiable figure f ...	2001	11182511
signal transduction and the ets family of transcription factors.	cellular responses to environmental stimuli are controlled by a series of signaling cascades that transduce extracellular signals from ligand-activated cell surface receptors to the nucleus. although most pathways were initially thought to be linear, it has become apparent that there is a dynamic interplay between signaling pathways that result in the complex pattern of cell-type specific responses required for proliferation, differentiation and survival. one group of nuclear effectors of these ...	2000	11175366
a bombesin receptor subtype-3 peptide increases nuclear oncogene expression in a mek-1 dependent manner in human lung cancer cells.	a synthetic peptide, (d-phe(6), beta-ala(11), phe(13), nle(14))bombesin-(6-14) was used to investigate the signal transduction mechanisms of bombesin receptor subtype-3. using nci-1299#5 human lung cancer cells stably transfected with bombesin receptor subtype-3, 100 nm (d-phe(6), beta-ala(11), phe(13), nle(14))bombesin-(6-14) elevated the cytosolic ca2+ from 150 to 250 nm within 10 s. addition of (d-phe(6), beta-ala(11), phe(13), nle(14))bombesin-(6-14) caused phosphorylation of mitogen activat ...	2001	11166731
the effects of autocrine human growth hormone (hgh) on human mammary carcinoma cell behavior are mediated via the hgh receptor.	the human gh (hgh) antagonist b2036 combines a single amino acid substitution impairing receptor binding site 2 (g120k) with eight additional amino acid substitutions that improve binding site 1 affinity. b2036 does not bind, activate, or antagonize the human prl receptor and therefore is suitable to determine cellular effects mediated specifically through the hgh receptor. we have used this hgh receptor specific antagonist in mcf-7 cells stably transfected with either the hgh gene (mcf-hgh) or ...	2001	11159849
stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in human granulosa-luteal cells.	the present study investigated the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) by a gnrh agonist (gnrha) in human granulosa-luteal cells (hglcs). the phosphorylation state of p44 and p42 mapk was examined using antibodies that distinguish phospho-p44/42 mapk (thr(202)/tyr(204)) from total p44/42 mapk (activated plus inactivated). activation of mapk by gnrha was observed within 5 min and was sustained for 60 min after treatment. gnrha stimulated mapk activation in a dose-dependent man ...	2001	11159838
nerve growth factor- and epidermal growth factor-regulated gene transcription in pc12 pheochromocytoma and ins-1 insulinoma cells.	pc12 and ins-1 cells both express the nerve growth factor (ngf) receptors trka and p75ntr and the epidermal growth factor receptor (egf). in pc12 cells, ngf treatment initiates a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to a change of the genetic program of the cell. we have investigated the role of ngf in regulating gene transcription in pc12 and ins-1 cells, in order to define if there are ngf-regulated genes per se. furthermore, to distinguish between growth factor stimulation via receptor tyr ...	2000	11152283
c/ebp beta and elk-1 synergistically transactivate the c-fos serum response element.	the serum response element (sre) in the c-fos promoter is a convergence point for several signaling pathways that regulate induction of the c-fos gene. many transcription factors regulate the sre, including serum response factor (srf), ternary complex factor (tcf), and ccaat/enhancer binding protein-beta (c/ebpbeta). independently, the tcfs and c/ebpbeta have been shown to interact with srf and to respond to ras-dependent signaling pathways that result in transactivation of the sre. due to these ...	2000	11151091
inclusion body myositis: expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and its substrate.	to assess abnormal intracellular signal transduction in inclusion body myositis (ibm).	2001	11148241
[the use of fur collected in the field for studying the genetic diversity of wild ungulates].	the methods of studying the genetic diversity of wild animals using tissue samples collected without harming the studied populations are discussed for the red deer (cervus elaphus) fur samples. the methods are proposed for collection and storage of fur samples in field conditions. the optimal methods of dna isolation from the fur and other tissues (dry, alcohol-fixed, and frozen skin and muscle) of the red deer and other ungulates were selected, and the conditions of pcr for amplification of the ...	2000	11147499
estrogen receptor-mediated activation of the serum response element in mcf-7 cells through mapk-dependent phosphorylation of elk-1.	17beta-estradiol (e2) induces c-fos protooncogene expression in mcf-7 human breast cancer cells, and deletion analysis of the c-fos promoter showed that the serum response element (sre) at -325 to -296 was e2-responsive. the mechanism of ligand-activated estrogen receptor alpha (eralpha)-dependent activation of gene expression through the sre was determined by mutational analysis of the promoter, analysis of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway activation by e2, and transforming growt ...	2001	11145955
farm and slaughter survey of bovine tuberculosis in captive deer in switzerland.	in 1998, a survey was conducted by postal questionnaire to gather basic knowledge about the management, health and productivity of captive deer in switzerland. in addition, lymph nodes were collected from slaughtered deer from 124 of the 262 holdings surveyed, and tested for mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium tuberculosis. the total farmed deer population was 8389 animals kept on 485 holdings; 87 per cent were fallow deer, 8 per cent red deer, 4 per cent sika deer, and there were small number ...	2000	11140930
dna-bound transcription factor complexes analysed by mass-spectrometry: binding of novel proteins to the human c-fos sre and related sequences.	transcription factors control eukaryotic polymerase ii function by influencing the recruitment of multiprotein complexes to promoters and their subsequent integrated function. the complexity of the functional 'transcriptosome' has necessitated biochemical fractionation and subsequent protein sequencing on a grand scale to identify individual components. as a consequence, much is now known of the basal transcription complex. in contrast, less is known about the complexes formed at distal promoter ...	2001	11139618
asymptomatic shedding of cryptosporidium oocysts by red deer hinds and calves.	levels of cryptosporidium infection in a group of red deer were monitored over a period of 1 year. faecal samples were examined on an approximate monthly basis from adult hinds and calves for the presence of cryptosporidium oocysts. the water-ether sedimentation method followed by sucrose flotation and a monoclonal antibody identification procedure were used. it was found that apparently healthy adult deer were shedding low numbers of oocysts in their faeces throughout the year and that there ap ...	2001	11137271
id helix-loop-helix proteins antagonize pax transcription factor activity by inhibiting dna binding.	the id subfamily of helix-loop-helix (hlh) proteins plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. the major mechanism by which id proteins are thought to inhibit differentiation is through interaction with other hlh proteins and inhibition of their dna-binding activity. however, id proteins have also been shown to interact with other proteins involved in regulating cellular proliferation and differentiation, suggesting a more widespread regulatory func ...	2001	11134340
extracellular atp activates multiple signalling pathways and potentiates growth factor-induced c-fos gene expression in mcf-7 breast cancer cells.	in the human breast cancer cell line mcf-7, the nucleotides atp gamma s and utp, acting extracellularly through the purinergic receptor p2y(2), lead to elevated intracellular calcium levels and increased proliferation. atp gamma s and utp treatment of mcf-7 cells activated transcription of the immediate early gene c-fos, an important component in the response to proliferative stimulation. c-fos induction was enhanced by co-treatment with atp gamma s and a variety of proliferative agents includin ...	2000	11133806
antigenic and molecular characterization of a herpesvirus isolated from a north american elk.	to determine whether a herpesvirus isolated from the semen of a north american elk was related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1).	2000	11131608
aspects of the life cycle and pathogenesis of elaphostrongylus cervi in red deer (cervus elaphus).	aspects of the migratory life cycle and pathogenesis of elaphostrongylus cervi were studied in red deer (cervus elaphus) using 2 farmed calves experimentally infected with 450 third-stage larvae killed 40 and 45 days postinfection and using 3 wild calves and 3 wild yearlings with natural infections killed during autumn hunting. a full necropsy was carried out on the experimental calves, but only the head, eviscerated carcass, and lungs were examined from the naturally infected animals. histologi ...	2000	11128481
prostate cancer and the androgen receptor: strategies for the development of novel therapeutics.	the early demonstrations that prostate cancer was hormone-sensitive initiated a therapeutic strategy of hormone ablation that is still in use today. although chemical or surgical castration reduces androgen stimulation of the androgen receptor (ar) and produces tumor regression, little survival benefit is achieved. patients with metastatic cancer eventually relapse as their tumors progress to hormone independence. the ar is a member of the steroid receptor family; however, it manifests many uniq ...	2000	11127964
enzootic ataxia in a norwegian red deer herd.		2000	11126582
tnfalpha and ifngamma potentiate il-1beta induced mitogen activated protein kinase activity in rat pancreatic islets of langerhans.	interleukin-1 beta (il-1beta) in synergy with tumour necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha) and interferon gamma (ifngamma) is cytotoxic to pancreatic beta cells. mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activity that is induced by interleukin-1 beta has been suggested to signal nitric oxide-dependent as well as nitric oxide-independent beta-cell destructive pathways. the aim of this study was to investigate if tnfalpha and ifngamma signal through mitogen-activated protein kinases in isolated rat islet ...	2000	11126408
hepatitis c virus core protein enhances the activation of the transcription factor, elk1, in response to mitogenic stimuli.	mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways play key roles in cell proliferation, transformation of mammalian cells, and the stress response. we and other investigators showed that hepatitis c virus (hcv) core protein has an oncogenic potential, but its mechanism has remained unknown. we previously demonstrated that the mapk-extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) kinase (mek)-erk pathway and its downstream target, the serum response element (sre), is activated in balb/3t3 cells produc ...	2001	11124832
induction of early growth response-1 gene expression by calmodulin antagonist trifluoperazine through the activation of elk-1 in human fibrosarcoma ht1080 cells.	the early growth response gene-1 (egr-1) is a transcription factor that plays an important role in cell growth and differentiation. it has been known that egr-1 expression is down-regulated in many types of tumor tissues, including human fibrosarcoma ht1080 cells, and introduction of the egr-1 gene into ht1080 cells inhibits cell growth and tumorigenic potential. trifluoperazine (tfp), a phenothiazine class calmodulin antagonist, is known to inhibit dna synthesis and cell proliferation and poten ...	2001	11121417
a generalized fecal glucocorticoid assay for use in a diverse array of nondomestic mammalian and avian species.	noninvasive fecal glucocorticoid analysis has tremendous potential as a means of assessing stress associated with environmental disturbance in wildlife. however, interspecific variation in excreted glucocorticoid metabolites requires careful selection of the antibody used in their quantification. we compared four antibodies for detecting the major fecal cortisol metabolites in yellow baboons following (3)h cortisol administration, acth challenge, and hplc separation of fecal glucocorticoid metab ...	2000	11121291
analysis of microsatellite polymorphism in red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer -- possible employment in forensic applications.	dna microsatellites play a major role in population genetics, linkage mapping, and parentage studies of mammals. in addition, they may be used for forensic purposes, if an individual identification of a specific animal is necessary. therefore, we tested a variety of microsatellite polymorphism derived from reindeer (rangifer tarandus) by pcr and sequencing analysis for use in red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama). twelve of these microsatellites we ...	2001	11118746
first evidence of johne's disease in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) in belgium.	in a deer farm, chronic diarrhoea was seen in a 4-year-old hind. this animal died in poor condition on the farm and johne's disease was suspected. ziehl-neelsen staining of the faeces of this hind were positive for the presence of clumps of small acid-fast bacilli, but faecal cultures remained negative. direct and indirect tests were performed on 24 hinds and stags (yearlings, 2- and 4-year-old animals). the indirect tests performed were serology (mycobacterium paratuberculosis antibody elisa, h ...	2000	11118713
epidemiology of paratuberculosis in wild ruminants studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism in the czech republic during the period 1995-1998.	in two studies carried out during the period 1995-1998, paratuberculosis was diagnosed in domestic and wild ruminants in the czech republic. the isolated mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis strains were analysed by standardised restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) [pavlik, i., horvathova, a., dvorska, l., bartl, j., svastova, p., du maine, r., rychlik, i., 1999. j. microbiol. methods 38, 155-167]. in december 1992, 19 late pregnant charolais heifers were imported to the cz ...	2000	11118709
n-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase are required for camp-dependent cyclase response element binding protein and elk-1 phosphorylation in the striatum.	in vivo cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp)-induced n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was investigated in the dorsal striatum by semiquantitative immunocytochemistry. intracerebroventricular infusion of 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate, sp isomer (sp-8-br-camps), increased phosphorylated camp-responsive element binding protein, phosphorylated elk-1 and fos immunoreactivity in a dose-dependent manner. intracerebroventricular infusio ...	2000	11113310
biochemical and biological functions of the n-terminal, noncatalytic domain of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2.	extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (erk1) and erk2 are important components in signal transduction pathways involved in many cellular processes, including cell differentiation and proliferation. these proteins consist of a central kinase domain flanked by short n- and c-terminal noncatalytic domains. while the regulation of erk2 by sequences within the kinase domain has been extensively studied, little is known about the small regions outside of the kinase domain. we performed mutational an ...	2001	11113199
immunohistochemical diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in preclinically affected elk from a captive herd.	an immunohistochemical (ihc) method was used to test brain tissues from 17 elk in a captive herd in which chronic wasting disease (cwd) had previously occurred. the ihc technique detects the protease-resistant prion protein (prp-res), which is considered a disease-specific marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse), regardless of the species affected. of the 17 elk tested, 10 were positive by ihc. only 2 of these 10 animals had shown clinical signs and histologic lesions of cwd, ...	2000	11108464
involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade for cocaine-rewarding properties.	a central feature of drugs of abuse is to induce gene expression in discrete brain structures that are critically involved in behavioral responses related to addictive processes. although extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) has been implicated in several neurobiological processes, including neuronal plasticity, its role in drug addiction remains poorly understood. this study was designed to analyze the activation of erk by cocaine, its involvement in cocaine-induced early and long-term b ...	2000	11102476
rna aptamers as pathway-specific map kinase inhibitors.	in eukaryotic cells, many intracellular signaling pathways have closely related mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) paralogs as central components. although mapks are therefore obvious targets to control the cellular responses resulting from the activation of these signaling pathways, the development of inhibitors which target specific cell signaling pathways involving mapks has proven difficult.	2000	11094337
maternal control of sex ratio in rana rugosa: evidence from dna sexing.	parental control of primary sex ratio has been reported in a mammal (red deer), some birds, and a snake. however, it remains uncertain whether other vertebrates including amphibia can control sex ratio. in this paper, we examined the possibility in a wild population of the japanese frog rana rugosa which has female heterogamety. sex ratios of their eggs were determined using dna markers. the eggs were sampled in the field from may to august in 1998. each egg was then sexed by polymerase chain re ...	2000	11091308
novel nuclear target for thrombin: activation of the elk1 transcription factor leads to chemokine gene expression.	thrombin is primarily known for its role in homeostasis and thrombosis. however, this enzyme also plays important roles in wound healing and pathologic situations such as inflammation and tumorigenesis. among the molecules stimulated by thrombin in these latter processes are the stress response proteins, chemokines. chemokines are also known for their roles in inflammatory responses and tumor development. these correlative observations strongly suggest that chemokines may be mediators of some of ...	2000	11090049
characterisation of somatostatin sst2 receptor splice variants.	somatostatin is a peptide with a multitude of functions in the central nervous system and the periphery. it mediates its actions by binding to high-affinity g-protein coupled receptors, genes for five of which (sst1-sst5) have recently been cloned. the somatostatin sst2 receptor exists as two splice variants, sst2(a) and sst2(b) receptors, which differ in length and composition of their intracellular carboxy-termini. in this review, we describe the localisation of the two receptor isoforms in th ...	2000	11088000
coexpression of proteins in bacteria using t7-based expression plasmids: expression of heteromeric cell-cycle and transcriptional regulatory complexes.	this report describes the development and application of a dual vector coexpression system for the overproduction of heteromeric cell cycle and transcriptional regulatory protein complexes in bacteria. to facilitate these studies we constructed a t7-based expression plasmid, prm1 that contains an origin of replication derived from p15a, and a gene encoding kanamycin resistance. this expression vector is compatible with cole1-derived plasmids found in the pet family of t7 expression vectors, whic ...	2000	11087683
inhibitory role for dual specificity phosphatase vhr in t cell antigen receptor and cd28-induced erk and jnk activation.	the 21-kda dual specific protein phosphatase vh1-related (vhr) is one of the smallest known phosphatases, and its function has remained obscure. we report that this enzyme is expressed in lymphoid cells and is not induced by t cell antigen receptor like other dual specificity phosphatases. introduction of exogenous vhr into jurkat t cells caused a marked decrease in the transcriptional activation of a nuclear factor of activated t cells and an activator protein-1-driven reporter gene in response ...	2001	11085983
paratuberculosis in red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) in the western alps.	during the hunting seasons 1995-96 to 1997-98, 19 red deer from the upper susa valley (cottian alps) were examined for paratuberculosis (johne's disease). specific dna amplification on mesenteric lymph nodes detected mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in 17 animals. ten of these red deer were tested for serum antibodies by the agid and elisa tests, nine being negative. three isolates from infected deer were genetically characterized by an arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction, and showe ...	2000	11085463
elaeophorosis in red deer from spain.	elaeophorosis, caused by elaeophora elaphi, was observed in red deer (cervus elaphus) from toledo province (spain) for the first time. adult specimens of elaeophora elaphi were found in the hepatic vessels of nine of 151 red deer between october 1994 and september 1995; intensity of infection was two to 18 nematodes per host. adult nematodes were only found during the period from fall through early spring. no differences were present between sex or age groups. parasites were not found in a limit ...	2000	11085444
susceptibility of elk to lungworms from cattle.	two studies were conducted to determine the infectivity of the lungworm, (dictyocaulus viviparus) of cattle origin, in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) or wapiti. in the first study, each of three 9-mo-old elk was administered 3,000 d. viviparus larvae from cattle using a nasogastric tube. in the second study, four 16-mo-old elk were each inoculated with 2,000 d. viviparus from cattle using a nasogastric tube. elk were observed daily for signs of respiratory disease, and fecal samples ...	2000	11085435
epizootiology of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging cervids in colorado and wyoming.	surveillance and epidemic modeling were used to study chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs naturally among sympatric, free-ranging deer (odocoileus spp.) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations in contiguous portions of northeastern colorado and southeastern wyoming (usa). we used clinical case submissions to identify endemic areas, then used immunohistochemistry to detect cwd-infected individuals among 5,513 deer and elk sample ...	2000	11085429
a zoletil-rompun mixture as an alternative to the use of opioids for immobilization of feral red deer.	sixty chemical immobilizations of red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) have been carried out during an etho-ecological study from august 1994 to december 1996 in a 35 ha pen in the district of nitra (slovac republic). our objective was to determine the efficacy and standard dosages of zoletil and rompun for the immobilization of adult red deer in feral conditions as an alternative to the use of the highly toxic opioids. we therefore compared an immobilon-rompun combination (imro) with a 1:1 mix ...	2000	11085427
induction-independent recruitment of creb-binding protein to the c-fos serum response element through interactions between the bromodomain and elk-1.	proliferative signals lead to the rapid and transient induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene by targeting the ternary complex assembled on the serum response element (sre). transactivation by both components of this complex, serum response factor (srf) and the ternary complex factor elk-1, can be potentiated by the coactivator creb-binding protein (cbp). we report a novel interaction between the bromodomain of cbp, amino acids 1100-1286, and elk-1. dna binding and glutathione s-transferase pull-d ...	2001	11083868
mycobacterium bovis-infected cervine alveolar macrophages secrete lymphoreactive lipid antigens.	tuberculosis is caused by intracellular bacteria belonging to the genus mycobacterium, including m. tuberculosis and m. bovis. alveolar macrophages (ams) are the primary host cell for inhaled mycobacteria. however, little is known about the mechanisms by which infected ams can process and present mycobacterial antigens to primed lymphocytes and how these responses may affect ensuing protection in the host. in the present study, we sought to determine whether ams from a naturally susceptible host ...	2000	11083825
milk intake and production curves and allosuckling in captive iberian red deer, cervus elaphus hispanicus.	in two experiments, we compared milk intake (assessed by weighing calves before and after suckling) and milk production (by hand milking hinds) in iberian red deer both when calves sucked their mothers together (group-suckling experiment) and when mother and offspring were isolated (isolation-suckling experiment). in both experiments, the general lactation curve for calves increased to a peak and then decreased (type i, standard lactation curve in mammals), whereas the curve for hinds decreased ...	2000	11082238
cyclic amp-elevating agents induce the expression of map kinase phosphatase-1 in pc12 cells.	stimulation of pheochromocytoma pc12 cells by camp-elevating agents caused the induction of the immediate early gene 3ch134, which encodes map kinase phosphatase-1 (mkp-1). forskolin was as potent as serum in stimulating mkp-1 gene expression, whereas dibutyryl-camp and neuropeptide pacap were less effective. induction of the mkp-1 gene was accompanied by neo-synthesis of mkp-1 protein. map kinase activation was not involved in the camp-induced mkp-1 gene expression. the map kinase inactivation, ...	2000	11078876
combinatorial effect of t-cell receptor ligation and cd45 isoform expression on the signaling contribution of the small gtpases ras and rap1.	by using ligands with various affinities for the t-cell receptor (tcr) and by altering the contribution of the cd45 tyrosine phosphatase, the effects of the potency of tcr-induced signals on the function of small gtpases ras and rap1 were studied. t cells expressing low-molecular-weight cd45 isoforms (e.g., cd45ro) exhibited the strongest activation of the ras-dependent elk-1 transcription factor and the highest sensitivity to the inhibitory action of dominant negative mutant ras compared to t c ...	2000	11073975
milk production and composition in captive iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus): effect of birth date.	this study describes milk production and milk composition of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) females (hinds) and the effect of calving date and bw change of hinds by milking over 34 wk. all hinds produced milk throughout the 34-wk study period, well over the standard lactation period. total milk yield was 224.1 +/- 21.1 l, and daily production was 0.91 +/- 0.06 l. milk yield decreased with lactation stage (p = 0.01) and the later a calf was born (p = 0.008), and it was greater in po ...	2000	11063297
nuclear factor-kappa b activation by the cxc chemokine melanoma growth-stimulatory activity/growth-regulated protein involves the mekk1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.	melanoma growth stimulatory activity/growth-regulated protein (mgsa/gro), a cxc chemokine, plays an important role in inflammation, wound healing, growth regulation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis. constitutive expression of mgsa/groalpha in melanoma tumors is associated with constitutive nuclear factor (nf)-kappab activity. we show here that either exogenous addition or continuous expression of mgsa/groalpha in immortalized melanocytes enhances nf-kappab activation, as well as mitogen-activate ...	2001	11062239
role of ovarian failure in reproductive senescence in aged red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds.	physiological and endocrine factors associated with reproductive senescence were assessed in a group of 19 ageing red deer hinds. reproductive success, defined as the percentage of hinds weaning a calf successfully, decreased gradually from 89% at 6-7 years of age to 50% at 17 years, and subsequently decreased markedly; only one hind reared a calf at 19-20 years of age. when the 12 surviving hinds were approaching 21 years of age, they were compared with ten mature 7-year-old females over the on ...	2000	11058435
[research on constructing phylogenetics trees of ruminants basing on the database of milk protein gene sequences].	primers designed according to the sequences of four milk protein genes of cow bos taurus (alpha-lactoalbumin, beta-lactoglobin, beta- and kappa-casein) were used to amplify the full length gene of alpha-lactalbumin in yak bos grunniens (2999 bp), water buffalo bubalus arnee bubalis (278 bp), partial sequence of this gene in red deer cervus elaphs xanthopygus (1582 bp), 5' and 3' flanking region of beta-lactoglobin gene (2167 bp and 1096 bp in length respectively), 5'-flanking region and exon vii ...	2000	11057044
intracellular calcium mobilization induces immediate early gene pip92 via src and mitogen-activated protein kinase in immortalized hippocampal cells.	regulation of intracellular calcium levels plays a central role in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. a cell-permeable, tumor-promoting thapsigargin elevates the intracellular calcium levels by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum ca(2+)-atpase. the src-tyrosine kinase family is involved in a broad range of cellular responses ranging from cell growth and cytoskeletal rearrangement to differentiation. the immediate early gene pip92 is induced in neuronal cell death as well as cell gro ...	2001	11053438
microsatellite analysis of north american wapiti (cervus elaphus) populations.	eleven populations of wapiti (cervus elaphus) were analysed for genetic diversity using 12 microsatellite loci. samples were taken from vancouver island, british columbia; burwash and french river herds in ontario; ya ha tinda ranch, alberta; and banff, elk island, jasper, kootenay, riding mountain, yellowstone and yoho national parks. overall, wapiti populations have on average three to four alleles per locus and an average expected heterozygosity that ranged from 25.75 to 52.85%. the greatest ...	2000	11050551
opposing roles of elk-1 and its brain-specific isoform, short elk-1, in nerve growth factor-induced pc12 differentiation.	the ternary complex factor elk-1, a major nuclear target of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, is a strong transactivator of serum-responsive element (sre) driven gene expression. we report here that mature brain neurons and nerve growth factor (ngf)-differentiated pc12 cells also express a second, smaller isoform of elk-1, short elk-1 (selk-1). selk-1 arises from an internal translation start site in the elk-1 sequence, which generates a protein lacking the first 54 amino acids of the dna- ...	2001	11050086
hepatitis c virus core protein activates the mapk/erk cascade synergistically with tumor promoter tpa, but not with epidermal growth factor or transforming growth factor alpha.	persistent hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection is associated with the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc), although the mechanism of hcv-related hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. recently, however, the close relationships between the development of hcc and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (erk) cascade have been described. in the present study, we investigated the effects of hcv core protein on this mapk/erk cascade. hcv ...	2000	11050045
the ternary complex factor net contains two distinct elements that mediate different responses to map kinase signalling cascades.	the ternary complex factors (tcfs), elk-1, sap-1a and net, are key integrators of the transcriptional response to different signalling pathways. classically, three map kinase pathways, involving erk, jnk, and p38, transduce various extracellular stimuli to the nucleus. net is a repressor that is converted into an activator by ras/erk signalling. net is also exported from the nucleus in response to stress stimuli transduced through the jnk pathway, leading to relief from repression. here we show ...	2000	11042694
experimental elaphostrongylus cervi infection in sheep and goats.	the pathogenesis and migratory life cycle of elaphostrongylus cervi were studied in four sheep and six goats killed and examined 6 days to 5 months after inoculation with infective third-stage larvae (l3). detailed histological studies demonstrated that the l3 followed a porto-hepatic, and probably also a secondary lymphatic, migratory route from the abomasum and small intestine to the lungs, with subsequent spread via the general circulation to the central nervous system (cns) and other tissues ...	2000	11041994
blood acid-base and serum electrolyte values in red deer (cervus elaphus).	acid-base, serum electrolyte, plasma protein, and packed cell volume (pcv) values were determined in venous blood samples from 30 red deer (cervus elaphus) of both sexes showing no clinical signs of disease. the animals were 5 months of age and kept on pasture in the valley of mexico, at an altitude of 2450 m. blood samples were collected without sedation. mean blood values were: ph 7.411 +/- 0.041, pco2 37.7 +/- 4.4 mmhg, base excess 0.7 +/- 3.2 mmol/l, actual bicarbonate 24.3 +/- 3.1 mmol/l, t ...	2000	11041499
activation of b-raf kinase requires phosphorylation of the conserved residues thr598 and ser601.	the raf kinase family serves as a central intermediate to relay signals from ras to erk. the precise molecular mechanism for raf activation is still not fully understood. here we report that phosphorylation of thr598 and ser601, which lie between kinase subdomains vii and viii, is essential for b-raf activation by ras. substitution of these residues by alanine (b-rafaa) abolished ras-induced b-raf activation without altering the association of b-raf with other signaling proteins. phosphopeptide ...	2000	11032810
rit, a non-lipid-modified ras-related protein, transforms nih3t3 cells without activating the erk, jnk, p38 mapk or pi3k/akt pathways.	the biological functions of rit (ras-like protein in tissues) and rin (ras-like protein in neurons), members of a novel branch of ras-related gtp-binding proteins that are approximately 50% identical to ras, have not been characterized. therefore, we assessed their activity in growth control, transformation and signaling. nih cells stably expressing a constitutively activated mutant of rit [rit(79l)] (analogous to the oncogenic mutant h-ras(61l)) demonstrated strong growth transformation, prolif ...	2000	11032018
selective targeting of mapks to the ets domain transcription factor sap-1.	mapk pathways play important roles in regulating the key cellular processes of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. there are multiple mapk pathways, which are subject to different regulatory cues. it is important that these pathways maintain specificity in signaling to elicit the activation of a specific program of gene expression. mapk-docking domains in several transcription factors have been shown to play important roles in determining the specificity and efficiency of their phosph ...	2001	11029469
activation of transcription of the human cytomegalovirus early ul4 promoter by the ets transcription factor binding element.	the human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) early ul4 promoter has served as a useful model for studying the activation of early viral gene expression. previous transient-transfection experiments detected cis-acting elements (the nf-y site and site 2) upstream of the transcriptional start site (l. huang and m. f. stinski, j. virol. 69:7612-7621, 1995). the roles of two of these sites, the nf-y site and site 2, in the context of the viral genome were investigated further by comparing mrna levels from the ea ...	2000	11024111
mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein activates multiple apoptotic signaling pathways in human coronary cells.	apoptosis of arterial cells induced by oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxldl) is thought to contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. however, most data on apoptotic effects and mechanisms of oxldl were obtained with extensively oxidized ldl unlikely to occur in early stages of atherosclerotic lesions. we now demonstrate that mildly oxidized ldl generated by incubation with oxygen radical-producing xanthine/xanthine oxidase (x/xo) induces apoptosis in primary cultures of human coronar ...	2000	11023984
mechanisms of proliferation synergy by receptor tyrosine kinase and g protein-coupled receptor activation in human airway smooth muscle.	despite recent studies depicting the capacity of g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) to activate mitogenic signaling pathways more commonly associated with receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks), little is known regarding the interactive effects of gpcr and rtk activation on cell growth and signal transduction. such interactions likely mediate the physiologic growth in most cells in vivo as well as the aberrant, non-neoplastic growth that occurs in diseases such as asthma, where disruptions of the loc ...	2000	11017921
role of small mammals in the persistence of louping-ill virus: field survey and tick co-feeding studies.	louping-ill (li) is a tick-borne viral disease of red grouse, lagopus lagopus scoticus lath. (tetraonidae: galliformes), and sheep, ovis aries l. (bovidae: artiodactyla), that causes economic loss to upland farms and sporting estates. unvaccinated sheep, grouse and mountain hares, lepus timidus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), are known to transmit li virus, whereas red deer, cenrus elaphus l. (cervidae: artiodactyla), and rabbits, oryctolagus cuniculus l. (leporidae: lagomorpha), do not. however, th ...	2000	11016435
evaluation of the effectiveness of dna-binding drugs to inhibit transcription using the c-fos serum response element as a target.	previous work has demonstrated that sequence-selective dna-binding drugs can inhibit transcription factors from binding to their target sites on gene promoters. in this study, the potency and effectiveness of dna-binding drugs to inhibit transcription were assessed using the c-fos promoter's serum response element (sre) as a target. the drugs chosen for analysis included the minor groove binding agents chromomycin a(3) and hoechst 33342, which bind to g/c-rich and a/t-rich regions, respectively, ...	2000	11015205
immunoglobulin g class identification from wild ungulates by cross-reactivity with antisera to domestic animals.	seven species of spanish ungulates were tested for the presence of homologous immunoglobulin g (igg) with a gel-diffusion test using bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine igg antisera. homologous ovine and caprine igg were detected in sera from chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica), spanish ibex (capra pyrenaica hispanica), mouflon (ovis orientalis musimon), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus). homologous porcine igg was detected in wild boar (sus scrofa) s ...	2000	11014063
pkcepsilon modulates nf-kappab and ap-1 via mitogen-activated protein kinases in adult rabbit cardiomyocytes.	we have previously shown that protein kinase c (pkc)-epsilon, nuclear factor (nf)-kappab, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are essential signaling elements in ischemic preconditioning. in the present study, we examined whether activation of pkcepsilon affects the activation of nf-kappab in cardiac myocytes and whether mapks are mediators of this signaling event. activation of pkcepsilon (+108% above control) in adult rabbit cardiomyocytes to a degree that has been previously shown t ...	2000	11009455
human alpha (1,3)-fucosyltransferase iv (futiv) gene expression is regulated by elk-1 in the u937 cell line.	the alpha1,3-fucosyltransferase iv (fuctiv) encoded by its gene (futiv) is responsible for synthesis of le(x) (galbeta4[fucalpha3]glcnacbeta3galbeta1,r), which causes compaction in the morula stage of the preimplantation mouse embryo, as well as alpha1,3-fucosylation at multiple internal glcnac of unbranched poly-n-acetyllactosamine, termed "myeloglycan," the physiological epitope of e-selectin. since myeloglycan-type structure is also expressed in various types of human cancer and may mediate e ...	2000	11006292
molecular mechanisms associated with long-term consolidation of the nmda signals.	the n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) subtype of glutamate receptors in the mammalian brain plays a central role in synaptic plasticity underlying refinement of neuronal connections during development, or processes like long-term potentiation (ltp), learning and memory. on the other hand, over-activation of glutamate receptors leading to neurodegeneration has been implicated in major areas of brain pathology. any sustained effect of a transient nmda receptor activation is likely to involve signaling t ...	2000	11003045
binding of stromal derived factor-1alpha (sdf-1alpha) to cxcr4 chemokine receptor in normal human megakaryoblasts but not in platelets induces phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p42/44 (mapk), elk-1 transcription factor and serine/threonine kinase akt.	the aim of this study was to identify pathways which are involved in signal transduction from the cxcr4 receptor stimulated by stromal derived factor-1alpha (sdf-1alpha) in human malignant hematopoietic cells and normal megakaryoblasts. first, we found that activation of cxcr4 in human t cell lines (jurkat and atl-2) rapidly induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) (p44 erk-1 and p42 erk-2). next, we became interested in cxcr4-mediated signaling in normal hematopoietic ...	2000	10997882
qtl for pubertal and seasonality traits in male père david's x red deer interspecies hybrids.	the unique pere david's (elaphurus davidianus) x red deer (cervus elaphus) backcross hybrid has been used to search for evidence of quantitative trait loci (qtl) for antler pubertal (date and live weight at pedicle initiation) and antler seasonality (date of antler cleaning and casting) traits in temperate species of deer. analyses using marker information revealed evidence for a qtl for date at pedicle initiation (lod = 3.7) and live weight at pedicle initiation (lod = 3.1). these qtl explained ...	2000	10994707
diagnosis and treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in a captive rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	a captive 5-yr-old castrated male rocky mountain wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) developed stranguria. rectal palpation and physical examination indicated urethral obstruction that was subsequently relieved by urethrostomy and required only minimal aftercare. the wapiti was able to urinate freely after surgery; however, the obstruction recurred 27 mo later. urethral catheterization relieved the second obstruction, which was caused by a large calculus composed of calcium carbonate and magnesium c ...	2000	10982140
vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) enhances the expression of receptors and activates mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase of dog retinal capillary endothelial cells.	since the galactose-fed dog is an animal model that develops the advanced stage of proliferative retinopathy, the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) on cell growth, receptor expression and the activation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathway of dog retinal capillary endothelial cells were investigated. dog retinal endothelial cells were cultured at 37 degrees c under 5% carbon dioxide atmosphere in cs-c medium supplemented with endothelial cell growth factor (ecgf). ...	2000	10977134
evidence of a molecular barrier limiting susceptibility of humans, cattle and sheep to chronic wasting disease.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of deer and elk, and little is known about its transmissibility to other species. an important factor controlling interspecies tse susceptibility is prion protein (prp) homology between the source and recipient species/genotypes. furthermore, the efficiency with which the protease-resistant prp (prp-res) of one species induces the in vitro conversion of the normal prp (prp-sen) of another species to the protease-res ...	2000	10970836
the c-jun amino-terminal kinase pathway is preferentially activated by interleukin-1 and controls apoptosis in differentiating pancreatic beta-cells.	to characterize the differentiation events that selectively target insulin-producing cells to interleukin (il)-1beta-induced apoptosis, we studied il-1beta signaling via mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and stress-activated protein kinase in 2 pancreatic endocrine cell lines. we studied the glucagon-secreting an-glu cell line and the insulin and the islet amyloid polypeptide-producing beta-cell line (an-ins cells), which is derived by stable transfection of an-glu cells with the transcrip ...	2000	10969830
histological studies of pedicle skin formation and its transformation to antler velvet in red deer (cervus elaphus).	deer antlers and their antecedent pedicles are made up of two components, interior osseocartilage and exterior integument. in a previous study, we described that histogenesis of the interior osseocartilage proceeds through four ossification stages. these are intramembranous (imo), transition (opc), pedicle endochondral (peco), and antler endochondral (aeco). in the present study, we used histological techniques to examine pedicle skin formation and its transformation to antler velvet. the result ...	2000	10967537
g protein-coupled receptor-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation through cooperation of galpha(q) and galpha(i) signals.	g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) have been shown to stimulate extracellular regulated kinases (erks) through a number of linear pathways that are initiated by g(q/11) or g(i) proteins. we studied signaling to the erk cascade by receptors that simultaneously activate both g protein subfamilies. in hek293t cells, bradykinin b(2) receptor (b(2)r)-induced stimulation of erk2 and transcriptional activity of elk1 are dependent on galpha(q)-mediated protein kinase c (pkc) and on galpha(i)-induced ra ...	2000	10958680
melanocytes respond to mechanical stretch by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk).	cells of human epidermis are permanently targeted by mechanical stimuli. besides mechanical forces from external sources the body itself generates mechanical forces via muscle contractions and growth processes. recently, it was demonstrated that mechanical stretch is connected to enhanced proliferation in epidermal cells. the underlying biochemical events are still a matter of debate. here we show that mechanical stretch leads to activation of both erk1/2 and sapk/jnk in human melanocytes and ke ...	2000	10952396
inhibition of the er-kinase cascade by pd98059 and uo126 counteracts ischemic preconditioning in pig myocardium.	our previous studies suggested a protective role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks) cascade in ischemic preconditioning (ip) in the porcine heart. to test this hypothesis further, we studied the influence of the novel specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (mek 1/2) pd98059 (pd) and uo126 (uo) in ip. the substances were infused intramyocardially and uo also systemically in anesthetized, ventilated, open-chested, male pigs. the local intramyocardial pd a ...	2000	10942164
bovine virus diarrhea virus in free-living deer from denmark.	free-living deer are suggested as a possible source of infection of cattle with bovine virus diarrhea (bvd) virus. to examine this hypothesis blood samples from 476 free-living deer were collected during two different periods and tested for bvd virus and antibody in denmark. in 1995-96, 207 animals were tested. these included 149 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 29 fallow deer (dama dama), 20 red deer (cervus elaphus) and one sika deer (cervus sika). for the remaining eight animals no species inf ...	2000	10941751
antigenic, phenotypic and molecular characterization confirms babesia odocoilei isolated from three cervids.	babesia isolates from an elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) and a caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) with fatal infections were compared to babesia odocoilei (engeling isolate) from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) by experimental infection, serologic, and small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene sequence analysis studies. both the indirect fluorescent antibody test and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated antigenic variation among the isolates. experimental infection studies showe ...	2000	10941738
safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 in bull elk.	some of the elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) of the greater yellowstone area (wyoming, idaho, montana; usa) are infected with brucella abortus, the bacterium that causes bovine brucellosis. brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine is being considered as a means to control b. abortus induced abortions in cow elk. however, the most probable vaccination strategies for use in free-ranging elk might also result in some bull elk being inoculated, thus, it is important to insure that the vaccine is safe in the ...	2000	10941733
safety and efficacy of brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine in captive pregnant elk.	brucella abortus strain rb51 is a laboratory-derived rough mutant of virulent b. abortus strain 2308 used as a vaccine because it induces antibodies that do not react on standard brucellosis serologic tests. strain rb51 vaccine was evaluated in pregnant captive elk (cervus elaphus) to determine (1) if it induced abortion and (2) if it protected against abortion following subsequent challenge. the time period of this study (february-june, 1998) was similar to field conditions where elk are vaccin ...	2000	10941732
evaluation of zuclopenthixol acetate to decrease handling stress in wapiti.	handling stress and capture myopathy are important consequences of intensively managing wildlife species. over the last 15 yr, the use of long-acting neuroleptic (lan) drugs in wildlife has increased, and these drugs have become a valuable tool for decreasing capture and handling stress in many species. at this time, reports on the use of these drugs in north american species are limited. the major objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the lan, zuclopenthixol acetate (clopixol-acuph ...	2000	10941729
status and origin of haemonchinae (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) in deer: a survey conducted in france from 1985 to 1998.	during our investigations on helminthofauna in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in france (1985-1998) we isolated nematodes not only of the genus haemonchus cobb, 1898 but also of the genus ashworthius le roux 1930, both of which belong to the same subfamily of haemonchinae. the prevalence of ashworthius was 22% (65/294) in roe deer and 40% (10/25) in red deer. h. contortus was not found in red deer, whereas its prevalence was only 3% (9/294) in roe deer. these data c ...	2000	10935910
identification of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) for the rap1 gtpase. regulation of mr-gef by m-ras-gtp interaction.	although the ras subfamily of gtpases consists of approximately 20 members, only a limited number of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (gefs) that couple extracellular stimuli to ras protein activation have been identified. furthermore, no novel downstream effectors have been identified for the m-ras/r-ras3 gtpase. here we report the identification and characterization of three ras family gefs that are most abundantly expressed in brain. two of these gefs, mr-gef (m-ras-regulated gef, kiaa0277 ...	2000	10934204
recruitment and activation of raf-1 kinase by nitric oxide-activated ras.	nitric oxide (no) and related species serve as cellular messengers in various physiological and pathological processes. the monomeric g protein, ras, transduces multiple signaling pathways with varying biological responses. we have previously reported that no triggers ras activation and recruitment of an effector, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (pi3k) and ras-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases which include extracellular signal regulated kinases (erks), c-jun nh(2)-t ...	2000	10933809
the effect of protein kinase c and its alpha subtype on human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and fibronectin production.	vascular smooth muscle cell (smc) migration, proliferation and extracellular matrix protein production are key steps in the formation of intimal hyperplasia, a process that leads to failure of vascular reconstructions. protein kinase c (pkc) may be involved in all 3 cellular events. pkc consists of a family of 11 isotypes, 8 of which we have identified in human vascular smcs. in this study we evaluate the role of pkcalpha as a second messenger for proliferation, migration and fibronectin product ...	2000	10922991
a lipopolysaccharide-specific enhancer complex involving ets, elk-1, sp1, and creb binding protein and p300 is recruited to the tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter in vivo.	the tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) gene is rapidly activated by lipopolysaccharide (lps). here, we show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) kinase activity but not calcineurin phosphatase activity is required for lps-stimulated tnf-alpha gene expression. in lps-stimulated macrophages, the erk substrates ets and elk-1 bind to the tnf-alpha promoter in vivo. strikingly, ets and elk-1 bind to two tnf-alpha nuclear factor of activated t cells (nfat)-binding sites, which are req ...	2000	10913190
liver total lipids and fatty acid composition of shot red and fallow deer males in various reproduction periods.	in this study total lipid (tl) content and the fatty acid composition changes in the liver of red deer stags (n=35) and fallow deer bucks (n=19) were examined at various reproductive stages. samples were taken from mature red deer stags in the rut (september), in the post-rut (october), at the end of the rut (november) and after sexual activity had ceased (january). sampling from mature fallow bucks was performed in the pre-rut (early october), in the rut (november) and after the reproduction pe ...	2000	10908858
reactive oxygen species stimulate p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and induce p27(kip1): role in angiotensin ii-mediated hypertrophy of proximal tubular cells.	angiotensin ii (angii) induces g(1) phase arrest and hypertrophy of cultured renal proximal tubular cells. in previous studies, it was shown that these effects depend on oxygen radical-mediated induction of p27(kip1), an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. the present study was undertaken to investigate whether mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases serve as signaling intermediates between angii-induced oxidative stress and induction of p27(kip1). angii (10(-7) m) induces a biphasic phosphor ...	2000	10906152