Publications

exome resequencing combined with linkage analysis identifies novel pth1r variants in primary failure of tooth eruption in japanese.	massively parallel sequencing of target regions, exomes, and complete genomes has begun to increase the opportunities for identifying genetic variants underlying rare and common diseases dramatically. here we applied exome resequencing to primary failure of tooth eruption (pfe) to identify the genetic causality of the disease. two japanese families having pfe were recruited and examined by genome-wide linkage study and subsequently exome analyses. linkage analyses of these two families comprisin ...	2011	21404329
head orientation and handedness trajectory in rhesus monkey infants (macaca mulatta).	in human and chimpanzee infants, neonatal rightward supine head orientation bias predicts later right hand use preference. in an evolutionarily older primate species such as the rhesus monkey, a left hand preference has been reported, but there are no data on head orientation biases. supine head orientation bias was measured experimentally in 16 rhesus monkey neonates and compared with prone head orientation bias as well as with various measures of hand use preference. a group-level leftward sup ...	2010	21400487
transcript catalogs of human chromosome 21 and orthologous chimpanzee and mouse regions.	a comprehensive representation of the gene content of the long arm of human chromosome 21 (hsa21q) remains of interest for the study of down syndrome, its associated phenotypic features, and mouse models. here we compare transcript catalogs for hsa21q, chimpanzee chromosome 21 (ptr21q), and orthologous regions of mouse chromosomes 16, 17, and 10 for open reading frame (orf) characteristics and conservation. the hsa21q and mouse catalogs contain 552 and 444 gene models, respectively, of which onl ...	2011	21400203
molecular evolution of immunoglobulin superfamily genes in primates.	genes of the immunoglobulin superfamily (igsf) have a wide variety of cellular activities. in this study, we investigated molecular evolution of igsf genes in primates by comparing orthologous sequences of 249 igsf genes among human, chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus macaque, and common marmoset. to evaluate the non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio (¤ë), we applied bn-bs program and paml program. igsf genes were classified into 11 functional categories based on the gene ontology (go) databas ...	2011	21390552
human-specific loss of regulatory dna and the evolution of human-specific traits.	humans differ from other animals in many aspects of anatomy, physiology, and behaviour; however, the genotypic basis of most human-specific traits remains unknown. recent whole-genome comparisons have made it possible to identify genes with elevated rates of amino acid change or divergent expression in humans, and non-coding sequences with accelerated base pair changes. regulatory alterations may be particularly likely to produce phenotypic effects while preserving viability, and are known to un ...	2011	21390129
behavioral and phylogenetic implications of a narrow allometric study of ardipithecus ramidus.	narrow allometry is used to compare ardipithecus ramidus molar and body segment lengths and proportions to those of living primates, with the goal of reconstructing fossil behavior and exploring how lengths and proportions bear on phylogeny. comparatively short hands and upper limbs suggest ardipithecus was less adept at forelimb suspension and vertical climbing than are great apes. its tibial and tarsal lengths, suggest bonobo-like leaping ability. its short lower limbs, but long toes relative ...	2011	21388620
a worldwide analysis of beta-defensin copy number variation suggests recent selection of a high-expressing defb103 gene copy in east asia.	beta-defensins are a family of multifunctional genes with roles in defense against pathogens, reproduction, and pigmentation. in humans, six beta-defensin genes are clustered in a repeated region which is copy-number variable (cnv) as a block, with a diploid copy number between 1 and 12. the role in host defense makes the evolutionary history of this cnv particularly interesting, because morbidity due to infectious disease is likely to have been an important selective force in human evolution, a ...	2011	21387465
a genome-wide study of dna methylation patterns and gene expression levels in multiple human and chimpanzee tissues.	the modification of dna by methylation is an important epigenetic mechanism that affects the spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression. methylation patterns have been described in many contexts within and across a range of species. however, the extent to which changes in methylation might underlie inter-species differences in gene regulation, in particular between humans and other primates, has not yet been studied. to this end, we studied dna methylation patterns in livers, hearts, and ...	2011	21383968
elephants know when they need a helping trunk in a cooperative task.	elephants are widely assumed to be among the most cognitively advanced animals, even though systematic evidence is lacking. this void in knowledge is mainly due to the danger and difficulty of submitting the largest land animal to behavioral experiments. in an attempt to change this situation, a classical 1930s cooperation paradigm commonly tested on monkeys and apes was modified by using a procedure originally designed for chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) to measure the reactions of asian elephant ...	2011	21383191
naturally occurring cd4+ t-cell epitope variants act as altered peptide ligands leading to impaired helper t-cell responses in hepatitis c virus infection.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) has a high rate of replication and lacks rna-proofreading capabilities, thereby leading to variant or mutant viruses circulating within the host as a quasispecies. previous work in our laboratory identified viral variants that emerged in a class-ii immunodominant epitope ns3(358-375) of the non-structural-3 (ns3) protein region of hcv, the sequence of which is based on genotype 1a, the most prevalent genotype in the united states. further work suggested that positive immu ...	2011	21377503
the chimpanzee model : contributions and considerations elizabeth muchmore.	chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) became established as invaluable models for the study of human viral hepatitis after it was discovered, in 1967, that the chronic hepatitis b antigen carrier state existed in a naturally infected member of this species (1-3). they were instrumental in the development of hepatitis b serologic marker assays and vaccines, and in safety testing human blood products for inactivation of this virus. in 1974, after hepatitis b-positive donor blood was no longer used, it was ...	1999	21374398
a cultivation method for highly differentiated primary chimpanzee hepatocytes permissive for hepatitis c virus replication.	the liver performs a wide array of functions, a few of which include the synthesis and secretion of most of the plasma proteins, including the lipoproteins, cholesterol, and bile acid metabolism, and detoxification of the blood. in vitro analysis of most liver functions has been hampered by the difficulties encountered in isolating and maintaining functional cultures of primary hepatocytes. although in vivo the liver has an amazing capacity for regeneration, hepatocytes in culture have limited p ...	1999	21374392
replication and detection of hepatitis c virus in liver-derived cell lines.	a model of hcv replication has several potential important applications (table 1). in addition to humans, the natural host for hcv, chimpanzees are the only other animals that have been shown to be permissive to hcv infection. however, the primate model for hcv infection presents several problems, namely, limited availability, cost, and different host response to hcv compared to humans. table 1 potential applications of a model of hcv replication study neutralizing antibodies assist in vaccine d ...	1999	21374390
cell culture systems for the detection of hcv infection.	in spite of the recent progress in molecular biology of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) genome, the biological characteristics of this virus remain poorly known. this is primarily because biological assays for hcv have been limitted to the experimental inoculation of chimpanzees. it is imperative to develop either a less expensive animal model or a cell-culture system for propagating hcv. several studies, including ours, have provided evidence for replication of the hcv genome in cell cultures. alth ...	1999	21374389
cloning and assembly of complex libraries of full-length hcv cdna clones.	many studies of the molecular biology of hepatitis c virus (hcv) begin by obtaining representative cdna clones of the viral genome. most cloning strategies have been devised to deal with the low levels of hcv rna present in starting material used for rna isolation and cdna synthesis. typical sources include patient sera, liver samples, sera and tissues from infected chimpanzees, or in some cases, viral rna obtained after replication in cell culture. thus far, patient samples are the most common ...	1999	21374370
in situ hybridization and the detection and localization of hcv rna.	the procedure described below was originally reported to detect the hepatitis c virus rna (genomic strand) by nonradioisotopic in situ hybridization in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver tissue of two acutely infected chimpanzees, in a collaborative study conducted with r. h. purcell, at the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases, bethesda, md (1). briefly, a synthetic dna 50-mer was end-labeled with a digoxygenin-conjugated dutp (2) and hybridized to liver sections. after wa ...	1999	21374367
in situ detection of hcv : an overview.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) is the agent responsible for the majority of cases of the parenterally transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis. the major obstacles to its discovery were the low level of replication in the infected host, both natural and experimental, and the low immunogenicity of its proteins, making it difficult to characterize antigen-antibody systems associated with this virus (1). the genome of hcv is a (+) single-stranded rna of about 9400 nucleotides, genetically related to the flavi- ...	1999	21374365
detection of anti-gor antibodies in hcv infection.	the interactions of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) with the immune system are numerous. as one of the many results, a considerable number of autoantibodies occur in serum. this chapter describes methods to detect anti-gor antibodies (1-3). anti-gor are autoantibodies that are specifically associated with replicating hcv infection anti-gor antibodies were first described by mishiro et al. (1). these authors had tried to isolate the hcv from chimpanzees infected with serum from a patient with posttra ...	1999	21374345
methodology used in dna-based prophylactic and therapeutic immunization against hepatitis b virus in chimpanzees.	chimpanzees, because of their near-human nature, have special needs that must be met by those who carry out medical research with them. perhaps the most important of these is the need for companionship. chimpanzees kept alone become obviously depressed, and manifest stereotypic behavior such as compulsive rocking. we have followed a policy of keeping chimpanzees in groups of two or more, whenever possible. this has virtually prevented overt depressive symptomatology. this policy has not signific ...	2000	21374309
development and characterization of lyophilized dna vaccine formulations.	the potential applications of using plasmid dna for immunization and other gene therapy approaches have been discussed in an increasing number of publications in the past few years. injection of mouse muscle with naked dna (plasmid dna in saline) resulted in significant episomal expression from a number of encoded reporter genes such as firefly luciferase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, and β-galactosidase (1). dna vaccination has been shown to induce neutralizing antibodies against the gene ...	2000	21374306
on the minute structure of the brain, in the chimpanzee and in the human idiot: compared with that of the perfect brain of man; with some reflections on the cerebral functions.		1842	21373564
traditions in spider monkeys are biased towards the social domain.	cross-site comparison studies of behavioral variation can provide evidence for traditions in wild species once ecological and genetic factors are excluded as causes for cross-site differences. these studies ensure behavior variants are considered within the context of a species' ecology and evolutionary adaptations. we examined wide-scale geographic variation in the behavior of spider monkeys (ateles geoffroyi) across five long-term field sites in central america using a well established ethnogr ...	2011	21373196
seeing the mind behind the art. people can distinguish abstract expressionist paintings from highly similar paintings by children, chimps, monkeys, and elephants.	museumgoers often scoff that costly abstract expressionist paintings could have been made by a child and have mistaken paintings by chimpanzees for professional art. to test whether people really conflate paintings by professionals with paintings by children and animals, we showed art and nonart students paired images, one by an abstract expressionist and one by a child or animal, and asked which they liked more and which they judged as better. the first set of pairs was presented without labels ...	2011	21372327
evolution of the muscles of facial expression in a monogamous ape: evaluating the relative influences of ecological and phylogenetic factors in hylobatids.	facial expression is a communication mode produced by facial (mimetic) musculature. hylobatids (gibbons and siamangs) have a poorly documented facial display repertoire and little is known about their facial musculature. these lesser apes represent an opportunity to test hypotheses related to the evolution of primate facial musculature as they are the only hominoid with a monogamous social structure, and thus live in very small groups. primate species living in large groups with numerous social ...	2011	21370494
evidence from cameroon reveals differences in the genetic structure and histories of chimpanzee populations.	the history of the genus pan is a topic of enduring interest. chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) are often divided into subspecies, but the population structure and genetic history of chimpanzees across africa remain unclear. some population genetics studies have led to speculation that, until recently, this species constituted a single population with ongoing gene flow across its range, which resulted in a continuous gradient of allele frequencies. chimpanzees, designated here as p. t. ellioti, occu ...	2011	21368170
recent evolution of the nf-?b and inflammasome regulating protein pop2 in primates.	pyrin-only protein 2 (pop2) is a small human protein comprised solely of a pyrin domain that inhibits nf-?b p65/rela and blocks the formation of functional il-1ß processing inflammasomes. pyrin proteins are abundant in mammals and several, like pop2, have been linked to activation or regulation of inflammatory processes. because pop2 knockout mice would help probe the biological role of inflammatory regulation, we thus considered whether pop2 is common in the mammalian lineage.	2011	21362197
potential confusion of contaminating cd16+ myeloid dcs with anergic cd16+ nk cells in chimpanzees.	precise identification of nk-cell populations in humans and nonhuman primates has been confounded by imprecise phenotypic definitions. a common definition used in nonhuman primates, including chimpanzees, is cd3(-) cd8α(+) cd16(+) , and this is the dominant nk-cell phenotype in peripheral blood. however, recent data suggest that in chimpanzees a rare cd8α(-) cd16(+) population also exists. herein, we present evidence validating the existence of this rare subset in chimpanzee peripheral blood, bu ...	2011	21360701
great apes' strategies to map spatial relations.	we investigated reasoning about spatial relational similarity in three great ape species: chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans. apes were presented with three spatial mapping tasks in which they were required to find a reward in an array of three cups, after observing a reward being hidden in a different array of three cups. to obtain a food reward, apes needed to choose the cup that was in the same relative position (i.e., on the left) as the baited cup in the other array. the three tasks diffe ...	2011	21359655
chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) fail a what-where-when task but find rewards by using a location-based association strategy.	recollecting the what-where-when of an episode, or episodic-like memory, has been established in corvids and rodents. in humans, a linkage between remembering the past and imagining the future has been recognised. while chimpanzees can plan for the future, their episodic-like memory has hardly been investigated. we tested chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) with an adapted food-catching paradigm. they observed the baiting of two locations amongst four and chose one after a given delay (15 min, 1 h or ...	2011	21359204
the scope of culture in chimpanzees, humans and ancestral apes.	more studies have focused on aspects of chimpanzee behaviour and cognition relevant to the evolution of culture than on any other species except our own. accordingly, analysis of the features shared by chimpanzees and humans is here used to infer the scope of cultural phenomena in our last common ancestor, at the same time clarifying the nature of the special characteristics that advanced further in the hominin line. to do this, culture is broken down into three major aspects: the large scale, p ...	2011	21357222
social traditions and social learning in capuchin monkeys (cebus).	capuchin monkeys (genus cebus) have evolutionarily converged with humans and chimpanzees in a number of ways, including large brain size, omnivory and extractive foraging, extensive cooperation and coalitionary behaviour and a reliance on social learning. recent research has documented a richer repertoire of group-specific social conventions in the coalition-prone cebus capucinus than in any other non-human primate species; these social rituals appear designed to test the strength of social bond ...	2011	21357221
aping expressions? chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others.	humans have the ability to replicate the emotional expressions of others even when they undergo different emotions. such distinct responses of expressions, especially positive expressions, play a central role in everyday social communication of humans and may give the responding individuals important advantages in cooperation and communication. the present work examined laughter in chimpanzees to test whether nonhuman primates also use their expressions in such distinct ways. the approach was fi ...	2011	21355640
chimpanzee-human monoclonal antibodies for treatment of chronic poliovirus excretors and emergency postexposure prophylaxis.	six poliovirus-neutralizing fabs were recovered from a combinatorial fab phage display library constructed from bone marrow-derived lymphocytes of immunized chimpanzees. the chimeric chimpanzee-human full-length iggs (hereinafter called monoclonal antibodies [mabs]) were generated by combining a chimpanzee igg light chain and a variable domain of heavy chain with a human constant fc region. the six mabs neutralized vaccine strains and virulent strains of poliovirus. five mabs were serotype speci ...	2011	21345966
detection and genetic characterization of enteroviruses circulating among wild populations of chimpanzees in cameroon: relationship with human and simian enteroviruses.	enteroviruses (evs), members of the family picornaviridae, are a genetically and antigenically diverse range of viruses causing acute infections in humans and several old world monkey (owm) species. despite their known wide distribution in primates, nothing is currently known about the occurrence, frequency, and genetic diversity of enteroviruses infecting apes. to investigate this, 27 chimpanzee and 27 gorilla fecal samples collected from undisturbed jungle areas with minimal human contact in c ...	2011	21345956
correlation between menstrual cycle and cognitive performance in a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).	extensive research on human subjects has tried to investigate whether there is a correlation between cognitive performance and the menstrual cycle. less is known about the relationship between the menstrual cycle and task performance in other cognitive animals. we test whether the secretion of a sex hormone [luteinizing hormone(lh)] influences the performance of cognitive tasks by a female chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) who is part of a long-term cognition research program. we focus on two cogniti ...	2011	21341914
inferential reasoning by exclusion in great apes, lesser apes, and spider monkeys.	using the cups task, in which subjects are presented with limited visual or auditory information that can be used to deduce the location of a hidden reward, call (2004) found prima facie evidence of inferential reasoning by exclusion in several great ape species. one bonobo (pan paniscus) and two gorillas (gorilla gorilla) appeared to make such inferences in both the visual and auditory domains. however, common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) were successful only in the visual domain, and bornean ...	2011	21341913
rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) as living fossils of hominoid personality and subjective well-being.	personality dimensions capturing individual differences in behavior, cognition, and affect have been described in several species, including humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. however, comparisons between species are limited by the use of different questionnaires. we asked raters to assess free-ranging rhesus macaques at two time points on personality and subjective well-being questionnaires used earlier to rate chimpanzees and orangutans. principal-components analysis yielded domains we label ...	2011	21341912
delayed treatment with w1-mab, a chimpanzee-derived monoclonal antibody against protective antigen, reduces mortality from challenges with anthrax edema or lethal toxin in rats and with anthrax spores in mice.	w1-mab is a chimpanzee-derived monoclonal antibody to protective antigen that improved survival when administered before anthrax lethal toxin challenge in rats. to better define w1-mab's efficacy for anthrax, we administered it after initiation of 24-hr infusions of edema toxin and lethal toxin either alone or together in rats or following anthrax spore challenge in mice.	2011	21336113
hand preferences for coordinated bimanual actions in 777 great apes: implications for the evolution of handedness in hominins.	whether or not nonhuman primates exhibit population-level handedness remains a topic of considerable scientific debate. here, we examined handedness for coordinated bimanual actions in a sample of 777 great apes including chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans. we found population-level right-handedness in chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas, but left-handedness in orangutans. directional biases in handedness were consistent across independent samples of apes within each genus. we suggest ...	2011	21334723
third-party postconflict affiliation of aggressors in chimpanzees.	postconflict management strategies have been defined as any postconflict interaction that mitigates the negative consequences of the preceding agonistic conflict. although most studies have investigated postconflict interactions between former opponents or between victims and uninvolved bystanders, interactions between aggressors and bystanders have received much less attention. in this study, we examined a database of 1,102 agonistic interactions and their corresponding postconflict periods in ...	2011	21328598
great apes use weight as a cue to find hidden food.	bonobos (pan paniscus; n=5), orangutans (pongo pygmaeus abelii; n=6), and a gorilla (gorilla gorilla gorilla; n=1) were presented with two opaque cups, one empty and one baited (containing two bananas). subjects had to independently gain weight information about the contents of the cups to find the hidden food. six apes attained above chance level within a total of 16 trials. successful subjects spontaneously adopted the method of successively lifting the cups and thus comparing their weight bef ...	2010	21328591
how feeding competition determines female chimpanzee gregariousness and ranging in the taï national park, côte d'ivoire.	socioecological theory suggests that feeding competition shapes female social relationships. chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) live in fission-fusion societies that allow them to react flexibly to increased feeding competition by forming smaller foraging parties when food is scarce. in chimpanzees at gombe and kibale, female dominance rank can crucially influence feeding competition and reproductive success as high-ranking females monopolize core areas of relatively high quality, are more gregarious ...	2011	21328589
exploring femoral diaphyseal shape variation in wild and captive chimpanzees by means of morphometric mapping: a test of wolff's law.	long bone shafts (diaphyses) serve as load-bearing structures during locomotion, implying a close relationship between diaphyseal form and its locomotor function. diaphyseal form-function relationships, however, are complex, as they are mediated by various factors such as developmental programs, evolutionary adaptation, and functional adaptation through bone remodeling during an individual's lifetime. the effects of the latter process ("wolff's law") are best assessed by comparing diaphyseal mor ...	2011	21328564
dynamic gene order on the silene latifolia y chromosome.	dioecious silene latifolia evolved heteromorphic sex chromosomes within the last ten million years, making it a species of choice for studies of the early stages of sex chromosome evolution in plants. about a dozen genes have been isolated from its sex chromosomes and basic genetic and deletion maps exist for the x and y chromosomes. however, discrepancies between y chromosome maps led to the proposal that individual y chromosomes may differ in gene order. here, we use an alternative approach, w ...	2011	21327830
a novel porcine gene, lipc, differentially expressed in the liver tissues from meishan and large white pigs.	the mrna differential display technique was performed to investigate the differences in gene expression in the liver tissues from meishan and large white pigs. one novel gene that was differentially expressed was identified through semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and the cdna complete sequence was then obtained using the rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) method. the nucleotide sequence of the gene is not homologous to any of the known porcine gene ...	2011	21327595
blood pressure reference intervals for healthy adult chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality among captive chimpanzees. but there are no clinical definitions of normotension or hypertension in chimpanzees.	2011	21323674
analysis of osteon morphotype scoring schemes for interpreting load history: evaluation in the chimpanzee femur.	osteon morphotype scores (mtss) allow for quantification of mechanically important collagen/lamellar variations between secondary osteons when viewed in circularly polarized ight (cpl). we recently modified the 6-point mts method of martin et al. (martin rb, gibson va, stover sm, gibeling jc, griffin lv (1996a) osteonal structure in the equine third metacarpus. bone 19, 165-71) and reported superiority of this modified method in correlating with 'tension' and 'compression' cortices of both chimp ...	2011	21323667
gene expression differences among primates are associated with changes in a histone epigenetic modification.	changes in gene regulation are thought to play an important role in speciation and adaptation, especially in primates. however, we still know relatively little about the mechanisms underlying regulatory evolution. in particular, the extent to which epigenetic modifications underlie gene expression differences between primates is not yet known. our study focuses on an epigenetic histone modification, h3k4me3, which is thought to promote transcription. to investigate the contribution of h3k4me3 to ...	2011	21321133
relationship between gastrointestinal transit time and anesthetic fasting protocols in the captive chimpanzee, pan troglodytes.	lengthy social separation and prolonged fasting time contribute to increased risks associated with anesthesia in captive primates. this study is an initial attempt to identify a safe pre-anesthetic fasting procedure by identifying gastric emptying time (get) and gastrointestinal transit time (gtt) of captive chimpanzees, pan troglodytes.	2011	21320131
numerical judgments by chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) in a token economy.	we presented four chimpanzees with a series of tasks that involved comparing two token sets or comparing a token set to a quantity of food. selected tokens could be exchanged for food items on a one-to-one basis. chimpanzees successfully selected the larger numerical set for comparisons of 1 to 5 items when both sets were visible and when sets were presented through one-by-one addition of tokens into two opaque containers. two of four chimpanzees used the number of tokens and food items to guide ...	2011	21319916
evolution of the nervous system: a critical evaluation of how genetic changes translate into morphological changes.	living creatures evolve, and this evolution allows them to adapt to an ever-changing milieu. two main adaptive strategies coexist. the first involves genetic mutations taking place at the species level. the second strategy occurs at the individual level, and primarily involves changes in chromatin organization and brain circuits. we shall illustrate how the two modes of adaptation are interdependent, and will show the difference in their respective importance depending on the species. it will be ...	2010	21319491
metacarpal head biomechanics: a comparative backscattered electron image analysis of trabecular bone mineral density in pan troglodytes, pongo pygmaeus, and homo sapiens.	great apes and humans use their hands in fundamentally different ways, but little is known about joint biomechanics and internal bone variation. this study examines the distribution of mineral density in the third metacarpal heads in three hominoid species that differ in their habitual joint postures and loading histories. we test the hypothesis that micro-architectural properties relating to bone mineral density reflect habitual joint use. the third metacarpal heads of pan troglodytes, pongo py ...	2011	21316735
perceptual mechanism underlying gaze guidance in chimpanzees and humans.	previous studies comparing eye movements between humans and their closest relatives, chimpanzees, have revealed similarities and differences between the species in terms of where individuals fixate their gaze during free viewing of a naturalistic scene, including social stimuli (e.g. body and face). however, those results were somewhat confounded by the fact that gaze behavior is influenced by low-level stimulus properties (e.g., color and form) and by high-level processes such as social sensiti ...	2011	21305329
responses to the assurance game in monkeys, apes, and humans using equivalent procedures.	there is great interest in the evolution of economic behavior. in typical studies, species are asked to play one of a series of economic games, derived from game theory, and their responses are compared. the advantage of this approach is the relative level of consistency and control that emerges from the games themselves; however, in the typical experiment, procedures and conditions differ widely, particularly between humans and other species. thus, in the current study, we investigated how thre ...	2011	21300874
mass spectral analyses of the two major apolipoproteins of great ape high density lipoproteins.	the two major apolipoproteins associated with human and chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) high density lipoproteins (hdl) are apoa-i and dimeric apoa-ii. although humans are closely related to great apes, apolipoprotein data do not exist for bonobos (pan paniscus), western lowland gorillas (gorilla gorilla gorilla) and the sumatran orangutans (pongo abelii). in the absence of any data, other great apes simply have been assumed to have dimeric apoa-ii while other primates and most other mammals have b ...	2009	21298813
a comparative study on testicular microstructure and relative sperm production in gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans.	we performed histological analyses for comparing testicular microstructure between the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan. testicular samples were obtained by autopsy or biopsy from 10 gorillas, 11 chimpanzees, and 7 orangutans from several zoos and institutes. the seminiferous epithelia were thick in the chimpanzee and orangutan but thin in the gorilla. leydig cells in the interstitial tissue were abundant in the gorilla. the acrosomic system was extremely well developed in the orangutans. our ...	2011	21287585
no evidence for transmission of sivwrc from western red colobus monkeys (piliocolobus badius badius) to wild west african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) despite high exposure through hunting.	simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) are the precursors of human immunodeficiency viruses (hivs) which have led to the worldwide hiv/aids pandemic. by studying sivs in wild primates we can better understand the circulation of these viruses in their natural hosts and habitat, and perhaps identify factors that influence susceptibility and transmission within and between various host species. we investigated the siv status of wild west african chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) which frequently ...	2011	21284842
is my network module preserved and reproducible?	in many applications, one is interested in determining which of the properties of a network module change across conditions. for example, to validate the existence of a module, it is desirable to show that it is reproducible (or preserved) in an independent test network. here we study several types of network preservation statistics that do not require a module assignment in the test network. we distinguish network preservation statistics by the type of the underlying network. some preservation ...	2011	21283776
chimpanzees know that others make inferences.	if chimpanzees are faced with two opaque boards on a table, in the context of searching for a single piece of food, they do not choose the board lying flat (because if food was under there it would not be lying flat) but, rather, they choose the slanted one- presumably inferring that some unperceived food underneath is causing the slant. here we demonstrate that chimpanzees know that other chimpanzees in the same situation will make a similar inference. in a back-and-forth foraging game, when th ...	2011	21282649
campylobacter troglodytis sp. nov., isolated from feces of human-habituated wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in tanzania.	the transmission of simian immunodeficiency and ebola viruses to humans in recent years has heightened awareness of the public health significance of zoonotic diseases of primate origin, particularly from chimpanzees. in this study, we analyzed 71 fecal samples collected from 2 different wild chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) populations with different histories in relation to their proximity to humans. campylobacter spp. were detected by culture in 19/56 (34%) group 1 (human habituated for research ...	2011	21278267
an assessment of the use of chimpanzees in hepatitis c research past, present and future: 2. alternative replacement methods.	the use of chimpanzees in hepatitis c virus (hcv) research was examined in the report associated with this paper (1: validity of the chimpanzee model), in which it was concluded that claims of past necessity of chimpanzee use were exaggerated, and that claims of current and future indispensability were unjustifiable. furthermore, given the serious scientific and ethical issues surrounding chimpanzee experimentation, it was proposed that it must now be considered redundant--particularly in light ...	2010	21275471
introduction to the special section: "the effects of bonds between human and nonhuman primates on primatological research and practice".	this commentary introduces this special section on ‘‘the effects of bonds between human and nonhuman primates on primatological research and practice.’’ the aim is to explore the different causes and consequences of bonding experiences between observers and observed in different primatological contexts. in the first contribution, vitale asks what are the possible consequences of such bonding in behavioral primatology. examples of beneficial consequences of this kind of relationship come fromstud ...	2010	21274897
intragene higher order repeats in neuroblastoma breakpoint family genes distinguish humans from chimpanzees.	much attention has been devoted to identifying genomic patterns underlying the evolution of the human brain and its emergent advanced cognitive capabilities, which lie at the heart of differences distinguishing humans from chimpanzees, our closest living relatives. here, we identify two particular intragene repeat structures of noncoding human dna, spanning as much as a hundred kilobases, that are present in human genome but are absent from the chimpanzee genome and other nonhuman primates. usin ...	2011	21273634
comparative studies of placentation and immunology in non-human primates suggest a scenario for the evolution of deep trophoblast invasion and an explanation for human pregnancy disorders.	deep trophoblast invasion in the placental bed has been considered the hallmark of human pregnancy. it occurs by two routes, interstitial and endovascular, and results in transformation of the walls of the spiral arteries as they traverse the decidua and the inner third of the myometrium. disturbances in this process are associated with reproductive disorders such preeclampsia. in contrast, trophoblast invasion in old world monkeys occurs only by the endovascular route and seldom reaches the myo ...	2011	21273370
nasopharyngeal carcinoma as a paradigm of cancer genetics.	the unusual incidence patterns for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) in china, northeast india, arctic inuit, peninsular and island southeast asia, polynesian islanders, and north africans indicate a role for npc risk genes in chinese, chinese-related, and not-obviously chinese-related populations. renewed interest in npc genetic risk has been stimulated by a hypothesis that npc population patterns originated in bai-yue / pre-austronesian-speaking aborigines and were dispersed during the last glaci ...	2011	21272439
incomplete lineage sorting patterns among human, chimpanzee, and orangutan suggest recent orangutan speciation and widespread selection.	we search the complete orangutan genome for regions where humans are more closely related to orangutans than to chimpanzees due to incomplete lineage sorting (ils) in the ancestor of human and chimpanzees. the search uses our recently developed coalescent hidden markov model (hmm) framework. we find ils present in ~1% of the genome, and that the ancestral species of human and chimpanzees never experienced a severe population bottleneck. the existence of ils is validated with simulations, site pa ...	2011	21270173
cdna, genomic sequence cloning and overexpression of the ribosomal protein s13 gene in the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca).	the cdna and the genomic sequence of ribosomal protein s13 (rps13) of the giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) was cloned using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and touchdown-pcr, respectively. these two sequences were sequenced and analyzed, and the cdna of the rps13 gene was overexpressed in escherichia coli bl21. we compared the nucleotide sequences of the coding region and the amino acid sequences with those of seven other mammalian species retrieved from genbank. the ...	2011	21268784
lineage-specific evolution of the vertebrate otopetrin gene family revealed by comparative genomic analyses.	mutations in the otopetrin 1 gene (otop1) in mice and fish produce an unusual bilateral vestibular pathology that involves the absence of otoconia without hearing impairment. the encoded protein, otop1, is the only functionally characterized member of the otopetrin domain protein (odp) family; the extended sequence and structural preservation of odp proteins in metazoans suggest a conserved functional role. here, we use the tools of sequence- and cytogenetic-based comparative genomics to study t ...	2011	21261979
creation of a panel of vectors based on ape adenovirus isolates.	we recently reported the isolation and sequencing of 30 novel adenoviruses from chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas. these adenoviruses are promising candidates for the purpose of expanding the repertoire of adenoviral serotypes that can be used to create vectors for circumventing pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in human populations. we thus aimed to create vectors from 20 of the newly isolated adenoviruses.	2010	21259405
behavioral response of a chimpanzee mother toward her dead infant.	the mother-offspring bond is one of the strongest and most essential social bonds. following is a detailed behavioral report of a female chimpanzee 2 days after her 16-month-old infant died, on the first day that the mother is observed to create distance between her and the corpse. a series of repeated approaches and retreats to and from the body are documented, along with detailed accounts of behaviors directed toward the dead infant by the mother and other group members. the behavior of the mo ...	2011	21259302
chimpanzee oil-palm use in southern cantanhez national park, guinea-bissau.	cantanhez national park in southern guinea-bissau is a mosaic of forest, mangrove, savanna, and agricultural fields, with a high prevalence of oil-palm trees (elaeis guineensis). it hosts many different animal species, including the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes verus). very little is known about the ecology of chimpanzees inhabiting this area. the main aims of this study were to evaluate chimpanzee nesting behavior, define trends of habitat use, and estimate chimpanzee density in four separate fo ...	2011	21259301
focus on the essential: all great apes know when others are being attentive.	when begging for food, all great ape species are sensitive to a human's attention. however, studies investigating which cues are relevant for chimpanzees to assess the attentional state of others have produced highly inconsistent results. some have suggested chimpanzees differentiate attention based on the status of the face or even the eyes, while others have indicated that body posture alone is the relevant cue. kaminski et al. (anim cogn 7:216-223, 2004) compared the behaviour of chimpanzees, ...	2011	21258952
enhanced and sustained cd8+ t cell responses with an adenoviral vector-based hepatitis c virus vaccine encoding ns3 linked to the mhc class ii chaperone protein invariant chain.	potent and broad cellular immune responses against the nonstructural (ns) proteins of hepatitis c virus (hcv) are associated with spontaneous viral clearance. in this study, we have improved the immunogenicity of an adenovirus (ad)-based hcv vaccine by fusing ns3 from hcv (strain j4; genotype 1b) to the mhc class ii chaperone protein invariant chain (ii). we found that, after a single vaccination of c57bl/6 or balb/c mice with ad-iins3, the hcv ns3-specific cd8(+) t cell responses were significa ...	2011	21257961
variant plasmodium ovale isolated from a patient infected in ghana.	recent data have found that plasmodium ovale can be separated in two distinct species: classic and variant p. ovale based on multilocus typing of different genes. this study presents a p. ovale isolate from a patient infected in ghana together with an analysis of the small subunit rna, cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase i, cysteine protease and lactate dehydrogenase genes, which show that the sample is a variant p. ovale and identical or highly similar to variant p. ovale isolated from humans in ...	2011	21255451
distribution patterns of fibre types in the triceps surae muscle group of chimpanzees and orangutans.	different locomotor and postural demands are met partly due to the varying properties and proportions of the muscle fibre types within the skeletal muscles. such data are therefore important in understanding the subtle relationships between morphology, function and behaviour. the triceps surae muscle group is of particular interest when studying our closest living relatives, the non-human great apes, as they lack a significant external achilles tendon, crucial to running locomotion in humans and ...	2011	21255013
postlesion recovery of motor and sensory cortex in the early twentieth century.	this article addresses early work on partial recovery that followed small motor cortical lesions. leyton and sherrington (1917) studied the motor cortex in apes, hoping to learn more about the contralateral muscle representations. then they placed small lesions within the precentral cortex, followed by a loss of the contralateral muscle twitches. the sudden loss remained for about one week, but recovery was observed and continued for weeks, up to a standstill. sherrington and graham brown (1913) ...	2011	21253939
genetic differentiation and the evolution of cooperation in chimpanzees and humans.	it has been proposed that human cooperation is unique among animals for its scale and complexity, its altruistic nature and its occurrence among large groups of individuals that are not closely related or are even strangers. one potential solution to this puzzle is that the unique aspects of human cooperation evolved as a result of high levels of lethal competition (i.e. warfare) between genetically differentiated groups. although between-group migration would seem to make this scenario unlikely ...	2011	21247955
social competence of adult chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) with severe deprivation history: i. an individual approach.	early social deprivation in highly social mammals interferes with their varying needs for security and stimulation. toleration of social stimulation was studied in 18 adult ex-laboratory chimpanzees, who had been deprived for 16 to 27 years, during their 1st year after resocialization into 1 of 3 social groups. for this, a model of social competence was developed with 5 grades of social stimulation. the chimpanzees were classified as either early deprived (eds; m = 1.2 years) or late deprived (l ...	2011	21244151
an obedient orangutan (pongo abelii) performs perfectly in peripheral object-choice tasks but fails the standard centrally presented versions.	mulcahy and call (2009) found that bonobos (pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) but not orangutans (pongo pygmaeus) perform significantly better in a peripheral version of the object-choice task compared to the original central version. orangutans may have failed because they avoided direct eye contact with the experimenter when the cue was given. we investigated this possibility by conducting peripheral and central object choice tasks with an obedient orangutan (pongo abelii) whom t ...	2011	21244139
interferon alone or combined with ribavirin for acute prolonged infection with hepatitis c virus in chimpanzees.	infection with hepatitis c virus (hcv) persisted for longer than 29 weeks in 2 chimpanzees after they had been inoculated with it experimentally. one of them (c-210) received short-term subcutaneous interferon-α (ifn-α) 6 million units (mu) daily for 7 days at week 29. he cleared hcv rna from the serum and remained negative for it during 25 weeks after the withdrawal of ifn. the other (c-224) did not respond to 2 courses of a short-term ifn monotherapy at weeks 20 and 23. twelve weeks thereafter ...	2011	21242659
social evolution in toothed whales.	two contrasting results emerge from comparisons of the social systems of several odontocetes with terrestrial mammals. researchers have identified remarkable convergence in prominent features of the social systems of odontocetes such as the sperm whale and bottlenose dolphin with a few well-known terrestrial mammals such as the elephant and chimpanzee. in contrast, studies on killer whales and baird's beaked whale reveal novel social solutions to aquatic living. the combination of convergent and ...	1998	21238276
allometric and metameric shape variation in pan mandibular molars: a digital morphometric analysis.	the predominance of molar teeth in fossil hominin assemblages makes the patterning of molar shape variation a topic of bioanthropological interest. extant models are the principal basis for understanding dental variation in the fossil record. as the sister taxon to the hominin clade, pan is one such model and the only widely accepted extant hominid model for both interspecific and intraspecific variation. to explore the contributions of allometric scaling and meristic variation to molar variatio ...	2011	21235007
the use of medicinal plants by primates: a missing link?	there is growing evidence that some species of wild nonhuman primate, especially chimpanzees, take herbal and clay medicines to treat and prevent disease. such a primate pharmacopoeia may be a missing link in our understanding of the relationship between primate foraging and ranging strategies and plant chemistry; not all plant secondary compounds may be deleterious to the consumer. just as study of traditional herbal medicines has yielded powerful drugs, so primate medicines may hint at drugs u ...	1991	21232486
characterization of a new simian immunodeficiency virus strain in a naturally infected pan troglodytes troglodytes chimpanzee with aids related symptoms.	data on the evolution of natural siv infection in chimpanzees (sivcpz) and on the impact of siv on local ape populations are only available for eastern african chimpanzee subspecies (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), and no data exist for central chimpanzees (pan troglodytes troglodytes), the natural reservoir of the ancestors of hiv-1 in humans. here, we report a case of naturally-acquired sivcpz infection in a p.t.troglodytes chimpanzee with clinical and biological data and analysis of viral ev ...	2011	21232091
confirmed infection with intestinal schistosomiasis in semi-captive wild-born chimpanzees on ngamba island, uganda.	intestinal schistosomiasis, caused by schistosoma mansoni, is endemic to lake victoria, with high prevalence of the disease observed in human lakeshore communities. however, nonhuman primates have recently been overlooked as potential hosts of the disease, despite known susceptibility.	2011	21231860
discrimination of contour-deleted images in baboons (papio papio) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	humans readily group component elements into a coherent perceptual whole and perceive the global form of visual patterns in priority over local features, which stands in contrast to at least some data from the animal literature, suggesting possible species differences in perceptual processes. in this study, chimpanzees and baboons were required to match intact and partially contour-deleted line-drawings in a computerized task in order to further explore the ability of nonhuman primates to group ...	2011	21225440
plasmodium falciparum is not as lonely as previously considered.	until very recently, only one species (p. reichenowi) was known to be a phylogenetic sister lineage of p. falciparum, the main malignant agent of human malaria. in 2009 and 2010, new studies have revealed the existence of several new phylogenetic species related to this deadly parasite and infecting chimpanzees and gorillas in africa. these discoveries invite us to explore a whole set of new questions, which we briefly do in this article.	2011	21224722
communicative and other cognitive characteristics of bottlenose dolphins.	scientists have tried to capture the rich cognitive life of dolphins through field and laboratory studies of their brain anatomy, social lives, communication and perceptual abilities. encopheliration quotient data sugest a level of intelligence or cognitive processing in the large-brained dolphin that is closer to the human range than are our nearest primate relatives. field studies indicate a fission-fusion type of social structure, showing social complexity rivaling that found in chimpanzee so ...	1997	21223887
primates do not spontaneously use shape properties for object individuation: a competence or a performance problem?	several recent studies have documented that non-human primates can individuate objects according to property and/or kind information in much the same way as human infants do from around one year of age when they begin to acquire language. some studies suggest, however, that only some properties are used for the individuation of food items: color, but not shape. the present study investigated whether these findings reveal a true competence problem with shape properties in the food domain or wheth ...	2011	21221692
constant splice-isoform ratios in human lymphoblastoid cells support the concept of a splico-stat.	splicing generates mature transcripts from genes in pieces in eukaryotic cells. overwhelming evidence has accumulated that alternative routes in splicing are possible for most human and mammalian genes, thereby allowing formation of different transcripts from one gene. no function has been assigned to the majority of identified alternative splice forms, and it has been assumed that they compose inert or tolerated waste from aberrant or noisy splicing. here we demonstrate that five human transcri ...	2011	21220357
masking the 5' terminal nucleotides of the hepatitis c virus genome by an unconventional microrna-target rna complex.	hepatitis c virus subverts liver-specific microrna, mir-122, to upregulate viral rna abundance in both infected cultured cells and in the liver of infected chimpanzees. these findings have identified mir-122 as an attractive antiviral target. thus, it is imperative to know whether a distinct functional complex exists between mir-122 and the viral rna versus its normal cellular target mrnas. toward this goal, effects on viral rna abundance of mutated mir-122 duplex molecules, bound at each of the ...	2011	21220300
possible editing of alu transcripts in blood cells of sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease (scjd).	editing of rna molecules gained major interest when coding mrna was analyzed. a small, noncoding, alu dna element transcript that may act as regulatory rna in cells was examined in this study. alu dna element transcription was determined in buffy coat from healthy humans and human sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease (scjd) cases. in addition, non-scjd controls, mostly dementia cases and alzheimer's disease (ad) cases, were included. the alu cdna sequences were aligned to genomic alu dna elements ...	2011	21218337
evolutionary glycomics: characterization of milk oligosaccharides in primates.	free oligosaccharides are abundant components of mammalian milk and have primary roles as prebiotic compounds, in immune defense, and in brain development. a mass spectrometry-based technique is applied to profile milk oligosaccharides from apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, and siamang), new world monkeys (golden lion tamarin and common marmoset), and an old world monkey (rhesus). the purpose of this study is to evaluate the patterns of primate milk oligosaccharide composition from a phylogenetic persp ...	2011	21214271
[virological characteristics of hiv].	the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) is the agent that causes aids, a disease known for 30 years that has reached pandemic proportions. its origin dates back to human transmission of retroviruses infecting populations of chimpanzees in central africa about 100 years ago. from this location its expansion to the whole world has been phenomenal, particularly in recent decades. extensive research has led to an effective treatment for controlling virus replication and to prevent progressio ...	2011	21211871
although divergent in residues of the peptide binding site, conserved chimpanzee patr-al and polymorphic human hla-a*02 have overlapping peptide-binding repertoires.	patr-al is an expressed, non-polymorphic mhc class i gene carried by ∼50% of chimpanzee mhc haplotypes. comparing patr-al(+) and patr-al(-) haplotypes showed patr-al defines a unique 125-kb genomic block flanked by blocks containing classical patr-a and pseudogene patr-h. orthologous to patr-al are polymorphic orangutan popy-a and the 5' part of human pseudogene hla-y, carried by ∼10% of hla haplotypes. thus, the al gene alternatively evolved in these closely related species to become classical, ...	2011	21209280
different patterns of evolution in the centromeric and telomeric regions of group a and b haplotypes of the human killer cell ig-like receptor locus.	the fast evolving human kir gene family encodes variable lymphocyte receptors specific for polymorphic hla class i determinants. nucleotide sequences for 24 representative human kir haplotypes were determined. with three previously defined haplotypes, this gave a set of 12 group a and 15 group b haplotypes for assessment of kir variation. the seven gene-content haplotypes are all combinations of four centromeric and two telomeric motifs. 2dl5, 2ds5 and 2ds3 can be present in centromeric and telo ...	2010	21206914
a shift toward birthing relatively large infants early in human evolution.	it has long been argued that modern human mothers give birth to proportionately larger babies than apes do. data presented here from human and chimpanzee infant:mother dyads confirm this assertion: humans give birth to infants approximately 6% of their body mass, compared with approximately 3% for chimpanzees, even though the female body weights of the two species are moderately convergent. carrying a relatively large infant both pre- and postnatally has important ramifications for birthing stra ...	2011	21199942
prospects for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against the hepatitis c viruses.	encouraging efficacy data have been obtained in the hepatitis c virus (hcv) chimpanzee model using prophylactic vaccines comprising adjuvanted recombinant envelope gpe1/gpe2 glycoproteins or prime/boost immunization regimens using defective adenoviruses and plasmid dna expressing non-structural genes. while usually not resulting in sterilizing immunity after experimental challenge, the progression to chronic, persistent infection (which is responsible for hcv-associated pathogenicity in human) i ...	2011	21198667
a direct comparison of scan and focal sampling methods for measuring wild chimpanzee feeding behaviour.	focal sampling is the most accurate method for measuring primate activity budgets but is sometimes impractical. an alternative is scan sampling, in which the behaviour of the group is recorded at regular intervals. the simplest technique is to record whether at least 1 animal is engaged in the behaviour of interest. by direct comparison with focal data collected simultaneously on the same population, we assess the validity of this simple group level sampling method for studying chimpanzee (pan t ...	2010	21196752
young children share the spoils after collaboration.	egalitarian behavior is considered to be a species-typical component of human cooperation. human adults tend to share resources equally, even if they have the opportunity to keep a larger portion for themselves. recent experiments have suggested that this tendency emerges fairly late in human ontogeny, not before 6 or 7 years of age. here we show that 3-year-old children share mostly equally with a peer after they have worked together actively to obtain rewards in a collaboration task, even when ...	2010	21196533