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effects of nad kinase 2 overexpression on primary metabolite profiles in rice leaves under elevated carbon dioxide.the concentration of carbon dioxide (co2) in the atmosphere is projected to double by the end of the 21st century. in c3 plants, elevated co2 concentrations promote photosynthesis but inhibit the assimilation of nitrate into organic nitrogen compounds. several steps of nitrate assimilation depend on the availability of atp and sources of reducing power, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph). plastid-localised nad kinase 2 (nadk2) plays key roles in increasing the atp/adp an ...201424397549
chitin-induced activation of immune signaling by the rice receptor cebip relies on a unique sandwich-type dimerization.perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) through pattern recognition receptors (prrs) triggers various defense responses in plants. this mamp-triggered immunity plays a major role in the plant resistance against various pathogens. to clarify the molecular basis of the specific recognition of chitin oligosaccharides by the rice prr, cebip (chitin-elicitor binding protein), as well as the formation and activation of the receptor complex, biochemical, nmr spectroscopic, and compu ...201424395781
molecular cloning and expression of drought-induced protein 3 (dip3) encoding a class iii chitinase in upland rice.a drought-induced gene, dip3, encoding a chitinase iii protein was isolated from the roots of upland rice by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). sequence analysis demonstrated that the cdna and deduced protein showed high identity to oryza sativa class iii chitinase. the deduced protein contained a signal peptide sequence in the n-terminal region of 21aa and a conserved glycosyl hydrolase (gh) 18 domain. the secondary and 3d structures were analyzed and showed that it conta ...201324391034
grain number, plant height, and heading date7 is a central regulator of growth, development, and stress response.grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (ghd7) has been regarded as an important regulator of heading date and yield potential in rice (oryza sativa). in this study, we investigated functions of ghd7 in rice growth, development, and environmental response. as a long-day dependent negative regulator of heading date, the degree of phenotypic effect of ghd7 on heading date and yield traits is quantitatively related to the transcript level and is also influenced by both environmental condition ...201424390391
quantitation of the residual dna from rice-derived recombinant human serum albumin.residual dna in recombinant protein pharmaceuticals can potentially cause safety issues in clinical applications; thus, maximum residual limit has been established by drug safety authorities. assays for residual dna in escherichia coli, yeast, and chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell expression systems have been established, but no rice residual dna assay for rice expression systems has been designed. to develop an assay for the quantification of residual dna that is produced from rice seed, we esta ...201424388867
importance of the rice tcd9 encoding α subunit of chaperonin protein 60 (cpn60α) for the chloroplast development during the early leaf stage.the chloroplast development governs plant growth and metabolism. this study characterized a novel rice thermo-sensitive chloroplast development 9 (tcd9) mutant, which exhibited the albino phenotype before the 3-leaf stage grown below 24 °c whereas displayed normal green at over 28 °c or even at 20 °c after 5-leaf stage. the obvious decrease in chl levels, abnormal chloroplasts with few thylakoid lamella and abnormal thylakoids were observed for the albino mutant seedlings at low temperature, but ...201424388528
uncovering legumain genes in rice.legumains are asn specific cysteine proteases physiologically related to the biosynthesis of vacuolar components, degradation of storage proteins and programmed cell death. the present work identifies and characterizes the genic family of legumains in rice (oryza sativa), which comprises five different loci. rice legumains (osalegs) were ubiquitously detected in all plant tissues analyzed. however, phylogenetic analyses and gene expression studies demonstrated greater association of osaleg2 and ...201424388520
could abiotic stress tolerance in wild relatives of rice be used to improve oryza sativa?oryza sativa and oryza glaberrima have been selected to acquire and partition resources efficiently as part of the process of domestication. however, genetic diversity in cultivated rice is limited compared to wild oryza species, in spite of 120,000 genotypes being held in gene banks. by contrast, there is untapped diversity in the more than 20 wild species of oryza, some having been collected from just a few coastal locations (e.g. oryza schlechteri), while others are widely distributed (e.g. o ...201424388514
evaluation of bakanae disease progression caused by fusarium fujikuroi in oryza sativa l.bakanae disease caused by fusarium fujikuroi is an important fungal disease in rice. among the seven strains isolated from symptomatic rice grains in this study, one strain, ffb14, triggered severe root growth inhibition and decay in the crown and root of rice seedlings. the remaining six strains caused typical bakanae symptoms such as etiolation and abnormal succulent rice growth. to reveal the relationship between mycelial growth in the infected tissues and bakanae disease progression, we have ...201324385365
overexpression of oszhd1, a zinc finger homeodomain class homeobox transcription factor, induces abaxially curled and drooping leaf in rice.leaf rolling is receiving considerable attention as an important agronomic trait in rice (oryza sativa l.). however, little has been known on the molecular mechanism of rice leaf rolling, especially the abaxial rolling. we identified a novel abaxially curled and drooping leaf-dominant mutant from a t₁ transgenic rice line. the abaxially curled leaf phenotypes, co-segregating with the inserted transferred dna, were caused by overexpression of a zinc finger homeodomain class homeobox transcription ...201424385091
application of recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor (lif) produced in rice (oryza sativa l.) for maintenance of mouse embryonic stem cells.embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into any somatic cell type, and thus have potential to treat a number of diseases that are currently incurable. application of these cells for clinical or industrial uses would require an increase in production to yield adequate numbers of viable cells. however, the relatively high costs of cytokines and growth factors required for maintenance of stem cells in the undifferentiated state have the potential to limit tra ...201424380819
osdreb2a, a rice transcription factor, significantly affects salt tolerance in transgenic soybean.the dehydration responsive element binding (dreb) transcription factors play an important role in regulating stress-related genes. osdreb2a, a member of the drebp subfamily of ap2/erf transcription factors in rice (oryza sativa), is involved in the abiotic stress response. osdreb2a expression is induced by drought, low-temperature and salt stresses. here, we report the ability of osdreb2a to regulate high-salt response in transgenic soybean. overexpressing osdreb2a in soybeans enhanced salt tole ...201324376625
low temperature-responsive changes in the anther transcriptome's repeat sequences are indicative of stress sensitivity and pollen sterility in rice strains.genome-wide transcriptome analyses using microarray probes containing genes and repeat sequences have been performed to examine responses to low temperatures in rice (oryza sativa). we focused particularly on the rice anther at the booting stage, because a low temperature at this stage can result in pollen abortion. the five rice strains examined in this study showed different pollen fertilities due to a low-temperature treatment during the booting stage. the microarray analyses demonstrated tha ...201424376281
the pleiotropic sepallata-like gene osmads34 reveals that the 'empty glumes' of rice (oryza sativa) spikelets are in fact rudimentary lemmas.the single floret of the rice (oryza sativa) spikelet is subtended by a pair of enigmatic organs usually termed 'empty glumes' or 'sterile lemmas'. as the identity of these organs remains essentially unknown, we refer to them as 'organs of unknown identity' (ouis). here we present a novel mutant of the rice sepallata-like gene osmads34 which develops, in addition to disorganized branches and sterile seeds, elongated ouis. the function and evolution of osmads34 were studied. morphological and mol ...201424372518
assessment of genetic diversity in indian rice germplasm (oryza sativa l.): use of random versus trait-linked microsatellite markers.assessment of genetic diversity in a crop germplasm is a vital part of plant breeding. dna markers such as microsatellite or simple sequence repeat markers have been widely used to estimate the genetic diversity in rice. the present study was carried out to decipher the pattern of genetic diversity in terms of both phenotypic and genotypic variability, and to assess the efficiency of random vis-á-vis qtl linked/gene based simple sequence repeat markers in diversity estimation. a set of 88 rice a ...201324371175
mapping quantitative trait loci associated with yield and yield components under reproductive stage salinity stress in rice (oryza sativa l.).salinity tolerance in rice is critical at reproductive stage because it ultimately determines grain yield. an f2 mapping population derived from a sadri/fl478 cross was exposed to saline field conditions (6-8 ds m(-1)) after the active tillering stage to identify reproductive stage specific qtls for salinity tolerance. genetic linkage map was constructed using 123 microsatellite markers on 232 f2 progenies. totally 35 qtls for 11 traits under salinity stress were detected with lod > 3, out of wh ...201324371165
the paralogous spx3 and spx5 genes redundantly modulate pi homeostasis in rice.the importance of spx-domain-containing proteins to phosphate (pi) homeostasis and signalling transduction has been established in plants. in this study, phylogenetic analysis revealed that osspx3 and osspx5 (spx3/5) are paralogous spx genes ( syg1/pho81/xpr1) in cereal crops. spx3/5 are specifically responsive to pi starvation at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. similar tissue expression patterns of the two genes and proteins were identified by in situ hybridization and ...201424368504
[effect of selenium on the uptake and translocation of manganese, iron, phosphorus and selenium in rice (oryza sativa l.)].a pot experiment was conducted to clarify the effect of selenium on the uptake and translocation of manganese (mn), iron (fe) , phosphorus (p) and selenium (se) in rice ( oryza sativa l.). the results showed that addition of se led to the significant increase of se concentration in iron plaque on the root surface, root, shoot, husk and brown rice, and significant decrease of mn concentration in shoot, husk and brown rice. at the se concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg.kg-1 in soil, mn concentrations ...201324364339
microsatellite markers reveal multiple origins for italian weedy rice.weedy rice (oryza sativa l.) is one of the major issues of rice cultivation worldwide. in italy, it infests about 70% of the total rice area. different weedy rice populations can be distinguished based on variable morphological and physiological traits; however, little is known about genetic differentiation and origin of italian weedy rice populations. the objective of this study was to genetically and morphologically characterize and compare different italian weedy rice populations selected on ...201324363904
function of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases in rice.although xyloglucans are ubiquitous in land plants, they are less abundant in poales species than in eudicotyledons. poales cell walls contain higher levels of β-1,3/1,4 mixed-linked glucans and arabinoxylans than xyloglucans. despite the relatively low level of xyloglucans in poales, the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (xth) gene family in rice (oryza sativa) is comparable in size to that of the eudicotyledon arabidopsis thaliana. this raises the question of whether xyloglucan is a su ...201424363334
sphaerisporangium rufum sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete from roots of oryza sativa l.an endophytic actinomycete, strain r10-82(t), isolated from surface-sterilized roots of rice (oryza sativa l.) was studied using a polyphasic approach. strain r10-82(t) produced branching substrate mycelia and developed spherical spore vesicles on aerial hyphae containing non-motile spores. the major cellular fatty acids were iso-c16 : 0, iso-c14 : 0 and 10-methyl c17 : 0. the predominant menaquinones were mk-9, mk-9(h2), mk-9(h4) and mk-9(h6). rhamnose, ribose, madurose, mannose and glucose wer ...201424363300
transcriptional regulation of host nh₄⁺ transporters and gs/gogat pathway in arbuscular mycorrhizal rice roots.arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi play a key role in the nutrition of many land plants. am roots have two pathways for nutrient uptake, directly through the root epidermis and root hairs and via am fungal hyphae into root cortical cells, where arbuscules or hyphal coils provide symbiotic interfaces. recent studies demonstrated that the am symbiosis modifies the expression of plant transporter genes and that nh₄⁺ is the main form of n transported in the symbiosis. the aim of the present work was ...201424361504
analysis of quantitative trait loci affecting chlorophyll content of rice leaves in a double haploid population and two backcross populations.chlorophyll content, one of the most important physiological parameters related to plant photosynthesis, is usually used to predict yield potential. to map the quantitative trait loci (qtls) underlying the chlorophyll content of rice leaves, a double haploid (dh) population was developed from an indica/japonica (zhenshan 97/wuyujing 2) crossing and two backcross populations were established subsequently by backcrossing dh lines with each of their parents. the contents of chlorophyll a and chloro ...201424361205
carbon-14 dynamics in rice: an extension of the oryza2000 model.carbon-14 ((14)c) is a radionuclide of major interest in nuclear power production. the fukushima accident changed the public attitude on the use of nuclear energy all over the world. in terms of nuclear safety, the need of quality-assured radiological models was emphasized by many international organizations, and for models used by decision-makers (i.e. regulatory environmental models and radiological models), a moderate conservatism, transparency, relative simplicity and user friendliness are r ...201424352528
the tillering phenotype of the rice plastid terminal oxidase (ptox) loss-of-function mutant is associated with strigolactone deficiency.the significance of plastid terminal oxidase (ptox) in phytoene desaturation and chloroplast function has been demonstrated using ptox-deficient mutants, particularly in arabidopsis. however, studies on its role in monocots are lacking. here, we report cloning and characterization of the rice (oryza sativa) ptox1 gene. using ecotype targeting induced local lesions in genomes (ecotilling) and tilling as forward genetic tools, we identified the causative mutation of an ems mutant characterized by ...201424350905
evaluation of rhizosphere, rhizoplane and phyllosphere bacteria and fungi isolated from rice in kenya for plant growth promoters.rice (oryza sativa l.) is the most important staple food crop in many developing countries, and is ranked third in kenya after maize and wheat. continuous cropping without replenishing soil nutrients is a major problem in kenya resulting to declining soil fertility. the use of chemical fertilizers to avert the problem of low soil fertility is currently limited due to rising costs and environmental concerns. many soil micro-organisms are able to solubilize the unavailable phosphorus, increase upt ...201324349944
global expression profiling of low temperature induced genes in the chilling tolerant japonica rice jumli marshi.low temperature is a key factor that limits growth and productivity of many important agronomical crops worldwide. rice (oryza sativa l.) is negatively affected already at temperatures below +10°c and is therefore denoted as chilling sensitive. however, chilling tolerant rice cultivars exist and can be commercially cultivated at altitudes up to 3,050 meters with temperatures reaching as low as +4°c. in this work, the global transcriptional response to cold stress (+4°c) was studied in the nepale ...201324349120
tillering and panicle branching genes in rice.rice (oryza sativa l.) is one of the most important staple food crops in the world, and rice tillering and panicle branching are important traits determining grain yield. since the gene monoculm 1 (moc 1) was first characterized as a key regulator in controlling rice tillering and branching, great progress has been achieved in identifying important genes associated with grain yield, elucidating the genetic basis of yield-related traits. some of these important genes were shown to be applicable f ...201424345551
rice bran: a novel functional ingredient.rice (oryza sativa) is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in east and south asia, the middle east, latin america, and the west indies. it provides more than one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by the human. it is the second leading cereal crop and staple food of half of the world's population. it is grown in at least 114 countries with global production of 645 million tons; share of asian farmers is about 90% of the total produce. ...201424345050
phosphate transporters ospht1;9 and ospht1;10 are involved in phosphate uptake in rice.we characterized the function of two rice phosphate (pi) transporters: ospht1;9 (ospt9) and ospht1;10 (ospt10). ospt9 and ospt10 were expressed in the root epidermis, root hairs and lateral roots, with their expression being specifically induced by pi starvation. in leaves, expression of the two genes was observed in both mesophyll and vasculature. high-affinity km values for pi transport of ospt9 and ospt10 were determined by yeast experiments and two-electrode voltage clamp analysis of anion t ...201424344809
effect of substituting brown rice for corn on lactation and digestion in dairy cows fed diets with a high proportion of grain.the effects of the substitution of brown rice (oryza sativa l.; br) for corn (zea mays l.) in ensiled total mixed ration (tmr) that had a high proportion of grain on feed intake, lactation performance, ruminal fermentation, digestion, and n utilization were evaluated. nine multiparous holstein cows (51 ± 9 d in milk) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 latin square design with 3 dietary treatments: a diet containing 0, 20, or 40% steam-flaked br and 40, 20, or 0% steam-flaked corn (dry matter basis) ...201424342688
genome-wide multilocus analysis of intraspecific differentiation in oryza rufipogon griff. from china and the influence of introgression from o. sativa l.twenty-five populations of oryza rufipogon from china and 144 cultivars of oryza sativa were selected for this study. based on the dna fragment of ehd1-4 and subspecies-specific sequence-tagged site markers in different chromosomes, intraspecific differentiation in o. rufipogon from china was analyzed. the introgression from o. sativa to o. rufipogon was also analyzed based on simple sequence repeat markers. the results revealed that the dna fragment of ehd1-4 could distinguish the o. sativa sub ...201324338404
mapping of seed shattering loci provides insights into origin of weedy rice and rice domestication.seed shattering is an important trait that distinguishes crop cultivars from the wild and weedy species. the genetics of seed shattering was investigated in this study to provide insights into rice domestication and the evolution of weedy rice. quantitative trait locus (qtl) analysis, conducted in 2 recombinant inbred populations involving 2 rice cultivars and a weedy rice accession of the southern united states, revealed 3-5 qtls that controlled seed shattering with 38-45% of the total phenotyp ...201524336929
d14-scf(d3)-dependent degradation of d53 regulates strigolactone signalling.strigolactones (sls), a newly discovered class of carotenoid-derived phytohormones, are essential for developmental processes that shape plant architecture and interactions with parasitic weeds and symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. despite the rapid progress in elucidating the sl biosynthetic pathway, the perception and signalling mechanisms of sl remain poorly understood. here we show that dwarf 53 (d53) acts as a repressor of sl signalling and that sls induce its degradation. we find tha ...201324336215
dwarf 53 acts as a repressor of strigolactone signalling in rice.strigolactones (sls) are a group of newly identified plant hormones that control plant shoot branching. sl signalling requires the hormone-dependent interaction of dwarf 14 (d14), a probable candidate sl receptor, with dwarf 3 (d3), an f-box component of the skp-cullin-f-box (scf) e3 ubiquitin ligase complex. here we report the characterization of a dominant sl-insensitive rice (oryza sativa) mutant dwarf 53 (d53) and the cloning of d53, which encodes a substrate of the scf(d3) ubiquitination co ...201324336200
amyloplast-localized substandard starch grain4 protein influences the size of starch grains in rice endosperm.starch is a biologically and commercially important polymer of glucose and is synthesized to form starch grains (sgs) inside amyloplasts. cereal endosperm accumulates starch to levels that are more than 90% of the total weight, and most of the intracellular space is occupied by sgs. the size of sgs differs depending on the plant species and is one of the most important factors for industrial applications of starch. however, the molecular machinery that regulates the size of sgs is unknown. in th ...201424335509
multiple rice micrornas are involved in immunity against the blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae.micrornas (mirnas) are indispensable regulators for development and defense in eukaryotes. however, the mirna species have not been explored for rice (oryza sativa) immunity against the blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae, the most devastating fungal pathogen in rice production worldwide. here, by deep sequencing small rna libraries from susceptible and resistant lines in normal conditions and upon m. oryzae infection, we identified a group of known rice mirnas that were differentially expressed upo ...201324335508
phosphorus deficiency enhances aluminum tolerance of rice (oryza sativa) by changing the physicochemical characteristics of root plasma membranes and cell walls.the negative charge at the root surface is mainly derived from the phosphate group of phospholipids in plasma membranes (pms) and the carboxyl group of pectins in cell walls, which are usually neutralized by calcium (ca) ions contributing to maintain the root integrity. the major toxic effect of aluminum (al) in plants is the inhibition of root elongation due to al binding tightly to these negative sites in exchange for ca. because phospholipid and pectin concentrations decrease in roots of some ...201424331414
comparative bac-based physical mapping of oryza sativa ssp. indica var. 93-11 and evaluation of the two rice reference sequence assemblies.reference sequences are sequences that are used for public consultation, and therefore must be of high quality. using the whole-genome shotgun/next-generation sequencing approach, many genome sequences of complex higher plants have been generated in recent years, and are generally considered reference sequences. however, none of these sequences has been experimentally evaluated at the whole-genome sequence assembly level. rice has a relatively simple plant genome, and the genome sequences for it ...201424330235
the drooping leaf and osettin2 genes promote awn development in rice.the awn is a long needle-like appendage that, in some grass species, is formed on the lemma that encloses floral organs together with the palea. in rice, most wild species and most strains of oryza sativa ssp. indica generate an awn, whereas most strains of o. sativa ssp. japonica do not. in japonica, the long-awn characteristic appears to have been lost during domestication and breeding programs. here, we found that the genes drooping leaf (dl) and osettin2 (osett2) are involved in awn developm ...201424330191
characterization and phylogenetic analysis of allergenic tryp_alpha_amyl protein family in plants.most known allergenic proteins in rice ( oryza sativa ) seed belong to the tryp_alpha_amyl family (pf00234), but the sequence characterization and the evolution of the allergenic tryp_alpha_amyl family members in plants have not been fully investigated. in this study, two specific motifs were found besides the common alpha-amylase inhibitors (aai) domain from the allergenic tryp_alpha_amyl family members in rice seeds (trrsas). to understand the evolution and functional importance of the tryp_al ...201424328177
genetic diversity and classification of oryza sativa with emphasis on chinese rice germplasm.despite extensive studies on cultivated rice, the genetic structure and subdivision of this crop remain unclear at both global and local scales. using 84 nuclear simple sequence repeat markers, we genotyped a panel of 153 global rice cultivars covering all previously recognized groups and 826 cultivars representing the diversity of chinese rice germplasm. on the basis of model-based grouping, neighbour-joining tree and principal coordinate analysis, we confirmed the widely accepted five major gr ...201424326293
early physiological and biochemical responses of rice seedlings to low concentration of microcystin-lr.microcystin-leucine and arginine (microcystin-lr) is a cyanotoxin produced by cyanobacteria like microcystis aeruginosa, and it's considered a threat to water quality, agriculture, and human health. rice (oryza sativa) is a plant of great importance in human food consumption and economy, with extensive use around the world. it is therefore important to assess the possible effects of using water contaminated with microcystin-lr to irrigate rice crops, in order to ensure a safe, high quality produ ...201424323250
physiological and molecular characterization of si uptake in wild rice species.cultivated rice (oryza sativa) accumulates high concentration of silicon (si), which is required for its high and sustainable production. high si accumulation in cultivated rice is achieved by a high expression of both influx (lsi1) and efflux (lsi2) si transporters in roots. herein, we physiologically investigated si uptake, isolated and functionally characterized si transporters in six wild rice species with different genome types. si uptake by the roots was lower in oryza rufipogon, oryza bar ...201424320720
influence of cadmium and nickel on growth, net photosynthesis and carbohydrate distribution in rice plants.six day old rice seedlings (oryza sativa l. cv. bahía) were grown for 5 or 10 days in a nutrient solution with either cd (0.01, 0.1 mmol/l) or ni (0.1, 0.5 mmol/l). both cd and ni reduced the length of shoots and roots depending on the concentration and type of ion tested. on the other hand, the dry weight to fresh weight ratio was increased by heavy metal treatments, especially in the aerial part of 0.5 mmol/l ni treated plants. the application of 0.1 mmol/l cd and 0.5 mmol/l ni to the seedling ...199324318867
the major dna polymerase in cultured plant cells: partial purification and correlation with cell multiplication.a dna polymerase activity was isolated from cells of oryza sativa l. grown in suspension culture. molecular mass (∼ 180,000), optimal requirements for ph (neutral), mg(2+) (5-10 mm), mn(2+) (1 mm), template preference (activated dna), lack of activity with native or denatured dna, and sensitivity to n-ethylmaleimide and ionic strength are similar to those of the vertebrate α-polymerase. like dna polymerase α, the dna polymerase described in this work is the most abundant in proliferating cells o ...197924318322
identification of gibberellins in the rice plant and quantitative changes of gibberellin a19 throughout its life cycle.the major endogenous gibberellin (ga) in shoots, roots and ears of the rice plant, oryza sativa l. japonica cv. nihonbare, was identified as ga19 by combined gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and gc-selected ion current monitoring (gc-sicm). another ga present in these tissues in small quantity was tentatively identified as ga1 by gc-sicm, and ga4 may be present in the seeds (kernels) of 3rd-leaf-stage seedlings. using gc-sicm, the ga19 content was quantified throughout the lif ...197924318057
hydrogen peroxide regulated photosynthesis in c4-pepc transgenic rice.in this study, we investigated the photosynthetic physiological basis in 'pc' transgenic rice (oryza sativa l.), showing high-level expression of the gene encoding c4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepc), by hydrogen peroxide (h2o2). the c4-pepc gene (pepc) from maize in the transgenic rice plants was checked by pcr. comparison of yield components and photosynthetic indices between pc and untransformed wild-type (wt) plants indicated that increased yield in pc was associated with higher net ph ...201424316011
identification and characterization of salt responsive mirna-ssr markers in rice (oryza sativa).salinity is an important abiotic stress that affects agricultural production and productivity. it is a complex trait that is regulated by different molecular mechanisms. mirnas are non-coding rnas which are highly conserved and regulate gene expression. simple sequence repeats (ssrs) are robust molecular markers for studying genetic diversity. although several ssr markers are available now, challenge remains to identify the trait-specific ssrs which can be used for marker assisted breeding. in o ...201424315823
profiling micrornas and their targets in an important fleshy fruit: tomato (solanum lycopersicum).tomato (solanum lycopersicum) is an important and the most useful plant based diet. it is widely used for its antioxidant property. presently, only two digits, tomato micrornas (mirnas) are reported in mirbase: a mirna database. this study is aimed to profile and characterize more mirnas and their targets in tomato. a comprehensive comparative genomic approach is applied and a total of 109 new mirnas belonging to 106 families are identified and characterized from the tomato expressed sequence ta ...201424315821
cis-element of the rice pdil2-3 promoter is responsible for inducing the endoplasmic reticulum stress response.a protein disulfide isomerase (pdi) family oxidoreductase, pdil2-3, is involved in endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress responses in rice. we identified a critical cis-element required for induction of the er stress response. the activation of pdil2-3 in response to er stress strongly depends on the ire1-osbzip50 signaling pathway.201424315532
genetic analysis of bacterial blight resistance in seventy-four cultivars of rice, oryza sativa l.the genetics of resistance to bacterial blight, xanthomonas oryzae (uyeda and ishiyama) dowson, for 74 cultivars of rice, oryza sativa l., was studied. the px061 isolate of bacterial blight from the philippines was used for inoculation of parental and hybrid populations. single dominant genes at the xa 4 locus convey resistance in 38 cultivars. of these, 18 are resistant at all stages of plant growth and thus have the xa 4 (a)allele for resistance. however, 20 are susceptible up to maximum tille ...197824311342
promotion of mesocotyl growth in etiolated rice seedlings by 4-ethoxy-1-(p-tolyl)-s-triazine-2,6(1h,3h)-dione.4-ethoxy-1-(p-tolyl)-s-triazine-2,6(1h,3h)-dione (ta) promoted mesocotyl growth in dark-grown rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings. in cultivars of the japonica type ta alone showed a small promotive effect and ta+gibberellic acid(ga3) had a marked synergistic effect, while in other cultivars, mostly of the indica type, ta alone showed a great promotive effect and ta+ga3 had only an additive effect. in cv. nato, a typical representative of cultivars showing the second type of response, the concentra ...198024311174
effects of blue and red light on unrolling of rice leaves.unrolling of the second leaf of 8-day-old rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings was promoted by weak blue light (b), but not by red light (r). the effect of b was counteracted by irradiation with r just before or after the b. the counteracting effect of r was reversed by subsequent irradiation with far-red light but not by b, even if b was applied for 10 h. the b was effective when the region 0.5-2 cm from the tip of the leaf was irradiated. these results indicate that in rice photoreceptors for blue ...198024311163
polysomes and intracisternal accumulations in enucleate sieve elements of rice (oryza sativa l.).polysomes in sieve elements of rice (oryza sativa l.) were studied with the electron microscope. the polysomes were found on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (er) present in immature sieve elements and also on the cisternae of aggregated er in the parietal layer of mature, enucleate sieve elements. in the immature sieve elements the er cisternae existed as narrow profiles while in the mature sieve elements the er cisternae were considerably dilated and contained a fibrillar material and, occasion ...198024306690
mode of inheritance of dwarf stature and allelic relationships among various spontaneous and induced dwarfs of cultivated rice oryza sativa l.genetic study of spontaneous and induced dwarfs included the mode of inheritance of dwarf stature and the allelic relationships among various dwarfs. qualitative genetic analysis involving crosses of fourteen dwarfs with a common tall variety 'iari 11124' showed that the degree of dominance in the f1 hybrids varied with the cross. with the exception of the crosses of iari 6579 and iari 10560 with the tall variety, all crosses exhibited incomplete dominance. the segregation pattern in f2 populati ...197924306608
morphological and biochemical responses of oryza sativa l. (cultivar mr219) to ion beam irradiation.heavy ion beam, which has emerged as a new mutagen in the mutation breeding of crops and ornamental plants, is expected to result in the induction of novel mutations. this study investigates the morphological and biochemical responses of oryza sativa toward different doses of carbon ion beam irradiation.201324302713
diallel analysis of heading date in rice (oryza sativa l.).the genetics of heading date was investigated in an 8×8 diallel set of crosses involving diverse rice cultivars. wr, vr graph analysis revealed the presence of a complementary type of non-allelic interaction which apparently affected the position and slope of the regression line such as if there were overdominance. omission of two interacting parents resulted in a 6×6 subset of diallel crosses from which, as observed in the wr, vr graph, the non-allelic interaction had disappeared and the regres ...198024302365
transport of assimilates in the developing caryopsis of rice (oryza sativa l.) : ultrastructure of the pericarp vascular bundle and its connections with the aleurone layer.assimilates entering the developing rice caryopsis traverse a short-distance pathway between the terminal sieve elements of the pericarp vascular bundle and the aleurone layer. the ultrastructure of this pathway has been studied. sieve elements in the pericarp vascular bundle are smaller than their companion cells.the sieve elements show few connections with surrounding vascular parenchyma elements but are connected to companion cells by compound plasmodesmata. companion cells, in turn, are conn ...198124302210
intracellular distribution of enzymes associated with nitrogen assimilation in roots.the cellular distribution of enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation: nitrate reductase (ec 1.6.6.2), nitrite reductase (ec 1.6.6.4), glutamine synthetase (ec 6.3.1.2), glutamate synthase (ec 2.6.1.53), and glutamate dehydrogenase (ec 1.4.1.3) has been studied in the roots of five plants: maize (zea mays l. hybrid w 64a x w 182e), rice (oryza sativa l. cv. delta), bean (phaseolus vulgaris l. cv. contender), pea (pisum sativum l. cv. demi-nain), and barley (hordeum vulgare l.). initially, cell ...198124302111
overexpression of an alternative oxidase gene, osaox1a, improves cold tolerance in oryza sativa l.low temperature is a major environmental stress in rice cultivating and production. the alternative oxidase 1 (aox1) gene is potentially important for genetic engineering to increase cold adaptation. however, previous studies related to this effect have mostly focused on the dicot plants arabidopsis and tobacco, whereas functional research on rice is limited. in this study, we cloned a rice predominant cold-response aox1 gene, osaox1a. transgenic rice plants with overexpression of osaox1a were o ...201324301915
development of 1047 insertion-deletion markers for rice genetic studies and breeding.in this study, a total of 1047 insertion-deletion (indel) primer pairs distributed across the rice genome were developed and experimentally validated. the primer pairs were designed based on the indel length polymorphisms between 93-11 (oryza sativa ssp indica cv.) and nipponbare (oryza sativa ssp japonica cv.), aiming for utilization between indica and japonica rice, or between other inter-subspecific rice cultivars. the 1047 primer pairs were dispersed across all 12 of the rice chromosomes, wi ...201324301783
an integration of photosynthetic traits and mechanisms that can increase crop photosynthesis and grain production.the hypothesis we propose is that during photosynthesis the balance between potentially detrimental and beneficial photochemically induced events can be tipped beneficially toward increased photosynthesis and toward increased crop yield. to test this hypothesis a procedure has been devised with the rice plant, oryza sativa, that has resulted in increasing both canopy photosynthesis and rice grain yield. two elite rice varieties selected independently in the contrasting environments of either sou ...199524301579
transport of assimilates in the developing caryopsis of rice (oryza sativa l.) : the pathways of water and assimilated carbon.the movement of water in the dorsal region of the developing rice caryopsis was studied using solutions of the heavy metals lanthanum and uranium. in the electron microscope electron-opaque deposits were confined to the cell walls of the pigment strand indicating that this is the main route for the water which enters and leaves the caryopsis during grain filling. the pathway of assimilates into the developing caryopsis was examined using isolated caryopses which had taken up solutions of fluores ...198124301111
potentiality of leaf sheath cells for regeneration of rice (oryza sativa l.) plants.regeneration of rice plantlets (oryza sativa l.) from calli originated from leaf sheath cells was made possible. this was possible in tissues initially grown in media containing 2.4-d (2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) at low temperature and illumination. the slow growing tissues were subsequently subjected to growth conditions at an elevated temperature and higher illumination with addition of kinetin and iaa and without 2.4-d. the suitability of leaf sheath cells for protoplast technology is ind ...198024301016
interactive effects of different inorganic as and se species on their uptake and translocation by rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings.there is a lack of information on the interactive relationship of absorption and transformation between two inorganic arsenic (as) species and two inorganic selenium (se) species in rice grown under hydroponic condition. interactive effects of inorganic as (as(iii)) and (as(v)) and se (se(iv)and se(vi)) species on their uptake, accumulation, and translocation in rice (oryza sativa l.) seedlings were investigated in hydroponic culture. the results clearly showed the interactive effects of inorgan ...201424297465
involvement of mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 6 in uv induced transcripts accumulation of genes in phytoalexin biosynthesis in rice.ultra violet radiation leads to accumulation of phytoalexins (pa) in rice (oryza sativa) which are typically accumulated when the plants are infected with rice blast pathogen magnaporthe oryzae. although extensive works have been done in elucidating phytoalexin biosynthesis, uv stress signal transduction leading to accumulations of rice phytoalexin is largely unknown.201324295067
quality characteristics of bread produced from wheat, rice and maize flours.rice (oryza sativa) flour and maize (zea mays) meal substitution in wheat (triticum aestivum) flour, from 0 to 100% each, for the production of bread was investigated. the proximate analysis, pasting properties, bread making qualities of raw materials and sensory evaluation of the bread samples were determined. the pasting temperature increased with increased percentage of rice flour and maize meal. but the other pasting characters decreased with the higher proportion of rice flour. the baking a ...201224293700
proteomics study of silver nanoparticles toxicity on bacillus thuringiensis.emerging technologies in functional genomics and proteomics provide a way of achieving high-throughput analyses, understanding effects on protein populations and sub-populations and follow up environmental stresses. to accomplish these, the action of homemade spherical silver nanoparticles colloidal suspension (agnps) against bacillus thuringiensis (isolate from oryza sativa l. rhizosphere) was investigated by a proteomic approach (2-de and nanolc/ft-icr ms identification). thirty four responsiv ...201424290895
the rice osv4 encoding a novel pentatricopeptide repeat protein is required for chloroplast development during the early leaf stage under cold stress.pentatricopeptide repeat (ppr) proteins, characterized by tandem arrays of a 35 amino acid motif, have been suggested to play central and broad roles in modulating the expression of organelle genes in plants. however, the molecular mechanisms of most rice ppr genes remains unclear. in this paper, we isolated and characterized a temperature-conditional virescent mutant, osv4, in rice (oryza sativa cultivar jiahua1 (wt, japonica rice variety)). the mutant displays albino phenotype and abnormal chl ...201424289830
dissection of two major components of the post-zygotic hybridization barrier in rice endosperm.a post-zygotic hybridization barrier is often observed in the endosperm of seeds produced by interspecific or interploidy crosses. in arabidopsis thaliana, for example, hybrid endosperm from both types of cross shows altered timing of cellularization and an altered rate of nuclear divisions. therefore, it has been proposed that interspecific and interploidy crosses share common molecular mechanisms for establishment of an effective species barrier. however, these two types of hybridization barri ...201324286595
two rumex species from contrasting hydrological niches regulate flooding tolerance through distinct mechanisms.global climate change has increased flooding events, which affect both natural vegetation dynamics and crop productivity. the flooded environment is lethal for most plant species because it restricts gas exchange and induces an energy and carbon crisis. flooding survival strategies have been studied in oryza sativa, a cultivated monocot. however, our understanding of plant adaptation to natural flood-prone environments remains scant, even though wild plants represent a valuable resource of toler ...201324285788
genome wide profiling of azospirillum lipoferum 4b gene expression during interaction with rice roots.azospirillum-plant cooperation has been mainly studied from an agronomic point of view leading to a wide description of mechanisms implicated in plant growth-promoting effects. however, little is known about genetic determinants implicated in bacterial adaptation to the host plant during the transition from free-living to root-associated lifestyles. this study aims at characterizing global gene expression of azospirillum lipoferum 4b following a 7-day-old interaction with two cultivars of oryza ...201424283406
identifying essential genes/reactions of the rice photorespiration by in silico model-based analysis.photorespiration, a highly wasteful process of energy dissipation, depresses the productivity of c3 plants such as rice (oryza sativa) under dry and hot conditions. thus, it is highly required to understand the cellular physiology and relevant metabolic states under photorespiration using systems approaches, thereby devising strategies for improving rice production.201324280628
roles of plant growth regulators on yield, grain qualities and antioxidant enzyme activities in super hybrid rice (oryza sativa l.).plant growth regulators play important roles in plant growth and development, but little is known about roles of plant growth regulators in yield, grain qualities and antioxidant enzyme activities in super hybrid rice. in this study, gibberellic acid(ga3), paclobutrazol (pbz), 6-benzylaminopurine(6-ba) treatments and distilled water (control) were sprayed to two hybrid rice cultivars (peizataifeng and huayou 86) at the heading stage in the field experiments in both early and late season in 2007. ...201324280625
introns targeted by plant micrornas: a possible novel mechanism of gene regulation.in plant cells, most micrornas (mirnas) perform cleavages of target mature mrnas in the cytoplasm. a recent report of a mirna pathway involved in dna methylation in the rice nucleus raises the possibility that plant mirnas could cleave intron-containing pre-mrnas (the precursor of messenger rnas) located in the nucleus.201324280590
ygl138(t), encoding a putative signal recognition particle 54 kda protein, is involved in chloroplast development of rice.normal development of chloroplast is vitally important to plants, but its biological mechanism is still far from fully being understood, especially in rice.201324280537
exploring the response of rice (oryza sativa) leaf to gibberellins: a proteomic strategy.gibberellins (gas) are plant-specific hormones that play a central role in the regulation of growth and development with respect to environmental variability. plants respond to gas signal through various biochemical and physiological processes. to better understand the response for ga signal, we carried out a proteomic study in rice (oryza sativa l. spp. japonica) leaf.201324280421
jumonji c domain protein jmj705-mediated removal of histone h3 lysine 27 trimethylation is involved in defense-related gene activation in rice.histone methylation is an important epigenetic modification in chromatin function, genome activity, and gene regulation. dimethylated or trimethylated histone h3 lysine 27 (h3k27me2/3) marks silent or repressed genes involved in developmental processes and stress responses in plants. however, the role and the mechanism of the dynamic removal of h3k27me2/3 during gene activation remain unclear. here, we show that the rice (oryza sativa) jumonji c (jmjc) protein gene jmj705 encodes a histone lysin ...201324280387
improvement of the oryza sativa nipponbare reference genome using next generation sequence and optical map data.rice research has been enabled by access to the high quality reference genome sequence generated in 2005 by the international rice genome sequencing project (irgsp). to further facilitate genomic-enabled research, we have updated and validated the genome assembly and sequence for the nipponbare cultivar of oryza sativa (japonica group).201324280374
wikipathways for plants: a community pathway curation portal and a case study in rice and arabidopsis seed development networks.next-generation sequencing and 'omics' platforms are used extensively in plant biology research to unravel new genomes and study their interactions with abiotic and biotic agents in the growth environment. despite the availability of a large and growing number of genomic data sets, there are only limited resources providing highly-curated and up-to-date metabolic and regulatory networks for plant pathways.201324280312
isolation of a novel mutant gene for soil-surface rooting in rice (oryza sativa l.).root system architecture is an important trait affecting the uptake of nutrients and water by crops. shallower root systems preferentially take up nutrients from the topsoil and help avoid unfavorable environments in deeper soil layers. we have found a soil-surface rooting mutant from an m2 population that was regenerated from seed calli of a japonica rice cultivar, nipponbare. in this study, we examined the genetic and physiological characteristics of this mutant.201324280269
conservation and utilization of african oryza genetic resources.africa contains a huge diversity of both cultivated and wild rice species. the region has eight species representing six of the ten known genome types. genetic resources of these species are conserved in various global germplasm repositories but they remain under collected and hence underrepresented in germplasm collections. moreover, they are under characterized and therefore grossly underutilized. the lack of in situ conservation programs further exposes them to possible genetic erosion or ext ...201324280189
improvement of photosynthesis in rice (oryza sativa l.) by inserting the c4 pathway.to boost food production for a rapidly growing global population, crop yields must significantly increase. one of the avenues being recently explored is the improvement of photosynthetic capacity by installing the c4 photosynthetic pathway into c3 crops like rice to drastically increase their yield. crops with an enhanced photosynthetic mechanism would better utilize the solar radiation that can be translated into yield. this subsequently will help in producing more grain yield, reduce water los ...201324280149
proteomic analysis of a disease-resistance-enhanced lesion mimic mutant spotted leaf 5 in rice.a lesion-mimic mutant in rice (oryza sativa l.), spotted leaf 5 (spl5), displays a disease-resistance-enhanced phenotype, indicating that spl5 negatively regulates cell death and resistance responses. to understand the molecular mechanisms of spl5 mutation-induced cell death and resistance responses, a proteomics-based approach was used to identify differentially accumulated proteins between the spl5 mutant and wild type (wt).201324280096
overexpression of constitutively active mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 6 enhances tolerance to salt stress in rice.salinity is one of the most common abiotic stresses encountered by plants in the environment and transgenic approaches offer new opportunities to improve tolerance. the mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) kinase (mkk) is a key component of mapk cascade that plays important roles in intra and extra cellular signaling in plants. in the present study, a mkk from rice (oryza sativa), osmkk6 was functionally characterized in salt stress by transforming its constitutively active form.201324280045
heritable alteration in salt-tolerance in rice induced by introgression from wild rice (zizania latifolia).introgression as a means of generating phenotypic novelty, including altered stress tolerance, is increasingly being recognized as common. the underlying basis for de novo genesis of phenotypic variation in the introgression lines remains largely unexplored. in this investigation, we used a rice line (rz35) derived from introgressive hybridization between rice (oryza sativa l.) and wild rice (zizania latifolia griseb.), along with its rice parental line (cv. matsumae) as the experimental materia ...201224280025
temporal profiling of primary metabolites under chilling stress and its association with seedling chilling tolerance of rice (oryza sativa l.).chilling stress is a major factor limiting rice production. rice genotypes differ greatly in their seedling chilling tolerance (ct), which is known to involve differential expression of large numbers of genes and proteins. to further understand the metabolomic responses of rice to chilling stress, profiles of the 106 primary metabolites of a ct japonica variety, lijiangxintuanhegu (lth) and a chilling sensitive indica line, ir29, were investigated under a time-series of chilling stress and non-s ...201324280004
development of a novel prediction method of cis-elements to hypothesize collaborative functions of cis-element pairs in iron-deficient rice.cis-acting elements are essential genomic sequences that control gene expression. in higher eukaryotes, a series of cis-elements function cooperatively. however, further studies are required to examine the co-regulation of multiple cis-elements on a promoter. the aim of this study was to propose a model of cis-element networks that cooperatively regulate gene expression in rice under iron (fe) deficiency.201324279975
an in planta, agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression method for inducing gene silencing in rice (oryza sativa l.) leaves.localized introduction and transient expression of t-dna constructs mediated by agro-infiltration of leaf tissues has been largely used in dicot plants for analyzing the transitivity and the cell-to cell movement of the rnai signal. in cereals, however, the morphology of the leaf and particularly the structure of the leaf epidermis, prevent infiltration of a bacterial suspension in cells by simple pressure, a method otherwise successful in dicots leaves. this study aimed at establishing a rapid ...024279881
effects of different fe supplies on mineral partitioning and remobilization during the reproductive development of rice (oryza sativa l.).minimal information exists on whole-plant dynamics of mineral flow through rice plants and on the source tissues responsible for mineral export to developing seeds. understanding these phenomena in a model plant could help in the development of nutritionally enhanced crop cultivars. a whole-plant accumulation study, using harvests during reproductive development under different fe supplies, was conducted to characterize mineral accumulation in roots, non-flag leaves, flag leaves, stems/sheaths, ...201224279875
phenomics of rice early vigour and drought response: are sugar related and morphogenetic traits relevant?early vigour (biomass accumulation) is a useful but complex trait in rainfed rice (oryza sativa l). little is known on trade-offs with drought tolerance. this study explored the relevance of (sugar) metabolic and morphogenetic traits to describe the genetic diversity of rice early vigour and its phenotypic plasticity under drought conditions. a greenhouse experiment was conducted to characterize on a panel of 43 rice genotypes plant morphogenesis and sugar concentration in expanded (source) and ...201224279832
chemically engineered sulfated glucans from rice bran exert strong antiviral activity at the stage of viral entry.attachment and entry of many viruses are mediated by their affinity for polysaccharides present on the surface of target cells. in this paper, we demonstrate that sulfated glucans isolated from rice (oryza sativa) can be utilized as experimental drugs exerting strong antiviral activity. in particular, oleum-dmf-based extraction is described as a procedure for the generation of chemically engineered glucans from commercially available rice bran. the one-step procedure has the potential to provide ...201324279818
overexpression of ospil15, a phytochrome-interacting factor-like protein gene, represses etiolated seedling growth in rice.phytochrome-interacting factors (pifs) regulate an array of developmental responses ranging from seed germination to vegetational architecture in arabidopsis. however, information regarding the functions of the pif family in monocots has not been widely reported. here, we investigate the roles of ospil15, a member of the rice (oryza sativa l. cv. nipponbare) pif family, in regulating seedling growth. ospil15 encodes a basic helix-loop-helix factor localized in the nucleus. ospil15-ox seedlings e ...201424279300
rice protein-body formation: all types are initiated by dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum.the ultrastructure of protein deposition in the starchy endosperm of developing rice (oryza sativa l.) grains was examined in conventionally fixed (glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide) tissues and also in thick sections (0.3 μm) of zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide post-fixed tissue. three types of previously characterised protein body were observed and it was shown that each type was initiated by dilations of the endoplasmic reticulum. crystalline type protein bodies were initiated by a ribosome-fre ...198224275981
development and validation of a pcr-based functional marker system for the brown planthopper resistance gene bph14 in rice.brown planthopper (bph) is the most damaging rice pest globally. resistant varieties are the most effective and environmental strategy for protecting the rice crop from bph. functional markers (fms) designed from polymorphic sites within gene sequences affecting phenotypic variation are highly efficient when used for marker assisted selection (mas). bph14 is the first and only cloned insect resistance gene so far in rice. compared to the sequences of its non-effective alleles there are a number ...201324273431
detection and verification of qtls associated with heat-induced quality decline of rice (oryza sativa l.) using recombinant inbred lines and near-isogenic lines.decline in the apparent quality of rice (oryza sativa l.) grain due to high temperatures during ripening recently became a major concern in many areas in japan. the occurrence of white-back kernels (wbk) is one of the main problems of heat-induced quality decline. we identified qtls associated with the occurrence of wbk using recombinant inbred lines (rils) and verified their effects using near-isogenic lines (nils). the qtl analysis used f7 and f8 rils derived from 'hana-echizen' (he), which is ...201324273430
mapping and validation of qtls for rice sheath blight resistance.sheath blight, caused by rhizoctonia solani, is one of the most serious diseases of rice. among 33 rice accessions, mainly from national institute of agrobiological sciences (nias) core collection, we found three landraces from the himalayas-jarjan, nepal 555 and nepal 8-with resistance to sheath blight in 3 years' field testing. backcrossed inbred lines (bils) derived from a cross between jarjan and the leading japanese cultivar koshihikari were used in qtl analyses. since later-heading lines s ...201324273425
detection of qtls to reduce cadmium content in rice grains using lac23/koshihikari chromosome segment substitution lines.to advance the identification of quantitative trait loci (qtls) to reduce cd content in rice (oryza sativa l.) grains and breed low-cd cultivars, we developed a novel population consisting of 46 chromosome segment substitution lines (cssls) in which donor segments of lac23, a cultivar reported to have a low grain cd content, were substituted into the koshihikari genetic background. the parental cultivars and 32 cssls (the minimum set required for whole-genome coverage) were grown in two fields w ...201324273423
identification of qrl7, a major quantitative trait locus associated with rice root length in hydroponic conditions.root system development is an important target for improving yield in rice. active roots that can take up nutrients more efficiently are essential for improving grain yield. in this study, we performed quantitative trait locus (qtl) analyses using 215 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between xieqingzao b (xb), a maintainer line with short roots and r9308, a restorer line with long roots. only a qtls associated with root length were mapped on chromosomes 7. the qtl, named qrl7, was l ...201324273421
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