Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| comparison of supplemented brucella agar and modified clostridium difficile agar for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clostridium difficile. | antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) of clostridium difficile is increasingly important because of the rise in resistant strains. the standard medium for the ast of c. difficile is supplemented brucella agar (sba), but we found that the growth of c. difficile on sba was not optimal. because active growth is critical for reliable ast, we developed a new, modified c. difficile (mcd) agar. c. difficile grew better on mcd agar than on sba. | 2014 | 25368819 |
| evaluation of a focused virtual library of heterobifunctional ligands for clostridium difficile toxins. | a focused library of virtual heterobifunctional ligands was generated in silico and a set of ligands with recombined fragments was synthesized and evaluated for binding to clostridium difficile toxins. the position of the trisaccharide fragment was used as a reference for filtering docked poses during virtual screening to match the trisaccharide ligand in a crystal structure. the peptoid, a diversity fragment probing the protein surface area adjacent to a known binding site, was generated by a m ... | 2015 | 25367771 |
| interleukin-22 regulates the complement system to promote resistance against pathobionts after pathogen-induced intestinal damage. | pathobionts play a critical role in disease development, but the immune mechanisms against pathobionts remain poorly understood. here, we report a critical role for interleukin-22 (il-22) in systemic protection against bacterial pathobionts that translocate into the circulation after infection with the pathogen clostridium difficile. infection with c. difficile induced il-22, and infected il22(-/-) mice harbored high numbers of pathobionts in extraintestinal organs despite comparable pathogen lo ... | 2014 | 25367575 |
| factors affecting treatment and recurrence of clostridium difficile infections. | the antimicrobial agents vancomycin and metronidazole have been used to treat clostridium difficile infections (cdis). however, it remains unclear why patients are at risk of treatment failure and recurrence. therefore, this study retrospectively examined 98 patients with cdis who were diagnosed based on the detection of toxin-positive c. difficile to determine the risk factors affecting drug treatment responses and the recurrence of cdi. no significant difference was observed in the cure rate o ... | 2014 | 25366486 |
| cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment strategies for initial clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is costly. current guidelines recommend metronidazole as first-line therapy and vancomycin as an alternative. recurrence is common. faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an effective therapy for recurrent cdi (rcdi). this study explores the cost-effectiveness of fmt, vancomycin and metronidazole for initial cdi. we constructed a decision-analytic computer simulation using inputs from published literature to compare fmt with a 10-14-day course of oral me ... | 2014 | 25366338 |
| a hospital-based study of the clinical characteristics of clostridium difficile infection in children. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an increasingly important cause of morbidity in hospitalized children. we describe the recent epidemiology of pediatric cdi at a children's hospital, compare community-associated (ca) and hospital-associated (ha) infections and identify risk factors for severe disease. | 2014 | 25361022 |
| development of taqman-based quantitative pcr for sensitive and selective detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in human stools. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of nosocomial diarrhea, but is also found in asymptomatic subjects that are potentially involved in transmission of c. difficile infection. a sensitive and accurate detection method of c. difficile, especially toxigenic strains is indispensable for the epidemiological investigation. | 2014 | 25360662 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in two tertiary-care hospitals in perth, western australia: a cross-sectional study. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has changed over time and between countries. it is therefore essential to monitor the characteristics of patients at risk of infection and the circulating strains to recognize local and global trends, and improve patient management. from december 2011 to may 2012 we conducted a prospective, observational epidemiological study of patients with laboratory-confirmed cdi at two tertiary teaching hospitals in perth, western australia to determ ... | 2014 | 25356346 |
| intestinal microbiota pathogenesis and fecal microbiota transplantation for inflammatory bowel disease. | the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). the pathogenesis of ibd involves inappropriate ongoing activation of the mucosal immune system driven by abnormal intestinal microbiota in genetically predisposed individuals. however, there are still no definitive microbial pathogens linked to the onset of ibd. the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites are indeed disturbed in ibd patients. the special alterations of gut m ... | 2014 | 25356041 |
| simple faecal preparation and efficacy of frozen inoculum in faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection--an observational cohort study. | faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an effective treatment for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi). the finding of suitable donor, donor screening and preparation of faecal transplants are challenging in clinical work. | 2015 | 25355279 |
| clostridium difficile infection: current, forgotten and emerging treatment options. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased in incidence and severity, and is now among the most common nosocomial infections. several agents are available for the initial treatment of cdi, some of which are rarely used, and none of which is clearly superior for initial clinical cure. fidaxomicin appears to offer a benefit in terms of preventing recurrent disease, although the cost-benefit ratio is debated. recurrent cdi is a major challenge, occurring after 15-30% of initial episodes. t ... | 2014 | 25350805 |
| [high hospital standardized mortality ratio does not always indicate low quality]. | hospital standardized mortality ratio (hsmr) is increasingly used to assess quality of care. at frederiksberg hospital hsmr increased significantly during the first and second quarter in 2012. we therefore reviewed records of all deceased, including patients deceased during the comparative period in 2011 (n = 413). information about cancer and infection with clostridium difficile was specifically noted. we found that the increasing hsmr reflected an increase in the number of terminal cancer pati ... | 2014 | 25350706 |
| significant publications on infectious diseases pharmacotherapy in 2013. | the most important articles on infectious diseases (id) pharmacotherapy published in the peer-reviewed literature in 2013, as nominated and selected by panels of pharmacists and others with id expertise, are summarized. | 2014 | 25349243 |
| update on the pathogenesis and management of pouchitis. | pouchitis is an inflammatory complication after restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (ipaa). ipaa is the surgical treatment of choice in patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) who require colectomy. initial episodes of acute pouchitis generally respond to antibiotics but significant numbers of cases eventually become dependent on or refractory to antibiotics. management of chronic antibiotic refractory pouchitis is challenging and can ultimately lead to pouch failure. the ... | 2014 | 25348740 |
| systemically administered igg anti-toxin antibodies protect the colonic mucosa during infection with clostridium difficile in the piglet model. | the use of anti-toxin human monoclonal antibodies (hmab) as treatment for c. difficile infection has been investigated in animal models and human clinical trials as an alternative to or in combination with traditional antibiotic therapy. while hmab therapy appears to be a promising option, how systemically administered igg antibodies protect the colonic mucosa during clostridium difficile infection is unknown. using the gnotobiotic piglet model of clostridium difficile infection, we administered ... | 2014 | 25347821 |
| [experience with fecal transplantation in the treatment of clostridium difficile infection]. | during the past years a dramatic change has been observed in the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infections. | 2014 | 25344853 |
| implementing an intensified antibiotic stewardship programme targeting cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone use in a 200-bed community hospital in germany. | prescription of third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones has been linked to an increasing incidence of gram-negative bacteria producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and nosocomial infection with clostridium difficile. antibiotic stewardship (abs) programmes offer evidence-based tools to control antibiotic prescription rates and thereby influence the incidence of nosocomial infection and contain the development of multidrug-resistant b ... | 2015 | 25344419 |
| dielectrophoretic monitoring and interstrain separation of intact clostridium difficile based on their s(surface)-layers. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection (cdi) rates have exhibited a steady rise worldwide over the last two decades and the infection poses a global threat due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains. interstrain antagonistic interactions across the host microbiome form an important strategy for controlling the emergence of cdi. the current diagnosis method for cdi, based on immunoassays for toxins produced by pathogenic c. difficile strains, is limited by false negatives due to ... | 2014 | 25343746 |
| acid suppression therapy does not predispose to clostridium difficile infection: the case of the potential bias. | an adverse effect of acid-suppression medications on the occurrence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has been a common finding of many, but not all studies. we hypothesized that association between acid-suppression medications and cdi is due to the residual confounding in comparison between patients with infection to those without, predominantly from non-tested and less sick subjects. we aimed to evaluate the effect of acid suppression therapy on incidence of cdi by comparing patients wi ... | 2014 | 25343667 |
| utility of clostridium difficile toxin b for inducing anti-tumor immunity. | clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) is a key virulence factor of bacterium and induces intestinal inflammatory disease. because of its potent cytotoxic and proinflammatory activities, we investigated the utility of tcdb in developing anti-tumor immunity. tcdb induced cell death in mouse colorectal cancer ct26 cells, and the intoxicated cells stimulated the activation of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and subsequent t cell activation in vitro. immunization of balb/c mice with toxin-tr ... | 2014 | 25340750 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease: beyond the excitement. | the purpose of this article is to perform a systematic review of the literature on the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd).there is an increasing interest of both physicians and patients in assessing the possible role of the fmt in the treatment of ibd.electronic and manual bibliographic searches were performed to identify original reports in which subjects with ibd were treated with fmt. because of the scarcity of studies with adequate sample size, ... | 2014 | 25340496 |
| development and validation of a clostridium difficile risk assessment tool. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection has increased rapidly during the past decade, increasing lengths of stays in the hospital, costs, and mortality rates. to address this increased incidence, we performed a retrospective case-control study using known risk factors to develop a tool to determine which patients are at risk for infection. multivariate analysis generated a combination of risk factors associated with development of infection including prior admission, endoscopy within 30 ... | 2014 | 25340415 |
| genetic relatedness between japanese and european isolates of clostridium difficile originating from piglets and their risk associated with human health. | clostridium difficile colonization in pig intestine has been a public health concern. we analyzed c. difficile prevalence among piglets in japan to clarify their origin and extent of the associated risk by using molecular and microbiological methods for both swine and human clinical isolates and foreign isolates. c. difficile was isolated from 120 neonatal piglet fecal samples. toxin gene profile, antimicrobial susceptibilities, pcr ribotype, and multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat anal ... | 2014 | 25339943 |
| precision microbiome reconstitution restores bile acid mediated resistance to clostridium difficile. | the gastrointestinal tracts of mammals are colonized by hundreds of microbial species that contribute to health, including colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens. many antibiotics destroy intestinal microbial communities and increase susceptibility to intestinal pathogens. among these, clostridium difficile, a major cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhoea, greatly increases morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. which intestinal bacteria provide resistance to c. difficile ... | 2015 | 25337874 |
| discrepancies between surveillance definition and the clinical incidence of clostridium difficile infection in a veterans affairs long-term care facility. | 2014 | 25333446 | |
| differences in hospital-associated multidrug-resistant organisms and clostridium difficile rates using 2-day versus 3-day definitions. | we surveyed infection prevention programs in 16 hospitals for hospital-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum β-lactamase, and multidrug-resistant acinetobacter acquisition, as well as hospital-associated mrsa bacteremia and clostridium difficile infection based on defining events as occurring >2 days versus >3 days after admission. the former resulted in significantly higher median rates, ranging from 6.76% to 45.07% hi ... | 2014 | 25333439 |
| evaluation of a sporicidal peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide-based daily disinfectant cleaner. | oxycide daily disinfectant cleaner, a novel peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide-based sporicidal disinfectant, was as effective as sodium hypochlorite for in vitro killing of clostridium difficile spores, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and vancomcyin-resistant enterococci. oxycide was minimally affected by organic load and was effective in reducing pathogen contamination in isolation rooms. | 2014 | 25333438 |
| attributable inpatient costs of recurrent clostridium difficile infections. | to determine the attributable inpatient costs of recurrent clostridium difficile infections (cdis). | 2014 | 25333435 |
| probiotics for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (paad): a prospective observational study of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (including clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea) in care homes. | antibiotic prescribing rates in care homes are higher than in the general population. antibiotics disrupt the normal gut flora, sometimes causing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad). clostridium difficile (hall and o'toole 1935) prévot 1938 is the most commonly identified cause of aad. little is known either about the frequency or type of antibiotics prescribed in care homes or about the incidence and aetiology of aad in this setting. | 2014 | 25331573 |
| interleukin-22 and cd160 play additive roles in the host mucosal response to clostridium difficile infection in mice. | our previous work has shown the significant up-regulation of il22 and increased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat3) as part of the mucosal inflammatory response to clostridium difficile infection in mice. others have shown that phosphorylation of stat3 at mucosal surfaces includes interleukin-22 (il-22) and cd160-mediated components. the current study sought to determine the potential role(s) of il-22 and/or cd160 in the mucosal response to c. difficile ... | 2015 | 25327211 |
| [fecal microbiota transplantation: first case report in chile and review]. | clostridium difficile (cd) infection is increasing in frequency and severity in in-hospital and outpatient clinical settings, with a recurrence that can reach 30% after first episode. the recurrences are usually treated with longer courses of metronidazole or vancomycin. other treatments have been used, such as probiotics, fidaxomicin, rifaximin, immunoglobulins and monoclonal antibodies against toxins a and b. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has emerged as a promising strategy in this gr ... | 2014 | 25327204 |
| nationwide surveillance study of clostridium difficile in australian neonatal pigs shows high prevalence and heterogeneity of pcr ribotypes. | clostridium difficile is an important enteric pathogen of humans and the cause of diarrhea and enteritis in neonatal pigs. outside australia, prevalence in piglets can be up to 73%, with a single pcr ribotype (rt), 078, predominating. we investigated the prevalence and genotype of c. difficile in australian pig herds. rectal swabs (n = 229) were collected from piglets aged <7 days from 21 farms across australia. selective culture for c. difficile was performed and isolates characterized by pcr f ... | 2015 | 25326297 |
| oral, capsulized, frozen fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing clostridium difficile infection. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has been shown to be effective in treating relapsing or refractory clostridium difficile infection, but practical barriers and safety concerns have prevented its widespread use. | 2014 | 25322359 |
| detection of zoonotic pathogens and characterization of novel viruses carried by commensal rattus norvegicus in new york city. | norway rats (rattus norvegicus) are globally distributed and concentrate in urban environments, where they live and feed in closer proximity to human populations than most other mammals. despite the potential role of rats as reservoirs of zoonotic diseases, the microbial diversity present in urban rat populations remains unexplored. in this study, we used targeted molecular assays to detect known bacterial, viral, and protozoan human pathogens and unbiased high-throughput sequencing to identify ... | 2014 | 25316698 |
| clostridium difficile in retail baskets, trolleys, conveyor belts, and plastic bags in saudi arabia. | to determine clostridium difficile (c. difficile) prevalence on retail surfaces and shoppers plastic bags. | 2014 | 25316477 |
| antibiotic resistance patterns and pcr-ribotyping of clostridium difficile strains isolated from swine and dogs in italy. | recent studies suggest animals, in particular farm and companion animals, as possible reservoir for clostridium difficile human pathogenic strains. the aim of this study was to give a first characterization of c. difficile isolates from italian swine and dogs. in total, 10 different pcr-ribotypes were identified among porcine strains and six among canine strains. the predominant type found among porcine strains was 078 (50%), whereas the most frequently detected among canine strains was the non- ... | 2015 | 25316022 |
| a curated c. difficile strain 630 metabolic network: prediction of essential targets and inhibitors. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of hospital-borne infections occurring when the natural intestinal flora is depleted following antibiotic treatment. current treatments for clostridium difficile infections present high relapse rates and new hyper-virulent and multi-resistant strains are emerging, making the study of this nosocomial pathogen necessary to find novel therapeutic targets. | 2014 | 25315994 |
| clostridium difficile infection: update on diagnosis, epidemiology, and treatment strategies. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has increased in incidence and severity over the past quarter century, and is now considered a major cause of healthcare-associated infections. | 2014 | 25314344 |
| persistence and toxin production by clostridium difficile within human intestinal organoids result in disruption of epithelial paracellular barrier function. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious nosocomial diarrhea. the pathogenesis of c. difficile infection (cdi) results from the interactions between the pathogen, intestinal epithelium, host immune system, and gastrointestinal microbiota. previous studies of the host-pathogen interaction in cdi have utilized either simple cell monolayers or in vivo models. while much has been learned by utilizing these approaches, little is known about the direct interaction of the bacterium with ... | 2015 | 25312952 |
| clostridium difficile infection: a review of the literature. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, strictly anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium. it is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitals and other healthcare facilities and is of significant concern because of the increasing morbidity and mortality rates as well as increased health care costs. spectrum of presentation of clostridium difficile infection ranges from mild, self-limiting diarrhea, to serious diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis and life-threatening fulminant c ... | 2014 | 25312190 |
| infant botulism: is there an association with thiamine deficiency? | infant botulism is an acute life-threatening condition and diagnosis is frequently delayed. therefore, the best time window to administer specific antibodies, at present the only etiology-based therapy, is often missed, entailing long periods of hospitalization in the picu. here we present a 3-month-old boy with infant botulism and respiratory failure, who quickly and favorably responded to thiamine supplementation. from the feces we isolated clostridium botulinum serotype a2. in addition to pro ... | 2014 | 25311602 |
| structural and functional changes in the gut microbiota associated to clostridium difficile infection. | antibiotic therapy is a causative agent of severe disturbances in microbial communities. in healthy individuals, the gut microbiota prevents infection by harmful microorganisms through direct inhibition (releasing antimicrobial compounds), competition, or stimulation of the host's immune defenses. however, widespread antibiotic use has resulted in short- and long-term shifts in the gut microbiota structure, leading to a loss in colonization resistance in some cases. consequently, some patients d ... | 2014 | 25309515 |
| immunological function of familial mediterranean fever disease protein pyrin. | pyrin, encoded by mefv gene, is conserved in humans and mice. mutations in the mefv gene are associated with the human autoinflammatory disease familial mediterranean fever (fmf). pyrin can interact with the inflammasome adaptor asc and induce inflammatory caspase-1 activation in monocytic cells, but the physiological function of pyrin has been unknown for many years. here we summarize previous studies of pyrin function under the context of fmf and immunity, and discuss a recent study demonstrat ... | 2014 | 25307949 |
| a search for clostridium difficile ribotypes 027 and 078 in brazil. | toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile may be disseminating. here we prospectively screened patients with nosocomial diarrhoea in two hospitals in brazil. to identify c. difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotypes 027/078 strains, we used high resolution melting and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. among 116 screened patients, 11 were positive for c. difficile. the polymerase chain reaction ribotypes 027/078 strains were not identified in this study. | 2014 | 25307680 |
| clostridium difficile sortase recognizes a (s/p)pxtg sequence motif and can accommodate diaminopimelic acid as a substrate for transpeptidation. | covalent attachment of surface proteins to the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria requires a sortase-mediated transpeptidation reaction. in almost all gram-positive bacteria, the housekeeping sortase, sortase a, recognizes the canonical recognition sequence lpxtg (x=any amino acid). the human pathogen clostridium difficile carries a single putative sortase gene (cd2718) but neither transpeptidation activity nor specificity of cd2718 has been investigated. we produced recombinant cd2718 and exam ... | 2014 | 25305382 |
| performance assessment of the bd max cdiff assay in comparison to xpert c. difficile assay in a setting with very low prevalence of toxigenic clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027. | in a clinical setting with low prevalence of 'epidemic' pcr ribotype 027, the bd max cdiff assay was found to be a suitable alternative to the xpert c. difficile assay for the detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in samples which are reflex pcr tested after obtaining a discrepant immunoassay result. there was no significant difference between the sensitivities and specificities of both commercial molecular assays. | 2014 | 25305151 |
| longitudinal trends and cross-sectional analysis of english national hospital antibacterial use over 5 years (2008-13): working towards hospital prescribing quality measures. | there is global concern that antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to healthcare. antimicrobial use is a primary driver of resistance but little information exists about the variation in antimicrobial use in individual hospitals in england over time or comparative use between hospitals. the objective of this study was to collate, analyse and report issue data from pharmacy records of 158 national health service (nhs) acute hospitals. | 2015 | 25304646 |
| evaluation of the in vitro activity of levornidazole, its metabolites and comparators against clinical anaerobic bacteria. | this study evaluated the in vitro anti-anaerobic activity and spectrum of levornidazole, its metabolites and comparators against 375 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria, including gram-negative bacilli (181 strains), gram-negative cocci (11 strains), gram-positive bacilli (139 strains) and gram-positive cocci (44 strains), covering 34 species. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of levornidazole, its five metabolites and three comparators against these anaerobic isolates were determined ... | 2014 | 25301712 |
| the evaluation of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in a community hospital. | clostridium difficile is a serious reemerging pathogen in europe and north america. c. difficile infection (cdi) has been of concern over the last decade in view of its significant morbidity and mortality, as well as the high health care costs involved with each case. although multiple risk factors are known to be associated with cdi, a number of patients develop severe infection even in the absence of known risk factors. cdi is diagnosed by the detection of the toxin a/b in stools by enzyme imm ... | 2016 | 25301221 |
| a case of imported clostridium difficile pcr-ribotype 027 infection within the czech republic which has a high prevalence of c. difficile ribotype 176. | the first case of clostridium difficile rt027 infection in the czech republic (cz) was identified. the patient had been hospitalised in germany prior to moving to cz. multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis revealed a genetic relatedness between the patient's isolate and rt027 isolate collected in the german hospital. | 2014 | 25300750 |
| the intestinal microbiota composition and weight development in children: the koala birth cohort study. | to investigate whether the intestinal microbiota composition in early infancy is associated with subsequent weight development in children. | 2015 | 25298274 |
| selective growth-inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline towards clostridium difficile and bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum in co-culture analysed by flow cytometry. | the major risk factor for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the use of antibiotics owing to the disruption of the equilibrium of the host gut microbiota. to preserve the beneficial resident probiotic bacteria during infection treatment, the use of molecules with selective antibacterial activity enhances the efficacy by selectively removing c. difficile. one of them is the plant alkaloid 8-hydroxyquinoline (8hq), which has been shown to selectively inhibit clostridia without repressing bif ... | 2014 | 25298160 |
| prevalence and risk factors of clostridium difficile infection in patients hospitalized for flare of inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective assessment. | recent studies have identified a high frequency of clostridium difficile infections in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease. | 2014 | 25294795 |
| [developments in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: 2014 overview]. | the way we treat inflammatory bowel disease is rapidly changing. biologics have accounted for the biggest change in recent years, and they are being used on a more regular basis, on more indications and at earlier stages. however, primary response failure and, above all, secondary response failure and cost represent serious limitations for their use. combination immunosuppressant therapy, individualization depending on levels and response, increasing compliance and a more suitable choice of case ... | 2014 | 25294262 |
| the past 10 years of gastroenterology and hepatology-reflections and predictions. | in november 2004, the very first issue of this journal featured articles on the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, mechanisms leading to chronic pancreatitis, and treatment of recurrent clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea. although those topics might seem familiar, much has changed in the intervening years in our understanding, diagnosis and treatment of many different diseases across the field of gastroenterology and hepatology. nonetheless, many challenges remain. here, we have asked f ... | 2014 | 25291429 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation: a new old kid on the block for the management of gut microbiota-related disease. | gut microbiota is deeply involved in the regulation of both health and disease within our body. the restoration of a healthy gut microbiota is, therefore, a main clinical target in the management of diseases associated with its disruption. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an old therapy that has recently been rediscovered, having proved a clear efficacy against recurrent clostridium difficile infection. by restoring the altered gut microbiota in a substantial and durable manner, fmt is ... | 2014 | 25291136 |
| giardia duodenalis infection reduces granulocyte infiltration in an in vivo model of bacterial toxin-induced colitis and attenuates inflammation in human intestinal tissue. | giardia duodenalis (syn. g. intestinalis, g. lamblia) is a predominant cause of waterborne diarrheal disease that may lead to post-infectious functional gastrointestinal disorders. although giardia-infected individuals could carry as much as 106 trophozoites per centimetre of gut, their intestinal mucosa is devoid of overt signs of inflammation. recent studies have shown that in endemic countries where bacterial infectious diseases are common, giardia infections can protect against the developme ... | 2014 | 25289678 |
| mini-review: epidemiology and zoonotic potential of multiresistant bacteria and clostridium difficile in livestock and food. | information on the epidemiology of multiresistant bacteria (mrb) with zoonotic potential is growing but still remains quite incomplete. this narrative mini-review provides a general overview of the epidemiology of the most important zoonotic mrb in cattle, swine and poultry in europe. | 2014 | 25285265 |
| clostridium difficile in the community: time to clean up? | 2014 | 25284189 | |
| synthetic polymers active against clostridium difficile vegetative cell growth and spore outgrowth. | nylon-3 polymers (poly-β-peptides) have been investigated as synthetic mimics of host-defense peptides in recent years. these polymers are attractive because they are much easier to synthesize than are the peptides themselves, and the polymers resist proteolysis. here we describe in vitro analysis of selected nylon-3 copolymers against clostridium difficile, an important nosocomial pathogen that causes highly infectious diarrheal disease. the best polymers match the human host-defense peptide ll ... | 2014 | 25279431 |
| controlling hospital-acquired infection: focus on the role of the environment and new technologies for decontamination. | there is increasing interest in the role of cleaning for managing hospital-acquired infections (hai). pathogens such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), multiresistant gram-negative bacilli, norovirus, and clostridium difficile persist in the health care environment for days. both detergent- and disinfectant-based cleaning can help control these pathogens, although difficulties with measuring cleanliness have compromised the quality of p ... | 2014 | 25278571 |
| reply to "use of adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence assays to measure cleaning: the role of spores and clostridium difficile infection rates". | 2014 | 25278414 | |
| hospital roommates and development of health care-onset clostridium difficile infection. | there is potential for person-to-person transmission in clostridium difficile outbreak settings. a limited number of studies have examined the role of hospital roommates in the development of nosocomial infections. this retrospective cohort study evaluated room cooccupancy and duration of exposure to roommates as predictors of health care-onset c difficile infection (cdi). among roommates of patients with cdi, duration of room cooccupancy was significantly longer in those developing cdi. | 2014 | 25278404 |
| the rise in clostridium difficile infection incidence among hospitalized adults in the united states: 2001-2010. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) incidence is a growing concern. this study provides national estimates of cdi over 10 years and identifies trends in mortality and hospital length of stay (los) among hospitalized adults with cdi. | 2014 | 25278388 |
| phenotypic and genotypic analysis of clostridium difficile isolates: a single-center study. | clostridium difficile infections (cdi) are a growing concern in north america, because of their increasing incidence and severity. using integrated approaches, we correlated pathogen genotypes and host clinical characteristics for 46 c. difficile infections in a tertiary care medical center during a 6-month interval from january to june 2010. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) demonstrated 21 known and 2 novel sequence types (sts), suggesting that the institution's c. difficile strains are geneti ... | 2014 | 25275005 |
| faecal transplantation and infectious diseases practitioners. | 2014 | 25274397 | |
| recombinant clostridium difficile toxin b induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse colonal carcinoma cells. | clostridium difficile is the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in humans and animals. its pathogenicity is primarily linked to the secretion of two exotoxins (tcda and tcdb). although great progress in the toxic mechanism of tcda and tcdb has been achieved, there are many conflicting reports about the apoptotic mechanism. more importantly, apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress has been reported in cells treated with shiga toxins-another kind of cytot ... | 2014 | 25274332 |
| faecal microbiota transplantation--the austrian approach. | the intestinal microbiome is essential for maintaining human health and defending against intestinal pathogens. alterations of the intestinal microbiota, also termed dysbiosis, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is aimed at correcting these alterations by delivering faecal microorganisms from a healthy person to the intestines of a patient. at present, recurrent clostridium difficile infection is the only indication supporte ... | 2014 | 25274251 |
| community and hospital acquired clostridium difficile in south australia - ribotyping of isolates and a comparison of laboratory detection methods. | a total of 274 samples were screened for toxigenic clostridium difficile using a combination of several commercially available assays, and positive isolates ribotyped. a two-step algorithm assisted in demonstrating an increased prevalence of c. difficile infection in south australia of 9·8%, most of which were ribotypes 014 and 052. a glutamate dehydrogenase assay followed by the detection of genes associated with toxin production was the most sensitive and specific algorithm for screening for t ... | 2015 | 25274056 |
| the potential beneficial role of faecal microbiota transplantation in diseases other than clostridium difficile infection. | this review gives an outline of the indications for faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) for diseases other than clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection. the remarkable efficacy of fmt against c. difficile infection has already been demonstrated. the use of fmt for other diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (ibd), irritable bowel syndrome (ibs), and metabolic syndrome, is now being evaluated. the currently available data suggest that fmt might be beneficial for ibd (including u ... | 2014 | 25274035 |
| practical implementation of faecal transplantation. | clostridium difficile infection is a leading cause of antibiotic-related and healthcare-related diarrhoea. in the past decade, faecal microbiota transplantation or transfer has attracted increasing interest as an effective treatment strategy for severe recurrent c. difficile infection, with a global success rate of >80%. however, experience with this procedure is limited by a lack of randomized trials supporting its efficacy and the lack of standardization of the procedure. this review will addr ... | 2014 | 25273614 |
| faecal microbiota transplantation: from practice to legislation before considering industrialization. | recurrent clostridium difficile infections constitute an important medical concern. evidence has been provided showing that faecal microbiota transplantation is a more efficient treatment than antibiotics. serious side effects are unusual, and acceptability is not an obstacle. nevertheless, protocols are heterogeneous with respect to the selection of donors and the methodology used for the faecal transplantation. regulations by both the food and drug administration and the french authorities con ... | 2014 | 25273480 |
| factors associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea in a hospital in beijing, china. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in patients treated with antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and other drugs that alter the normal equilibrium of the intestinal flora. a better understanding of the risk factors for c. difficile-associated disease (cdad) could be used to reduce the incidence of cdad and the costs associated with its treatment. the aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for cdad in a cohort of chinese patients in a beijing ... | 2014 | 25271845 |
| [can the antibiotic prescription practice in a hospital be influenced by in-house guidelines? an interventional study at the university hospital halle (saale), germany]. | in-house guidelines are an essential tool of antibiotic stewardship (abs) programs to guide antimicrobial therapy. we studied the effect of in-house guidelines adapted to the local pathogen and resistance epidemiology on prescribing behavior. | 2014 | 25271804 |
| characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from human fecal samples and retail meat from pennsylvania. | a study was conducted to determine the prevalence of clostridium difficile and characterize c. difficile isolates from human stool and retail grocery meat samples. human stool samples (n=317) were obtained from a clinical laboratory and meat samples (n=303) were collected from 8 retail grocery stores from october 2011 through september 2012 from centre county of pennsylvania and were examined for c. difficile. c. difficile was isolated from 16.7% of stool samples (n=317) and 6.9%, 11.5%, 14.5%, ... | 2014 | 25269079 |
| clostridium difficile and pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective, comparative, multicenter, espghan study. | clostridium difficile infection is associated with pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) in several ways. we sought to investigate c. difficile infection in pediatric patients with ibd in comparison with a group of children with celiac disease and to evaluate ibd disease course of c. difficile infected patients. | 2014 | 25268634 |
| clostridium difficile is emerging in romania: a story of 027 ribotype and excessive antibiotic consumption. | 2014 | 25267968 | |
| beneficial effect of oral tigecycline treatment on clostridium difficile infection in gnotobiotic piglets. | the efficacy of oral tigecycline treatment (2 mg/kg of body weight for 7 days) of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) was evaluated in the gnotobiotic pig model, and its effect on human gut microflora transplanted into the gnotobiotic pig was determined. tigecycline oral treatment improved survival, clinical signs, and lesion severity and markedly decreased concentrations of firmicutes but did not promote cdi. our data showed that oral tigecycline treatment has a potential beneficial effect on ... | 2014 | 25267665 |
| clostridium difficile carriage in hospitalized cancer patients: a prospective investigation in eastern china. | clostridium difficile carriage has been considered as a potential source for the deadly infection, but its role in cancer patients is still unclear. we aimed to identify the clinical and immunological factors that are related to c. difficile carriage in chinese cancer patients. | 2014 | 25267108 |
| fulminant clostridium difficile colitis: comparing computed tomography with histopathology: are they concordant? | a total abdominal colectomy (tac) is recommended for fulminant clostridium difficile colitis (fcdc) because intraoperative assessment of diseased segments is inaccurate. to determine whether computerized tomography (ct) provides an accurate assessment of disease, we examined the concordance between ct and histopathologic colitis distribution in patients undergoing tac for fcdc. the ileocolon was divided into seven distinct segments. of 20 patients meeting criteria, the median interval between pr ... | 2014 | 25264661 |
| activity of the investigational fluoroquinolone finafloxacin and seven other antimicrobial agents against 114 obligately anaerobic bacteria. | the activity of finafloxacin against 73 strains of the bacteroides fragilis group, 10 other gram-negative anaerobic rods and 31 clostridium difficile strains was determined by the broth microdilution technique. the activity was compared with that of moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam and metronidazole. mic(50/90) values (minimum inhibitory concentration, in μg/ml, at which 50% and 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited, respectively) for f ... | 2014 | 25264128 |
| carriage of clostridium difficile in free-living south american coati (nasua nasua) in brazil. | the objective of this study was to isolate and characterize clostridium difficile strains in stool samples from a wild urban mammal, a south american coati (nasua nasua) in brazil. forty-six free-living n. nasua were trapped, and stool samples were collected. c. difficile was isolated from three (6.5%) sampled animals, two strains were toxigenic (a+b+cdt-, pcr ribotype 014/020 and 106) and one was non toxigenic (a-b-cdt-, pcr ribotype 053). the present work confirms that ring-tailed coati (n. na ... | 2014 | 25263534 |
| adverse reactions associated with oral and parenteral use of cephalosporins: a retrospective population-based analysis. | few studies have provided population-based, route-specific data on allergy to cephalosporin or incidence of serious adverse drug reactions (adrs). | 2015 | 25262461 |
| core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs from the centers for disease control and prevention. | the proven benefits of antibiotic stewardship programs (asps) for optimizing antibiotic use and minimizing adverse events, such as clostridium difficile and antibiotic resistance, have prompted the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) to recommend that all hospitals have an asp. this article summarizes core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs, a recently released cdc document focused on defining the infrastructure and practices of coordinated multidisciplinary progra ... | 2014 | 25261548 |
| β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors versus carbapenems for the treatment of sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. | data on the relative efficacy of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (bl/blis) versus carbapenems are scant. | 2015 | 25261419 |
| hard surface biocontrol in hospitals using microbial-based cleaning products. | healthcare-associated infections (hais) are one of the most frequent complications occurring in healthcare facilities. contaminated environmental surfaces provide an important potential source for transmission of many healthcare-associated pathogens, thus indicating the need for new and sustainable strategies. | 2014 | 25259528 |
| hand hygiene is crucial to combat clostridium difficile. | patients with clostridium difficile infection (cdi) can contaminate the environment with spores that are able to survive for months. a previous room occupant with cdi is a significant risk factor for developing the infection. room cleaning with commonly used disinfectants will not kill spores. sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide are effective but correct concentration and contact time are important. hand hygiene is a crucial element in preventing infection. in the uk, there is a clear reco ... | 2014 | 25258234 |
| a case of clostridium difficile infection complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with fecal microbiota transplantation. | acute respiratory distress syndrome is a life-threatening disorder caused mainly by pneumonia. clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a common nosocomial diarrheal disease. disruption of normal intestinal flora by antibiotics is the main risk factor for cdi. the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for serious medical conditions can make it difficult to treat cdi complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome. fecal microbiota transplantation is a highly effective treatment in patients with r ... | 2014 | 25253977 |
| gastrointestinal microbiota-mediated control of enteric pathogens. | the gastrointestinal (gi) microbiota is a complex community of microorganisms residing within the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. the gi microbiota is vital to the development of the host immune system and plays a crucial role in human health and disease. the composition of the gi microbiota differs immensely among individuals yet specific shifts in composition and diversity have been linked to inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, atopy, and susceptibility to infection. in this review, we desc ... | 2014 | 25251855 |
| prevention of health care-associated infections. | health care-associated infections cause approximately 75,000 deaths annually, in addition to increasing morbidity and costs. over the past decade, a downward trend in health care-associated infections has occurred nationwide. basic prevention measures include administrative support, educating health care personnel, and hand hygiene and isolation precautions. prevention of central line- or catheter-associated infections begins with avoidance of unnecessary insertion, adherence to aseptic techniqu ... | 2014 | 25251230 |
| enterococci, clostridium difficile and esbl-producing bacteria: epidemiology, clinical impact and prevention in icu patients. | most hospital-acquired infections arise from colonising bacteria. intensive care patients and immunocompromised individuals are at highest risk for microbial invasion and subsequent infection due to multiple invasive procedures in addition to frequent application of chemotherapeutics and presence of poor microperfusion leading to mucosal disruption. in this narrative review, we summarise the literature on bacterial colonisation in intensive care patients, in particular the epidemiology, the clin ... | 2014 | 25250957 |
| exogenous phosphatidylcholine supplementation improves intestinal barrier defense against clostridium difficile toxin. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile colitis have increased dramatically in the last decade. disease severity is related to c. difficile virulence factors, including toxins a and b, as well as the patient's immune status. the intestinal mucus is an important component of innate barrier function in the intestine. phosphatidylcholine (pc) is a key constituent of the intestinal mucus barrier, and exogenous pc administration has had therapeutic efficacy in patients with ulcerative col ... | 2014 | 25250596 |
| similar proportions of stool specimens from hospitalized children with and without diarrhea test positive for clostridium difficile. | many laboratories use polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assays to detect the clostridium difficile toxin b gene (tcdb) in stool. however, pcr testing experience in pediatric patients is limited. we compared the detection of c. difficile by pcr in hospitalized children with and without diarrhea. | 2015 | 25247582 |
| identification of aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance genes from within an infant gut functional metagenomic library. | the infant gut microbiota develops rapidly during the first 2 years of life, acquiring microorganisms from diverse sources. during this time, significant opportunities exist for the infant to acquire antibiotic resistant bacteria, which can become established and constitute the infant gut resistome. with increased antibiotic resistance limiting our ability to treat bacterial infections, investigations into resistance reservoirs are highly pertinent. this study aimed to explore the nascent resist ... | 2014 | 25247417 |
| molecular characterization of toxigenic clostridium difficile in a northern italian hospital. | clostridium difficile is responsible for more than 90 % of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. the most important virulence factors are two toxins called enterotoxin a and cytotoxin b; some c. difficile strains contain the c. difficile binary toxin (cdt). the aim of our study was to prospectively analyze c. difficile clinical isolates in a single center to determine the molecular features of collected strains. among the 252 isolates, 217 were a + b + (86.1 %), 3 ... | 2015 | 25245958 |
| extraintestinal clostridium difficile infections: a single-center experience. | to evaluate the clinical burden of extraintestinal clostridium difficile infection (cdi) seen at a single institution and to characterize the management and outcomes of these rare infections. | 2014 | 25245597 |
| a survey of prescriber perceptions about the prevention of stress-related mucosal bleeding in the intensive care unit. | practices vary between institutions and amongst prescribers regarding when to initiate stress ulcer prophylaxis (sup), which agent to choose (including doses and frequencies) and rationale, and decisions about escalation or discontinuation of therapy. the purpose of this survey is to evaluate the perceptions of prescribers about risk assessment of stress-related mucosal bleeding (srmb) and practice patterns of sup. | 2014 | 25243327 |
| the roles of host and pathogen factors and the innate immune response in the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is the most common cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the etiologic agent of pseudomembranous colitis. the clinical manifestation of c. difficile infection (cdi) is highly variable, from asymptomatic carriage, to mild self-limiting diarrhea, to the more severe pseudomembranous colitis. furthermore, in extreme cases, colonic inflammation and tissue damage can lead to toxic megacolon, a condition requiring surgical intervention. c. difficile ... | 2015 | 25242213 |
| biofilms of clostridium species. | the biofilm is a microbial community embedded in a synthesized matrix and is the main bacterial way of life. a biofilm adheres on surfaces or is found on interfaces. it protects bacteria from the environment, toxic molecules and may have a role in virulence. clostridium species are spread throughout both environments and hosts, but their biofilms have not been extensively described in comparison with other bacterial species. in this review we describe all biofilms formed by clostridium species d ... | 2014 | 25242197 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clostridium difficile strains belonging to different polymerase chain reaction ribotypes isolated in poland in 2012. | in the beginning of 2012, a study was conducted to obtain an overview of clostridium difficile infections (cdis) in polish hospitals. the collection of 83 toxigenic c. difficile isolates obtained from this hospital-based survey was used to identify antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. among the c. difficile isolates analyzed, 48 (57.8%) belonged to pcr ribotype 027, 21 (25.3%) to its closely related pcr ribotype 176, and 14 (16.9%) to different pcr ribotypes. seventy one (85.5%) isolates were ... | 2015 | 25242196 |