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enterococcus faecium stimulates human neutrophils via the formyl-peptide receptor 2.the human formyl-peptide receptor 2 (fpr2/alx) senses phenol-soluble modulin (psm) peptide toxins produced by pathogenic staphylococcal species and plays a crucial role in directing neutrophil influx during staphylococcal infection. however, it has remained unclear if fpr2 responds also to molecules from other bacterial pathogens. here we analyzed a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens and found that apart from staphylococci only certain enterococcal strains have the capacity to ...201222768166
nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit of a developing country: nhsn surveillance.this study aimed to determine the epidemiology of the three most common nosocomial infections (ni), namely, sepsis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection (uti), in a pediatric intensive care unit (picu) in a developing country and to define the risk factors associated with ni.201222767099
aseptic simulation test challenged with microorganisms for validation of pharmacy operators.aseptic technique of pharmacy operators was assessed using simulated media-fill tests challenged with microorganisms.201222761076
type i and type ii mechanisms of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: an in vitro study on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (apdt) employs a non-toxic photosensitizer (ps) and visible light, which in the presence of oxygen produce reactive oxygen species (ros), such as singlet oxygen ((1) o(2), produced via type ii mechanism) and hydroxyl radical (ho(.), produced via type i mechanism). this study examined the relative contributions of (1) o(2) and ho(.) to apdt killing of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.201222760848
in vitro activities of antimicrobial cationic peptides; melittin and nisin, alone or in combination with antibiotics against gram-positive bacteria.the in vitro activities of two antimicrobial cationic peptides, melittin and nisin alone and in combination with frequently used antibiotics (daptomycin, vancomycin, linezolid, ampicillin, and erythromycin), were assessed against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant s. aureus and enterococcus faecalis. using the broth microdilution method, minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) ranges of melittin and nisin against all strains were 2-8 μg/ml an ...201222759757
antimicrobial resistance among gram-positive pathogens in saudi arabia.several species of gram-positive cocci are major nosocomial or community pathogens associated with morbidity and mortality. here, we review the antimicrobial resistance among these pathogens in saudi arabia. in the last decades, antimicrobial resistance has increased among staphylococcus aureus in the kingdom with a growing prevalence of both nosocomial and community methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) isolates. as yet, no vancomycin-resistant mrsa have been reported, although isolates with r ...201222759756
biochemical characterization of an anti-candida factor produced by enterococcus faecalis.because candida albicans is resistant to several antifungal antibiotics, there is a need to identify other less toxic natural products, particularly antimicrobial proteins, peptides or bacteriocin like inhibitory substances. an attempt has been made to purify and characterise an anti-candida compound produced by enterococcus faecalis.201222759735
identification, structural, and biochemical characterization of a group of large csn2 proteins involved in crispr-mediated bacterial immunity.many prokaryotic organisms acquire immunity against foreign genetic material by incorporating a short segment of foreign dna called spacer into chromosomal loci, termed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs). the encoded rnas are processed into small fragments that guide the silencing of the invading genetic elements. the crispr-associated (cas) proteins are the main executioners of these processes. herein, we report the crystal structure of stu0660 of streptococcus ...201222753072
exploring optimization parameters to increase ssdna recombineering in lactococcus lactis and lactobacillus reuteri.single-stranded dna (ssdna) recombineering is a technology which is used to make subtle changes in the chromosome of several bacterial genera. cells which express a single-stranded dna binding protein (rect or bet) are transformed with an oligonucleotide which is incorporated via an annealing and replication-dependent mechanism. by in silico analysis we identified ssdna binding protein homologs in the genus lactobacillus and lactococcus lactis. to assess whether we could further improve the reco ...201222750793
antimicrobial effectiveness of intracanal medicaments on enterococcus faecalis: chlorhexidine versus octenidine.to determine the viability of enterococcus faecalis in infected human root dentine in vitro after exposure to root canal medicaments based on chlorhexidine and octenidine.201322747603
antibiotic resistance and virulence traits in clinical and environmental enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolates.this study compared virulence and antibiotic resistance traits in clinical and environmental enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolates. e. faecalis isolates harboured a broader spectrum of virulence determinants compared to e. faecium isolates. the virulence traits cyl-a, cyl-b, cyl-m, gel-e, esp and acm were tested and environmental isolates predominantly harboured gel-e (80% of e. faecalis and 31.9% of e. faecium) whereas esp was more prevalent in clinical isolates (67.8% of e. f ...201222742879
reversible monensin adaptation in enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis and clostridium perfringens of cattle origin: potential impact on human food safety.to determine the stability/reversibility and mechanism of monensin adaptation in monensin-treated cattle isolates compared with reference bacterial isolates, exposed in vitro to high monensin concentrations.201222740589
antimicrobial phenylpropanoids from the argentinean highland plant parastrephia lucida (meyen) cabrera.the argentinean highland plant parastrephia lucida (meyen) cabrera is used in traditional medicine as an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory crude drug.201222735664
characterization of the antibacterial activity and the chemical components of the volatile oil of the leaves of rubus parvifolius l.rubus parvifolius l. (rp) is a medicinal herb that possesses antibacterial activity. in this study, we extracted the volatile oil from the leaves of rp to assess its antibacterial activity and analyze its chemical composition. a uniform distribution design was used to optimize the extraction procedure, which yielded 0.36% (w/w) of light yellowish oil from the water extract of rp leaves. we found that the extracted oil effectively inhibited the growth of a wide range of gram positive and negative ...201222732887
antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity analysis of halistanol trisulphate from marine sponge petromica citrina.an aqueous extract and fraction from the marine sponge petromica citrina have antibacterial activity. we performed a chemical and biological characterization of the antibiotic substance from p. citrina and investigated its mode of action on staphylococcus aureus cells.201222729926
the variability of bacterial aerosol in poultry houses depending on selected factors.this study is aimed at evaluation of bacterial air contamination in intensive poultry breeding. the evaluation was based on the determined levels of bacterial concentrations and qualitative identification of isolated microorganisms.201222729495
[enterococcus faecalis meningitis after spinal anesthesia successfully managed with linezolid]. 201222727505
role of mprf1 and mprf2 in the pathogenicity of enterococcus faecalis.enterococcus faecalis is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. due to its innate and acquired resistance to most antibiotics, identification of new targets for antimicrobial treatment of e. faecalis is a high priority. the multiple peptide resistance factor mprf, which was first described in staphylococcus aureus, modifies phosphatidylglycerol with lysin and reduces the negative charge of the membrane, thus increasing resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides. we studied the ef ...201222723861
activation of type iii interferon genes by pathogenic bacteria in infected epithelial cells and mouse placenta.bacterial infections trigger the expression of type i and ii interferon genes but little is known about their effect on type iii interferon (ifn-λ) genes, whose products play important roles in epithelial innate immunity against viruses. here, we studied the expression of ifn-λ genes in cultured human epithelial cells infected with different pathogenic bacteria and in the mouse placenta infected with listeria monocytogenes. we first showed that in intestinal lovo cells, induction of ifn-λ genes ...201222720036
enterococcus faecalis clones in poultry and in humans with urinary tract infections, vietnam.enterococcus spp. as pathogens have increased, but the sources of infection often remain unclear. to investigate whether poultry might be a reservoir for e. faecalis-associated urinary tract infections (utis) in humans, we characterized e. faecalis isolates from patients in vietnam with utis during january 2008-january 2010 and poultry living in close contact with them by multilocus sequence typing (mlst), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, analysis of antimicrobial drug susceptibility patterns, ...201222709904
lantibiotic production by pathogenic microorganisms.lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesised, post-translationally modified antimicrobial peptides produced by gram positive bacteria, many which have broad-ranging antimicrobial activities. lantibiotics have long been the subject of investigation with a view to their application as food preservatives or chemotherapeutic agents for clinical and veterinary medicine, while the associated biosynthetic machinery has been employed for peptide engineering purposes. however, although many lantibiotics are ...201222708496
evaluation of species-specific pcr, bruker ms, vitek ms and the vitek 2 system for the identification of clinical enterococcus isolates.the purpose of this investigation was to compare the performance of species-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) and phenotypic identification systems for the identification of enterococcus species. a total of 132 clinical isolates were investigated by the following: (1) a multiplex real-time pcr assay targeting ddl enterococcus faecium, ddl enterococcus faecalis, vanc1 and vanc2/c3 genes, and a high ...201222706514
transmission and genetic diversity of enterococcus faecalis during hatch of broiler chicks.the normal gastrointestinal flora of poultry includes enterococcus faecalis. e. faecalis is also associated with first week mortality of chickens, but it is not clear whether this is due to vertical or horizontal transmission. aims of the present study were to investigate transmission and genetic diversity of e. faecalis during hatching of broiler chicks. when hatching started, 15% of the chicks were colonized with e. faecalis. this colonization was interpreted as vertical transmission and was h ...201222704244
the effect of detergents on the antibacterial activity of disinfecting solutions in dentin.detergents have been added into different disinfecting solutions to lower their surface tension and to enhance their antibacterial effects. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of dentin disinfection by different antibacterial solutions in the presence and absence of detergents using a novel dentin infection model and confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm).201222703659
antimicrobial substantivity over time of chlorhexidine and cetrimide.to reach an adequate control of dentin infection and to promote success in endodontic therapy, antimicrobial irrigating solutions with confirmed substantivity are recommended. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial substantivity against enterococcus faecalis of a dentin-volumetric unit exposed for 1 minute to chlorhexidine (chx) and cetrimide (ctr).201222703655
extracellular dextran and dna affect the formation of enterococcus faecalis biofilms and their susceptibility to 2% chlorhexidine.enterococcus faecalis is frequently recovered from root-filled teeth with refractory apical periodontitis. the ability of e. faecalis to form a matrix-encased biofilm contributes to its pathogenicity; however, the role of extracellular dextran and dna in biofilm formation and its effect on the susceptibility of the biofilm to chlorhexidine remains poorly understood.201222703650
a microbiological profile of unexposed and exposed pulp space of primary endodontic infections by checkerboard dna-dna hybridization.the aim of this study was to evaluate, by checkerboard dna-dna hybridization, the composition of the microbiota of primary endodontic infections in cases associated with exposed (n = 30) and unexposed (n = 30) pulp space.201222703649
abundance of enterococcus species, enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium, essential indicators of fecal pollution, in river water.enterococci such as enterococcus faecalis and e. faecium are considered as the most suitable indicators of fecal pollution in an aquatic environment, and new methods for enterococcus determination have been developed, namely, membrane filtration (mf) using membrane-enterococcus indoxyl-β-d-glucoside agar (mei) and defined substrate technology (dst) using enterolert®. this study used pcr analysis to identify e. faecalis and e. faecium among enterococcus strains in river water isolated using both ...201222702808
isolation and characterization of kluyvera georgiana strain with the potential for acrylamide biodegradation.worldwide contamination by acrylamide, a neurotoxicant and carcinogen in animals, is becoming a significant problem. we isolated three novel acrylamide-degrading bacteria from domestic wastewater in chonburi, thailand. using biochemical characteristics and 16s rrna gene sequencing, the strains were identified as klebsiella pneumoniae, kluyvera georgiana and enterococcus faecalis. k. georgiana strain no. 2 was selected for further characterization due to its degradation potential of high concentr ...201222702807
bacteriophage control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in cattle compost.to isolate bacteriophage that infects vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) and to investigate the ability of this phage to diminish vre number in vitro and in experimentally vre-inoculated compost.201222702478
costs of healthcare- and community-associated infections with antimicrobial-resistant versus antimicrobial-susceptible organisms.we compared differences in the hospital charges, length of hospital stay, and mortality between patients with healthcare- and community-associated bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia due to antimicrobial-resistant versus -susceptible bacterial strains.201222700828
molecular evidence of enterococcus faecalis in an occluding coronary thrombus from a patient with late prosthetic valve endocarditis. 201222688276
the mechanism for rna recognition by antar regulators of gene expression.antar proteins are widespread bacterial regulatory proteins that have rna-binding output domains and utilize antitermination to control gene expression at the post-initiation level. an antar protein, eutv, regulates the ethanolamine-utilization genes (eut) in enterococcus faecalis. using this system, we present genetic and biochemical evidence of a general mechanism of antitermination used by antars, including details of the antiterminator structure. the novel antiterminator structure consists o ...201222685413
pharmacodynamics of early, high-dose linezolid against vancomycin-resistant enterococci with elevated mics and pre-existing genetic mutations.vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) have emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen in medical centres worldwide. this study evaluated the impact of front-loading of linezolid on bacterial killing and suppression of resistance against vre strains with defined genetic mutations.201222685161
fatal enterococcus durans aortic valve endocarditis: a case report and review of the literature.most enterococcal endocarditis is caused by enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium. enterococcus durans is a rare member of non-faecalis, non-faecium enterococcal species and is found in the intestines of animals. e durans endocarditis is a very rare infection-only two cases of endocarditis in humans have been reported in the literature-and usually associated with good outcomes when treated with appropriate antibiotics. we report the first case of fatal e durans endocarditis. this patien ...201222684831
the role of asymptomatic bacteriuria in young women with recurrent urinary tract infections: to treat or not to treat?little is known about the role of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ab) treatment in young women affected by recurrent urinary tract infection (uti). we aimed to evaluate the impact of ab treatment on the recurrence rate among young women affected by recurrent uti.201222677710
improved identification including maldi-tof mass spectrometry analysis of group d streptococci from bovine mastitis and subsequent molecular characterization of corresponding enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolates.we examined 199 group d streptococci isolated from clinically defined and epidemiologically unrelated cases of bovine mastitis. samples were collected during a 5-month period from 2010 to 2011 from diseased animals in 199 herds (1 isolate per herd) raised in different counties and federal states in germany. a classical enterococcal species identification procedure started with pyrase and catalase assays, growth on enterococcoselagar(®) and gcg(®) agar plates and in 6.5% nacl followed by a bioche ...201222677481
mycotic left main coronary artery aneurysm following double-valve replacement for active infective endocarditis.a 68-year-old man underwent double-valve replacement (dvr) for active infective endocarditis caused by enterococcus faecalis. postoperative coronary angiography (cag) revealed a saccular aneurysm originating from the distal portion of lmca with severe stenosis at the ostium of the left anterior descending (lad) artery and left circumflex artery (lcx). emergent surgical resection with concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting were performed.mycotic coronary artery aneurysms have a great tendenc ...201322673548
thirteen square centimetre mass causing syncope in a patient with device related infective endocarditis.a 68-year-old man presented with anorexia, weight loss and severe asthenia starting 2 months before and fever lasting over 2 weeks. analytical study revealed increased c reactive protein and sedimentation velocity. while thoracic x-ray and urinalysis were unremarkable, blood cultures were consistently positive for enterococcus faecalis. a thoracic echocardiogram revealed a very large vegetation adherent to the ventricular electrocatheter of the patient's pacemaker, so parenteral antibiotics were ...201122669890
isolation and characterization of a novel bacteriophage φ4d lytic against enterococcus faecalis strains.in recent years, enterococcus faecalis has emerged as an important opportunistic nosocomial pathogen capable of causing dangerous infections. therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel antibacterial agents to control this pathogen. bacteriophages have very effective bactericidal activity and several advantages over other antimicrobial agents and so far, no serious or irreversible side effects of phage therapy have been described. the objective of this study was to characterize a novel v ...201222669253
emergence and characterisation of vanb vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis in rio de janeiro, brazil.here we describe the detection and characterisation of three isolates of vancomycin-resistant vanb-type enterococcus faecalis. sequence analysis suggested that these isolates harboured the vanb1 gene. the isolates were susceptible to the majority of antimicrobial agents tested, with the exception of chloramphenicol, erythromycin and vancomycin, and showed distinct profiles of high-level resistance to aminoglycosides. analysis of the clonal relatedness of the vanb e. faecalis isolates showed simi ...201222666871
correlation between mutations in liafsr of enterococcus faecium and mic of daptomycin: revisiting daptomycin breakpoints.mutations in liafsr, a three-component regulatory system controlling cell-envelope stress response, were recently linked with the emergence of daptomycin (dap) resistance in enterococci. our previous work showed that a liaf mutation increased the dap mic of a vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis strain from 1 to 3 μg/ml (the dap breakpoint is 4 μg/ml), suggesting that mutations in the liafsr system could be a pivotal initial event in the development of dap resistance. with the hypothesis t ...201222664970
role of m2b macrophages in the acceleration of bacterial translocation and subsequent sepsis in mice exposed to whole body [137cs] γ-irradiation.the influence of whole-body gamma-irradiation on the antibacterial host defense against enterococcus faecalis translocation was investigated. mice irradiated with or without 5 gy [(137)cs] gamma-rays were orally infected with 10(6) cfu/mouse e. faecalis. the pathogen was detected in the mesenteric lymph nodes (mlns) of irradiated mice 1-4 d postinfection, whereas e. faecalis was not isolated from mlns of normal mice. all irradiated mice died within 5 d of infection, whereas no mortality was show ...201222664870
fatal meningitis caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci: report of two cases from south india.vancomycin-resistant enterococci rarely cause meningitis and present a therapeutic challenge. antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done for strains of enterococcus species isolated from csf samples of patients with meningitis by phenotypic methods. multiplex polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the genetic basis of vancomycin resistance of such isolates. we report here two cases of enterococcal meningitis caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococcus species. one of the isolate ...201222664449
molecular screening of virulence genes in high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolated from clinical specimens in northwest iran.the present study screened clinical isolates of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium to determine the prevalence of high-level gentamicin-resistant enterococci and the potential virulence genes among them.201222664433
enterococcal endocarditis: can we win the war?treatment of enterococcal infections has long been recognized as an important clinical challenge, particularly in the setting of infective endocarditis (ie). furthermore, the increase prevalence of isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance (mdr) to traditional anti-enterococcal antibiotics such as ampicillin, vancomycin and aminoglycosides (high-level resistance) poses immense therapeutic dilemmas in hospitals around the world. unlike ie caused by most isolates of enterococcus faecalis, which sti ...201222661339
a novel method for simultaneous enterococcus species identification/typing and van genotyping by high resolution melt analysis.in order to develop a typing and identification method for van gene containing enterococcus faecium, two multiplex pcr reactions were developed for use in hrm-pcr (high resolution melt-pcr): (i) vana, vanb, vanc, vanc23 to detect van genes from different enterococcus species; (ii) isr (intergenic spacer region between the 16s and 23s rrna genes) to detect all enterococcus species and obtain species and isolate specific hrm curves. to test and validate the method three groups of isolates were tes ...201222658426
disclosure of the quackery: testing of the bactericidal action of products based on the "hydronic" technology ("informed glass") on atcc strains of enterococcus faecalis, salmonella enteritidis and candida albicans.to disclose a quackery called "revitalisation of tired water by hydronic technology", scientific experiments have been conducted with drinking water kept in "ordinary, everyday-use" drinking glasses and so-called 'informed' glasses, a patent-protected product supposed to have an effect on the "structure, vitality and memory of water". drinking "informed" water is claimed to have a wide range of positive revitalising health effects (blue informed glass), to facilitate weight loss (red informed gl ...201122654210
global transcriptional analysis of the stringent response in enterococcus faecalis.in enterococcus faecalis, production of guanosine tetraphosphate/guanosine pentaphosphate [(p)ppgpp], the effector molecule of the stringent response, is controlled by the bifunctional synthetase/hydrolase rela and the monofunctional synthetase relq. previously, the (p)ppgpp profiles of strains lacking rela, relq or both genes indicated that rela is the primary enzyme responsible for (p)ppgpp synthesis under stress conditions, while the contributions of relq to the stringent response and cell ho ...201222653948
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new hydrazone-bridged thiazole-pyrrole derivatives.in this work, we synthesized fourteen different compounds which contain hydrazone bridged thiazole and pyrrole rings. for this purpose, pyrrole-2-carboxaldehydes were reacted directly with thiosemicarbazide in ethanol and then obtained thiosemicarbazones were condensed with α-bromoacetophenone derivatives (hantzsch reaction) to give 1-substituted pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde [4-(4-substituted phenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl] hydrazones. the structures of the obtained compounds were elucidated by using ir, ...201322651798
study of vancomycin resistance in faecal enterococci from healthy humans and dogs in spain a decade after the avoparcin ban in europe.one hundred and 26 faecal samples from healthy dogs (2009) and 157 faecal samples from healthy humans (2007) from la rioja region (spain) were tested to know the carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). vre with intrinsic resistance (vanc) were found in 12% of healthy dogs and humans (29 enterococcus gallinarum and four enterococcus casseliflavus). nevertheless, vre with acquired mechanism of resistance were not detected among these samples. four enterococcus faecalis isolates with va ...201322646722
oral administration of enterococcus faecalis fk-23 suppresses th17 cell development and attenuates allergic airway responses in mice.evidence is increasing that oral administration of probiotics can attenuate asthmatic responses both in murine models and clinical trials. t-helper 17 (th17) cells, a subset of cd4+ t cells have been implicated as having an important role in the development of several allergic disorders, but the relationship between oral administration of probiotics and th17 development has not been well studied. balb/c mice were given lysed enterococcus faecalis fk-23 (lfk) orally for 28 days. after sensitizati ...201222641478
in vitro evaluation of the root canal cleaning ability of plant extracts and their antimicrobial action.this in vitro study evaluated both the antimicrobial activity and the root canal cleaning ability of plant extracts used in irrigation solutions. the antimicrobial activities of the aroeira-da-praia (schinus terebintifolius raddi) and the quixabeira (syderoxylum obtusifolium roem & schult) hydroalcoholic extracts, of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (naocl) and of 0.12% chlorhexidine (positive control) against enterococcus faecalis were tested with the agar well diffusion method. the level of root canal ...201322641440
detection of vana-containing enterococcus species in faecal microbiota of gilthead seabream (sparus aurata).vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecalis, e. faecium and e. durans isolates with the genotype vana were detected in 7 of 118 faecal samples (5.9%) of natural gilthead seabream recovered off the coast of portugal, and one vancomycin-resistant isolate/sample was further characterized. the genes erm(b), tet(l), tet(m), aac(6')-aph(2"), aph(3')-iiia and/or ant(6)-ia were identified in most of the 7 vancomycin-resistant enterococci. sequence types st273, st313 and st76 were detected in three e. fae ...201222641152
enterococcus faecalis prgj, a virb4-like atpase, mediates pcf10 conjugative transfer through substrate binding.the enterococcus faecalis prg and pcf genes of plasmid pcf10 encode a type iv secretion system (t4ss) required for conjugative transfer. prgj is a member of the virb4 family of atpases that are universally associated with t4sss. here, we report that purified prgj dimers displayed atp binding and hydrolysis activities. a prgj nucleoside triphosphate (ntp) binding site mutation (k471e) slightly diminished atp binding but abolished atp hydrolysis in vitro and blocked pcf10 transfer in vivo. as show ...201222636769
evaluation of impact of exposure of sudan azo dyes and their metabolites on human intestinal bacteria.sudan azo dyes are banned for food usage in most countries, but they are illegally used to maintain or enhance the color of food products due to low cost, bright staining, and wide availability of the dyes. in this report, we examined the toxic effects of these azo dyes and their potential reduction metabolites on 11 prevalent human intestinal bacterial strains. among the tested bacteria, cell growth of 2, 3, 5, 5, and 1 strains was inhibited by sudan i, ii, iii, iv, and para red, respectively. ...201222634331
the antimicrobial activity of the appetite peptide hormone ghrelin.the present study examined the antimicrobial activity of the peptide ghrelin. both major forms of ghrelin, acylated ghrelin (ag) and desacylated ghrelin (dag), demonstrated the same degree of bactericidal activity against gram-negative escherichia coli (e. coli) and pseudomonas aeruginosa (p. aeruginosa), while bactericidal effects against gram-positive staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) and enterococcus faecalis (e. faecalis) were minimal or absent, respectively. to elucidate the bactericidal me ...201222634233
gender and age-dependent etiology of community-acquired urinary tract infections.urinary tract infections (utis) are among the most frequent community-acquired infections worldwide. escherichia coli is the most common uti pathogen although underlying host factors such as patients' age and gender may influence prevalence of causative agents. in this study, 61 273 consecutive urine samples received over a 22-month period from outpatients clinics of an urban area of north italy underwent microbiological culture with subsequent bacterial identification and antimicrobial suscepti ...201222629135
genetic modifications and introduction of heterologous pdc genes in enterococcus faecalis for its use in production of bioethanol.genetically-modified enterococcus faecalis has a potential of survival and can be used in ethanolic fermentations. fermentation profiles of e. faecalis jh2-2 were assessed using glucose and lactose as carbon sources. deletion of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) genes increased the ethanol production from 0.25 to 0.82 g/l, which was further increased to 0.96 g/l by the insertion of a pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) gene (from sarcina ventriculi or clostridium acetobutylicum) in place ldh1. when grown on ...201222628022
antimicrobial activity of wild mushroom extracts against clinical isolates resistant to different antibiotics.this work aimed to screen the antimicrobial activity of aqueous methanolic extracts of 13 mushroom species, collected in bragança, against several clinical isolates obtained in hospital center of trás-os-montes and alto douro, portugal.201222621239
vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) isolates isolated in rajavithi hospital between 1999 and 2009.from 1999 to 2009, a total of 10,470 clinical enterococcal strains from patients in rajavithi hospital were isolated. of these, 201 (1.9%) vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) including 199 (99.0%) enterococcus faecium and 2 (1.00%) enterococcus faecalis were found. the incidence of vre was 1.8% in 1999, 3.3% in 2000, 5.1% in 2001, 1.0% in 2002, 0.0% in 2003 and 2004, 1.1% in 2005, 4.7% in 2006, 1.9% in 2007, 2.2% in 2008 and 0.9% in 2009. seventy-one vre isolates were classified to vana pheno ...201222619881
microbial diversity in failed endodontic root-filled teeth.persistent/secondary infections of human root canals play an important role in the failure of endodontic treatment. this study used 16s rrna sequencing to assess microbial diversity in root-filled teeth associated with failed endodontic treatment.201222613548
selective grazing by protists upon enteric bacteria in an aquatic system.it is well known that protozoan grazing can be an important agent of mortality for suspended bacteria, both in marine and freshwater environments. considering that the presence of fecal contamination is a frequent phenomenon in tríese environments, and that escherichia coli and the genus enterococcus are indicators of microbiological water quality, the effect of protozoan grazing on e. coli and enterococcus faecalis in los padres lagoon waters (buenos aires, argentina, 37° 56'30" s, 57° 44'30" w ...201222610287
prevalence and characterization of antibiotic resistant enterococcus faecalis in french cheeses.prevalence of enterococci and antibiotic resistance profiles of enterococcus faecalis was analyzed in 126 french cheeses from retail stores. forty-four percent of pasteurized or thermised-milk cheeses, and up to 92% of raw-milk cheeses contained detectable enterococci. a total of 337 antibiotic resistant enterococci were isolated in 29% and 60% of pasteurized-milk and raw-milk cheeses, respectively. e. faecalis was the predominant antibiotic resistant species recovered (81%), followed by enteroc ...201222608223
outbreak of mastitis in sheep caused by multi-drug resistant enterococcus faecalis in sardinia, italy.an outbreak of infective mastitis due to enterococcus faecalis occurred in an intensive sheep farm in north sardinia (italy). e. faecalis, which is only rarely isolated from sheep milk, was unexpectedly found in 22·3% of positive samples at microbiological examination. forty-five out of the 48 e. faecalis isolates showed the same multi-drug resistance pattern (cloxacillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, clindamycin, oxytetracycline). e. faecalis isolates were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophores ...201322595402
residual activity of chelating agents and their combinations with cetrimide on root canals infected with enterococcus faecalis.the use of chelating agents in endodontic treatment is required to remove the smear layer and to achieve better disinfection within the root canal system. the aim of this study was to evaluate the residual antimicrobial activity of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (edta), 7% maleic acid (ma), and 10% lactic acid (la) alone and combined with 0.2% cetrimide (ctr) on infected root canals with enterococcus faecalis.201222595119
structural characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of atractyloside, atractyligenin, and 15-didehydroatractyligenin methyl ester.we report the first complete structure elucidation of the ent-kaurane diterpenoid glycoside atractyloside (1) by means of nmr and x-ray diffractometry techniques. extensive one- and two-dimensional nmr experiments were employed to assign the proton and carbon signals of 1, and crystallography experiments established the configurations of all stereogenic centers. furthermore, we present a novel semisynthetic route for the preparation of the highly cytotoxic aglycone derivative of 1, 15-didehydroa ...201222594797
bacterial pathogens related to chronic suppurative otitis media in individuals with cleft palate: bacteriological culture and polymerase chain reaction.to characterize the microbial etiology of chronic suppurative otitis media comparing the methods of classical bacteriological culture and polymerase chain reaction.201422594401
speciation and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from recreational beaches in malaysia.we report the first study on the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant enterococci in coastal bathing waters in malaysia. one hundred and sixty-five enterococci isolates recovered from two popular recreational beaches in malaysia were speciated and screened for antibiotic resistance to a total of eight antibiotics. prevalence of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium was highest in both beaches. e. faecalis/e. faecium ratio was 0.384:1 and 0.375:1, respectively, for isolates from port dicks ...201322592782
genes important for catalase activity in enterococcus faecalis.little in general is known about how heme proteins are assembled from their constituents in cells. the gram-positive bacterium enterococcus faecalis cannot synthesize heme and does not depend on it for growth. however, when supplied with heme in the growth medium the cells can synthesize two heme proteins; catalase (kata) and cytochrome bd (cydab). to identify novel factors important for catalase biogenesis libraries of e. faecalis gene insertion mutants were generated using two different types ...201222590595
[influence of alkaline environment on the hydrophobicity of starved enterococcus faecalis].to study the effect of calcium hydroxide solutions at different ph values on the cell-surface hydrophobicity of starved enterococcus faecalis.201222588924
caenorhabditis elegans immune conditioning with the probiotic bacterium lactobacillus acidophilus strain ncfm enhances gram-positive immune responses.although the immune response of caenorhabditis elegans to microbial infections is well established, very little is known about the effects of health-promoting probiotic bacteria on evolutionarily conserved c. elegans host responses. we found that the probiotic gram-positive bacterium lactobacillus acidophilus ncfm is not harmful to c. elegans and that l. acidophilus ncfm is unable to colonize the c. elegans intestine. conditioning with l. acidophilus ncfm significantly decreased the burden of a ...201222585961
survey of virulence determinants among vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium isolated from clinical specimens of hospitalized patients of north west of iran.recent data indicates an increasing rate of vancomycin resistance in clinical enterococcal isolates worldwide. the nosocomial enterococci are likely to harbor virulence elements that increase their ability to colonize hospitalized patients. the aim of this study was to characterize virulence determinants in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) obtained from various clinical sources.during the years 2008 to 2010, a total of 48 vre isolates were obtained from three university teaching hospitals ...201222582098
effects of cow's and goat's milk as fermentation media on the microbial ecology of sugary kefir grains.in the present study, we have investigated the importance of fermentation media on grain formation and the microbial characteristics of sugary kefir. the sugary kefir grains were fermented in brown sugar, cow's milk or goat's milk. using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, we identified the microorganisms present in both the grains and filtrate and then evaluated their distribution. the structure of the grains was also observed by scanning electronic microscopy (sem). the identifi ...201222578996
reproducible discrimination between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using surface enhanced raman spectroscopy with infrared excitation.the on time diagnostics of bacterial diseases is one of the essential steps in the foregoing treatment of such pathogens. here we sought to present an easy to use and robust method for the discrimination between gram-positive (enterococcus faecalis and streptococcus pyogenes) and gram-negative (acinetobacter baumannii and klebsiella pneumoniae) bacterial genera based on surface enhanced raman scattering (sers) spectroscopy. the robustness of our approach lies in the novel method for the producti ...201222577658
a role for skn-1/nrf in pathogen resistance and immunosenescence in caenorhabditis elegans.a proper immune response ensures survival in a hostile environment and promotes longevity. recent evidence indicates that innate immunity, beyond antimicrobial effectors, also relies on host-defensive mechanisms. the caenorhabditis elegans transcription factor skn-1 regulates xenobiotic and oxidative stress responses and contributes to longevity, however, its role in immune defense is unknown. here we show that skn-1 is required for c. elegans pathogen resistance against both gram-negative pseud ...201222577361
sensitivities of major causative organisms isolated from patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis against various antibacterial agents: results of subanalysis based on the presence of menopause.we investigated whether the presence of menopause influenced the species and distribution of causative bacteria isolated from patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis (the most common urinary tract infection), and we also investigated the sensitivity of the isolated species to antibacterial agents. using multivariate analysis, we also investigated risk factors for infection with quinolone-resistant escherichia coli, because its frequency has increased and it is now a clinical problem in japan. ...201222572853
molecular epidemiology of enterococcus sp. isolated in a university hospital in algeria.the aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of enterococci isolated from infections at an algerian university hospital, and to evaluate the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) and the clonal cluster present in this country.201222568723
salb inactivation modulates culture supernatant exoproteins and affects autolysis and viability in enterococcus faecalis og1rf.the culture supernatant fraction of an enterococcus faecalis gele mutant of strain og1rf contained elevated levels of the secreted antigen salb. using differential fluorescence gel electrophoresis (dige) the salb mutant was shown to possess a unique complement of exoproteins. differentially abundant exoproteins were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry. stress-related proteins including dnak, dps family protein, sod, and nadh p ...201222563054
syntheses and biological studies of novel spiropiperazinyl oxazolidinone antibacterial agents using a spirocyclic diene derived acylnitroso diels-alder reaction.several novel oxazolidinone antibiotics with a spiropiperazinyl substituent at the 4'-position of the phenyl ring were synthesized through nitroso diels-alder chemistry and the in vitro antibacterial activities were evaluated against various gram-positive bacteria (bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis), gram-negative bacteria (escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa) and mycobacteria (mycobacterium vaccae, mycobacterium tuberculosis). analogs (8a and 12) were active a ...201222560837
enhancing production of bio-isoprene using hybrid mva pathway and isoprene synthase in e. coli.the depleting petroleum reserve, increasingly severe energy crisis, and global climate change are reigniting enthusiasm for seeking sustainable technologies to replace petroleum as a source of fuel and chemicals. in this paper, the efficiency of the mva pathway on isoprene production has been improved as follows: firstly, in order to increase mva production, the source of the "upper pathway" which contains hmg-coa synthase, acetyl-coa acetyltransferase and hmg-coa reductase to covert acetyl-coa ...201222558074
antibacterial activity of methanol extract of ruta chalapensis (l), quercus infectoria (oliver) and canthium parviflorum (lam).the present study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of ruta chalapensis, l., (rutaceae), quercus infectoria oliver., (fagaceae) and canthium parviflorum lam., (rubiaceae) against staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococcus faecalis, klebsiella oxytocoa, klebsiella pneumoniae and proteus mirabilis. the experiment was carried out using disc diffusion method. the results revealed that the methanol extract of aerial parts of ruta chalepensis (l) prese ...200922557348
preliminary phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of phyllanthus amarus schum & thorn.the aqueous extract of phyllanthus amarus schum & thorn, was selected for preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial activity against human pathogens. minimum inhibitory concentration was performed by broth dilution method and the zone of inhibition was studied by agar disc diffusion method at concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/ml in dmso (dimethyl sulfoxide). the results revealed the antimicrobial activity of extract against the the strains of microorganisms concentrations in ranges of 60 and 500 ...200722557251
antibacterial effectiveness of several irrigating solutions and the endox plus system - an ex vivo study.to compare the ex vivo antibacterial effectiveness of the endox plus system and sodium hypochlorite (naocl) in combination with biopure mtad (tulsa dental, tulsa, ok, usa) or with edta in enterococcus faecalis-contaminated root canals.201222554197
enterococcus faecalis endocarditis following percutaneous manipulation of a biliary tract calculus and ercp.a case of enterococcus faecalis endocarditis followed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and percutaneous extraction of a biliary calculus is reported. the most likely cause of endocarditis, though unproven, is the latter procedure, as the bile is often infected during biliary tract obstruction, and bacteremia is frequent during percutaneous manipulations. initial therapy with vancomycin was unsuccessful in clearing the bacteremia, possibly due to vancomycin tolerance of the isolate ...199022553458
effect of enterococcus faecalis pyelonephritis on the intracortical accumulation kinetics of gentamicin in rats.the role of serum levels on the intracortical accumulation kinetics of gentamicin was evaluated in normal and enterococcus faecalis-infected kidneys using a short term infusion model in conscious rats. female sprague-dawley rats were infused over a period of 6 h with gentamicin achieving individual steady-state serum levels ranging from 0.5 to 20 μg/ml. pyelonephritis was induced by a direct inoculation of the left kidney with a suspension of e faecalis. this model resulted in severe infection o ...199022553452
the rapid emergence of high level gentamicin resistance in enterococci.the proportion of enterococci isolated from blood and urine cultures that were highly resistant to gentamicin and streptomycin were determined. no blood or urine isolates highly resistant to gentamicin were seen in 1983, whereas by 1986-87 25% of blood and 17% of urine isolates were highly resistant. the rapid emergence of gentamicin resistance has serious implications for patients with life threatening enterococcal disease.199022553449
comparison of norfloxacin versus nalidixic acid in therapy of acute urinary tract infections.thirty-seven adult patients with acute urinary tract infections (uti) were randomized to receive either a seven day (lower uti) or a 14 day (upper uti) course of norfloxacin 400 mg orally twice daily, or nalidixic acid 1 g orally four times per day. mean age, underlying disease and infecting organisms were similar in the two groups. nine patients in the norfloxacin group and seven in the nalidixic acid group had presumptive evidence of upper uti. overall, 12 patients had antibody-coated bacteria ...199022553437
[virulence genes and bacteriocins in enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from different clinical samples in maule region, chile].the presence of virulence genes (vg) and bacteriocins from different clinical samples was studied in enterococcus faecalis isolated from urinary tract infections (uti), bacteremia and endodontitis and was correlated with haemolysin and gelatinase activity. we evaluated the presence of vg by pcr in 150 strains of e. faecalis including cyla, agga, efaa, eep, gele, esp, as-48, bac31, entl50a/b, enta, entp, entb, enla andentl071. haemolysin and gelatinase activity was studied. gele and cyla genes ex ...201222552513
the structure of the wall teichoic acid isolated from enterococcus faecalis strain 12030.wall teichoic acid (wta) was isolated from enterococcus faecalis 12030, a clinical isolate and biofilm-producing strain, and analyzed using compositional chemical methods, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. the repeating units of wta were composed of d-glucose, d-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose, d-ribitol, and phosphate in a molar ratio 1:2:1:1:1:1, and had the structure given below.201222551470
eradication of enterococci biofilms by lactic acid alone and combined with chlorhexidine and cetrimide.the antimicrobial activity of lactic acid (la) alone or in combination with chlorhexidine (chx) and cetrimide (ctr) against three enterococcus faecalis strains, e. faecalis atcc 29212, e. faecalis ef-d1 and e. faecalis u-1765, one enterococcus durans strain and one dual-species biofilm was investigated.201222549691
antibiotic-resistant enterococci in seawater and sediments from a coastal fish farm.the aim of this study was to detect and characterize antibiotic-resistant enterococci in seawater and sediment from a mediterranean aquaculture site where no antibiotics are used. colonies (650) grown on slanetz-bartley (sb) agar were amplified on antibiotic-supplemented sb, and erythromycin (ery), tetracycline (tet), and ampicillin (amp) mics were determined. of 75 resistant isolates (17 to tet, 5 to ery, and 45 to amp), 5 enterococcus faecalis, 25 e. faecium, 5 e. casseliflavus, 1 e. gallinaru ...201222546011
an investigation on first-week mortality in layers.the quality of day-old chick placement and management upon arrival have a major impact on first-week mortality (fwm) and subsequent welfare in layers. the present study investigated fwm and causes of fwm in 50 flocks of layers. post mortem results from 983 chickens showed that 50% died from infections, whereas noninfectious causes, in particular dehydration and nephropathy with visceral gout, made up the remaining causes of mortality. escherichia coli and enterococcus faecalis were identified as ...201222545528
in vivo and in vitro analyses of regulation of the pheromone-responsive prgq promoter by the prgx pheromone receptor protein.expression of conjugative transfer and virulence functions of the enterococcus faecalis antibiotic resistance plasmid pcf10 is regulated by the interaction of the pheromone receptor protein prgx with two dna binding operator sites (xbs1 and xbs2) upstream from the transcription start site of the prgq operon (encoding the pcf10 transfer machinery) and by posttranscriptional mechanisms. occupancy of both binding sites by prgx dimers results in repression of the prgq promoter. structural and geneti ...201222544272
development of a genomic site for gene integration and expression in enterococcus faecalis.enterococcus faecalis, a gram-positive opportunistic pathogen, has become one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections. normally a resident of the gastrointestinal tract, extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in the rise of e. faecalis strains that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. this, compounded with the ability to easily exchange antibiotic determinants with other bacteria, has made certain e. faecalis infections difficult to treat medically. the genetic toolbox for the study ...201222542850
a shift from colon- to ileum-predominant bacteria in ileal-pouch feces following total proctocolectomy.we previously investigated fecal flora of the pouch after total proctocolectomy using terminal restriction fragment polymorphism analysis. although the results of the cluster analysis demonstrated clearly that bacterial populations, including an unidentified bacteria generating a 213-bp pcr fragment, moved toward a colon-like community in the pouch, it did not track changes in the individual species of fecal bacteria.201222539039
investigation of antimicrobial activity and statistical optimization of bacillus subtilis spb1 biosurfactant production in solid-state fermentation.during the last years, several applications of biosurfactants with medical purposes have been reported. biosurfactants are considered relevant molecules for applications in combating many diseases. however, their use is currently extremely limited due to their high cost in relation to that of chemical surfactants. use of inexpensive substrates can drastically decrease its production cost. here, twelve solid substrates were screened for the production of bacillus subtilis spb1 biosurfactant and t ...201222536017
fluorescent protein vectors for promoter analysis in lactic acid bacteria and escherichia coli.fluorescent reporter genes are valuable tools for real-time monitoring of gene expression in living cells. in this study we describe the construction of novel promoter-probe vectors containing a synthetic mcherry fluorescent protein gene, codon-optimized for lactic acid bacteria, divergently linked, or not, to a gene encoding the s65t and f64l variant of the green fluorescent protein. the utility of the transcriptional fusion vectors was demonstrated by the cloning of a single or two divergent p ...201222534822
intensive care unit dissemination of multiple clones of linezolid-resistant enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium.outbreaks caused by linezolid-resistant (lr) enterococci remain rare. we report the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of the multiclonal dissemination of lr enterococci in the intensive care unit (icu) of a greek hospital.201222532462
first study on antimicriobial activity and synergy between isothiocyanates and antibiotics against selected gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria from clinical and animal source.the emergence of new diseases and the resurgence of several infections that were controlled in the past, associated with recent increase of bacterial resistance have created the necessity for more studies towards to the development of new antimicrobials and new treatment strategies. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro synergy between different classes of important glucosinolates hydrolysis products-isothiocyanates with antibiotics (gentamycin and vancomycin), against import ...201222530889
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