Publications

ancf, the ccaat binding complex of aspergillus nidulans, contains products of the hapb, hapc, and hape genes and is required for activation by the pathway-specific regulatory gene amdr.	ccaat binding factors (cbfs) positively regulating the expression of the amds gene (encoding acetamidase) and two penicillin biosynthesis genes (ipna and aata) have been previously found in aspergillus nidulans. the factors were called ancf and penr1, respectively. deletion of the hapc gene, encoding a protein with significant similarity to hap3p of saccharomyces cerevisiae, eliminated both ancf and penr1 binding activities. we now report the isolation of the genes hapb and hape, which encode pr ...	1999	9858535
isolation of a nitrogen response regulator gene (nrr1) from metarhizium anisopliae.	attempts to improve the effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents require a clear understanding of the pathogenicity determinants at both the biochemical and molecular level. proteases play a key role in entomopathogenicity, allowing the fungus to penetrate the insect cuticle and rapidly invade the host. the most extensively studied of these protease activities, pr1a and pr2, are both subject to nitrogen derepression. the metarhizium anisopliae nrr1 (nitrogen response ...	1998	9852945
two adjacent protein binding motifs in the cbh2 (cellobiohydrolase ii-encoding) promoter of the fungus hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) cooperate in the induction by cellulose.	the cellulase system of the filamentous fungus hypocrea jecorina (trichoderma reesei) consists of several cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, and beta-glucosidases, encoded by separate genes, which are coordinately expressed in the presence of cellulose or the disaccharide sophorose. using cell-free extracts from sophorose-induced and noninduced mycelia and various fragments of the cbh2 promoter of h. jecorina in electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa) analysis and performing in vitro and in ...	1998	9852114
cloning and biochemical characterisation of aspergillus niger hexokinase--the enzyme is strongly inhibited by physiological concentrations of trehalose 6-phosphate.	the aspergillus niger hexokinase gene hxka has been cloned by heterologous hybridisation using the aspergillus nidulans hexokinase gene as a probe. the dna sequence of the gene was determined, and the deduced amino acid sequence showed significant similarity to other eukaryotic hexokinase and glucokinase proteins, in particular to those of the budding yeasts. the encoded protein was purified from a multicopy hxka transformant, and extensively characterised. the hexokinase protein has a molecular ...	1998	9851713
mutational evidence for the role of serine-283 in cephalosporium acremonium isopenicillin n synthase.	creation of isopenicillin n from delta-(l-alpha-aminodipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (acv) in the penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthetic pathway is catalysed by isopenicillin n synthase (ipns), a non-heme iron-containing dioxygenase. a tripeptide r-x-s motif which consists of arginine-281 and serine-283 (cephalosporium acremonium ipns numbering) was found to be conserved in ipns and other related proteins. these two amino acids mentioned were proposed to have a role in acv substrate binding by th ...	1998	9841222
the "8-kd" cytoplasmic dynein light chain is required for nuclear migration and for dynein heavy chain localization in aspergillus nidulans.	the heavy chain of cytoplasmic dynein is required for nuclear migration in aspergillus nidulans and other fungi. here we report on a new gene required for nuclear migration, nudg, which encodes a homologue of the "8-kd" cytoplasmic dynein light chain (cdlc). we demonstrate that the temperature sensitive nudg8 mutation inhibits nuclear migration and growth at restrictive temperature. this mutation also inhibits asexual and sexual sporulation, decreases the intracellular concentration of the nudg ...	1998	9832552
identification of a polyketide synthase gene (pksp) of aspergillus fumigatus involved in conidial pigment biosynthesis and virulence.	aspergillus fumigatus is an important pathogen of the immunocompromised host causing pneumonia and invasive disseminated disease with high mortality. previously, we identified a mutant strain (white, w) lacking conidial pigmentation and, in addition, the conidia showed a smooth surface morphology, whereas wild-type (wt) conidia are grey-green and have a typical ornamentation. w conidia appeared to be less protected against killing by the host defence, e.g., were more susceptible to oxidants in v ...	1998	9832321
the optimization of penicillin biosynthesis in fungi.	penicillin production by penicillium chrysogenum is not only commercially important but arguably the most intensively investigated secondary-metabolic pathway in fungi. isolation of the structural genes encoding the three main penicillin-biosynthetic enzymes has stimulated the use of molecular approaches to optimize yield and permitted genetic analysis of current production strains, which are themselves the products of 50 years of strain and process improvement. parallel studies on the penicilli ...	1998	9830157
the facc gene of aspergillus nidulans encodes an acetate-inducible carnitine acetyltransferase.	mutations in the facc gene of aspergillus nidulans result in an inability to use acetate as a sole carbon source. this gene has been cloned by complementation. the proposed translation product of the facc gene has significant similarity to carnitine acetyltransferases (cat) from other organisms. total cat activity was found to be inducible by acetate and fatty acids and repressed by glucose. acetate-inducible activity was found to be absent in facc mutants, while fatty acid-inducible activity wa ...	1998	9829933
isolation and characterization of alpha-tubulin genes from septoria tritici and rhynchosporium secalis, and comparative analysis of fungal alpha-tubulin sequences.	the alpha-tubulin genes from septoria tritici and rhynchosporium secalis have been cloned and sequenced. the predicted amino acid sequence and intron structure showed strong homology with other known filamentous fungal alpha-tubulins. comparison of sixteen fungal alpha-tubulin sequences based on amino acid sequence homology and intron structure identified five groups of proteins. group 1 consists of filamentous fungi, including s. tritici and r. secalis, the dimorphic fungus histoplasma capsulat ...	1998	9829778
analysis of glutamines in catalysis in cephalosporium acremonium isopenicillin n synthase by site-directed mutagenesis.	isopenicillin n synthase (ipns), an important enzyme in the beta-lactam antibiotic biosynthetic pathway, is responsible for the catalytic conversion of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine to isopenicillin n. three catalytic ligands essential for ipns activity have already been determined. based on an aspergillus nidulans ipns crystal structure, the probable involvement of a fourth amino acid as a catalytic ligand was previously revealed. to continue the search for the fourth catalyt ...	1998	9826554
characterization of aspergillus nidulans peroxisomes by immunoelectron microscopy.	in previous work, we have demonstrated that oleate induces a massive proliferation of microbodies (peroxisomes) in aspergillus nidulans. although at a lower level, proliferation of peroxisomes also occurs in cells growing under conditions that induce penicillin biosynthesis. here, microbodies in oleate-grown a. nidulans cells were characterized by using several antibodies that recognize peroxisomal enzymes and peroxins in a broad spectrum of eukaryotic organisms such as yeast, and plant, and mam ...	1998	9818356
regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome by bimaapc3 and proteolysis of nima.	surprisingly, although highly temperature-sensitive, the bima1(apc3) anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (apc/c) mutation does not cause arrest of mitotic exit. instead, rapid inactivation of bima1(apc3) is shown to promote repeating oscillations of chromosome condensation and decondensation, activation and inactivation of nima and p34(cdc2) kinases, and accumulation and degradation of nima, which all coordinately cycle multiple times without causing nuclear division. these bima1(apc3)-induced ...	1998	9802893
putative membrane components of signal transduction pathways for ambient ph regulation in aspergillus and meiosis in saccharomyces are homologous.	the zinc finger regions of the aspergillus nidulans pacc transcription factor, mediating regulation of gene expression by ambient ph, and the saccharomyces cerevisiae rim1p transcription factor, mediating control of meiosis and invasiveness, are homologous and both transcription factors undergo proteolytic processing of the c-terminus for conversion to the functional form. in both cases, functioning of a signal transduction pathway involving several gene products is a necessary prerequisite for ...	1998	9791171
deletion of the 389 n-terminal residues of the transcriptional activator area does not result in nitrogen metabolite derepression in aspergillus nidulans.	utilizing a homologous gene replacement in order to retain the native promoter and 5' and 3' untranslated messenger regions (and thereby ensure physiological validity), we have shown that deletion of the n-terminal 389 amino acids of the transcriptional activator area does not result in nitrogen metabolite derepression in aspergillus nidulans. our results provide no evidence for a modulating interaction involving the n terminus of area and contrast with those of h. k. lamb, a. l. dodds, d. r. sw ...	1998	9791130
posttranscriptional control mediates cell type-specific localization of catalase a during aspergillus nidulans development.	two differentially regulated catalase genes have been identified in the fungus aspergillus nidulans. the cata gene belongs to a class whose transcripts are specifically induced during asexual sporulation (conidiation) and encodes a catalase accumulated in conidia. using a developmental mutant affected in the brla gene, which is unable to form conidia but capable of producing sexual spores (ascospores), we demonstrated that the cata mrna accumulated during induction of conidiation but did not pro ...	1998	9791126
immunological characterization of asp f 2, a major allergen from aspergillus fumigatus associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.	the 37-kda recombinant protein asp f 2, encoding an allergen of aspergillus fumigatus, was expressed in a prokaryotic expression system and immunologically evaluated for its functional and structural properties. the open reading frame for a 310-amino-acid-long protein was shown to encode a signal peptide of 31 amino acids. a native 37-kda culture filtrate protein and a 55-kda mycelial glycoprotein (gp55) exhibited complete n-terminal sequence homology to asp f 2. a genbank search for homologous ...	1998	9784519
the identification and phylogenetic relationship of pathogenic species of aspergillus based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene.	to study the identification and phylogeny of pathogenic isolates of aspergillus, we designed primers from known cytochrome b amino acid sequences. using these primers, 426 bp fragments of a mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome b gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), directly sequenced, and compared among aspergillus fumigatus, a. flavus, a. niger, a. terreus and emericella nidulans. except for e. nidulans, all strains produced the 426 bp fragment by pcr. the e. nidulans strains demons ...	1998	9776828
polar lipids of aspergillus fumigatus, a. niger, a. nidulans, a. flavus and a. terreus.	little is known of the phospholipid composition of aspergillus species. the aim of this study was to determine individual phospholipid analogues in aspergillus. twenty-nine clinical and environmental isolates from five aspergillus species were analysed. fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric data were considered in two ranges, m/z 190-500 and m/z 500-1000, to facilitate the recognition of major fatty acyl groups and phospholipids. quantitative comparison of major anions in both m/z ranges was ...	1998	9776825
characterization of an aspergillus nidulans mutant with abnormal distribution of nuclei in hyphae, metulae, phialides and conidia.	the v10 deteriorated variant of aspergillus nidulans has hyphae, metulae, phialides and conidia with abnormal nuclear distributions. the alterations observed were: increase in the number of nuclei in hyphae, metulae and phialides, presence of anucleate, uninucleate and multinucleate conidia, abnormal vegetative growth and defection conidiation. when 0.5 m nacl was added to the medium, an increase in the number of conidia was observed but their morphology and number of nuclei were not modified. t ...	1998	9776635
sequencing of a gene encoding a member of the mitochondrial carrier family of transport proteins from aspergillus nidulans.	mitochondrial carrier proteins comprise a superfamily of evolutionarily conserved proteins that regulate the specific transport of essential metabolites across the mitochondrial membranes. in this report we describe the cloning and sequencing of a gene from aspergillus nidulans, amc-1, that encodes the first reported example of a mitochondrial carrier protein in aspergillus species. the amc-1 gene is located on chromosome 7, and is transcribed as a 1.6 kb unspliced polyadenylated rna. the predic ...	1998	9773270
aspergillus nidulans infection in chronic granulomatous disease.	chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) is a rare inherited disorder of the nadph oxidase complex in which phagocytes are defective in generating reactive oxidants. as a result, patients with cgd suffer from recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. the most common fungal infections are caused by aspergillus species. aspergillus nidulans is a rare pathogen in most patient populations with quantitative or qualitative neutrophil defects. we have reviewed all cases in which a. nidulans was isolated fr ...	1998	9772923
successful treatment of invasive aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease by bone marrow transplantation, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized granulocytes, and liposomal amphotericin-b.	x-linked chronic granulomatous disease (x-cgd) is a primary immunodeficiency with complete absence or malfunction of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (nadph) oxidase in the phagocytic cells. life-threatening infections especially with aspergillus are common despite optimal antimicrobial therapy. bone marrow transplantation (bmt) is contraindicated during invasive aspergillosis in any disease setting. we report an 8-year-old patient with cgd who underwent hla-genoidentical bmt duri ...	1998	9763555
a novel atp-binding cassette transporter involved in multidrug resistance in the phytopathogenic fungus penicillium digitatum.	demethylation inhibitor (dmi)-resistant strains of the plant pathogenic fungus penicillium digitatum were shown to be simultaneously resistant to cycloheximide, 4-nitroquinoline-n-oxide (4nqo), and acriflavine. a pmr1 (penicillium multidrug resistance) gene encoding an atp-binding cassette (abc) transporter (p-glycoprotein) was cloned from a genomic dna library of a dmi-resistant strain (lc2) of penicillium digitatum by heterologous hybridization with a dna fragment containing an abc-encoding re ...	1998	9758830
regulation of aflr and its product, aflr, associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis.	we studied the role of the regulatory gene aflr and its product, aflr, in the biosynthesis of aflatoxin in aspergillus. western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses revealed that aflatoxin b1 accumulation was directly related to aflr expression and was regulated by various environmental and nutritional conditions, including temperature, air supply, carbon source, nitrogen source, and zinc availability. expression of an aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway structural gene, omta, was regu ...	1998	9758790
the area(r) mutation of aspergillus nidulans confers low ph sensitivity in the presence of ammonium as the only nitrogen source.	the utilization of nitrogen sources by the fungus aspergillus nidulans is controlled by a mechanism mediated by area, a wide domain regulatory gene. it has been verified that the strains carrying the mutant allele arear are inhibited when growing at low ph in the presence of ammonium as the only nitrogen source. the genetic analysis of this marker showed that it apparently maps at the area locus.	1998	9758458
structural requirements for in vivo myosin i function in aspergillus nidulans.	we have investigated the minimal requirements of the tail region for myosin i function in vivo using the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans. the cl3 strain (mcgoldrick, c. a., gruver, c., and may, g. s. (1995) j. cell biol. 128, 577-587) was transformed with a variety of myoa constructs containing mutations in the iq, th-1-like, sh3, and proline-rich domains by frameshift or in-frame deletions of the tail domains. the resulting strains contained wild type myoa driven by the alca promoter an ...	1998	9756952
in vitro activity of the echinocandin antifungal agent ly303,366 in comparison with itraconazole and amphotericin b against aspergillus spp.	ly303,366 (ly) is a novel derivative of the echinocandin class of antifungal agents. the in vitro activities of ly, itraconazole (itz), and amphotericin b (amb) were assessed against 60 aspergillus isolates, including 35 isolates of a. fumigatus, eight isolates of a. terreus, eight isolates of a. flavus, eight isolates of a. niger and one isolate of a. nidulans. four a. fumigatus isolates were resistant to itz. susceptibility testing for all drugs was performed with a broth microdilution procedu ...	1998	9756785
in vivo addition of telomeric repeats to foreign dna generates extrachromosomal dnas in the taxol-producing fungus pestalotiopsis microspora.	transformation of the taxol-producing filamentous fungus pestalotiopsis microspora with a plasmid containing the bacterial hygromycin resistance gene fused to aspergillus regulatory sequences resulted in the in vivo formation of extrachromosomal dnas with telomeric repeats in the majority of transformants. repeats of the telomeric sequence 5'-ttaggg-3' were appended to nontelomeric transforming dna termini. no fungal sequences other than telomeric repeats were detected in extrachromosomal dnas. ...	1998	9756714
mitosis in wild-type and beta-tubulin mutant strains of aspergillus nidulans.	we review and illustrate the wild-type mitotic cycle of aspergillus nidulans and report the sequence alterations in six mutant alleles of the a. nidulans bena, beta-tubulin, gene. these alleles confer heat sensitivity and resistance to the antifungal, antimicrotubule compound benomyl, and they have been very important in the study of mitosis and microtubule function in a. nidulans. the mutations are novel and fall at amino acids 50, 134, and 257. we have examined the phenotypes conferred by the ...	1998	9742199
the uvsc and uvse genes of aspergillus nidulans are not required for the mutagenic repair of uv damage.	the uvsc gene of aspergillus nidulans is a homolog of the rad51 gene of saccharomyces cerevisiae. however, with respect to its effects on uv mutagenesis, it differs from the yeast gene, since it seems to be required for uv mutagenesis; however, this conclusion is based only on data from resting conidia. to further clarify the functional role of the uvsc gene, we tested the uv mutability of strains bearing a uvsc mutation in resting as well as in germinating conidia, by the p-fluorophenyl-alanine ...	1998	9738889
molecular probes for the detection of pathogenic fungi in the presence of human tissue.	four primer systems, amplifying fragments of the gene coding for the small ribosomal subunit (18s rrna) were characterised with pure cultures of 65 medically relevant fungal species plus two mushrooms. a primer cocktail (tr1/ca1-tr2/af2) amplified 59 of 67 fungal species; the universal fungal primer 1 (uf1) in combination with the eukaryotic primers s3 or eu1 amplified 64 and 65 of 67 fungal species, respectively. the design of an additional primer (rzy1) enabled the amplification of the missing ...	1998	9736163
mutational analysis of area, a transcriptional activator mediating nitrogen metabolite repression in aspergillus nidulans and a member of the "streetwise" gata family of transcription factors.	the transcriptional activator area is a member of the gata family of transcription factors and mediates nitrogen metabolite repression in the fungus aspergillus nidulans. the nutritional versatility of a. nidulans and its amenability to classical and reverse genetic manipulations make the area dna binding domain (dbd) a useful model for analyzing gata family dbds, particularly as structures of two area-dna complexes have been determined. the 109 extant mutant forms of the area dbd surveyed here ...	1998	9729601
molecular regulation of beta-lactam biosynthesis in filamentous fungi.	the most commonly used beta-lactam antibiotics for the therapy of infectious diseases are penicillin and cephalosporin. penicillin is produced as an end product by some fungi, most notably by aspergillus (emericella) nidulans and penicillium chrysogenum. cephalosporins are synthesized by both bacteria and fungi, e.g., by the fungus acremonium chrysogenum (cephalosporium acremonium). the biosynthetic pathways leading to both secondary metabolites start from the same three amino acid precursors an ...	1998	9729600
role of the regulatory gene area of aspergillus oryzae in nitrogen metabolism.	the area gene of aspergillus oryzae was cloned by cross-hybridization with the aspergillus nidulans area gene and was found to encode an 866-amino-acid protein that is very similar to other fungal nitrogen regulatory proteins. the a. oryzae area gene can complement a. nidulans area loss-of-function mutations. functional analyses indicated that the n-terminal region of the a. oryzae area protein was dispensable for function and revealed a probable acidic activation domain in the protein. c-termin ...	1998	9726865
role of endoproteolytic dibasic proprotein processing in maturation of secretory proteins in trichoderma reesei.	cell extracts of trichoderma reesei exhibited dibasic endopeptidase activity toward the carboxylic side of kr, rr, and pr sequences. this activity was stimulated by the presence of ca2+ ions and localized in vesicles of low bouyant density; it therefore exhibited some similarity to yeast kex2. analytical chromatofocusing revealed a single peak of activity. the dibasic endopeptidase activity was strongly and irreversibly inhibited in vitro as well as in vivo by 1 mm p-amidinophenylmethylsulfonyl ...	1998	9726860
correlation between the regulation of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis and asexual and sexual sporulation in emericella nidulans.	we analyzed the regulation of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in wild type and mutant strains of emericella nidulans (= aspergillus nidulans). a positive correlation between both asexual and sexual sporulation and synthesis of the mycotoxin was observed. those conditions which favored sporulation stimulated sterigmatocystin formation, and vice versa. both processes were stimulated by light in a vea+ genetic background. in contrast, they were inhibited by diaminobutanone, an inhibitor of ornithine ...	1998	9717578
regulation of gmnrt2 expression and nitrate transport activity in roots of soybean (glycine max).	a full-length cdna, gmnrt2, encoding a putative high-affinity nitrate transporter was isolated from a glycine max (l.) root cdna library and sequenced. the deduced gmnrt2 protein is 530 amino acids in length and contains 12 putative membrane-spanning domains and a long, hydrophilic c-terminal domain. gmnrt2 is related to high-affinity nitrate transporters in the eukaryotes chlamydomonas reinhardtii and aspergillus nidulans, and to putative high-affinity nitrate transporters in barley and tobacco ...	1998	9715532
catalytic activity in cephalosporium acremonium isopenicillin n synthase does not involve glutamine-234.	the catalytic activity of isopenicillin n synthase (ipns), a crucial enzyme which converts delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine to isopenicillin n in the beta-lactam antibiotic biosynthetic pathway, is known to be dependent upon the ligation of two histidines and an aspartate to the iron active centre. recent studies have ruled out the suggested requirement of the penultimate glutamine, q330 and q328 in aspergillus nidulans and streptomyces jumonjinensis ipns respectively, for cataly ...	1998	9703965
isolation of mutants deficient in acetyl-coa synthetase and a possible regulator of acetate induction in aspergillus niger.	acetate-non-utilizing mutants in aspergillus niger were selected by resistance to 1.2% propionate in the presence of 0.1% glucose. mutants showing normal morphology fell into two complementation groups. one class of mutant lacked acetyl-coa synthetase but had high levels of isocitrate lyase, while the second class showed reduced levels of both acetyl-coa synthetase and isocitrate lyase compared to the wild-type strain. by analogy with mutants selected by resistance to 1.2% propionate in aspergil ...	1998	9695922
molecular cloning and cell-cycle-dependent expression of a novel nima (never-in-mitosis in aspergillus nidulans)-related protein kinase (tpnrk) in tetrahymena cells.	with the intention of investigating the signal-transduction pathway that mediates the cold-stress response in tetrahymena, we isolated a gene that encodes a novel protein kinase of 561 amino acids, termed tetrahymena pyriformis nima (never-in-mitosis in aspergillus nidulans)-related protein kinase (tpnrk), by differential display from tetrahymena cells exposed to temperature shift-down. tpnrk possesses an n-terminal protein kinase domain that is highly homologous with other nima-related protein ...	1998	9693120
analysis of flug mutations that affect light-dependent conidiation in aspergillus nidulans.	conidiation in aspergillus nidulans is induced by exposure to red light but can also be induced by blue light in certain mutant strains. we have isolated a mutation in the flug gene that abolishes responsiveness to red light but does not affect the response to blue light. it has been shown that the vea1 (velvet) mutation allows conidiation to occur in the absence of light. we have identified three other flug mutations that suppress the vea1 phenotype; these double mutants do not conidiate in the ...	1998	9691036
genotoxicity of an extract of calendula officinalis l.	a fluid extract of calendula officinalis l. displayed genotoxic properties when assayed for mitotic segregation in the heterozygous diploid d-30 of aspergillus nidulans. the extract of calendula exhibited dose-dependent toxicity and genotoxicity (both mitotic crossing-over and chromosome malsegregation being observed) to aspergillus in the range of five plate concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 mg of solids/ml assayed. mutagenicity testing with the salmonella/microsome assay in strains ta 1535, ta 15 ...	1998	9687081
in situ detection of protein-dna interactions in filamentous fungi by in vivo footprinting.	the method described here allows the detection of protein-dna interactions in vivo in filamentous fungi. we outline culture conditions and conditions of in vivo methylation that permit uniform modification of all cells in an apically growing, non-uniform organism, and subsequent visualization of protected areas by ligation-mediated pcr.	1998	9685506
structure of dehydroquinate synthase reveals an active site capable of multistep catalysis.	dehydroquinate synthase (dhqs) has long been regarded as a catalytic marvel because of its ability to perform several consecutive chemical reactions in one active site. there has been considerable debate as to whether dhqs is actively involved in all these steps, or whether several steps occur spontaneously, making dhqs a spectator in its own mechanism. dhqs performs the second step in the shikimate pathway, which is required for the synthesis of aromatic compounds in bacteria, microbial eukaryo ...	1998	9685163
characterization and nitrogen-source regulation at the transcriptional level of the gdha gene of aspergillus awamori encoding an nadp-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase.	a 28.7-kb dna region containing the gdha gene of aspergillus awamori was cloned from a genomic dna library. a fragment of 2570 nucleotides was sequenced that contained orf1, of 1380 bp, encoding a protein of 460 amino acids (mr 49.4 kda). the encoded protein showed high similarity to the nadp-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases of different organisms. the cloned gene was functional since it complemented two different aspergillus nidulans gdha mutants, restoring high levels of nadp-dependent gluta ...	1998	9683675
biochemical properties of the products of cytochrome p450 genes (pda) encoding pisatin demethylase activity in nectria haematococca	pea plants produce the antibiotic (+)pisatin in response to infection by the fungus nectria haematococca, which can detoxify pisatin utilizing a cytochrome p450 monooxygenase called pisatin demethylase. genes (pda) have been identified that encode different whole-cell pda phenotypes that can be distinguished by the length of the lag period and the resulting amount of enzyme activity produced: pdash = short lag, high activity; pdasm = short lag, moderate activity; and pdall = long lag, low activi ...	1998	9683653
purification and characterization of laccase ii of aspergillus nidulans.	sexual development in aspergillus nidulans is a morphogenetic differentiation process triggered by internal and environmental signals. as a first step in analyzing the developmental pathway at the molecular level, laccase ii (ec 1.10.3.2), which is specifically expressed in early stages of fruitbodies, was isolated. the enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity from a mutant strain (sms1) in which the sexual cycle dominates and the number of cleistothecia is increased tenfold. laccase ii was e ...	1998	9683643
sensitization to different species of aspergillus in bakery workers and general atopic population.	six species of aspergillus predominant in the bakery environment--aspergillus flavus, a. fumigatus, a. nidulans, a. ochraceous, a. sydowi and a. versicolor--were studied for their role in causing type 1 hypersensitivity among bakery workers and atopic patients from the general population (pgp). antigenic extracts from the above species were prepared for in vivo and in vitro studies. the ief, sds-page, skin test, elisa and immunoblot techniques were performed to detect the biochemical- and clinic ...	1998	9681123
the essential aspergillus nidulans gene pmaa encodes an homologue of fungal plasma membrane h(+)-atpases.	pmaa, an aspergillus nidulans gene encoding a p-atpase, has been cloned by heterologous hybridization with the yeast pma1 gene. the putative 990-residue pmaa polypeptide shows 50% identity to saccharomyces cerevisiae and neurospora crassa plasma membrane h(+)-atpases and weak (19-26%) identity to other yeast p-type cation-translocating atpases. pmaa contains all catalytic domains characterizing h(+)-atpases. pmaa transcript levels are not regulated by pacc, the transcription factor mediating ph ...	1998	9680959
genetic and molecular characterization of murine gata-1 in aspergillus defines a critical role for the n-terminal finger.	we have utilized aspergillus nidulans as a model system for the characterization of the major vertebrate transcription factor gata-1. this has been achieved both by analysing the function of murine gata-1 directly and by using direct gene replacement to introduce chimaeric area::gata-1 derivatives at the area locus, which encodes a gata factor involved in regulating nitrogen metabolism in a. nidulans. although gata-1 shows only limited function when expressed in a. nidulans, the c-terminal gata ...	1997	9680327
sequence-specific binding by aspergillus nidulans aflr, a c6 zinc cluster protein regulating mycotoxin biosynthesis.	the aspergillus nidulans aflr gene is found within a 60 kb gene cluster that includes approximately 24 other genes that putatively function in the production of the aflatoxin-related mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. previous work showed that aflr is a c6 zinc binuclear cluster protein that is conserved across aspergillus spp. and functions as a pathway-specific transcription factor in activating expression of other cluster genes. in this report, we demonstrate that a. nidulans aflr (anaflr) is a 45kd ...	1998	9680223
the uvsi gene of aspergillus nidulans required for uv-mutagenesis encodes a homolog to rev3, a subunit of the dna polymerase zeta of yeast involved in translesion dna synthesis.	defects in the uvsi gene of aspergillus nidulans resulted in high uv sensitivity and reductions of spontaneous and uv-induced reversion of certain alleles, uvsl;uvsa double mutants exhibited high methyl methane sulfonate (mms)-sensitivity in contrast to the slight sensitivity of the component single mutants. using such a double mutant as recipient, a clone complementing uvsi501 has been isolated from a chromosome iii specific library. the deduced amino acid sequence from the 1.1-kb sequenced reg ...	1998	9675845
a cyclin-dependent kinase family member (phoa) is required to link developmental fate to environmental conditions in aspergillus nidulans.	we addressed the question of whether aspergillus nidulans has more than one cyclin-dependent kinase gene and identified such a gene, phoa, encoding two pstaire-containing kinases (phoam1 and phoam47) that probably result from alternative pre-mrna splicing. phoam47 is 66% identical to saccharomyces cerevisiae pho85. the function of this gene was studied using phoa null mutants. it functions in a developmental response to phosphorus-limited growth but has no effect on the regulation of enzymes inv ...	1998	9670015
complementation of the mpg1 mutant phenotype in magnaporthe grisea reveals functional relationships between fungal hydrophobins.	the functional relationship between fungal hydrophobins was studied by complementation analysis of an mpg1(-) gene disruption mutant in magnaporthe grisea. mpg1 encodes a hydrophobin required for full pathogenicity of the fungus, efficient elaboration of its infection structures and conidial rodlet protein production. seven heterologous hydrophobin genes were selected which play distinct roles in conidiogenesis, fruit body development, aerial hyphae formation and infection structure elaboration ...	1998	9670001
chimeric purine transporters of aspergillus nidulans define a domain critical for function and specificity conserved in bacterial, plant and metazoan homologues.	in aspergillus nidulans, purine uptake is mediated by three transporter proteins: uapa, uapc and azga. uapa and uapc have partially overlapping functions, are 62% identical and have nearly identical predicted topologies. their structural similarity is associated with overlapping substrate specificities; uapa is a high-affinity, high-capacity specific xanthine/uric acid transporter. uapc is a low/moderate-capacity general purine transporter. we constructed and characterized uapa/uapc, uapc/uapa a ...	1998	9670000
the role of the aspergillus fumigatus area gene in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.	the area gene of aspergillus nidulans is a positive-acting transcriptional factor required for the expression of genes involved in the utilization of a broad range of nitrogen sources other than ammonium and glutamine. we have investigated the role in pathogenesis of the corresponding gene (afarea) of aspergillus fumigatus, a causative agent of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. stable and unstable afarea- strains were constructed and tested for altered virulence in mice on the basis of host surv ...	1998	9669338
a role for nima in the nuclear localization of cyclin b in aspergillus nidulans.	nima promotes entry into mitosis in late g2 by some mechanism that is after activation of the aspergillus nidulans g2 cyclin-dependent kinase, nimxcdc2/nimecyclin b. here we present two independent lines of evidence which indicate that this mechanism involves control of nimxcdc2/nimecyclin b localization. first, we found that nimecyclin b localized to the nucleus and the nucleus-associated organelle, the spindle pole body, in a nima-dependent manner. analysis of cells from asynchronous cultures, ...	1998	9647650
c-nap1, a novel centrosomal coiled-coil protein and candidate substrate of the cell cycle-regulated protein kinase nek2.	nek2 (for nima-related kinase 2) is a mammalian cell cycle-regulated kinase structurally related to the mitotic regulator nima of aspergillus nidulans. in human cells, nek2 associates with centrosomes, and overexpression of active nek2 has drastic consequences for centrosome structure. here, we describe the molecular characterization of a novel human centrosomal protein, c-nap1 (for centrosomal nek2-associated protein 1), first identified as a nek2-interacting protein in a yeast two-hybrid scree ...	1998	9647649
stress protein of cyanobacteria cp36: interaction with photoactive complexes and formation of supramolecular structures	cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans r2, synechocystis sp. pcc 6803 (wild-type strain and mutants delta2 and delta3 lacking psii and psi, respectively), and synechocystis sp. bo 9201 synthesize the pigment--protein complex cp36 (cpiv-4, cp43') under iron deficiency in the medium. accumulation of cp36 is accompanied by structural reorganizations in the photosynthetic membranes. integrating mean times of excitation relaxation (quenching) are 2.2 nsec (cp36), 1 nsec (psi), and 420 psec (psii in fm sta ...	1998	9632897
susceptibility of aspergillus strains from culture collections to amphotericin b and itraconazole.	susceptibility testing of 27 aspergillus reference strains belonging to five species was performed using the microdilution broth method with yeast nitrogen broth and rpmi-1640. similar results were found using the two media. the strains of aspergillus fumigatus (n = 8) and aspergillus niger (n = 4) had mics of amphotericin b in the range 0.125-0.5 mg/l. in contrast, nine out of 13 strains of aspergillus flavus and aspergillus nidulans had mics in the range 2-16 mg/l. all strains had mics of itra ...	1998	9630411
sequence, exon-intron organization, transcription and mutational analysis of prna, the gene encoding the transcriptional activator of the prn gene cluster in aspergillus nidulans.	the prna gene codes for a transcriptional activator that mediates proline induction of four other genes involved in proline utilization as a nitrogen and/or carbon source in aspergillus nidulans. in this paper, we present the genomic and cdna sequence and the transcript map of prna. the prna protein belongs to the zn binuclear cluster family of transcriptional activators. the gene shows a striking intron-exon organization, with the putative nuclear localization sequence and the zn cluster domain ...	1998	9622360
development of a homologous transformation system for the human pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus based on the pyrg gene encoding orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase.	a homologous transformation system for the opportunistic fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus was developed. it is based on the a. fumigatus pyrg gene, encoding orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase, which was cloned and sequenced. transformation of both aspergillus (emericella) nidulans and a. fumigatus pyrg mutant strains by the use of protoplasts or electroporation established the functionality of the cloned gene. dna sequencing of the a. fumigatus pyrg1 mutant allele revealed that it enc ...	1998	9618589
secretion, purification, and characterisation of barley alpha-amylase produced by heterologous gene expression in aspergillus niger.	efficient production of recombinant barley alpha-amylase has been achieved in aspergillus niger. the cdna encoding alpha-amylase isozyme 1 (amy1) and its signal peptide was placed under the control of the aspergillus nidulans glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd) promoter and the a. nidulans trpc gene terminator. secretion yields up to 60 mg/l were obtained in media optimised for alpha-amylase activity and low protease activity. the recombinant amy1 (reamy1) was purified to homogeneity ...	1998	9615479
the aspergillus nidulans cnxf gene and its involvement in molybdopterin biosynthesis. molecular characterization and analysis of in vivo generated mutants.	the product of the aspergillus nidulans cnxf gene was found by biochemical analysis of cnxf mutants to be involved in the conversion of precursor z to molybdopterin. mutants cnxf1242 and cnxf8 accumulate precursor z, while the level of molybdopterin is undetectable. the dna sequence of the cnxf gene was determined, and the inferred protein of 560 amino acids was found to contain a central region (residues around 157 to 396) similar in sequence to the prokaryotic proteins moeb, which is thought t ...	1998	9614089
increased transformation frequency and tagging of developmental genes in aspergillus nidulans by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi).	we have used a plasmid containing the argb gene to transform an aspergillus nidulans argb-deleted strain in the presence of restriction enzymes and show a 20- to 60-fold increase in transformation frequency via restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi). this procedure was used to try to tag new genes involved in the asexual development of this fungus. more than 2000 transformants isolated following electroporation of conidia and approximately 3700 transformants recovered following protoplas ...	1998	9613576
constitutive activation of endocytosis by mutation of myoa, the myosin i gene of aspergillus nidulans.	class i myosins function in cell motility, intracellular vesicle trafficking and endocytosis. recently, it was shown that class i myosins are phosphorylated by a member of the p21-activated kinase (pak) family. pak phosphorylates a conserved serine or threonine residue in the myosin heavy chain. phosphorylation at this site is required for maximal activation of the actin-activated mg2+-atpase activity in vitro. this serine or threonine residue is conserved in all known class i myosins of microbi ...	1998	9603982
culture conditions control expression of the genes for aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in aspergillus parasiticus and a. nidulans.	high temperature and nitrate supported gene expression for sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in aspergillus nidulans; ammonium did not. homologous genes for aflatoxin biosynthesis in a. parasiticus showed the opposite transcript expression pattern, suggesting that the two mycotoxins are regulated differently. the aflr gene is postulated to require additional genetic elements to effect its own activation by the different culture conditions. a patulin polyketide synthase (pks) gene was found to be reg ...	1998	9603849
transcriptional activation of the aspergillus nidulans gpda promoter by osmotic signals.	a differentially expressed gpda cdna clone was isolated from nacl-adapted aspergillus nidulans (fgsc359) and identified as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpda) on the basis of its nucleotide sequence. the level of gpda rna substantially increased in cultures gradually adapted to nacl but was greatly reduced in cultures exposed briefly to a high concentration of nacl. a pyrg auxotroph of a. nidulans (a773) was cotransformed with a gpda-uida construct and a plasmid containing the neuros ...	1998	9603839
successful treatment with voriconazole of invasive aspergillosis in chronic granulomatous disease.	a 5-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) was treated with amphotericin b for an invasive pulmonary aspergillus nidulans infection. the infection progressed during 6 wk of treatment despite the addition of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), filgrastim, and transfusions with donor granulocytes. treatment with a novel antifungal triazole, voriconazole, resulted in an excellent clinical response.	1998	9603157
isolation of the aspergillus nidulans sudd gene and its human homologue.	we have been studying the heat-sensitive bimd6 mutation of aspergillus nidulans. at a restrictive temperature, the chromosomes of bimd6 mutant strains fail to attach properly to the spindle microtubules, and the mutant also displays a high rate of chromosome loss. we previously cloned the suda gene, an extragenic suppressor of the heat-sensitive bimd6 mutation and showed that it coded for a da-box or smc protein. smc proteins have been demonstrated to function in chromosome condensation, segrega ...	1998	9602165
the lissencephaly gene product lis1, a protein involved in neuronal migration, interacts with a nuclear movement protein, nudc.	important clues to how the mammalian cerebral cortex develops are provided by the analysis of genetic diseases that cause cortical malformations [1-5]. people with miller-dieker syndrome (mds) or isolated lissencephaly sequence (ils) have a hemizygous deletion or mutation in the lis1 gene [3,6]; both conditions are characterized by a smooth cerebral surface, a thickened cortex with four abnormal layers, and misplaced neurons [7,8]. lis1 is highly expressed in the ventricular zone and the cortica ...	1998	9601647
ribonucleic acid treatment alters gene expression in diploid strains of aspergillus nidulans.	physical and chemical agents that promote dna damage can induce high levels of mitotic crossing-over in eukaryotic diploid cells. similarly, foreign dna segments introduced by transformation processes, in the cell genome, can also induce mitotic crossing-over as an outcome of the reactions leading to chromosomic balance or due to the mechanisms aiming at the integration of the exogenous dna. zucchi et al. have described a system showing that rna treatments are capable of inducing changes in the ...	1998	9593581
a screen for dynein synthetic lethals in aspergillus nidulans identifies spindle assembly checkpoint genes and other genes involved in mitosis.	cytoplasmic dynein is a ubiquitously expressed microtubule motor involved in vesicle transport, mitosis, nuclear migration, and spindle orientation. in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans, inactivation of cytoplasmic dynein, although not lethal, severely impairs nuclear migration. the role of dynein in mitosis and vesicle transport in this organism is unclear. to investigate the complete range of dynein function in a. nidulans, we searched for synthetic lethal mutations that significantl ...	1998	9584089
murine nima-related kinases are expressed in patterns suggesting distinct functions in gametogenesis and a role in the nervous system.	nima protein kinase is a major regulator of progression into mitosis in aspergillus nidulans. dominant negative forms of nima protein prevent entrance into mitosis in hela cells, suggesting that mammals have a similar pathway. we have reported previously the isolation of a murine nima-related kinase, designated nek1, and more recently several additional nima-related human kinases have been cloned. the existence of several mammalian nima-related genes raises the questions of whether the different ...	1998	9583679
role of fungal dynein in hyphal growth, microtubule organization, spindle pole body motility and nuclear migration.	cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule-associated motor protein with several putative subcellular functions. sequencing of the gene (dhc1) for cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain of the filamentous ascomycete, nectria haematococca, revealed a 4,349-codon open reading frame (interrupted by two introns) with four highly conserved p-loop motifs, typical of cytoplasmic dynein heavy chains. the predicted amino acid sequence is 78.0% identical to the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain of neurospora crassa, 70.2% ...	1998	9580563
[regulation of gene expression in aspergilli].	the aspergillus oryzae taka-amylase a (taa) gene has been used as a model gene to characterize the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression in aspergilli. taa gene contained a typical eukaryotic promoter with a tata box and putative regulatory elements such as a ccaat sequence in its 5'-noncoding region. a nuclear protein designated ancp bound to the ccaat sequence. replacement of the ccaat sequence with cgtaa was found to abolish the binding of ancp and to have an inhibitory effect on taa promo ...	1998	9580033
virulence of catalase-deficient aspergillus nidulans in p47(phox)-/- mice. implications for fungal pathogenicity and host defense in chronic granulomatous disease.	chronic granulomatous disease (cgd) is a rare genetic disorder in which phagocytes fail to produce superoxide because of defects in one of several components of the nadph oxidase complex. as a result, patients develop recurrent life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections. the organisms to which cgd patients are most susceptible produce catalase, regarded as an important factor for microbial pathogenicity in cgd. to test the role of pathogen-derived catalase in cgd directly, we have generate ...	1998	9576747
altered specificity mutations define residues essential for substrate positioning in xanthine dehydrogenase.	we describe the sequence changes of a number of mutations of the aspergillus nidulans xanthine dehydrogenase (xdh). we have located the amino acids affected by these changes in the three-dimensional (3d) structure of aldehyde oxido-reductase (mop) from desulfovibrio gigas, related to eukaryotic xdhs. of these, two are loss of function mutations, mapping, respectively, in the molybdenum-pterin co-factor (moco) domain and in the domain involved in substrate recognition. changes in two amino acids ...	1998	9571062
bimaapc3, a component of the aspergillus anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome, is required for a g2 checkpoint blocking entry into mitosis in the absence of nima function.	temperature sensitive (ts) nima mutants of aspergillus nidulans arrest at a unique point in g2 which is post activation of cdc2. here we show that this g2 arrest is due to loss of nima function and that it is dependent on bimaapc3, a component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (apc/c). whereas nima single mutants arrested in g2 with decondensed chromatin and interphase microtubule arrays, nima, bimaapc3 double mutants arrested growth with condensed chromatin and aster-like microtubule ...	1998	9570762
natural organic compounds that affect to microtubule functions.	microtubules (mt), composed of a protein tubulin (tn) alpha,beta-heterodimer with concomitant other proteins, microtubule associated proteins (maps and tau), are known to be the main component of spindles in a mitotic apparatus of eucaryotic cells, and are also involved in many other basic and essential cell functions. there are a number of natural and synthetic compounds that interfere with mt function to cause the mitotic arrest of eucaryotic cells. such antimitotic agents show a broad biologi ...	1998	9564789
a highly conserved rna-binding protein for cytoplasmic mrna localization in vertebrates.	cytoplasmic mrna localization is a widespread mechanism for restricting the translation of specific mrnas to distinct regions of eucaryotic cells. this process involves specific interactions between cellular factors and localization signals in the 3' untranslated regions of the localized mrna. because only a few of these cellular factors have been identified, it is not known whether common factors are utilized for the localization of different mrnas. we recently discovered vera, a protein that b ...	1998	9560341
regulation of p34cdc2/cyclinb h1 and nima kinases during the g2/m transition and checkpoint responses in aspergillus nidulans.	in a. nidulans, activation of both p34cdc2/cyclinb h1 and nima kinases is required to initiate mitosis. these two kinases are regulated at several levels during interphase and are activated independently as protein kinases during g2. they are also targeted for negative regulation, to prevent mitosis by mitotic entry checkpoint controls, when dna is not replicated or is damaged. then, to initiate mitosis, they promote each other's mitotic functions to coordinately promote mitosis upon completion ...	1997	9552417
role of ca++/calmodulin binding proteins in aspergillus nidulans cell cycle regulation.	the goal of this review is to summarise the current knowledge concerning the targets of ca++/calmodulin that are essential for cell cycle progression in lower eukaryotes. emphasis is placed on aspergillus nidulans since this is the only organism to date shown to posses essential ca++ dependent calmodulin activated enzymes. two such enzymes are the calmodulin activated protein phosphatase, calcineurin and the calmodulin dependent protein kinase. these proteins, each the product of a unique gene, ...	1996	9552398
the nima kinase: a mitotic regulator in aspergillus nidulans and vertebrate cells.	cdc2 has been shown to regulate entry into mitosis in eukaryotic cells. however, in aspergillus nidulans, activation of cdc2 itself is not sufficient to trigger mitosis if another mitotic protein kinase, nima, is not activated. superficially, nima and cdc2 have analogous functions and are regulated in a similar manner. nima activity is tightly regulated during the cell cycle. overexpression of nima induces germinal vesicle breakdown in xenopus oocytes and promotes premature entry into mitosis in ...	1995	9552363
molecular cloning and transcriptional regulation of the aspergillus nidulans xlnd gene encoding a beta-xylosidase.	the xlnd gene encoding the 85-kda beta-xylosidase was cloned from aspergillus nidulans. the deduced primary structure of the protein exhibits considerable similarity to the primary structures of the aspergillus niger and trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidases and some similarity to the primary structures of the class 3 beta-glucosidases. xlnd is regulated at the transcriptional level; it is induced by xylan and d-xylose and is repressed by d-glucose. glucose repression is mediated by the product of ...	1998	9546179
covasiam: an image analysis method that allows detection of confluent microbial colonies and colonies of various sizes for automated counting.	in this work we introduce the confluent and various sizes image analysis method (covasiam), an automated colony count technique that uses digital imaging technology for detection and separation of confluent microbial colonies and colonies of various sizes growing on petri dishes. the proposed method takes advantage of the optical properties of the surfaces of most microbial colonies. colonies in the petri dish are epi-illuminated in order to direct the reflection of concentrated light coming fro ...	1998	9546177
analysis of the conversion of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-alpha-aminobutyrate by active-site mutants of aspergillus nidulans isopenicillin n synthase.	penicillins and cephalosporins constitute a major class of clinically useful antibiotics. a key step in their biosynthesis involves the oxidative cyclisation of delta-(lalpha-aminoadipoyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine to isopenicillin n by isopenicillin n synthase (ipns). this chemically remarkable transformation has been extensively studied using substrate analogues. the conversion of an analogue in which the valine is replaced by alpha-aminobutyrate results in three products, two epimeric penams and a ...	1998	9545433
unusual gene arrangement of the bidirectional hydrogenase and functional analysis of its diaphorase subunit hoxu in respiration of the unicellular cyanobacterium anacystis nidulans	the bidirectional, nad+-dependent hydrogenase from cyanobacteria is encoded by the structural genes hoxfuyh, which have been found to be clustered, though interspersed with different open reading frames (orfs), in the heterocystous, n2-fixing anabaena variabilis and in the unicellular synechocystis pcc 6803. in another unicellular, non n2-fixing cyanobacterium, anacystis nidulans, hoxf has now been identified as being separated by at least 16 kb from the residual structural genes hoxuyh. an orf ...	1998	9541559
identification, cloning and sequence of the aspergillus niger area wide domain regulatory gene controlling nitrogen utilisation.	the gene encoding the positive-acting regulator of nitrogen metabolite repression (area) has been cloned and characterised from the industrially important filamentous fungus aspergillus niger. the deduced amino acid sequence has an overall level of identity with its homologues from other fungal species which varies between 32 and 72%. this gene (areanig) complements the a. nidulans arear-18 loss-of-function mutation. sequences upstream of the structural gene contain several putative gata-type zi ...	1998	9540832
specific recombinogenic activity of a new polyene antibiotic.	a new antibiotic from streptomyces sp., tetrapol a159, active against various fungi, a promising compound for the control of plant diseases, was studied for its genotoxic effects. it was produced at the institute of microbiological preparations for agriculture, sofia, bulgaria. the chemical was tested in three different test systems: a bacterial system, the ames test for point mutations, the micronucleus test in bone marrow cells of rats for chromosomal aberrations and the fungal system of asper ...	1998	9539955
regulation of septum formation in aspergillus nidulans by a dna damage checkpoint pathway.	in aspergillus nidulans, germinating conidia undergo multiple rounds of nuclear division before the formation of the first septum. previous characterization of temperature-sensitive sepb and sepj mutations showed that although they block septation, they also cause moderate defects in chromosomal dna metabolism. results presented here demonstrate that a variety of other perturbations of chromosomal dna metabolism also delay septum formation, suggesting that this is a general cellular response to ...	1998	9539424
the neurospora rca-1 gene complements an aspergillus flbd sporulation mutant but has no identifiable role in neurospora sporulation.	the aspergillus nidulans flbd gene encodes a protein with a myb-like dna-binding domain that is proposed to act in concert with other developmental regulators to control initiation of conidiophore development. we have identified a neurospora crassa gene called rca-1 (regulator of conidiation in aspergillus) based on its sequence similarity to flbd. we found that n. crassa rca-1 can complement the conidiation defect of an a. nidulans flbd mutant and that induced expression of rca-1 caused conidia ...	1998	9539422
effect of cytochalasin a on apical growth, actin cytoskeleton organization and enzyme secretion in aspergillus nidulans.	the role of actin in apical growth and enzyme secretion in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans was studied by treating the hyphae with cytochalasin a (ca), which inhibits actin polymerization. indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed actin at the tips of main hyphae and branches, and at the site of developing septa. ca inhibited the growth of the fungus and changed the growth pattern of hyphal tips from cylindrical tubes to spherical beads. the regions with swellings showed no act ...	1998	9537763
characterization of the aspergillus nidulans nmra gene involved in nitrogen metabolite repression.	the gene nmra of aspergillus nidulans has been isolated and found to be a homolog of the neurospora crassa gene nmr-1, involved in nitrogen metabolite repression. deletion of nmra results in partial derepression of activities subject to nitrogen repression similar to phenotypes observed for certain mutations in the positively acting area gene.	1998	9537404
isolation and characterization of an invertase and its repressor genes from schizosaccharomyces pombe.	pcr was used to isolate an invertase homolog gene from the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe. the cloned inv1(+) gene encodes a protein of 581 amino acids with 16 potential asparagine-linked glycosylation sites, and has 39% and 38% identity to the schwanniomyces occidentalis and saccharomyces cerevisiae suc2 invertases. when the inv1(+) gene was disrupted, s. pombe strains lacked detectable invertase activity. this result showed that the inv1(+) gene encodes only one active invertase in s. ...	1998	9535817
the solution structure of the leu22-->val mutant area dna binding domain complexed with a tgatag core element defines a role for hydrophobic packing in the determination of specificity.	the seemingly innocuous leucine-to-valine mutation at position 22 of the area dna binding domain results in dramatic changes in the in vivo expression profile of genes controlled by this gata transcription factor. this is associated with a preference of the leu22-->val mutant for tgatag sites over (a/c)gatag sites. quantitative gel retardation assays confirm this observation and show that the leu22-->val mutant area dna binding domain has a approximately 30-fold lower affinity than the wild-type ...	1998	9533884
the solution structure of a fungal area protein-dna complex: an alternative binding mode for the basic carboxyl tail of gata factors.	the solution structure of a complex between the dna binding domain of a fungal gata factor and a 13 base-pair oligonucleotide containing its physiologically relevant cgatag target sequence has been determined by multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. the area dna binding domain, from aspergillus nidulans, possesses a single cys2-cys2 zinc finger module and a basic c-terminal tail, which recognize the cgatag element via an extensive network of hydrophobic interactions with the ...	1998	9533883
group specific antibodies against the putative amp-binding domain signature sgttgxpkg in peptide synthetases and related enzymes.	the superfamily of adenylate forming enzymes including peptide synthetases, acyl-coa synthetases and insect luciferases is readily identified by the signature sequence sgttgxpkg. this sequence including an invariant lysyl residue is located in a disordered loop region and was predicted to be of significant antigenicity. antibodies were generated employing ytsgttgrpkgc attached to bovine serum albumin and have been successfully used to identify respective enzymes and adenylate forming domains in ...	1998	9530507
asexual sporulation in aspergillus nidulans.	the formation of mitotically derived spores, called conidia, is a common reproductive mode in filamentous fungi, particularly among the large fungal class ascomycetes. asexual sporulation strategies are nearly as varied as fungal species; however, the formation of conidiophores, specialized multicellular reproductive structures, by the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans has emerged as the leading model for understanding the mechanisms that control fungal sporulation. initiation of a. nidula ...	1998	9529886