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mapping and regulation of genes within salmonella pathogenicity island 12 that contribute to in vivo fitness of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonella pathogenicity island 12 (spi-12) of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a 15-kb region that encompasses genes stm2230 to stm2245 and encodes a remnant phage known to contribute to bacterial virulence. in mouse infection experiments and replication assays in macrophages, we demonstrated a role for four genes in spi-12 for bacterial survival in the host. stm2239, a potential q antiterminator, showed a prominent contribution to bacterial fitness. transcriptional reporter experimen ...201323630960
nitric oxide-mediated regulation of ferroportin-1 controls macrophage iron homeostasis and immune function in salmonella infection.nitric oxide (no) generated by inducible no synthase 2 (nos2) affects cellular iron homeostasis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and implications for nos2-dependent pathogen control are incompletely understood. in this study, we found that no up-regulated the expression of ferroportin-1 (fpn1), the major cellular iron exporter, in mouse and human cells. nos2(-/-) macrophages displayed increased iron content due to reduced fpn1 expression and allowed for an enhanced iron acquisition by th ...201323630227
the effects of stainless steel finish on salmonella typhimurium attachment, biofilm formation and sensitivity to chlorine.bacterial colonization and biofilm formation on stainless steel (ss) surfaces can be sources for cross contamination in food processing facilities, possessing a great threat to public health and food quality. here the aim was to demonstrate the influence of surface finish of aisi 316 ss on colonization, biofilm formation and susceptibility of salmonella typhimurium to disinfection. initial attachment of s. typhimurium on surfaces of ss was four times lower, when surface was polished by bright-al ...201323628616
survival of foodborne pathogens at different relative humidities and temperatures and the effect of sanitizers on apples with different surface conditions.we investigated the effects of factors such as relative humidity (rh) and temperature on pathogen survival on apples with different surface conditions. apples with different surface conditions (unblemished, bruised, or cut) were inoculated with three pathogens (escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus) and stored at different rh levels (rh 100, 85, or 68%) at 4 °c or 15 °c for 2 days. s. aureus survived most readily on apple surfaces; it had no significant redu ...201323628610
determination of the physiological 2:2 tlr5:flagellin activation stoichiometry revealed by the activity of a fusion receptor.toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) recognizes flagellin of most flagellated bacteria, enabling activation of the myd88-dependent signaling pathway. the recently published crystal structure of a truncated zebrafish tlr5 ectodomain in complex with an inactive flagellin fragment indicated binding of two flagellin molecules to a tlr5 homodimer, however this complex did not dimerize in solution. in the present study, we aimed to determine the physiological stoichiometry of tlr5:flagellin activation by the u ...201323624387
salmonella typhimurium lacking the znuabc transporter is attenuated and immunogenic in pigs.meat contamination by salmonella spp. is emerging as a major cause of human enteric infections in industrialized countries. the attempts to reduce human cases of salmonellosis encompass pre- and post-harvest interventions. in this context, vaccination of pigs may represent an effective instrument in eliminating/reducing salmonella burden through the food chain. we have previously demonstrated that salmonella typhimurium lacking the znuabc transporter (s. typhimurium δznuabc) is a promising candi ...201323623860
zebrafish as a model organism to study host-pathogen interactions.zebrafish have been extensively used in biomedical research as a model to study vertebrate development but it is only recently that it has also been adopted into varied fields such as immunology and host-pathogen interactions. zebrafish have a rapid life cycle, small size and the adults exhibit no territorial behavior in relatively dense cages. under standard conditions each female lays an average of a hundred eggs per clutch, providing a large number of larvae per week. their transparency durin ...201323619567
[antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in clinical salmonella enterica isolates].the increase of salmonella enterica isolates multi-resistant to different antibiotics, including β-lactams and fluoroquinolones, is a problem of clinical importance. the dissemination of salmonella typhimurium resistant to ampicillin (amp)-chloramphenicol (chl)-streptomycin (str)-sulphonamides and (sul)-tetracycline (tet), that harbour the salmonella genomic island type 1 (sgi1), and the acquisition of transferable genetic material have favoured the multi-resistance in this genus.201423618618
histidine biosynthesis, its regulation and biotechnological application in corynebacterium glutamicum.l-histidine biosynthesis is an ancient metabolic pathway present in bacteria, archaea, lower eukaryotes, and plants. for decades l-histidine biosynthesis has been studied mainly in escherichia coli and salmonella typhimurium, revealing fundamental regulatory processes in bacteria. furthermore, in the last 15 years this pathway has been also investigated intensively in the industrial amino acid-producing bacterium corynebacterium glutamicum, revealing similarities to e. coli and s. typhimurium, a ...201423617600
evaluation of regulated delayed attenuation strategies for salmonella enterica serovar typhi vaccine vectors in neonatal and infant mice.we developed regulated delayed attenuation strategies for salmonella vaccine vectors. in this study, we evaluated the combination of these strategies in recombinant attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine vectors with similar genetic backgrounds in vitro and in vivo. our goal is to develop a vaccine to prevent streptococcus pneumoniae infection in newborns; thus, all strains delivered a pneumococcal antigen pspa and the impact of maternal ...201323616408
characterization of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- clones isolated from human and other sources in switzerland between 2007 and 2011.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of salmonella typhimurium. in this study, a total of 651 human and 107 food and environmental isolates of serovar 4,[5],12:i:- recovered from 2007 through 2011 in switzerland were characterized by antibiotic resistance profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). in addition, a selection of isolates belonging to the most frequent pfge patterns was further subjected to multilocus variable-number tandem-repea ...201323614800
myd88 adaptor-like (mal) functions in the epithelial barrier and contributes to intestinal integrity via protein kinase c.myd88 adapter-like (mal)-deficient mice displayed increased susceptibility to oral but not intraperitoneal infection with salmonella typhimurium. bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that mice with mal-deficient non-hematopoietic cells were more susceptible to infection, indicating a role for mal in non-myeloid cells. we observed perturbed barrier function in mal(-/-) mice, as indicated by reduced electrical resistance and increased mucosa blood permeability following infection. altered expression ...201423612054
investigation and management of an outbreak of salmonella typhimurium dt8 associated with duck eggs, ireland 2009 to 2011.salmonella typhimurium dt8 was a very rare cause of human illness in ireland between 2000 and 2008, with only four human isolates from three patients being identified. over a 19-month period between august 2009 and february 2011, 34 confirmed cases and one probable case of salmonella typhimurium dt8 were detected, all of which had an mlva pattern 2-10-na-12-212 or a closely related pattern. the epidemiological investigations strongly supported a linkbetween illness and exposure to duck eggs. mor ...201323611032
dna strand break induction, mutagenicity, and cytotoxicity of the mycotoxins 11-β-hydroxy-7-deoxy-rosenonolactone, rosenonolactone, and trichothecin.11-β-hydroxy-7-deoxy-rosenonolactone (tss1), a mycotoxin of the rosenane class, was tested on cytotoxicity, induction of dna single strand breaks and muta-genicity. its effects were compared to those of rosenonolactone and trichothecin. tss1 had stronger antibiotic activity againstescherichia coli (ec 50: 10μg/ml) than rosenonolactone (ec 50: >200μg/ml) but weaker activity than trichothecin (ec 50: 3μg/ml). the same order of activity was found for the inhibition of yeast fermentation (ec 50 of t ...199223606003
the emerging fusarium toxin enniatin b: in-vitro studies on its genotoxic potential and cytotoxicity in v79 cells in relation to other mycotoxins.the fusarium metabolite enniatin b is now recognized as a frequent contaminant of grains used for human foods and animal feeds. yet, so far very limited data are available on its toxicity and that of other emerging fusarium mycotoxins (jestoi m, 2008, crit rev food sci nutr 48:21-49). thus, the mutagenic/genotoxic potential of enniatin b was investigated in a battery of short-term tests, and its cytotoxicity compared with that of several other mycotoxins. no mutagenicity was detected in the ames ...200923604931
in-situ immuno-gold nanoparticle network elisa biosensors for pathogen detection.food poisoning microorganisms that contaminate food products and compromise food safety and security have been considered a major health threat and a serious concern for food producers and processors. developing sensor technologies that are rapid for sensitive and selective detection and quantification of pathogens is a high priority for scientists in academia, state and federal research institutes, and industries. in this work we propose an in-situ immuno-aunp network-based elisa biosensor inte ...201323603219
in vitro and in vivo safety evaluation of acer tegmentosum.acer tegmentosum, which contains salidroside and tyrosol, has been used for the treatment of hepatic disorders in eastern asia. however, little is known about its safety.201323602732
biofilm formation of o157 and non-o157 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli and multidrug-resistant and susceptible salmonella typhimurium and newport and their inactivation by sanitizers.this study compared biofilm formation by 7 serogroups of pathogenic escherichia coli and 2 or 3 phenotypes of salmonella (susceptible, multidrug-resistant [mdr], and/or multidrug resistant with ampc gene [mdr-ampc]). one-week mature biofilms were also exposed to water, quaternary ammonium compound-based (qac), and acid-based (ab) sanitizers. seven groups (strain mixture) of above-mentioned pathogens were separately spot-inoculated onto stainless steel coupons surfaces for target inoculation of 2 ...201323601046
intestinal alkaline phosphatase prevents antibiotic-induced susceptibility to enteric pathogens.to determine the efficacy of oral supplementation of the gut enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (iap) in preventing antibiotic-associated infections from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and clostridium difficile.201423598380
nontyphoid salmonella infection: microbiology, clinical features, and antimicrobial therapy.nontyphoid salmonella is the most common bacterial pathogen causing gastrointestinal infection worldwide. most nontyphoid salmonella infection is limited to uncomplicated gastroenteritis that seldom requires antimicrobial treatment. nevertheless, invasive infections, such as bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and meningitis, may occur and require antimicrobial therapy. continuous genetic and genomic evolution in salmonella leading to increased virulence and resistance to multiple drugs are of significan ...201323597525
formation of biofilms under phage predation: considerations concerning a biofilm increase.bacteriophages are emerging as strong candidates for combating bacterial biofilms. however, reports indicating that host populations can, in some cases, respond to phage predation by an increase in biofilm formation are of concern. this study investigates whether phage predation can enhance the formation of biofilm and if so, if this phenomenon is governed by the emergence of phage-resistance or by non-evolutionary mechanisms (eg spatial refuge). single-species biofilms of three bacterial pathog ...201323597188
identification of salmonella pathogenicity island-2 type iii secretion system effectors involved in intramacrophage replication of s. enterica serovar typhimurium: implications for rational vaccine design.salmonella enterica serovars cause severe diseases in humans, such as gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. the development of systemic disease is dependent on a type iii secretion system (t3ss) encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island-2 (spi-2). translocation of effector proteins across the salmonella-containing vacuole, via the spi-2 t3ss, enables bacterial replication within host cells, including macrophages. here, we investigated the contribution of these effectors to intramacrophage replicat ...201323592259
tlr activation excludes circulating naive cd8+ t cells from gut-associated lymphoid organs in mice.the trafficking of effector t cells is tightly regulated by the expression of site-specific sets of homing molecules. in contrast, naive t cells are generally assumed to express a uniform pattern of homing molecules and to follow a random distribution within the blood and secondary lymphoid organs. in this study, we demonstrate that systemic infection fundamentally modifies the trafficking of circulating naive cd8(+) t cells. we show that on naive cd8(+) t cells, the constitutive expression of t ...201323589622
genotoxic and antigenotoxic potentials of two usnea species.for ages, lichens have long been investigated popularly for biological roles, mainly antitumor, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. many positive results were obtained in these previous research. thus, in this study, we aimed to determine whether extracts of usnea articulata (uae) and usnea filipendula (ufe) possessing a protection against aflatoxin b1 (afb1)-induced genotoxic and oxidative damage. the results of our studies showed that 5 μm concentrations of afb1 increased the frequencies ...201523589403
dual specific antitumor effects of semliki forest virus-based dna vector carrying suicide escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase gene via salmonella.the escherichia coli purine nucleoside phospho-rylase/2-fluoro-2-deoxyadenosine (epnp/f-dado) suicide system has demonstrated a powerful killing and bystander effects on tumor cells. however, several drawbacks to this approach remain to be resolved, such as the side-effects and the low efficiency of epnp-targeted expression. a human telo-merase reverse transcriptase promoter-driven semliki forest virus-based dna vector (psht-epnp) with high expression of the epnp gene was constructed. live atten ...201323588611
an improved non-crosslinking gold nanoprobe-nasba based on 16s rrna for rapid discriminative bio-sensing of major salmonellosis pathogens.in the absence of an appropriate detection method for simple and rapid differentiation of major salmonellosis-causing agents, nano-bio-sensing could provide ideal molecular detection approaches for food-borne pathogens. in addition, the 16s ribosomal rna-based detection techniques would enhance specificity and sensitivity due to the presence of multiple copies of 16s rrna per cells and also the presence of hypervariable regions in the genes. in this study, we developed a novel detection techniqu ...201323584228
small rna-mediated activation of sugar phosphatase mrna regulates glucose homeostasis.glucose homeostasis is strictly controlled in all domains of life. bacteria that are unable to balance intracellular sugar levels and deal with potentially toxic phosphosugars cease growth and risk being outcompeted. here, we identify the conserved haloacid dehalogenase (had)-like enzyme yigl as the previously hypothesized phosphatase for detoxification of phosphosugars and reveal that its synthesis is activated by an hfq-dependent small rna in salmonella typhimurium. we show that the glucose-6- ...201323582330
emergence of salmonella genomic island 1 (sgi1) among proteus mirabilis clinical isolates in dijon, france.salmonella genomic island 1 (sgi1) is often encountered in antibiotic-resistant salmonella enterica and exceptionally in proteus mirabilis. we investigated the prevalence of sgi1-producing clinical isolates of p. mirabilis in our hospital (dijon, france).201323580563
alginic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles loaded with legumain dna vaccine: effect against breast cancer in mice.legumain-based dna vaccines have potential to protect against breast cancer. however, the lack of a safe and efficient oral delivery system restricts its clinical application. here, we constructed alginic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles (a.c.nps) as an oral delivery carrier for a legumain dna vaccine. first, we tested its characteristic in acidic environments in vitro. dna agarose electrophoresis data show that a.c.nps protected dna better from degradation in acidic solution (ph 1.5) than did ...201323577091
salmonella enterica biofilm formation and density in the centers for disease control and prevention's biofilm reactor model is related to serovar and substratum.foodborne pathogens can attach to, and survive on, food contact surfaces for long periods by forming a biofilm. salmonella enterica is the second most common cause of foodborne illness in ireland. the ability of s. enterica to form a biofilm could contribute to its persistence in food production areas, leading to cross-contamination of products and surfaces. arising from a large foodborne outbreak of s. enterica serovar agona associated with a food manufacturing environment, a hypothesis was for ...201323575130
lateral transfer, vertical translocation, and survival of inoculated bacteria during moisture enhancement of pork.lateral transfer, vertical translocation, and survival of bacteria during moisture enhancement of pork were investigated under laboratory conditions. in the first experiment, a pork loin was surface inoculated with escherichia coli biotype i and moisture enhanced with brine to 10%. after the inoculated loin had been injected, four uninoculated loins were processed in the same manner, without cleaning or sanitizing the injector equipment. samples were collected from both the surface and the inter ...201323575120
localization of viable salmonella typhimurium internalized through the surface of green onion during preharvest.internalization of pathogens poses a tremendous health risk in the consumption of raw fresh produce, because conventional washing cannot remove pathogens effectively after internalization occurs. we investigated (i) the pattern of salmonella internalization in different parts of green onions when it was contaminated on their surfaces, and (ii) whether environmental factors (extreme weather) affect the extent of salmonell a internalization. green onions were surface contaminated with three differ ...201323575116
a comparative qualitative study of the profile of volatile organic compounds associated with salmonella contamination of packaged aged and fresh beef by hs-spme/gc-ms.vacuum packaged beef strip-loins (fresh and aged) were repackaged on polystyrene trays and over-wrapped with food grade cling film for the storage study. several volatile compounds such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2,3-butanedione, 2-butanone, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, acetic acid and a few hydrocarbons were detected in the headspace of these tray packaged fresh and aged beef strip loins both in the control and salmonella typhimurium inoculated samples, in varying concentrations. these compounds were iden ...201123572711
effect of pasteurization of shell egg on its quality characteristics under ambient storage.three thermal processes viz. dry (55°c, 2 h), moist (57°c, 5 min) and microwave (power 9, 20 sec) were studied to determine their efficacy for the pasteurization of intact chicken eggs based on the extent of inactivation of artificially inoculated salmonella typhimurium (st) in the yolk of shell eggs and alteration in albumen protein solubility (aps). moist heat treatment was superior to others as it brought about 2 log cfu/ml reduction of inoculated st in much less time than dry heating but cha ...201023572663
new sub-family of lysozyme-like proteins shows no catalytic activity: crystallographic and biochemical study of stm3605 protein from salmonella typhimurium.phage viruses that infect prokaryotes integrate their genome into the host chromosome; thus, microbial genomes typically contain genetic remnants of both recent and ancient phage infections. often phage genes occur in clusters of atypical g+c content that reflect integration of the foreign dna. however, some phage genes occur in isolation without other phage gene neighbors, probably resulting from horizontal gene transfer. in these cases, the phage gene product is unlikely to function as a compo ...201323572252
reduction of salmonella in skinless chicken breast fillets by lauric arginate surface application.lauric arginate (lae) has been found to be effective against various foodborne pathogens. in this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of lae against salmonella and mesophilic organisms was evaluated in fresh, skinless, boneless, uncooked chicken breast fillets. the effect of lae treatments on ph and color of breast fillets was also assessed. chicken breast fillets were inoculated with a 4-strain salmonella cocktail (salmonella enteritidis atcc 4931, salmonella heidelberg atcc 8326, salmonella kent ...201323571354
cytotoxic (a549) and antimicrobial effects of methylobacterium sp. isolate (eri-135) from nilgiris forest soil, india.to assess the antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of methylobacterium sp. isolated from soil sample of doddabetta forest, nilgiris, western ghats of tamil nadu.201223570000
evolution of inchi1 plasmids: two distinct lineages.the inchi1 plasmid psrc27-h from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium carries a region containing several genes that confer resistance to different antibiotics, and this resistance region is in the same position as related resistance regions in a group of sequenced inchi1 plasmids from various sources that includes phcm1. four further additional segments are found in phcm1 relative to another inchi1 plasmid, r27. using pcr or dna sequencing to detect the presence or absence of each of these a ...201323567475
cyp-450 isoenzymes catalyze the generation of hazardous aromatic amines after reaction with the azo dye sudan iii.this work describes the mutagenic response of sudan iii, an adulterant food dye, using salmonella typhimurium assay and the generation of hazardous aromatic amines after different oxidation methods of this azo dye. for that, we used metabolic activation by s9, catalytic oxidation by ironporphyrin and electrochemistry oxidation in order to simulate endogenous oxidation conditions. the oxidation reactions promoted discoloration from 65% to 95% of sudan iii at 1 × 10(-4)moll(-1) and generation of 7 ...201323562707
inhibitory effects of water extract of flos inulae on mutation and tyrosinase.in this study, the effects of a water extract of flos inulae (wfi) on antioxidant, antimutation and antityrosinase were investigated. the results showed that wfi inhibited the mutagenicity of 2-aminoanthracene (2-aa), an indirect mutagen; and 4-nitroquinoline-n-oxide (4-nqo), a direct mutagen toward salmonella typhimurium ta 98 and ta 100. in addition, wfi, in the range of 0.2-0.6 mg/ml, showed radical scavenging, reducing activities and chelating activity as well as decreased lipid oxidative da ...201323561204
croton lechleri müll. arg. (euphorbiaceae) stem bark essential oil as possible mutagen-protective food ingredient against heterocyclic amines from cooked food.the amazonian croton lechleri stem bark essential oil was tested for its anti-mutagenic potential by performing the ames test against heterocyclic amines (hcas), in continuing research on applicative functional profile of this phytocomplex as food ingredient (rossi et al., 2011). salmonella typhimurium strain ta98 was used with and without metabolic activation (s9 mix). the anti-mutagenic properties was assayed with the following hcas: 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoline (iq), 2-amino-3,4-d ...201323561129
synthesis of amino acid conjugates of tetrahydrocurcumin and evaluation of their antibacterial and anti-mutagenic properties.tetrahydrocurcumin (thc), the hydrogenated and stable form of curcumin, exhibits physiological and pharmacological activities similar to curcumin. a protocol has been developed for the synthesis of novel conjugates of thc with alanine (2a), isoleucine (2b), proline (2c), valine (2d), phenylalanine (2e), glycine (2f) and leucine (2g) in high yields (43-82%). all the derivatives of thc exhibited more potent anti-microbial activity than thc against bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, escherichi ...201323561114
modulation of humoral and cell-mediated immunity against avian influenza and newcastle disease vaccines by oral administration of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing chicken interleukin-18.interleukin-18 (il-18) has been known to induce interferon-γ (ifn-γ) production and promote th1 immunity. although mammalian il-18 has been characterized in great detail, the properties and application of chicken il-18 remain largely uninvestigated as of yet. in this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory properties of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing chicken interleukin-18 (chil-18) on immune responses induced by avian influenza (ai) and newcastle disease (nd) vaccines. afte ...201323559899
salmonella modulates metabolism during growth under conditions that induce expression of virulence genes.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a facultative pathogen that uses complex mechanisms to invade and proliferate within mammalian host cells. to investigate possible contributions of metabolic processes to virulence in s. typhimurium grown under conditions known to induce expression of virulence genes, we used a metabolomics-driven systems biology approach coupled with genome-scale modeling. first, we identified distinct metabolite profiles associated with bacteria grown ...201323559334
evaluation of the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of arrabidaea chica verlot (bignoneaceae), an amazon plant with medicinal properties.arrabidaea chica verlot (bignoniaceae) is an important folk medicine plant native to the amazon region and used to treat anemia, hemorrhage, inflammation, intestinal colic, hepatitis, and skin affections. although studies showed its therapeutic properties, little knowledge regarding genotoxic properties of this plant is available. the aim of this study was to determine the potential mutagenic and genotoxic/antigenotoxic effects of an a. chica chloroformic fraction (ac-cf) obtained from leaves co ...201323557236
the common structural architecture of shigella flexneri and salmonella typhimurium type three secretion needles.the type three secretion system (t3ss), or injectisome, is a macromolecular infection machinery present in many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. it consists of a basal body, anchored in both bacterial membranes, and a hollow needle through which effector proteins are delivered into the target host cell. two different architectures of the t3ss needle have been previously proposed. first, an atomic model of the salmonella typhimurium needle was generated from solid-state nmr data. the needle sub ...201323555258
the kdpd/kdpe two-component system: integrating k⁺ homeostasis and virulence.the two-component system (tcs) kdpd/kdpe, extensively studied for its regulatory role in potassium (k(+)) transport, has more recently been identified as an adaptive regulator involved in the virulence and intracellular survival of pathogenic bacteria, including staphylococcus aureus, entero-haemorrhagic escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, yersinia pestis, francisella species, photorhabdus asymbiotica, and mycobacteria. key homeostasis requirements monitored by kdpd/kdpe and other tcss suc ...201323555240
assessment of genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of an aqueous extract of cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala in in vitro and in vivo models.cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala, an edible fruit found in northern thailand, contains high amounts of phenolic compounds with in vitro antioxidant activity. the aqueous extract of the ripe fruit was evaluated for its safety and beneficial effects using genotoxicity and toxicity tests. the c. nervosum extract was not only non-mutagenic in salmonella typhimurium strains ta98 and ta100 in the presence and absence of metabolic activation, but exhibited also moderate antimutagenic effects against ...201223554564
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a primary enteric pathogen infecting both humans and animals. infection begins with the ingestion of contaminated food or water so that salmonellae reach the intestinal epithelium and trigger gastrointestinal disease. in some patients the infection spreads upon invasion of the intestinal epithelium, internalization within phagocytes, and subsequent dissemination. in that case, antimicrobial therapy, based on fluoroquinolones and expanded-spectrum cephal ...201323554419
[gene therapy for tongue carcinoma mediated by oral administration of attenuated salmonella harboring tip30 and ifn-γ genes in nude mouse model].to observe the effect of gene therapy mediated by oral administration of attenuated salmonella carrying tip30 and ifn-γ genes in human tongue carcinoma nude mouse model.201323552775
evaluation of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes.single-walled carbon nanotubes (swcnts) have extensive potential industrial applications due to their unique physical and chemical properties; yet this also increases the chance of human and environment exposure to swcnts. due to the current lack of hazardous effect information on swncts, a standardized genotoxicity battery test was conducted to clarify the genetic toxicity potential of swcnts (diameter: 1-1.2 nm, length: ∼20 μm) according to organization for economic cooperation and development ...201523552264
toll-like receptor 5-dependent immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant fusion protein vaccine containing the nontoxic domains of clostridium difficile toxins a and b and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium flagellin in a mouse model of clostridium difficile disease.clostridium difficile is a spore-forming bacillus that produces toxin-mediated enteric disease. c. difficile expresses two major virulence factors, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). human and animal studies demonstrate a clear association between humoral immunity to these toxins and protection against c. difficile infection (cdi). the receptor binding-domains (rbds) of tcda and tcdb are known to be immunogenic. here, we tested the immunoadjuvant properties of salmonella enterica serovar typhimu ...201323545305
cd137 expressed on neutrophils plays dual roles in antibacterial responses against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections.severe sepsis and septic shock caused mainly by bacterial infections are life-threatening conditions that urge the development of novel therapies. however, host responses to and pathophysiology of sepsis have not been clearly understood, which remains a major obstacle for the development of effective therapeutics. recently, we have shown that stimulation of a costimulatory molecule, cd137, enhanced survival of mice infected with the gram-positive (g(+)) intracellular bacterium listeria monocytog ...201323545301
posttranslational modification of flagellin flab in shewanella oneidensis.shewanella oneidensis is a highly motile organism by virtue of a polar, glycosylated flagellum composed of flagellins flaa and flab. in this study, the functional flagellin flab was isolated and analyzed with nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (ms) and tandem ms. in combination with the mutational analysis, we propose that the flab flagellin protein from s. oneidensis is modified at five serine residues with a series of novel o-linked posttranslational modifications (ptms) that differ ...201323543712
efficient mobilization of a resistance derivative of pslt, the virulence plasmid specific of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, by an inci1 plasmid.puo-stvr2 is a derivative of pslt, the virulence plasmid specific of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, which confers multidrug resistance. this plasmid is widespread among closely related isolates of s. typhimurium, and often coexists with other plasmids like pstr12. the latter belongs to incompatibility group inci1, was assigned to st48 by pmlst (plasmid multilocus sequence typing), and confers resistance to streptomycin/spectinomycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim and sulphonamides, wit ...201323541844
magnetic nano-beads based separation combined with propidium monoazide treatment and multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of viable salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes in food products.we developed a rapid and reliable technique for simultaneous detection of salmonella typhimurium, escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes that can be used in food products. magnetic nano-beads (mnbs) based immunomagnetic separation (ims) was used to separate the target bacterial cells while multiplex pcr (mpcr) was used to amplify the target genes. to detect only the viable bacteria, propidium monoazide (pma) was applied to selectively suppress the dna detection from dead cells. the ...201323541211
detection of escherichia coli via voc profiling using secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (sesi-ms).escherichia coli o157:h7 (ec o157:h7), as well as its recently emerging non-o157 relatives, are a notorious group of pathogenic bacteria associated with foodborne outbreaks. in this study, we demonstrated that secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (sesi-ms) could be a rapid and accurate detection technology for foodborne pathogens. with sesi-ms volatile organic compound (voc) profiling, we were able to detect and separate a group of eleven e. coli strains from two major foodborne b ...201323541210
an rna degradation machine sculpted by ro autoantigen and noncoding rna.many bacteria contain an ortholog of the ro autoantigen, a ring-shaped protein that binds noncoding rnas (ncrnas) called y rnas. in the only studied bacterium, deinococcus radiodurans, the ro ortholog rsr functions in heat-stress-induced ribosomal rna (rrna) maturation and starvation-induced rrna decay. however, the mechanism by which this conserved protein and its associated ncrnas act has been obscure. we report that rsr and the exoribonuclease polynucleotide phosphorylase (pnpase) form an rna ...201323540697
in vitro assessment of functional properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from faecal microbiota of healthy dogs for potential use as probiotics.lactic acid bacteria were isolated and identified in the faeces of chinese crested and yorkshire terrier pups and their probiotic features were investigated in vitro. thirty seven isolates were identified as lactobacillus or enterococcus. out of these isolates, 31 were lactic acid bacteria (lab) and belonged to the species lactobacillus reuteri (16/37; 43.3%), lactobacillus animalis (7/37; 18.9%), lactobacillus acidophilus (3/37; 8.1%), lactobacillus sanfranciscensis (2/37; 5.4%), lactobacillus ...201323538205
profiling the gastrointestinal microbiota in response to salmonella: low versus high salmonella shedding in the natural porcine host.controlling salmonella in the food chain is complicated by the ability of salmonella to colonize livestock without causing clinical symptoms/disease. salmonella-carrier animals are a significant reservoir for contamination of naïve animals, the environment, and our food supply. salmonella carriage and shedding in pigs varies greatly both experimentally and on-farm. to investigate the dynamics between the porcine intestinal microbiota and salmonella shedding, we temporally profiled the microbiota ...201323535116
selection affects genes involved in replication during long-term evolution in experimental populations of the bacteriophage φx174.observing organisms that evolve in response to strong selection over very short time scales allows the determination of the molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation. although dissecting these molecular mechanisms is expensive and time-consuming, general patterns can be detected from repeated experiments, illuminating the biological processes involved in evolutionary adaptation. the bacteriophage φx174 was grown for 50 days in replicate chemostats under two culture conditions: escherichia coli ...201323533679
no gene-specific optimization of mutation rate in escherichia coli.mutation rate is one of the most fundamental parameters in genetics and evolutionary biology because mutation rate has major impacts on the incidence of disease, the amount of genetic variation, and the rate and trajectory of evolution. based on estimates of synonymous nucleotide diversity in escherichia coli, a recent study claimed that the per-nucleotide mutation rate in a gene decreases with the rise of its expression level or the intensity of purifying selection and that this trend reflects ...201323533222
study of probiotic potential of four wild lactobacillus rhamnosus strains.the four wild lactobacillus rhamnosus strains were examined in vitro for resistance to simulated gastro and intestinal juices, adhesion to ht-29 cells, antagonistic activity against enteric pathogens and immunomodulating activity. the strains l. rhamnosus sb5l, j5l and in1l were able to survive in simulated gastro juice while the strain l. rhamnosus sb31l lost viability exposed to simulated gastro juice for 3 h. the four strains had high viability in simulated small intestinal juice with little ...201323528983
economic and health impacts associated with a salmonella typhimurium drinking water outbreak-alamosa, co, 2008.in 2008, a large salmonella outbreak caused by contamination of the municipal drinking water supply occurred in alamosa, colorado. the objectives of this assessment were to determine the full economic costs associated with the outbreak and the long-term health impacts on the community of alamosa. we conducted a postal survey of city of alamosa (2008 population: 8,746) households and businesses, and conducted in-depth interviews with local, state, and nongovernmental agencies, and city of alamosa ...201323526942
salmonella spp. in patients suffering from enteric fever and food poisoning in thamar city, yemen.salmonella remains a public health concern around the world, including yemen although data on its incidence are few. this study determined the incidence of salmonella infection in 250 enteric fever and 210 food poisoning cases attending thamar general hospital and dar alshafaa medical clinic in 2008. in total, 773 clinical specimens were taken: 250 blood, 187 urine and 336 stool samples. of the patients with enteric fever and food poisoning, 16.4% and 15.2% respectively were infected with salmon ...201323520911
escherichia coli-based cell free production of flagellin and ordered flagellin display on virus-like particles.bacterial flagellin has been explored as a potential vaccine adjuvant for enhancing immune responses. in this article, we describe escherichia coli-based cell-free protein synthesis (cfps) as a method to rapidly produce soluble phase 1 flagellin (flic) protein from salmonella typhimurium. the yield was about 300 µg/ml and the product had much higher affinity for the tlr5 receptor (ec50 = 2.4 ± 1.4 pm) than previously reported. the flagellin coding sequence was first optimized for cell-free expre ...201323519642
toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of pyrogallol (cas no. 87-66-1) in f344/n rats and b6c3f1/n mice (dermal studies).the current main commercial use of pyrogallol is the production of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. in analytical chemistry, pyrogallol is used as a complexing agent, reducing agent, and, in alkaline solution, as an indicator of gaseous oxygen. pyrogallol was nominated for testing by private individuals based on its frequent occurrence in natural and manufactured products, including hair dyes, and the apparent lack of carcinogenicity data. male and female f344/n rats and b6c3f1/n mice were admini ...201323518671
identification of an essential active-site residue in the α-d-phosphohexomutase enzyme superfamily.enzymes in the α-d-phosphohexomutase superfamily catalyze the conversion of 1-phosphosugars to their 6-phospho counterparts. their phosphoryl transfer reaction has long been proposed to require general acid-base catalysts, but candidate residues for these key roles have not been identified. in this study, we show through mutagenesis and kinetic studies that a histidine (his329) in the active site is critical for enzyme activity in a well-studied member of the superfamily, phosphomannomutase/phos ...201323517223
salmonella colonization activates the plant immune system and benefits from association with plant pathogenic bacteria.despite increasing incidences of human salmonellosis caused by consumption of contaminated vegetables, relatively little is known about how the plant immune system responds to and may inhibit salmonella colonization. here we show that salmonella typhimurium activates the plant immune system primarily due to its recognition of the flg22 region in salmonella flagellin. several previously identified plant genes that play a role in immunity were found to affect the host response to salmonella. the s ...201323517029
antimicrobial resistance in invasive non-typhoid salmonella from the democratic republic of the congo: emergence of decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility and extended-spectrum beta lactamases.co-resistance against the first-line antibiotics ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole or multidrug resistance (mdr) is common in non typhoid salmonella (nts). use of alternative antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones or third generation cephalosporins is threatened by increasing resistance, but remains poorly documented in central-africa.201323516651
integrating multiple analytical platforms and chemometrics for comprehensive metabolic profiling: application to meat spoilage detection.untargeted metabolic profiling has become a common approach to attempt to understand biological systems. however, due to the large chemical diversity in the metabolites it is generally necessary to employ multiple analytical platforms so as to encompass a wide range of metabolites. thus it is beneficial to find chemometrics approaches which can effectively integrate data generated from multiple platforms and ideally combine the strength of each platform and overcome their inherent weaknesses; mo ...201323512189
antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of mycelia of a medicinal mushroom from taiwan, taiwanofungus salmoneus (higher basidiomycetes).taiwanofungus salmoneus (t.t. chang et w.n. chou) sheng h. wu et al. (shiang-shan-chih), is a medicinal fungus indigenous to taiwan. the mycelium was prepared from submerged culture and its ethanolic and hot-water extracts were used to study its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. gram-positive species (bacillus cereus, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative species (escherichia coli and salmonella typhimurium) of bacteria were used. in addition to the i ...201323510283
absence of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, pecam-1/cd31, in vivo increases resistance to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in mice.pecam-1/cd31 is known to regulate inflammatory responses and exhibit pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. this study was designed to determine the functional role of pecam-1 in susceptibility to murine primary in vivo infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and in in vitro inflammatory responses of peritoneal macrophages. lectin profiling showed that cellular pecam-1 and recombinant human pecam-1-ig chimera contain high levels of mannose sugars and n-acetylglucosamine. consistent ...201323509149
the many uses of autophagosomes.autophagy has emerged as a significant innate immune response to pathogens. typically, autophagosomes deliver their contents to lysosomes for degradation. some pathogens such as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium succumb to autophagy and are transported to lysosomes for degradation. yet, many professional pathogens, including legionella pneumophila and burkholderia cenocepacia, subvert this pathway exploiting autophagy to their advantage.201323507956
metabolite profiling of polyphenols in a terminalia chebula retzius ayurvedic decoction and evaluation of its chemopreventive activity.the decoction of terminalia chebula fruit is an ayurvedic remedy whose prolonged oral administration is prized as a generic intestinal and hepatic detoxifying agent. its administration is suggested also under the perspective of a reduced risk of cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.201323506992
organically managed soils reduce internal colonization of tomato plants by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.a two-phase experiment was conducted twice to investigate the effects of soil management on movement of salmonella enterica typhimurium in tomato plants. in the first phase, individual leaflets of 84 tomato plants grown in conventional or organic soils were dip inoculated two to four times before fruiting with either of two salmonella typhimurium strains (10(9) cfu/ml; 0.025% [vol/vol] silwet l-77). inoculated and adjacent leaflets were tested for salmonella spp. densities for 30 days after each ...201323506364
loss of culturability of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium upon cell-cell contact with human fecal bacteria.loss of culturability of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium has been observed in mixed cultures with anaerobic fecal bacteria under conditions that allow local interaction between cells, such as cell contact. a reduction of a population of culturable s. typhimurium on the order of ∼10(4) to 10(5) cfu/ml was observed in batch anaerobic mixed cultures with fecal samples from different human donors. culturability was not affected either in supernatants collected at several time ...201323503308
sensitive detection of food-borne pathogen salmonella by modified pan fibers-immunoassay.sensitive and rapid detection of salmonella is a key to the prevention and identification of problems associated with human health and safety. enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are popular and widely implemented technique to detect pathogenic bacteria in routine analysis but a typical elisa yields a sensitivity of 10(6)-10(7)cfu/ml. the present study consecrates on the applicability of surface modified polyacrylonitrile (pan) fibers as a novel matrix of immunoassay for the detection of ...201323500375
highly sensitive detection of pathogen escherichia coli o157:h7 by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.the presence of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli bacteria in food can cause serious foodborne disease outbreaks. early detection and identification of these pathogens is extremely important for public health and safety. here we present a highly sensitive label-free immunosensor for the detection of pathogenic e. coli o157:h7. anti-e. coli antibodies were covalently immobilised onto gold electrodes via a self-assembled monolayer (sam) of mercaptohexadecanoic acid and the pathogenic bacteria wer ...201323500360
regulatory rnas and target mrna decay in prokaryotes.recent advances in prokaryote genetics have highlighted the important and complex roles of small regulatory rnas (srnas). although blocking mrna translation is often the main function of srnas, these molecules can also induce the degradation of target mrnas using a mechanism that drastically differs from eukaryotic rna interference (rnai). whereas rnai relies on rnase iii-like machinery that is specific to double-strand rnas, srna-mediated mrna degradation in escherichia coli and samonella typhi ...201623500183
development and evaluation of a novel nucleic acid sequence-based amplification method using one specific primer and one degenerate primer for simultaneous detection of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium.salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium are the most widespread causes of salmonellosis and gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. thus, their simple and sensitive detection is significantly important in biosafety and point-of-care diagnostics. in that regard, although present nucleic acid-based attempts are mainly focused on the detection methods encompassing all salmonella enterica members in a single reaction, serotypes other than s. enteritidis and s. typhimurium are clinically and e ...201323498700
synthesis and concentration dependent antibacterial activities of cuo nanoflakes.we report, synthesis and antibacterial activities of cuo nanoflakes. cuo nanoparticles are prepared at room temperature through sol-gel method. x-ray diffraction studies show the particles are monoclinic (crystalline) in nature. scanning electron microscopy (sem) images clearly show that the prepared particles are flake like in structure. fourier transform infrared (ftir) spectra exhibits three different bands that correspond to the au and bu modes. antibacterial studies were performed on shigel ...201323498227
inactivation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli o157:h7 in peanut butter cracker sandwiches by radio-frequency heating.a multistate outbreak of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium recently occurred in the usa, which was traced back to various food products made with contaminated peanut butter. this study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of radio-frequency (rf) heating to inactivate s. typhimurium and escherichia coli o157:h7 in peanut butter cracker sandwiches using creamy and chunky commercial peanut butter and to determine the effect on quality by measuring color changes and sensory evaluation. sa ...201223498191
systematic safety evaluation on photoluminescent carbon dots.photoluminescent carbon dots (c-dots) were prepared using the improved nitric acid oxidation method. the c-dots were characterized by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy, and uv-vis absorption spectroscopy. the c-dots were subjected to systematic safety evaluation via acute toxicity, subacute toxicity, and genotoxicity experiments (including mouse bone marrow micronuclear test and salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity test). the results showed that the c-dots were successfully prepared with good ...201323497260
selection of dna aptamers for capture and detection of salmonella typhimurium using a whole-cell selex approach in conjunction with cell sorting.alternative ligands such as nucleic acid aptamers can be used for pathogen capture and detection and offer advantages over antibodies, including reduced cost, ease of production and modification, and improved stability. dna aptamers demonstrating binding specificity to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium were identified by whole-cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) beginning with a combinatorial library of biotin-labeled single stranded dna molecules. aptame ...201323494620
genetic inactivation of acrab or inhibition of efflux induces expression of rama.the transcriptional activator rama regulates production of the multidrug resistance efflux acrab-tolc system in several enterobacteriaceae. this study investigated factors that lead to increased expression of rama.201323493314
differential regulation of salmonella typhimurium genes involved in o-antigen capsule production and their role in persistence within tomato fruit.enteric pathogens, including non-typhoidal salmonella spp. and enterovirulent escherichia coli, are capable of persisting and multiplying within plants. yet, little is still known about the mechanisms of these interactions. this study identified the salmonella yiht gene (involved in synthesis of the o-antigen capsule) as contributing to persistence in immature tomato fruit. deletion of yiht reduced competitive fitness of s. enterica sv. typhimurium in green (but not ripe, regardless of color) to ...201323489058
safety assessment and probiotic evaluation of enterococcus faecium yf5 isolated from sourdough.enterococcus faecium yf5, a strain previously isolated from sourdough, was assessed for safety and probiotic potential. its virulence and antibiotic resistant phenotypes (cytolysin and gelatinase production, antibiotic susceptibility) and genes (cyla, gele, ace, agg, esp, and vana) were surveyed. results indicated that the tested virulence determinants were nontoxic. in addition, e. faecium yf5 was sensitive to 3 antibiotics such as amoxicillin, vancomycin, and chloramphenicol. furthermore, resu ...201323488799
identification of an outer membrane protein of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as a potential vaccine candidate for salmonellosis in mice.we report our investigation of the functions of pagn in salmonella pathogenesis and its potential as a vaccine candidate. further investigation conducted in this study indicates that the outer membrane protein pagn is important for salmonella adhesion/invasion of epithelial cells as well as bacterial virulence. when pagn was deleted from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), the adhesion and invasion of ht-29 epithelial cells was significantly decreased compared with the wild ...201323485513
chemical composition and antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of allium hirtifolium boiss.allium hirtifolium boiss. known as persian shallot, is a spice used as a traditional medicine in iran and, mediterranean region. in this study, the chemical composition of the hydromethanolic extract of this plant was analyzed using gc/ms. the result showed that 9-hexadecenoic acid, 11,14-eicosadienoic acid, and n-hexadecanoic acid are the main constituents. the antibacterial activity of the shallot extract was also examined by disk diffusion and microdilution broth assays. it was demonstrated t ...201223484141
determination of the structure of the catabolic n-succinylornithine transaminase (astc) from escherichia coli.escherichia coli possesses two acyl ornithine aminotransferases, one catabolic (astc) and the other anabolic (argd), that participate in l-arginine metabolism. although only 58% identical, the enzymes have been shown to be functionally interchangeable. here we have purified astc and have obtained x-ray crystal structures of apo and holo-astc and of the enzyme complexed with its physiological substrate, succinylornithine. we compare the structures obtained in this study with those of argd from sa ...201323484010
expression of a novel p22 orfan gene reveals the phage carrier state in salmonella typhimurium.we discovered a novel interaction between phage p22 and its host salmonella typhimurium lt2 that is characterized by a phage mediated and targeted derepression of the host dgo operon. upon further investigation, this interaction was found to be instigated by an orfan gene (designated pid for phage p22 encoded instigator of dgo expression) located on a previously unannotated moron locus in the late region of the p22 genome, and encoding an 86 amino acid protein of 9.3 kda. surprisingly, the pid/d ...201323483857
intravaginal live attenuated salmonella increase local antitumor vaccine-specific cd8(+) t cells.we have recently reported that the intravaginal instillation of synthetic toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) or tlr9 agonists after a subcutaneous vaccination against human papillomavirus e7 highly increases (~5-fold) the number of vaccine-specific cd8(+) t cells in the genital mucosa of mice, without affecting e7-specific systemic responses. here, we show that the instillation of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium similarly, though more efficiently (~15- fold), increases both e7-s ...201323483225
capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent neurons contribute to the detection of pathogenic bacterial colonization in the gut.vagal activation can reduce inflammation and disease activity in various animal models of intestinal inflammation via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. in the current model of this pathway, activation of descending vagal efferents is dependent on a signal initiated by stimulation of vagal afferents. however, little is known about how vagal afferents are activated, especially in the context of subclinical or clinical pathogenic bacterial infection. to address this question, we first dete ...201323481698
engineering the type iii secretion system in non-replicating bacterial minicells for antigen delivery.type iii protein secretion systems are being considered for vaccine development as virtually any protein antigen can be engineered for delivery by these nanomachines into the class i antigen presentation pathway to stimulate antigen-specific cd8(+) t cells. a limitation in the use of this system is that it requires live virulence-attenuated bacteria, which may preclude its use in certain populations such as children and the immunocompromised. here we report the engineering of the salmonella typh ...201323481398
wild birds carry similar salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains to those found in domestic animals and livestock.the objective of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that some sporadic salmonella infections in domesticated animals may be associated with salmonella infections originating from garden birds. phage type and antimicrobial resistance details of isolates of s. typhimurium obtained from wild birds were comparable with those from s. typhimurium infections from domesticated animals or livestock between 2002 and 2010. a small panel of s. typhimurium isolates (n=37) were characterised by mult ...201323481141
teaching neuroimages: acute cerebellitis caused by salmonella typhimurium.a 63-year-old woman presented with 24 hours of dysarthria, confusion, and appendicular ataxia preceded by watery diarrhea, without fever, nausea, vomiting, meningeal signs, recent travel, or antibiotic use. she had type ii diabetes and gastroesophageal reflux disease (on proton pump inhibitor). she had consumed inadequately cooked beef stew left at room temperature for 24 hours. blood cultures were positive for salmonella typhimurium. csf showed 15 nucleated cells, 72% monocytoid; remainder of c ...201323479471
prediction of health risk due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in urban air in rio de janeiro, brazil.risk assessment can provide a comprehensive estimate of potential effects of contaminants under specific, well-defined, and well-described circumstances, providing quantitative relationships between exposure and effects to identify and to define areas of concern. we investigated the mutagenic activity of particulate matter in air samples collected from three sites in rio de janeiro city. samples were collected using a high-volume sampler at avenida brasil, at campus of universidade do estado do ...201323479151
us outbreak of human salmonella infections associated with aquatic frogs, 2008-2011.although amphibians are known salmonella carriers, no such outbreaks have been reported. we investigated a nationwide outbreak of human salmonella typhimurium infections occurring predominantly among children from 2008 to 2011.201323478862
safety and toxicological evaluation of a novel, water-soluble undenatured type ii collagen.this study was conducted to determine the broad-spectrum safety of a novel, water-soluble undenatured type ii collagen (next-ii) derived from chicken sternum cartilage. the presence of epitope in next-ii was confirmed by using a commercial kit. the acute oral ld₅₀ of next-ii was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg bw in rats, while the single-dose acute dermal ld₅₀ was greater than 2000 mg/kg bw. the primary dermal irritation index (pdii) of next-ii was found to be 1.8 and classified as slightly ...201323477501
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