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identification of an amyloidogenic peptide from the bap protein of staphylococcus epidermidis.biofilm associated proteins (bap) are involved in the biofilm formation process of several bacterial species. the sequence stvtvt is present in bap proteins expressed by many staphylococcus species, acinetobacter baumanii and salmonella enterica. the peptide stvtvtf derived from the c-repeat of the bap protein from staphylococcus epidermidis was selected through the aggrescan, pasta, and tango software prediction of protein aggregation and formation of amyloid fibers. we characterized the self-a ...201424354773
contribution of phenotypic heterogeneity to adaptive antibiotic resistance.antibiotic-resistant isolates of salmonella enterica were selected on plates containing lethal concentrations of rifampicin, kanamycin, and nalidixic acid. the stability of the resistance phenotype was scored after nonselective growth. rifampicin-resistant (rif(r)) isolates were stable, suggesting that they had arisen by mutation. mutations in the rpob gene were detected indeed in rif(r) mutants. in contrast, a fraction of kanamycin-resistant (km(r)) and nalidixic acid-resistant (nal(r)) isolate ...201424351930
generation and selection of anti-flagellin monoclonal antibodies useful for serotyping salmonella enterica.in developing countries, bacterial acute gastroenteritis continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality among young children. salmonellosis constitutes a major cause of infectious enteritis worldwide, most of them associated to the consumption of contaminated food products. traditionally, salmonella has been classified in serovars based on varieties of o and h surface antigens. in the present work we generated and characterized a panel of anti-flagellin monoclonal antibodies (mabs ...201324349948
salmonella exploits nlrp12-dependent innate immune signaling to suppress host defenses during infection.the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (nod)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 12 (nlrp12) plays a protective role in intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis, but the physiological function of this nlr during microbial infection is largely unexplored. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a leading cause of food poisoning worldwide. here, we show that nlrp12-deficient mice were highly resistant to s. typhimurium infection. salmonella-infected macrophage ...201424347638
the salmonella enterica giant adhesin siie binds to polarized epithelial cells in a lectin-like manner.the invasion of polarized epithelial cells by salmonella enterica requires the cooperative activity of the salmonella pathogenicity island (spi) 1-encoded type iii secretion system (t3ss) and the spi4-encoded giant non-fimbrial adhesin siie. siie is a highly repetitive protein composed of 53 bacterial ig (big) domains and mediates binding to the apical side of polarized epithelial cells. we analysed the binding properties of siie and observed lectin-like activity. siie-dependent cell invasion ca ...201424345213
non-essential genes form the hubs of genome scale protein function and environmental gene expression networks in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonella typhimurium is an important pathogen of human and animals. it shows a broad growth range and survives in harsh conditions. the aim of this study was to analyze transcriptional responses to a number of growth and stress conditions as well as the relationship of metabolic pathways and/or cell functions at the genome-scale-level by network analysis, and further to explore whether highly connected genes (hubs) in these networks were essential for growth, stress adaptation and virulence.201324345035
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection-induced cd11b+ gr1+ cells ameliorate allergic airway inflammation.allergies are mainly characterized as an unrestrained th2-biased immune response. epidemiological data associate protection from allergic diseases with the exposure to certain infectious agents during early stages of life. modulation of the immune response by pathogens has been considered to be a major factor influencing this protection. recent evidence indicates that immunoregulatory mechanisms induced upon infection ameliorate allergic disorders. a longitudinal study has demonstrated reduced f ...201424343652
targeting relaxase genes for classification of the predominant plasmids in enterobacteriaceae.plasmids are the main vectors of antimicrobial drug resistance and virulence genes, especially in enterobacteriaceae. identification and classification of plasmids is essential for analysis of their distribution. the most widely used typing method is pcr-based replicon typing (pbrt). a new classification scheme based on relaxase gene typing has been described recently. we propose a practical application of this method, with the development of a multiplex pcr set targeting relaxase genes found on ...201424342269
the eutt enzyme of salmonella enterica is a unique atp:cob(i)alamin adenosyltransferase metalloprotein that requires ferrous ions for maximal activity.atp:co(i)rrinoid adenosyltransferase (acat) enzymes convert vitamin b12 to coenzyme b12. eutt is the least understood acat. we report the purification of eutt to homogeneity and show that, in vitro, free dihydroflavins drive the adenosylation of cob(ii)alamin bound to eutt. results of chromatography analyses indicate that eutt is dimeric in solution, and unlike other acats, eutt catalyzes the reaction with sigmoidal kinetics indicative of positive cooperativity for cob(ii)alamin. maximal eutt ac ...201424336938
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype oranienburg strain s-76, isolated from an aquatic environment.salmonella is a widespread microorganism and a common causative agent of food-borne illnesses. salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype oranienburg is highly prevalent in surface water from tropical ecosystems and is not commonly related to illnesses. here, we report the first genome sequence of salmonella oranienburg strain s-76, isolated from an aquatic environment.201324336368
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype saintpaul strain s-70, isolated from an aquatic environment.salmonella is a pathogen of worldwide importance, causing disease in a vast range of hosts, including humans. we report the genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype saintpaul strain s-70, isolated from an aquatic environment.201324336367
pork meat as a potential source of salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae infection in humans.salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae was isolated from 13 of 123 slaughtered pigs in central greece. the samples cultured were feces, ileum tissue, mesenteric lymph nodes, and gallbladder swabs. a total of 74 isolates from 492 samples were identified as salmonella spp. by use of standard laboratory culture media and two commercial micromethods and by use of a polyvalent slide agglutination test for the detection of o and h antigens. among them were 19 (25.68%) suspected to be s. enterica subsp. a ...201424335956
molecular evaluation of drug resistance in clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhi from pakistan.this study aimed to determine the drug susceptibility patterns and genetic elements related to drug resistance in isolates of salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) from the faisalabad region of pakistan.201324334939
an infection-relevant transcriptomic compendium for salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.bacterial transcriptional networks consist of hundreds of transcription factors and thousands of promoters. however, the true complexity of transcription in a bacterial pathogen and the effect of the environments encountered during infection remain to be established. we present a simplified approach for global promoter identification in bacteria using rna-seq-based transcriptomic analyses of 22 distinct infection-relevant environmental conditions. individual rna samples were combined to identify ...201324331466
outbreak of salmonella enterica goldcoast infection associated with whelk consumption, england, june to october 2013.an increase in the number of cases of salmonella enterica serotype goldcoast infection was observed in england during september 2013. a total of 38 cases were reported, with symptom onset dates between 21 june and 6 october 2013. epidemiological, environmental, microbiological and food chain evidence all support the conclusion that this outbreak was associated with eating whelks processed by the same factory. whelks are a novel vehicle of salmonella infection and should be considered when invest ...201324330940
synthesis and characterization of nano-encapsulated black pepper oleoresin using hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin for antioxidant and antimicrobial applications.previous studies have reported antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of black pepper oleoresin which is associated to its phenolic compounds and piperine. the ability of cyclodextrins to form an inclusion complex with a guest molecule could improve black pepper oleoresin application, bioavailability, and stability in foods. hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (hpbcd) inclusion complex with black pepper olereosin were synthesized using the kneading method and characterized for its physico-chemical p ...201324329956
a modified molecular beacons-based multiplex real-time pcr assay for simultaneous detection of eight foodborne pathogens in a single reaction and its application.foodborne disease outbreaks are often caused by one of the major pathogens. early identification of the causal pathogen is crucial for disease control and prevention. we describe a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtpcr) assay that can identify, in a single reaction, up to eight common foodborne bacterial pathogens, including salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157, vibrio parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus, campylobacter jejuni, enterobacter sakazakii ...201424328501
molecular characterization of salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- dt193 assut strains from two outbreaks in italy.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- dt193 is recognized as an emerging monophasic variant of salmonella typhimurium in many european countries. resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides, and tetracycline (r-type assut) is described as one of the most common profiles of resistance within this clone. recently, strains presenting such features were isolated from two unrelated outbreaks in italy. strains were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), ...201424328499
fitness benefits in fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella typhi in the absence of antimicrobial pressure.fluoroquinolones (fq) are the recommended antimicrobial treatment for typhoid, a severe systemic infection caused by the bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhi. fq-resistance mutations in s. typhi have become common, hindering treatment and control efforts. using in vitro competition experiments, we assayed the fitness of eleven isogenic s. typhi strains with resistance mutations in the fq target genes, gyra and parc. in the absence of antimicrobial pressure, 6 out of 11 mutants carried a s ...201324327559
.analysis of the contribution of bacteriophage st64b to in vitro virulence traits of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.comparison of the publicly available genomes of the virulent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) strains sl1344, 14028s and d23580 to that of the virulence-attenuated isolate lt2 revealed the absence of a full sequence of bacteriophage st64b in the latter. four selected st64b regions of unknown function (sb7-sb11, sb46, sb49-sb50 and sb54) were mapped by pcr in two strain collections: (i) 310 isolates of s. typhimurium from human blood or stool samples, and from food, animal ...201424324031
a novel anti-microbial function for a familiar rab gtpase.salmonella enterica is a bacterial pathogen that closely interacts with its host and replicates intracellularly. it has evolved the ability to create an intracellular membrane vacuole where it can survive and replicate. the nature of the salmonella vacuole is still poorly understood, and although it has some features in common with lysosomes, it serves as a suitable niche for its survival. in contrast to broad-host salmonella enterica serovars, salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is a h ...201324321888
a unique megaplasmid contributes to stress tolerance and pathogenicity of an emergent salmonella enterica serovar infantis strain.of all known salmonella enterica serovars, s. infantis is one of the most commonly isolated and has been recently emerging worldwide. to understand the recent emergence of s. infantis in israel, we performed extensive comparative analyses between pre-emergent and the clonal emergent s. infantis populations. we demonstrate the fixation of adaptive mutations in the dna gyrase (gyra) and nitroreductase (nfsa) genes, conferring resistance to quinolones and nitrofurans, respectively, and the carriage ...201424320043
structure of a pathogenic type 3 secretion system in action.type 3 secretion systems use 3.5-megadalton syringe-like, membrane-embedded 'injectisomes', each containing an ~800-å-long needle complex to connect intracellular compartments of infectious bacteria and hosts. here we identify requirements for substrate association with, transport through and exit from the injectisome of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. this guided the design of substrates that become trapped within the secretion path and enabled visualization of injectisomes in action i ...201424317488
salmonella enterica isolated from infections in australian livestock remain susceptible to critical antimicrobials.salmonella enterica is a zoonotic pathogen causing a variety of diseases in humans and animals. many countries are reporting an increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (mdr) s. enterica in food animals. the aim of this study was to determine whether s. enterica isolated from livestock in new south wales, australia, have similar resistance traits to those reported internationally. salmonella enterica (n=165) from clinical infections in food animals between 2007 and 2011 were serotyped a ...201424314826
a large outbreak of salmonellosis associated with sandwiches contaminated with multiple bacterial pathogens purchased via an online shopping service.food sold over the internet is an emerging business that also presents a concern with regard to food safety. a nationwide foodborne disease outbreak associated with sandwiches purchased from an online shop in july 2010 is reported. consumers were telephone interviewed with a structured questionnaire and specimens were collected for etiological examination. a total of 886 consumers were successfully contacted and completed the questionnaires; 36.6% had become ill, with a median incubation period ...201424313786
evaluation of genotoxic effects of new molecules with possible trypanocidal activity for chagas disease treatment.chagas disease is responsible for a large number of human infections and many are also at risk of infection. there is no effective drug for chagas disease treatment. the institute of pharmaceutical technology at fiocruz, brazil, has designed three nitro analogs of the nitroimidazole-thiadiazole, megazol: two triazole analogs ptal 05-02 and pamt 09 and a pyrazole analog ptal 04-09. a set of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains were used in the bacterial reverse mutation test (ames test ...201324311974
complete genome of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis myophage marshall.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is a food-borne pathogen that causes salmonellosis in the united states. bacteriophages are emerging as viable biocontrol agents against this pathogen. here, we present the complete annotated genome sequence of salmonella enteritidis t4-like myophage marshall, which has potential as a phage therapy agent.201324309732
transcriptional profile of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar weltevreden during alfalfa sprout colonization.sprouted seeds represent a great risk for infection by human enteric pathogens because of favourable growth conditions for pathogens during their germination. the aim of this study was to identify mechanisms of interactions of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica weltevreden with alfalfa sprouts. rna-seq analysis of s. weltevreden grown with sprouts in comparison with m9-glucose medium showed that among a total of 4158 annotated coding sequences, 177 genes (4.3%) and 345 genes (8.3%) were transcr ...201424308841
pyroptosis and adaptive immunity mechanisms are promptly engendered in mesenteric lymph-nodes during pig infections with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.in this study, we explored the transcriptional response and the morphological changes occurring in porcine mesenteric lymph-nodes (mln) along a time course of 1, 2 and 6 days post infection (dpi) with salmonella typhimurium. additionally, we analysed the expression of some salmonella effectors in tissue to complete our view of the processes triggered in these organs upon infection. the results indicate that besides dampening apoptosis, swine take advantage of the flagellin and prgj expression by ...201324308825
salmonella neck abscess as an opportunistic infection in diabetes mellitus.salmonella neck infections represent an uncommon cause of focal salmonellosis. while the incidence of nontyphoid salmonellosis is estimated at over 2 million cases annually, extraintestinal manifestations account for less than 1% of cases. this paper describes two patients with salmonella neck abscesses as the initial presentation of diabetes mellitus. the first patient was diagnosed as having salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis sternocleidomastoid pyomyositis and the second patient salmone ...201324307959
a link between gut community metabolism and pathogenesis: molecular hydrogen-stimulated glucarate catabolism aids salmonella virulence.glucarate, an oxidized product of glucose, is a major serum organic acid in humans. still, its role as a carbon source for a pathogen colonizing hosts has not been studied. we detected high-level expression of a potential glucarate permease encoding gene gudt when salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium are exposed to hydrogen gas (h(2)), a gaseous by-product of gut commensal metabolism. a gudt strain of salmonella is deficient in glucarate-dependent growth, however, it can still use other monos ...201324307595
typhoid epidemiology, diagnostics and the human challenge model.infection caused by ingestion of human-restricted salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi predominantly affects the most impoverished sections of society. in this review, we describe recent advances made in estimating the burden of illness and the important role improved diagnostic tests may have in controlling infection and report the development of a new human challenge model of typhoid infection.201424304980
multistate outbreak of salmonella chester infections associated with frozen meals -- 18 states, 2010.on may 24, 2010, a cluster of 17 human salmonella enterica serotype chester clinical isolates with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns was reported to pulsenet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance. this pfge pattern had not been reported previously. subsequently, cdc conducted an investigation that identified 44 ill persons in 18 states during may 24-june 19, 2010. in a multistate case-control study, consumption of a brand a ...201324304829
comparison of two sampling and culture systems for detection of salmonella enterica in the environment of a large animal hospital.nosocomial salmonellosis is an important problem in veterinary hospitals that treat horses and other large animals. detection and mitigation of outbreaks and prevention of healthcare-associated infections often require detection of salmonella enterica in the hospital environment.201424303999
redundancy in the periplasmic adaptor proteins acra and acre provides resilience and an ability to export substrates of multidrug efflux.the components of the acrab-tolc efflux pump function as a tripartite efflux system conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics and the individual components can also function in conjunction with other efflux pumps. this study aimed to establish whether redundancy exists between the homologous periplasmic adaptor proteins (paps) acra and acre and to measure the impact of this redundancy on antimicrobial resistance and the potential efficacy of inhibitor molecules.201424302652
common antigens prediction in bacterial bioweapons: a perspective for vaccine design.bioweapons (bws) are a serious threat to mankind and the lack of efficient vaccines against bacterial bioweapons (bbws) further worsens the situation in face of bw attack. experts believe that difficulties in detection and ease in dissemination of deadly pathogens make bw a better option for attack compared to nuclear weapons. molecular biology techniques facilitate the use of genetically modified bbws thus creating uncertainty on which bacteria will be used for bw attack. in the present work, a ...201424300889
amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide ribotide directly inhibits coenzyme a biosynthesis in salmonella enterica.aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (aicar) is a purine biosynthetic intermediate and a by-product of histidine biosynthesis. in bacteria, yeast, and humans, accumulation of aicar has been shown to affect an array of cellular processes by both direct and indirect mechanisms. in purine biosynthesis, aicar is the substrate of the bifunctional protein phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase/imp cyclohydrolase (purh, ec 2.1.2.3/3.5.4.10). strains lacking purh accumulate aicar and h ...201424296672
salmonella pathogenicity and host adaptation in chicken-associated serovars.enteric pathogens such as salmonella enterica cause significant morbidity and mortality. s. enterica serovars are a diverse group of pathogens that have evolved to survive in a wide range of environments and across multiple hosts. s. enterica serovars such as s. typhi, s. dublin, and s. gallinarum have a restricted host range, in which they are typically associated with one or a few host species, while s. enteritidis and s. typhimurium have broad host ranges. this review examines how s. enterica ...201324296573
helicobacter and salmonella persistent infection strategies.some host-adapted bacterial pathogens are capable of causing persistent infections in humans. for example, helicobacter pylori inhabits the human gastric mucosa and persistence can be lifelong. salmonella enterica serovar typhi causes systemic infections that involve colonization of the reticuloendothelial system and some individuals become lifelong carriers. in this review, i compare and contrast the different lifestyles of helicobacter and salmonella within the host and the strategies they hav ...201324296347
host specificity of bacterial pathogens.most pathogens are able to infect multiple hosts but some are highly adapted to a single-host species. a detailed understanding of the basis of host specificity can provide important insights into molecular pathogenesis, the evolution of pathogenic microbes, and the potential for pathogens to cross the species barrier to infect new hosts. comparative genomics and the development of humanized mouse models have provided important new tools with which to explore the basis of generalism and speciali ...201324296346
first report of a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolate with carbapenemase (kpc-2) in colombia. 201424295970
plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (pmqr) and mutations in the topoisomerase genes of salmonella enterica strains from brazil.the objective of this study was to identify mutations in the quinolone resistance determining sources regions (qrdr) of the gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare genes and to determine if any of the qnr variants or the aac(6')-ib-cr variant were present in strains of salmonella spp. isolated in brazil. a total of 126 salmonella spp. strains from epidemic (n = 114) and poultry (n = 12) origin were evaluated. one hundred and twelve strains (88.8%) were resistant to nalidixic acid (nal) and 29 (23.01%) showed ...201324294265
characterization of antibiotic resistance in salmonella enterica isolates determined from ready-to-eat (rte) salad vegetables.in the last decade, ready-to-eat (rte) salad vegetables are gaining increasing importance in human diet. however, since they are consumed fresh, inadequate washing during processing can bring on some foodborne illnesses, like salmonellosis, since these food items have natural contamination from soil and water. during 2009-2010, a total of 81 samples were purchased arbitrarily from local markets in ankara, and were examined for salmonella contamination. salmonella screening was performed by using ...201324294226
commercially laid eggs vs. discarded hatching eggs: contamination by salmonella spp.salmonella enterica is frequently associated with outbreaks of human salmonellosis, and products of avian origin, such as eggs and chicken meat, are the main vehicles of its transmission. the present study describes the occurrence of different serovars of salmonella enterica and phagotypes of s. enterica serovar enteritidis in eggs destined for human consumption. four thousand eggs obtained from commercial egg laying farms and one thousand discarded hatching eggs from broiler farms, which were a ...201324294223
synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial properties of copper nanoparticles.copper nanoparticle synthesis has been gaining attention due to its availability. however, factors such as agglomeration and rapid oxidation have made it a difficult research area. in the present work, pure copper nanoparticles were prepared in the presence of a chitosan stabilizer through chemical means. the purity of the nanoparticles was authenticated using different characterization techniques, including ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, f ...201324293998
proteomics-based identification of plasma proteins and their association with the host-pathogen interaction in chronic typhoid carriers.current diagnostic tests are inadequate to detect typhoid cases, as well as the chronic carrier state, the sole reservoir of salmonella enterica serovar typhi. the current study was conducted to find new molecular signatures of pathogen/disease to understand the mechanism behind the host-pathogen interaction in enteric fever.201424291468
antimicrobial susceptibility and serovars of salmonella circulating in commercial poultry carcasses and poultry products in brazil.antimicrobial resistance was evaluated for 12,582 strains of salmonella isolated by public and private laboratories from commercial poultry carcasses and poultry products from different regions in brazil between 2007 and 2011. these isolates were submitted unsolicited to the national reference laboratory for bacterial enteroinfections, oswaldo cruz institute, oswaldo cruz foundation, rio de janeiro, brazil, for conclusive antigenic characterization. the prevalent salmonella enterica serogroups w ...201324290674
tailoring the probiotic potential of non-starter lactobacillus strains from ripened parmigiano reggiano cheese by in vitro screening and principal component analysis.non-starter lactic acid bacteria (nslab) inhabiting fermented food have been recently revised as source of probiotic strains. here, we in vitro assessed the potential probiotic aptitude of a de-replicated set of nslab previously isolated from long ripened parmigiano reggiano cheeses (22 lactobacillus rhamnosus, 18 lactobacillus paracasei, 3 lactobacillus casei, 2 lactobacillus harbinensis, and 2 lactobacillus fermentum). most strains showed moderate to good resistance to biological barriers, inc ...201424290648
inhibition of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica on spinach and identification of antimicrobial substances produced by a commercial lactic acid bacteria food safety intervention.the microbiological safety of fresh produce is of concern for the u.s. food supply. members of the lactic acid bacteria (lab) have been reported to antagonize pathogens by competing for nutrients and by secretion of substances with antimicrobial activity, including organic acids, peroxides, and antimicrobial polypeptides. the objectives of this research were to: (i) determine the capacity of a commercial lab food antimicrobial to inhibit escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica on spinac ...201424290643
use of β-cyclodextrin and activated carbon for quantification of salmonella enterica ser. enteritidis from ground beef by conventional pcr without enrichment.the high level of pcr inhibitors present in ground beef is a major factor that affects molecular based techniques, such as the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), for the detection of salmonella enterica. in this study, the use of β-cyclodextrin and milk protein coated activated carbon (mp-cac) allowed the pcr to detect low numbers of salmonella seeded into ground beef without enrichment of samples. inva was used as target gene in the conventional pcr protocol. with 25 g samples of ground beef cont ...201424290629
isolation and molecular characterization of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis from poultry house and clinical samples during 2010.a total of 60 salmonella enterica serovar (ser.) enteritidis isolates, 28 from poultry houses and 32 from clinical samples, were isolated during 2010. these isolates were subjected to testing and analyzed for antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, plasmids and plasmid replicon types. to assess genetic diversity, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) fingerprinting, using the xbai restriction enzyme, multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) and plasmid profiles were perform ...201424290628
fever of unknown origin attributable to haematocolpos infected with salmonella enterica serotypetyphi resistant to nalidixic acid: a case report.the prevalence of nalidixic acid-resistant salmonella typhi (narst) infection is increasing worldwide. we are reporting an unusual case of infected haematocolpos presenting as urinary obstruction in a patient with fever of unknown origin (fuo). this case report highlights the importance of quinolone-resistant typhoid fever in the differential diagnosis of any acute febrile illness in countries, like india, where salmonella infection is endemic.201324288955
salmonella in liquid eggs and other foods in fukuoka prefecture, japan.the study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of salmonella in retail and wholesale foods in fukuoka prefecture, japan. a total of 2,021 samples collected between 1999 and 2010 were tested using a culture method. samples consisted of liquid eggs (n = 30), meat (beef and pork) (n = 781), offal (n = 69), processed meats (n = 2), seafood (n = 232), processed seafood (dried fish) (n = 76), vegetables (n = 481), processed vegetables (n = 87), fruits (n = 167), and herbs (n = 96) from 574 outlets and who ...201324288539
resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in human non-typhoidal salmonella enterica isolates from england and wales, 2010-12.to identify the mechanism(s) underlying cefotaxime resistance in 118 of 21,641 (0.55%) non-typhoidal salmonella enterica isolates collected from humans throughout england and wales from january 2010 to september 2012.201424288030
altered ifn-γ-mediated immunity and transcriptional expression patterns in n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea-induced stat4 mutants confer susceptibility to acute typhoid-like disease.salmonella enterica is a ubiquitous gram-negative intracellular bacterium that continues to pose a global challenge to human health. the etiology of salmonella pathogenesis is complex and controlled by pathogen, environmental, and host genetic factors. in fact, patients immunodeficient in genes in the il-12, il-23/ifn-γ pathway are predisposed to invasive nontyphoidal salmonella infection. using a forward genomics approach by n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea (enu) germline mutagenesis in mice, we identifie ...201424285835
reduction of salmonella enteritidis number after infections by immunization of liposome-associated recombinant sefa.in order to generate salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (salmonella enteritidis) fimbriae, sef14, the sefa gene, which encodes the main subunit of the sef14 fimbrial protein, was amplified from salmonella enteritidis by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and subcloned into a prokaryotic expression vector pet-28a(+) to yield pet-28a(+)-sefa. the recombinant sefa (rsefa) protein was highly expressed and purified by nickel-affinity chromatography. liposome-associated rsefa was prepared for oral i ...201324283128
gatifloxacin versus ofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever in nepal: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial.fluoroquinolones are the most commonly used group of antimicrobials for the treatment of enteric fever, but no direct comparison between two fluoroquinolones has been performed in a large randomised trial. an open-label randomized trial was conducted to investigate whether gatifloxacin is more effective than ofloxacin in the treatment of uncomplicated enteric fever caused by nalidixic acid-resistant salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a.201324282626
effects of water, sodium hypochlorite, peroxyacetic acid, and acidified sodium chlorite on in-shell hazelnuts inoculated with salmonella enterica serovar panama.recent foodborne disease outbreaks involving minimally processed tree nuts have generated a need for improved sanitation procedures. chemical sprays and dips have shown promise for reducing pathogens on fresh produce, but little research has been conducted for in-shell hazelnuts. this study analyzed the effectiveness of 3 chemical sanitizers for reducing salmonella on in-shell hazelnuts. treatments of water, sodium hypochlorite (naocl; 25 and 50 ppm), peroxyacetic acid (paa; 80 and 120 ppm), and ...201324279902
in vitro effectiveness of the antimicrobial peptide ecath1 against antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens of horses.the equine antimicrobial peptide ecath1 previously has been shown to have in vitro activity against antibiotic-susceptible reference strains of rhodococcus equi and common respiratory bacterial pathogens of foals. interestingly, ecath1 was also found to be effective in the treatment of r. equi infection induced in mice. the aim of this study was to assess the in vitro activity of ecath1 against equine isolates of gram-negative (escherichia coli, salmonella enterica, klebsiella pneumoniae and pse ...201424279745
serovars, bacteriophage types and antimicrobial sensitivities associated with salmonellosis in dogs in the uk (1954-2012).serovars and bacteriophage (phage) types were determined for 442 isolates of salmonella enterica from dogs in the uk submitted to the scottish salmonella reference laboratory from 1954 to 2012. the most frequent serovars were salmonella typhimurium (196 isolates; 44.3 per cent), dublin (40 isolates; 9.0 per cent), enteritidis (28 isolates; 6.3 per cent), montevideo (19 isolates; 4.3 per cent), virchow (10 isolates; 2.3 per cent), heidelberg (8 isolates; 1.8 per cent) and derby (8 isolates; 1.8 p ...201424277916
effects of quaternary benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids on growth performance, shedding of organisms, and gastrointestinal tract integrity in pigs inoculated with multidrug-resistant salmonella spp.to evaluate effects of quaternary benzo(c)phenanthridine alkaloids (qbas) against salmonella spp and determine effects on growth performance, organism shedding, and gastrointestinal tract integrity in pigs inoculated with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.201324274891
genome-scale analyses of escherichia coli and salmonella enterica arac reveal noncanonical targets and an expanded core regulon.escherichia coli arac is a well-described transcription activator of genes involved in arabinose metabolism. using complementary genomic approaches, chromatin immunoprecipitation (chip)-chip, and transcription profiling, we identify direct regulatory targets of arac, including five novel target genes: ytfq, yden, ydem, ygea, and polb. strikingly, only ytfq has an established connection to arabinose metabolism, suggesting that arac has a broader function than previously described. we demonstrate ...201424272778
core lipopolysaccharide-specific phage ssu5 as an auxiliary component of a phage cocktail for salmonella biocontrol.salmonella spp. are among the major food-borne pathogens that cause mild diarrhea to severe bacteremia. the use of bacteriophages to control various food-borne pathogens, including salmonella, has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional chemotherapy. we isolated the siphoviridae family phage ssu5, which can infect only rough strains of salmonella. the blocking of ssu5 adsorption by periodate treatment of host salmonella cells and spotting and adsorption assays with mutants that contain ...201424271179
rna sequencing reveals differences between the global transcriptomes of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis strains with high and low pathogenicities.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is one of the important causes of bacterial food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide. field strains of s. enteritidis are relatively genetically homogeneous; however, they show extensive phenotypic diversity and differences in virulence potential. rna sequencing (rna-seq) was used to characterize differences in the global transcriptome between several genetically similar but phenotypically diverse poultry-associated field strains of s. enteritidis grown in lab ...201424271167
novel highly thermostable endolysin from thermus scotoductus mat2119 bacteriophage ph2119 with amino acid sequence similarity to eukaryotic peptidoglycan recognition proteins.in this study, we present the discovery and characterization of a highly thermostable endolysin from bacteriophage ph2119 infecting thermus strain mat2119 isolated from geothermal areas in iceland. nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16s rrna gene affiliated the strain with the species thermus scotoductus. bioinformatics analysis has allowed identification in the genome of phage 2119 of an open reading frame (468 bp in length) coding for a 155-amino-acid basic protein with an mr of 17,555. ph211 ...201424271162
proteomic analysis of intestinal mucosa responses to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in naturally infected pig.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is one of the most frequent salmonella serotypes isolated from european pigs. despite the advances in understanding the mechanisms involved in host-pathogen interactions and host cell responses to s. typhimurium, the global change that occurs in naturally exposed populations has been poorly characterized. here, we present a proteomics study on intestinal mucosa of pigs naturally infected with s. typhimurium, in order to better understand t ...201424268431
phage and mlva typing of salmonella enteritidis isolated from layers and humans in belgium from 2000-2010, a period in which vaccination of laying hens was introduced.the aim of the study was to characterize isolates of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) obtained from humans and layer farms in belgium collected during 2000-2010. three periods were compared, namely (i) before implementation of vaccination (2000-2004), (ii) during voluntary vaccination (2005-2006) and (iii) during implementation of the national control program (ncp) for salmonella including mandatory vaccination against s. enteritidis (2007-2010). the characteristics compa ...201424268005
combining de novo and reference-guided assembly with scaffold_builder.genome sequencing has become routine, however genome assembly still remains a challenge despite the computational advances in the last decade. in particular, the abundance of repeat elements in genomes makes it difficult to assemble them into a single complete sequence. identical repeats shorter than the average read length can generally be assembled without issue. however, longer repeats such as ribosomal rna operons cannot be accurately assembled using existing tools. the application scaffold_ ...201324267787
salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a carrying ctx-m-15 type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase isolated from a japanese traveller returning from india, japan, july 2013.emerging drug resistance in salmonella typhi and s. paratyphi is a substantial public health concern. we report what appears to be the first case and isolation of multidrug resistant s. paratyphi a carrying ctxm-15-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase from a japanese traveller returning from india.201324256887
signal-specific temporal response by the salmonella phop/phoq regulatory system.the two-component system phop/phoq controls a large number of genes responsible for a variety of physiological and virulence functions in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. here we describe a mechanism whereby the transcriptional activator phop elicits expression of dissimilar gene sets when its cognate sensor phoq is activated by different signals in the periplasm. we determine that full transcription of over half of the genes directly activated by phop requires the mg(2+) transporter mgt ...201424256574
bioprotection of ready-to-eat probiotic artichokes processed with lactobacillus paracasei lmgp22043 against foodborne pathogens.the survival of 3 pathogens listeria monocytogenes atcc19115, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica atcc13311, and escherichia coli atcc8739 was evaluated over time in ready-to-eat (rte) artichoke products processed or not with the probiotic strain lactobacillus paracasei lmgp22043. both probiotic and standard products (final ph about 4.0; aw = 0.98) dressed with oil and packaged in modified atmosphere were inoculated with pathogens at a level of about 3 log cfu/g and stored at 4 ºc for 45 d. path ...201324245894
evidence of microevolution of salmonella typhimurium during a series of egg-associated outbreaks linked to a single chicken farm.the bacterium salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne outbreaks of gastroenteritis. between 2005-2008 a series of s. typhimurium outbreaks occurred in tasmania, australia, that were all traced to eggs originating from a single chicken farm. we sequenced the genomes of 12 isolates linked to these outbreaks, in order to investigate the microevolution of a pathogenic s. typhimurium clone in a natural, spatiotemporally restricted popul ...201324245509
genomic characterisation of invasive non-typhoidal salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar bovismorbificans isolates from malawi.invasive non-typhoidal salmonella (ints) are an important cause of bacteraemia in children and hiv-infected adults in sub-saharan africa. previous research has shown that ints strains exhibit a pattern of gene loss that resembles that of host adapted serovars such as salmonella typhi and paratyphi a. salmonella enterica serovar bovismorbificans was a common serovar in malawi between 1997 and 2004.201324244782
comparative sequence, structure and redox analyses of klebsiella pneumoniae dsba show that anti-virulence target dsba enzymes fall into distinct classes.bacterial dsba enzymes catalyze oxidative folding of virulence factors, and have been identified as targets for antivirulence drugs. however, dsba enzymes characterized to date exhibit a wide spectrum of redox properties and divergent structural features compared to the prototypical dsba enzyme of escherichia coli dsba (ecdsba). nonetheless, sequence analysis shows that dsbas are more highly conserved than their known substrate virulence factors, highlighting the potential to inhibit virulence a ...201324244651
uv light inactivation of human and plant pathogens in unfiltered surface irrigation water.fruit and vegetable growers continually battle plant diseases and food safety concerns. surface water is commonly used in the production of fruits and vegetables and can harbor both human- and plant-pathogenic microorganisms that can contaminate crops when used for irrigation or other agricultural purposes. treatment methods for surface water are currently limited, and there is a need for suitable treatment options. a liquid-processing unit that uses uv light for the decontamination of turbid ju ...201424242253
prevalence and fimbrial genotype distribution of poultry salmonella isolates in china (2006 to 2012).in this study, a total of 323 salmonella enterica strains were isolated from 3,566 rectal swab samples of 51 poultry farms in seven regions of 12 provinces of china between 2006 and 2012. the prevalences of salmonella sp. carriage were 12.4% in geese (66 positive/533 samples), 10.4% in turkeys (32/309), 9.8% in chickens (167/1,706), 6.8% in ducks (41/601), and 4.1% in pigeons (17/417), respectively. these isolates belonged to 20 serovars, in which the most frequent serovars were s. enterica sero ...201424242234
bioactive quinic acid derivatives from ageratina adenophora.a novel quinic acid derivative, 5-o-trans-o-coumaroylquinic acid methyl ester (1), together with three known ones, chlorogenic acid methyl ester (2), macranthoin f (3) and macranthoin g (4), were isolated from the aerial parts of the invasive plant ageratina adenophora (spreng.). the structure of new compound 1 was elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1d- and 2d-nmr techniques. compounds 2-4 were isolated from plant a. adenophora for the first time. all the comp ...201324241153
antimicrobial resistance among blood culture isolates of salmonella enterica in new delhi.enteric fever is a global public health problem, especially in developing countries. antimicrobial resistance is a major issue enteric fever management. this study examined current pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility among salmonella enterica isolates from enteric fever cases at a tertiary care centre in new delhi, india.201324240035
isolation and molecular characterization of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella spp. from meat and dairy products in egypt.foodborne pathogens are a major threat to food safety, especially in developing countries where hygiene and sanitation facilities are often poor. salmonella enterica, escherichia coli o157:h7 and shigella spp. are among the major causes of outbreaks of foodborne diseases. this large-scale study investigated the prevalence of these foodborne pathogens in meat (beef and chicken) and dairy products collected from street vendors, butchers, retail markets and slaughterhouses in egypt. a total of 1600 ...201424239976
role of salmonella typhimurium small rnas ryhb-1 and ryhb-2 in the oxidative stress response.as part of the response to specific stress conditions, bacteria express small molecules of non-coding rna which maintain cellular homeostasis by regulating gene expression, commonly at the post-transcriptional level. among these, in salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium, the paralog small non-coding rnas ryhb-1 and ryhb-2 play an important role in iron homeostasis. in addition, in the present work, we show that ryhb-1 and ryhb-2 also participate in the response to hydrogen peroxide (h2o2). deletio ...201424239962
clinically relevant multidrug resistant salmonella enterica in swine and meat handlers at the abattoir.the presence of multidrug resistant (mdr) salmonella serotypes in slaughtered swine, carcasses, meat and meat handlers is scarcely evaluated. recently we demonstrated that diverse salmonella serotypes are frequently present in swine, pork meat and carcasses, and meat handlers at portuguese abattoirs. here we have characterized their antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes, helping elucidate the flow of mdr salmonella in the food chain. testing 60 salmonella isolates from different serotyp ...201424239169
evaluating area-level spatial clustering of salmonella enteritidis infections and their socioeconomic determinants in the greater toronto area, ontario, canada (2007 - 2009): a retrospective population-based ecological study.there have been only a few region-level ecological studies conducted in canada investigating enteric infections in humans. our study objectives were to 1) assess the spatial clustering of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (s. enteritidis) human infections in the greater toronto area, and 2) identify underlying area-level associations between s. enteritidis infection rates and socioeconomic status (ses) indicators that might explain the clustering of infections.201324237666
[determination of salmonella serotypes by conventional and molecular methods].determination of salmonella enterica serotypes is crucial for epidemiological studies. salmonella serotypes are defined on the basis of somatic (o) and flagellar (h) antigens, both of which are present in the cell wall of salmonella. the aim of this study was to compare the results of molecular serotyping obtained by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr) with conventional serotyping results. conventional serotyping has been performed in ministry of health refik saydam hygiene center as part ...201324237438
effect of chitosan on salmonella typhimurium in broiler chickens.public concern with the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly among foodborne pathogens such as salmonella, has been challenging the poultry industry to find alternative means of control. the purposes of the present study were to evaluate in vitro and in vivo effects of chitosan on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (st) infection in broiler chicks. for in vitro crop assay experiments, tubes containing feed, water, and st were treated with either saline as a control or 0. ...201424237042
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar thompson strain rm6836.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar thompson strain rm6836 was isolated from lettuce in 2002. we report here the complete sequence and annotation of the genome of s. thompson rm6836. this is the first reported complete genome sequence for s. thompson and it will enhance our understanding of this serovar and provide another point for comparative studies between salmonella enterica strains.201324233585
[putative temperature sensitive riboswitchers in salmonella genome].currently, a number of structurally and functionally different temperature-sensitive elements like as rna thermometers which control a variety of biological processes of bacteria, including virulence, are known. well-known rna thermometers correspond to one long step-loop structure or few hairpins which can be matched or mismatched. based on the computer and thermodynamical analysis of 25 isolates of salmonella enterica with complete genome, algorithm and the criteria of search for putative rna ...201324228493
functional insight from the tetratricopeptide repeat-like motifs of the type iii secretion chaperone sica in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.sica functions both as a class ii chaperone for sipb and sipc of the type iii secretion system (t3ss)-1 and as a transcriptional cofactor for the arac-type transcription factor invf in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium. bioinformatic analysis has predicted that sica possesses three tetratricopeptide repeat (tpr)-like motifs, which are important for protein-protein interactions and serve as multiprotein complex mediators. to investigate whether the tpr-like motifs in sica ar ...201424224875
crispr-mvlst subtyping of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars typhimurium and heidelberg and application in identifying outbreak isolates.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and heidelberg (s. heidelberg) are major causes of foodborne salmonellosis, accounting for a fifth of all annual salmonellosis cases in the united states. rapid, efficient and accurate methods for identification are required for routine surveillance and to track specific strains during outbreaks. we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and a recently developed molecular subtyping approach termed crispr-mvlst that e ...201324219629
pickled egg production: inactivation rate of salmonella, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and staphylococcus aureus during acidification step.based on current u.s. food and drug administration acidified foods guidelines, regulatory approval of commercial pickled egg production without a final heat treatment requires challenge studies. we conducted challenge studies to verify common pickled egg processing parameters. hard-boiled eggs were acidified in ambient temperature brine at a 60:40 egg/brine ratio. four acidification treatments were studied in triplicate: 5% acetic acid (aa) or 2.5% aa brine with and without 0.05% sodium benzoate ...201324215686
prevalence and characterization of salmonella enterica from the feces of cattle, poultry, swine and hedgehogs in burkina faso and their comparison to human salmonella isolates.production and wild animals are major sources of human salmonellosis and animals raised for food also play an important role in transmission of antimicrobial resistant salmonella strains to humans. furthermore, in sub-saharan africa non-typhoidal salmonella serotypes are common bloodstream isolates in febrile patients. yet, little is known about the environmental reservoirs and predominant modes of transmission of these pathogens. the purpose of this study was to discover potential sources and d ...201324215206
enteric yaiw is a surface-exposed outer membrane lipoprotein that affects sensitivity to an antimicrobial peptide.yaiw is a previously uncharacterized gene found in enteric bacteria that is of particular interest because it is located adjacent to the sbma gene, whose baca ortholog is required for sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis and brucella abortus pathogenesis. we show that yaiw is cotranscribed with sbma in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhi and typhimurium strains. we present evidence that the yaiw is a palmitate-modified surface exposed outer membrane lipoprotein. since baca functio ...201424214946
recombination and annealing pathways compete for substrates in making rrn duplications in salmonella enterica.tandem genetic duplications arise frequently between the seven directly repeated 5.5-kb rrn loci that encode ribosomal rnas in salmonella enterica. the closest rrn genes, rrnb and rrne, flank a 40-kb region that includes the purhd operon. duplications of purhd arise by exchanges between rrn loci and form at a high rate (10(-3)/cell/division) that remains high in strains blocked for early steps in recombination (reca, recb, and/or recf), but drops 30-fold in mutants blocked for later holliday jun ...201424214339
hr-mas nmr reveals a ph-dependent lps alteration by de-o-acetylation at abequose in the o-antigen of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.nmr spectroscopy can detect biomolecules like lipopolysaccharide directly on the surface of the cell, thus avoiding isolation and purification, and providing a more realistic description than the one derived from in vitro studies. here we present a high-resolution magic-angle spinning nmr study of the o-antigen of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) performed directly on the cells showing the alteration of its acetylation state over time. the o-antigen region of s. typhimuri ...201324211643
cervical abscesses due to co-infection with burkholderia pseudomallei, salmonella enterica serovar stanley and mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient with diabetes mellitus.infections due to mycobacterium tuberculosis, burkholderia pseudomallei and non-typhoidal salmonella cause significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. these intracellular pathogens share some common predisposing factors and clinical features. co-infection with two of these organisms has been reported previously but, to our knowledge, this is the first time that infection with all three has been reported in one person.201324209898
interaction of phytophagous insects with salmonella enterica on plants and enhanced persistence of the pathogen with macrosteles quadrilineatus infestation or frankliniella occidentalis feeding.recently, most foodborne illness outbreaks of salmonellosis have been caused by consumption of contaminated fresh produce. yet, the mechanisms that allow the human pathogen salmonella enterica to contaminate and grow in plant environments remain poorly described. we examined the effect of feeding by phytophagous insects on survival of s. enterica on lettuce. larger s. enterica populations were found on leaves infested with macrosteles quadrilineatus. in contrast, pathogen populations among plant ...201324205384
analysis of triclosan-selected salmonella enterica mutants of eight serovars revealed increased aminoglycoside susceptibility and reduced growth rates.the biocide triclosan (trc) is used in a wide range of household, personal care, veterinary, industrial and medical products to control microbial growth. this extended use raises concerns about a possible association between the application of triclosan and the development of antibiotic resistance. in the present study we determined triclosan mutant prevention concentrations (mpc) for salmonella enterica isolates of eight serovars and investigated selected mutants for their mechanisms mediating ...201324205194
a novel antisense rna from the salmonella virulence plasmid pslt expressed by non-growing bacteria inside eukaryotic cells.bacterial small rnas (srnas) are regulatory molecules playing relevant roles in response to environmental changes, stressful conditions and pathogenesis. the intracellular bacterial pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is known to regulate expression of some srnas during colonization of fibroblasts. here, we characterize a previously unknown srna encoded in the s. typhimurium pslt virulence plasmid that is specifically up-regulated by non-growing dormant bacteria per ...201324205037
phylogenomic analysis identifies gene gains that define salmonella enterica subspecies i.comparative methods for analyzing whole genome sequence (wgs) data enable us to assess the genetic information available for reconstructing the evolutionary history of pathogens. we used the comparative approach to determine diagnostic genes for salmonella enterica subspecies i. s. enterica subsp. i strains are known to infect warm-blooded organisms regularly while its close relatives tend to infect only cold-blooded organisms. we found 71 genes gained by the common ancestor of salmonella enteri ...201324204679
salmonella enterica flagellin is recognized via fls2 and activates pamp-triggered immunity in arabidopsis thaliana.infections with salmonella enterica belong to the most prominent causes of food poisoning and infected fruits and vegetables represent important vectors for salmonellosis. recent evidence indicates that plants recognize s. enterica and raise defense responses. nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms controlling the interaction of s. enterica with plants are still largely unclear. here, we show that flagellin from s. enterica represents a prominent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp) in ar ...201424198231
evaluation of vaccine candidate potential of deltaaroa, deltahtra and deltaaroadeltahtra mutants of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortusequi in guinea pigs.salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortusequi (s. abortusequi), a host adapted salmonella causes abortions, still births and foal mortality in equids. though known since more than 100 years, it is still a problem in many of the developing countries including india. there is dearth of really good vaccine affording immunity lasting at least for one full gestation. in search of a potential vaccine candidate, three defined deletion mutants (deltaaroa, deltahtra and deltaaroadeltahtra) ...201324195347
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