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wheezing in infancy.several population-based birth cohort studies documented that 30% of children suffer from wheezing during respiratory infections before their third birthday. infants are prone to wheeze because of anatomic factors related to the lung and chest wall in addition to immunologic and molecular influences in comparison to older children. viral infections lead to immunologic derangements that cause wheezing both in immunocompetent and immunodeficient infants. anatomic causes of wheeze may be extrinsic ...201123282443
molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus during the 2009-2010 season in latvia.for the first time, we studied molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children in latvia. during the study period, ten unique group a and three group b strains were identified and assigned to a single genotype within each group-ga2 for group a and ba-iv for group b.201323275128
elevated risk of asthma after hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy.severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in infancy is associated with substantial morbidity worldwide; whether it is a risk factor for childhood asthma is contentious. a systematic review of 28 articles was conducted, summarizing estimates of asthma risk after rsv hospitalization during infancy. prevalence estimates of asthma, among those hospitalized for rsv in infancy, were from 8% to 63%, 10% to 92%, and 37%, at ages <5, 5 to 11, and ≥ 12 years, respectively. these rates were highe ...201323269182
the risk of mortality among young children hospitalized for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) is the leading cause of childhood morbidity. although also an important cause of childhood mortality worldwide, the impact of key risk factors has not been established. a systematic review of 34 articles reporting case fatality rates in young children hospitalized for severe rsv lrti, according to the presence of underlying rsv risk factors, was conducted. the weighted mean case fatality rate was 1.2% (range, 0-8.3%; medi ...201323269181
from opium tincture to the oprm1 gene: is opioid receptor the missing link in respiratory syncytial virus disease? 201323269153
non-benzimidazole containing inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus.several non-benzimidazole containing inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus are described. core template modification, analysis of antiviral activity, physicochemistry and optimisation of properties led to the thiazole-imidazole 13, that showed a good potency and pharmacokinetic profile in the rat.201223265891
non-propagating, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors encoding respiratory syncytial virus proteins generate potent humoral and cellular immunity against rsv and are protective in mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants, the elderly, and other high-risk individuals. despite years of research in this field, there is no effective licensed vaccine to prevent rsv infection. we have generated candidate rsv vaccines using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rvsv) replicon in which the attachment and fusion domains of the vsv glycoprotein (g) have been deleted (rvsv-gstem), rendering the virus propagation-defe ...201323261719
molecular mechanisms driving respiratory syncytial virus assembly.respiratory syncytial virus is a single-stranded rna virus in the paramyxoviridae family that preferentially assembles and buds from the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells, forming filamentous structures that contain both viral proteins and the genomic rna. recent studies have described both viral and host factors that are involved in ribonucleoprotein assembly and trafficking of viral proteins to the cell surface. at the cell surface, viral proteins assemble into filaments that probab ...201323252497
the role of dendritic cells in innate and adaptive immunity to respiratory syncytial virus, and implications for vaccine development.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common human pathogen that causes cold-like symptoms in most healthy adults and children. however, rsv often moves into the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children predisposed to respiratory illness, making it the most common cause of pediatric broncheolitis and pneumonia. the development of an appropriate balanced immune response is critical for recovery from rsv, while an unbalanced and/or excessively vigorous response may lead to immunopath ...201223252388
clinical characteristics of children with viral single- and co-infections and a petechial rash.children with petechial rash are more likely to undergo invasive diagnostics, to be treated with antibiotics for potential bacterial infection and to be hospitalized. however, viruses have also been associated with petechial rash. nonetheless, a systematic analysis of viral infections with modern available techniques as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in the context of petechial rash is lacking. the purpose of this pediatric study was to prospectively uncover viral pathogens tha ...201323249918
seasonality of acute otitis media and the role of respiratory viral activity in children.acute otitis media (aom) occurs as a complication of viral upper respiratory tract infections in young children. aom and respiratory viruses both display seasonal variation. our objective was to examine the temporal association between circulating respiratory viruses and the occurrence of pediatric ambulatory care visits for aom.201323249910
respiratory syncytial virus regulates human micrornas by using mechanisms involving beta interferon and nf-κb.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common viral cause of severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants and children. the virus replicates in polarized epithelial cells in the airway and, to a lesser extent, infects airway antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (dcs). rsv possesses a number of expressed genes that antagonize the effect of type i interferons and other related host factor pathways that inhibit replication efficiency. virus infection alters host gene transc ...201223249809
laboratory detection of respiratory viruses by automated techniques.advances in clinical virology for detecting respiratory viruses have been focused on nucleic acids amplification techniques, which have converted in the reference method for the diagnosis of acute respiratory infections of viral aetiology. improvements of current commercial molecular assays to reduce hands-on-time rely on two strategies, a stepwise automation (semi-automation) and the complete automation of the whole procedure. contributions to the former strategy have been the use of automated ...201223248735
influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccines for infants: safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy.respiratory viral infections in infants and young children frequently cause illness that can easily progress to hospitalization and death. there are currently no licensed vaccines to prevent respiratory viral disease in children younger than 6 months, reflecting safety concerns and the difficulty in inducing effective immune responses in infants. this review discusses vaccines that have been developed, or are currently being developed, against influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, with a fo ...201323247146
advances in understanding respiratory syncytial virus infection in airway epithelial cells and consequential effects on the immune response.this article reviews aspects of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in airway epithelial cells (aecs), including cytopathogenesis, entry, replication and the induction of immune response to the virus, including a new role for thymic stromal lymphopoietin in rsv immunopathology.201323246463
adults 65 years old and older have reduced numbers of functional memory t cells to respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infects elderly (≥65 years) adults, causing medically attended illness and hospitalizations. while rsv neutralizing antibody levels correlate inversely with rsv-associated hospitalization in the elderly, the role of rsv-specific t cells in preventing disease in the elderly remains unclear. we examined rsv-specific humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune profiles in healthy elderly (65 to 85 years) and young (20 to 30 years) adults. rsv neutralization antibody tite ...201323239796
low sphingosine-1-phosphate impairs lung dendritic cells in cystic fibrosis.dysfunction of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (cftr) leads to chronic inflammation and infection of the respiratory tract. the role of cftr for cells of the pulmonary immune system is only partly understood. the present study analyzes the phenotype and immune stimulatory capacity of lung dendritic cells (dcs) from cftr knockout (cf) mice. total numbers of conventional dcs, plasmacytoid dcs, and cd103-positive dcs were lower in cf mice compared with wild-type (wt) control mice, as wa ...201323239501
which patients should be tested for viruses on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid?bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) is a major diagnostic tool in lung diseases, including viral respiratory infections. we aimed to better define the situations where viral tests should be performed on bal fluid (balf). we retrospectively studied all cases where viral tests [immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, viral culture, and/or polymerase chain reaction (pcr)] were performed on balf during a period of 1 year (2008) in our institution. we compared the characteristics of patients with virus-pos ...201323238685
viral etiologies of lower respiratory tract infections among egyptian children under five years of age.lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) are responsible for a considerable number of deaths among children, particularly in developing countries. in egypt and the middle east region, there is a lack of data regarding the viral causes of lrti. in this study, we aimed to identify the relative prevalence of various respiratory viruses that contribute to lrtis in young children. although, nucleic acid-based methods have gained importance as a sensitive tool to determine the viral infections, their ...201223237512
genetic variability among complete human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a genomes: bridging molecular evolutionary dynamics and epidemiology.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly. in the vast majority of cases, however, rsv infections run mild and symptoms resemble those of a common cold. the immunological, clinical, and epidemiological profile of severe rsv infections suggests a disease caused by a virus with typical seasonal transmission behavior, lacking clear-cut virulence factors, but instead causing disease by modifying the host's im ...201223236501
respiratory syncytial virus modified by deletions of the ns2 gene and amino acid s1313 of the l polymerase protein is a temperature-sensitive, live-attenuated vaccine candidate that is phenotypically stable at physiological temperature.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading viral cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children worldwide. in previous work to develop point mutations in rsv with improved genetic stability, we observed that an attenuating mutation at amino acid position 1321 in the l polymerase protein was subject to deattenuation by a spontaneous second-site compensatory mutation at position 1313 (c. luongo, c. c. winter, p. l. collins, and u. j. buchholz, j. virol. 86:10792-10804 ...201323236065
antibiotics for persistent cough or wheeze following acute bronchiolitis in children.bronchiolitis is a common acute respiratory infectious condition, with a high prevalence worldwide. it is a clinically diagnosed syndrome, manifested by tachypnoea (rapid breathing), with crackles or wheeze in young children. in the acute phase of bronchiolitis (< 14 days), antibiotics have only been recommended when a secondary bacterial infection is suspected. although bronchiolitis is usually a self-limiting condition, a number of children have persistent respiratory symptoms such as cough an ...201223235681
[the epidemiological study of adenovirus in children with respiratory tract infections in nanjing area from 2010 to 2011].to investigate the epidemiological features and types of human adenoviruses (adv) in children with acute respiratory tract infection in nanjing area, china. nasopharyngeal aspirates and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 644 outpatients or hospitalized pediatric patients with arti at the children hospital of nanjing, jiangsu province, china, between august 2010 and july 2011. adenoviruses were identified and typed from the collected clinical specimens by nested-pcr based on the partial reg ...201223233929
human respiratory syncytial virus viroporin sh: a viral recognition pathway used by the host to signal inflammasome activation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) remains the leading cause of serious viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children throughout the world. the burden of disease is significant, with 70% of all infants being infected with rsv within the first year of their life. 40% of those children discharged from hospital have recurrent, repeated respiratory symptoms and wheezing for at least 10 years. the infection is also an important illness in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals ...201323229815
efficacy of oral ribavirin in hematologic disease patients with paramyxovirus infection: analytic strategy using propensity scores.few antiviral agents are available for treating paramyxovirus infections, such as those involving respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), parainfluenza virus (piv), and human metapneumovirus (hmpv). we evaluated the effect of oral ribavirin on clinical outcomes of paramyxovirus infections in patients with hematological diseases. all adult patients with paramyxovirus were retrospectively reviewed over a 2-year period. patients who received oral ribavirin were compared to those who received supportive ...201323229488
management of respiratory viral infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.advances in stem cell transplantation procedures and the overall improvement in the clinical management of hematopoietic cell transplant (hct) recipients over the past 2 decades have led to an increase in survival duration, in part owing to better strategies for prevention and treatment of post-transplant complications, including opportunistic infections. however, post-hct infections remain a concern for hct recipients, particularly infections caused by community respiratory viruses (crvs), whic ...201223226621
respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein expressed in insect cells form protein nanoparticles that induce protective immunity in cotton rats.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important viral agent causing severe respiratory tract disease in infants and children as well as in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. the lack of a safe and effective rsv vaccine represents a major unmet medical need. rsv fusion (f) surface glycoprotein was modified and cloned into a baculovirus vector for efficient expression in sf9 insect cells. recombinant rsv f was glycosylated and cleaved into covalently linked f2 and f1 polypeptides tha ...201223226404
opioid receptors control viral replication in the airways.opioids are frequently used during mechanical ventilation for severe viral infection in infancy. opioid receptors have immunomodulatory properties, but nothing is known about their antiviral effects. we therefore aimed to investigate the role of opioid receptors in virus-induced airway inflammation.201323222260
first-calving age and first-lactation milk production on dutch dairy farms.farmers attempting to reduce first-calving age (fca) need to understand which rearing management factors influence fca and first-lactation milk production (flp). reduced fca might be associated with lower flp. this study describes the association between herd fca, flp, and several herd-level health and rearing management variables and describes the association between fca and flp at the cow level. it uses data from a 2010 survey of 100 dutch dairy farms about general management, colostrum and mi ...201323219115
contribution of respiratory pathogens to influenza-like illness consultations.influenza-like illnesses (ilis) are caused by several respiratory pathogens. these pathogens show weak to strong seasonal activity implying seasonality in ili consultations. in this paper, the contribution of pathogens to seasonality of ili consultations was statistically modelled. virological count data were first smoothed using modulation models for seasonal time series. second, poisson regression was used regressing ili consultation counts on the smoothed time series. using ratios of the esti ...201323217849
acute care utilization due to hospitalizations for pediatric lower respiratory tract infections in british columbia, canada.pediatric lrti hospitalizations are a significant burden on patients, families, and healthcare systems. this study determined the burden of pediatric lrtis on hospital settings in british columbia and the benefits of prevention strategies as they relate to healthcare resource demand.201223217103
formation of a stable mimic of ambient particulate matter containing viable infectious respiratory syncytial virus and its dry-deposition directly onto cell cultures.epidemiological associations of worse respiratory outcomes from combined exposure to ambient particulate matter (pm) and respiratory viral infection suggest possible interactions between pm and viruses. to characterize outcomes of such exposures, we developed an in vitro mimic of the in vivo event of exposure to pm contaminated with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). concentration of infectious rsv stocks and a particle levitation apparatus were the foundations of the methodology developed to ge ...201323205519
innate immune dysfunction is associated with enhanced disease severity in infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.most patients with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis requiring admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (picu) have no risk factors for severe disease. we sought to investigate the relationship between serum cytokine concentrations, innate immune responsiveness, and rsv disease severity.201223204162
rt-pcr detection of respiratory pathogens in newborn children admitted to a neonatal medium care unit.this study aimed to determine the prevalence of respiratory pathogens among newborns admitted to a neonatal medium care unit (nmcu) and to identify clinical predictors.201323202720
epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) is an enveloped, negative sense, single-stranded rna virus belonging to the pneumovirus genus within the family paramyxoviridae. brsv has been recognized as a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves since the early 1970s. the analysis of brsv infection was originally hampered by its characteristic lability and poor growth in vitro. however, the advent of numerous immunological and molecular methods has facilitated the study of brsv enormou ...201223202546
diversity and adaptation of human respiratory syncytial virus genotypes circulating in two distinct communities: public hospital and day care center.hrsv is one of the most important pathogens causing acute respiratory tract diseases as bronchiolitis and pneumonia among infants. hrsv was isolated from two distinct communities, a public day care center and a public hospital in são josé do rio preto - sp, brazil. we obtained partial sequences from g gene that were used on phylogenetic and selection pressure analysis. hrsv accounted for 29% of respiratory infections in hospitalized children and 7.7% in day care center children. on phylogenetic ...201223202489
perinatal lamb model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most frequent cause of bronchiolitis in infants and children worldwide. many animal models are used to study rsv, but most studies investigate disease in adult animals which does not address the unique physiology and immunology that makes infants more susceptible. the perinatal (preterm and term) lamb is a useful model of infant rsv disease as lambs have similar pulmonary structure including airway branching, clara and type ii cells, submucosal glands and ...201223202468
[detection and subgrouping of respiratory syncytial virus rna by real-time rt-pcr].the taqman-based quantitative real-time rt-pcr assay we developed uses specific probes to identify respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and to distinguish rsv subgroups a (rsv-a) and b (rsv-b). we selected conserved regions of the f gene as assay targets and designed new primers and taqman mgb probes to detect rsv-a and b. rsv-a and b control plasmids confirmed real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) reactivity whose efficiency was 2.5 x 10(1) to 2.5 x 10(7) copies/tube. ...201223198576
sp-303, an antiviral oligomeric proanthocyanidin from the latex of croton lechleri (sangre de drago).sp-303, a large proanthocyanidin oligomer isolated from the latex of the plant species croton lechleri (eupborbiaceae) has demonstrated broad activity against a variety of dna and rna viruses. in cell culture, sp-303 exhibits potent activity against isolates and laboratory strains of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza a virus (flu-a) and parainfluenza virus (piv). parallel assays of sp-303 and ribavirin showed comparable activity against these viruses. sp-303 also exhibits significant ...199423195881
prevalence and clinical characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus in chinese adults with acute respiratory tract infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of respiratory tract illnesses worldwide. although the prevalence and clinical manifestations of the two subtypes, rsv-a and rsv-b, have been studied in some detail in infants and young children, they have not been determined in adults. to evaluate the prevalence of the rsv subtypes and disease severity between rsv-a and rsv-b infections in adults, nasal and throat swabs that were collected from patients ≥15 years old who sought medical care f ...201323192884
viral etiology of acute respiratory infections in hospitalized and outpatient children in buenos aires, argentina.to determine and compare the viral frequency, seasonality and clinical-demographic features in 2 groups of children (hospitalized versus outpatients) with acute respiratory infections.201323190781
prospective detection of respiratory pathogens in symptomatic children with cancer.: the data on human rhinovirus, coronavirus, bocavirus, metapneumovirus, chlamydophila pneumoniae, mycoplasma pneumoniae and bordetella pertussis infections in children with cancer is limited.201323190778
global gene expression profiling in infants with acute respiratory syncytial virus broncholitis demonstrates systemic activation of interferon signaling networks.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of pediatric lower respiratory tract infections and has a high impact on pediatric emergency department utilization. variation in host response may influence the pathogenesis and disease severity. we evaluated global gene expression profiles to better understand the systemic host response to acute rsv bronchiolitis in infants and young children.201323190772
a high burden of respiratory syncytial virus associated pneumonia in children less than two years of age in a south east asian refugee population.pneumonia is a major cause of childhood mortality and morbidity approximately 1.6 million deaths and 150 million episodes occur annually in children <5 years. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) may be responsible for up to 25% of cases and 12% of deaths making it an important potential vaccine target, although data from south east asia is scarce.201223185545
identification and functional characterization of trna-derived rna fragments (trfs) in respiratory syncytial virus infection.the discovery of small noncoding rnas (sncrnas) with regulatory functions is a recent breakthrough in biology. among sncrnas, microrna (mirna), derived from host or virus, has emerged as elements with high importance in control of viral replication and host responses. however, the expression pattern and functional aspects of other types of sncrnas, following viral infection, are unexplored. in order to define expression patterns of sncrnas, as well as to discover novel regulatory sncrnas in resp ...201323183536
community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia in a healthy neonate.the number of cases of community-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (ca-mrsa) pneumonia has increased since the late 1990s, with skin and soft tissue infections predominant among neonates. herein, we present a rare case of ca-mrsa necrotizing pneumonia with empyema following respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in a healthy neonate. despite prompt vancomycin treatment, the disease worsened and finally we had to perform pneumonectomy. this case highlights the possibilit ...201423182276
nasal cytokine responses to natural colds in asthmatic children.the mechanisms by which viruses induce asthma exacerbations are not well understood.201223181789
investigation of the presence of human or bovine respiratory syncytial virus in the lungs of mink (neovison vison) with hemorrhagic pneumonia due to pseudomonas aeruginosa.hemorrhagic pneumonia is a disease of farmed mink (neovison vison) caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa. the disease is highly seasonal in danish mink with outbreaks occurring almost exclusively in the autumn. human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been shown to augment infection with p. aeruginosa in mice and to promote adhesion of p. aeruginosa to human respiratory cells.201223181342
role of the rab11 pathway in negative-strand virus assembly.as intracellular pathogens, enveloped viruses must usurp the host cell machinery for many stages of the viral life cycle in order to produce a new generation of infectious virions. in one of the less understood steps of viral assembly, viral components including the transmembrane glycoproteins, structural proteins and the viral genome must be targeted to the site of viral budding, where they assemble and are incorporated into a newly formed virion that gains a lipid envelope from a cellular memb ...201223176490
group- and genotype-specific neutralizing antibody responses against respiratory syncytial virus in infants and young children with severe pneumonia.the effect of genetic variation on the neutralizing antibody response to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is poorly understood. in this study, acute- and convalescent-phase sera were evaluated against different rsv strains. the proportion of individuals with homologous seroconversion was greater than that among individuals with heterologous seroconversion among those infected with rsv group a (50% vs 12.5%; p = .0005) or rsv group b (40% vs 8%; p = .008). seroconversion to ba genotype or non-ba ...201323175761
viral etiology of influenza-like illnesses in cameroon, january-december 2009.no information is available on the viral etiology of upper respiratory tract infections in cameroon.201223169968
respiratory viral coinfections identified by a 10-plex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay in patients hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness--south africa, 2009-2010.data about respiratory coinfections with 2009 pandemic influenza a virus subtype h1n1 during the 2009-2010 influenza pandemic in africa are limited. we used an existing surveillance program for severe acute respiratory illness to evaluate a new multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and investigate the role of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses in pneumonia hospitalizations during and after the influenza pandemic in south africa.201223169964
endogenous il-21 regulates pathogenic mucosal cd4 t-cell responses during enhanced rsv disease in mice.a role for interleukin-21 (il-21) has recently been found in several diseases, but contribution to mucosal defences has not been described. in balb/c mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), il-21 depletion had little effect in primary infection. however, depletion of mice during priming with recombinant vaccinia expressing rsv g protein (which primes rsv-specific t helper type 2 cells and causes lung eosinophilia during rsv infection) further exacerbated pathology during rsv challe ...201323168836
nitric oxide metabolites as biomarkers for influenza-like acute respiratory infections presenting to the emergency room.nitric oxide (no) is increased in the respiratory tract in pulmonary infections. the aim was to determine whether nasal wash no metabolites could serve as biomarkers of viral pathogen and disease severity in children with influenza-like illness (ili) presenting to the emergency department (ed) during the 2009 influenza a h1n1 pandemic.201223166571
complete genome sequence of human respiratory syncytial virus genotype a with a 72-nucleotide duplication in the attachment protein g gene.the complete genome sequence of human respiratory syncytial virus genotype a (hrsv-a) with a 72-nucleotide duplication in the c-terminal part of the attachment protein g gene was determined and analyzed. the genome was 15,277 bp in length, and 0.46 to 6.03% variations were identified at the nucleotide level compared with the previously reported complete genome of hrsv-a. characterization of the genome will improve understanding of the diversity of the hrsv-a major antigens and enable an in-depth ...201223166231
cd4+ t-cell counts and interleukin-8 and ccl-5 plasma concentrations discriminate disease severity in children with rsv infection.current tools to predict the severity of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection might be improved by including immunological parameters. we hypothesized that a combination of inflammatory markers would differentiate between severe and mild disease in rsv-infected children.201323165450
diagnostic value of respiratory virus detection in symptomatic children using real-time pcr.acute respiratory tract infections are an important public health problem. sensitive and rapid diagnostic techniques have been developed and are used in daily clinical practice. here we evaluate the clinical relevance of detecting 20 common respiratory pathogens by molecular methods in a general pediatric clinic.201223164039
understanding respiratory syncytial virus infection to improve treatment and immunity.despite significant research since it was discovered more than 50 years ago, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) continues to be the leading agent causing infant hospitalization and respiratory distress worldwide. although rsv normally does not cause mortality, this virus is recognized as a major public health and economic burden around the globe. rsv can modulate host immunity leading to an inflammatory response that produces lung damage and virus dissemination in the host airways. remarkably, in ...201323157678
respiratory syncytial virus protects against the subsequent development of ovalbumin-induced allergic responses by inhibiting th2-type γδ t cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for the development of allergy and asthma, but epidemiologic studies in humans still remain inconclusive. the association between rsv infection and allergic diseases may be dependent on an atopic background and previous history of rsv infection. it has been reported that rsv infection before sensitization to an allergen decreased the production of th2-like cytokines in the lung and the levels of allergen-specif ...201323154879
safety and immunogenicity of a sf9 insect cell-derived respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein nanoparticle vaccine.we performed a phase 1 randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion (f) protein nanoparticle vaccine.201323153449
the role of non-viral antigens in the cotton rat model of respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease.in the 1960s, infant immunization with a formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (fi-rsv) vaccine candidate caused enhanced respiratory disease (erd) following natural rsv infection. because of this tragedy, intensive effort has been made to understand the root causes of how the fi-rsv vaccine induced a pathogenic response to subsequent rsv infection in vaccinees. a well-established cotton rat model of fi-rsv vaccine-enhanced disease has been used by numerous researchers to study the me ...201323153444
comparative evaluation of the nanosphere verigene rv+ assay and the simplexa flu a/b & rsv kit for detection of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses.using retrospective (n = 200) and prospective (n = 150) nasopharyngeal specimens, we evaluated the nanosphere verigene rv+ and the focus diagnostics simplexa flu a/b & rsv tests. overall, rv+ demonstrated sensitivities and specificities of 96.6% and 100% for influenza a virus, 100% and 99.7% for influenza b virus, and 100% and 100% for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), while the simplexa test sensitivities and specificities were 82.8 and 99.7%, 76.2 and 100%, and 94.6 and 100%, respectively.201323152547
p38 and ogt sequestration into viral inclusion bodies in cells infected with human respiratory syncytial virus suppresses mk2 activities and stress granule assembly.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) forms cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (ibs) that are thought to be sites of nucleocapsid accumulation and viral rna synthesis. the present study found that ibs also were the sites of major sequestration of two proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways. these are phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) (p38-p), a key regulator of cellular inflammatory and stress responses, and o-linked n-acetylglucosamine (ogn) transferase (ogt), an enzyme ...201323152511
nebulised deoxyribonuclease for viral bronchiolitis in children younger than 24 months.bronchiolitis is one of the most common respiratory problems in the first year of life. the sputum of infants with bronchiolitis has increased deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) content, leading to mucous plugging and airway obstruction. recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhdnase), an enzyme that digests extracellular dna, might aid the clearance of mucus and relieve peripheral airway obstruction.201223152257
the use of intravenous palivizumab for treatment of persistent rsv infection in children with leukemia.palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody used to decrease the threat of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection among children at high risk. there are no standard guidelines due to conflicting data on palivizumab's use in the treatment of rsv lower respiratory tract infections. intravenous (iv) palivizumab was shown to be well tolerated and associated with decreased mortality in high-risk children who have rsv disease. however, it did not prevent lower respiratory tract infections and ...201223147965
intravaginal immunization with hpv vectors induces tissue-resident cd8+ t cell responses.the induction of persistent intraepithelial cd8+ t cell responses may be key to the development of vaccines against mucosally transmitted pathogens, particularly for sexually transmitted diseases. here we investigated cd8+ t cell responses in the female mouse cervicovaginal mucosa after intravaginal immunization with human papillomavirus vectors (hpv pseudoviruses) that transiently expressed a model antigen, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) m/m2, in cervicovaginal keratinocytes. an hpv intravag ...201223143305
[chest radiographs in infants hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis: real information or just irradiation?].to describe the chest radiographs of infants hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis and to assess whether patient management changed after radiography.201223141565
a thin layer-based amperometric enzyme immunoassay for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infections.a simple electrochemical sandwich immunoassay involving a polystyrene microarray slide coated with monoclonal capture antibodies and carbon screen-printed sensors (sps) was designed for the rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the detection of the antibody-antigen complex formation relied on the use of a horseradish peroxidase conjugate. its chronoamperometric measurement detection was performed by confining a droplet of h(2)o(2)/3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine enzyme substrate/m ...201223141321
a review of cost-effectiveness of palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus.palivizumab prophylaxis has been demonstrated to reduce the number of hospitalizations attributable to respiratory syncytial virus in high-risk infants. however, as palivizumab acquisition costs are high, quantifying cost-effectiveness is important. the primary aim of this review was to examine the cost-effectiveness of palivizumab across numerous indications in high-risk infants and to report on factors that may impact outcomes. a systematic literature search was conducted to identify pharmacoe ...201223140255
palivizumab immunoprophylaxis effectiveness in children with cystic fibrosis.evidence on the effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab in children with cystic fibrosis (cf) is lacking.201323139089
ips-1 signaling has a nonredundant role in mediating antiviral responses and the clearance of respiratory syncytial virus.the cytosolic rna helicases melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 and retinoic acid-inducible gene-i and their adaptor ifn-β promoter stimulator (ips-1) have been implicated in the recognition of viral rna and the production of type i ifn. complementing the endosomal tlr, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5, and retinoic acid-inducible gene-i provides alternative mechanisms for viral detection in cells with reduced phagocytosis or autophagy. the infection route of respiratory syncyti ...201223136205
practical resources for nurses and other health care providers involved in the care of children at risk for respiratory syncytial virus infection.health care staff and families with young children are often unware of the ease of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) spread and potential clinical consequences of serious respiratory illness. successful canadian rsv prophylaxis (rsvp) programs (a) provide practical educational resources on rsv and respiratory disease that consider language and cultural barriers; (b) develop policies to identify all children eligible for rsvp with palivizumab; (c) emphasize compliance with rsvp, particularly duri ...201223134645
identifying and ensuring optimal care for all children at risk of developing serious respiratory syncytial virus disease: a canadian nurses' perspective.globally, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection causes substantial morbidity in infants and young children, particularly those with specific risk factors (e.g., prematurity, chronic lung and congenital heart disease). supportive measures are the mainstay of care for rsv-related disease. in the absence of medical treatments, rsv prophylaxis (rsvp) with palivizumab is recommended for high-risk patients to help reduce the risk of developing serious disease. geographic distances, language and ...201523134644
strategies for reducing the risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and young children: a canadian nurses' perspective.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections are prevalent globally and can cause substantial morbidity in infants and young children. the virus is easily transmitted by direct hand-to-hand contact and can lead to serious respiratory disease and hospitalization, particularly in premature infants and children with certain medical conditions. educating families with young children, especially those in remote rural regions, regarding the potential adverse health outcomes of rsv infection and measur ...201223134643
automated degenerate pcr primer design for high-throughput sequencing improves efficiency of viral sequencing.in a high-throughput environment, to pcr amplify and sequence a large set of viral isolates from populations that are potentially heterogeneous and continuously evolving, the use of degenerate pcr primers is an important strategy. degenerate primers allow for the pcr amplification of a wider range of viral isolates with only one set of pre-mixed primers, thus increasing amplification success rates and minimizing the necessity for genome finishing activities. to successfully select a large set of ...201223131097
evaluation of a multiplex real-time pcr assay for the detection of respiratory viruses in clinical specimens.in this study, we evaluated the analytical performance and clinical potential of a one-step multiplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous detection of 14 types of respiratory viruses using the advansure rv real-time pcr kit (lg life sciences, korea).201223130338
adolescent asthma after rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.asthma risk is increased after bronchiolitis in infancy. recent studies have suggested that the risk may be dependent on the causative virus. the aim of the study was to evaluate the asthma risk in adolescence in subjects hospitalized for rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis in infancy.201323129516
detection, control, and management of a respiratory syncytial virus outbreak in a pediatric hematology-oncology department.immunocompromised patients are at increased risk for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. palivizumab is approved for prevention of rsv in specific populations but not for treatment. few studies demonstrated the safety and successful treatment with intravenous (iv) palivizumab. we describe our experience with iv palivizumab treatment for rsv in a pediatric hematology-oncology department during an outbreak.201323128340
does prophylaxis with palivizumab reduce hospitalisation rates for respiratory-syncytial-virus-related infection in cystic fibrosis children less than 2 years of age? 201223126393
fresh ginger (zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines.ginger, zingiber officinale roscoe, is a common spice and also a widely used medicinal plant in ancient china. ginger is an ingredient of ge-gen-tang (kakkon-to; ggt). ggt has been proved to have antiviral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv). however, it is unknown whether ginger is effective against hrsv.201323123794
comparing the use of, and considering the need for, lumbar puncture in children with influenza or other respiratory virus infections.the clinical presentation of influenza in infancy may be similar to serious bacterial infection and be investigated with invasive procedures like lumbar puncture (lp), despite very limited evidence that influenza occurs concomitantly with bacterial meningitis, perhaps because the diagnosis of influenza is very often not established when the decision to perform lp is being considered.201223122417
respiratory syncytial virus inhibits ciliagenesis in differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells: effectiveness of n-acetylcysteine.persistent respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections have been associated with the exacerbation of chronic inflammatory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). this virus infects the respiratory epithelium, leading to chronic inflammation, and induces the release of mucins and the loss of cilia activity, two factors that determine mucus clearance and the increase in sputum volume. these alterations involve reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanisms. the antioxidant ...201223118923
circulation of other respiratory viruses and viral co-infection during the 2009 pandemic influenza.coinciding with the pandemic wave of the influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus, other respiratory viruses have co-circulated in our area and were responsible for many acute respiratory infections and influenza-like illness (ili). apart from the pandemic virus that was responsible for most ili cases, incidence rates of other viruses have varied among geographical areas. in general, human rhinovirus was the most frequent among individuals from the community, and respiratory syncytial virus among hospitaliz ...201223116789
additional diagnostic yield of adding serology to pcr in diagnosing viral acute respiratory infections in kenyan patients 5 years of age and older.the role of serology in the setting of pcr-based diagnosis of acute respiratory infections (aris) is unclear. we found that acute- and convalescent-phase paired-sample serologic testing increased the diagnostic yield of naso/oropharyngeal swabs for influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, and parainfluenza viruses beyond pcr by 0.4% to 10.7%. although still limited for clinical use, serology, along with pcr, can maximize etiologic diagnosis in epidem ...201323114699
an improved respiratory syncytial virus neutralization assay based on the detection of green fluorescent protein expression and automated plaque counting.virus neutralizing antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are considered important correlates of protection for vaccine evaluation. the established plaque reduction assay is time consuming, labor intensive and highly variable.201223114196
the impact of infection control upon hospital-acquired influenza and respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza are important pediatric community-acquired (ca) and hospital-acquired (ha) pathogens. the occurrence of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza resulted in additional efforts to intensify infection control (ic) strategies. we detail the impact of ic strategies between 2003 and 2010 on influenza and rsv.201323113868
first report of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus co-infection in a 2-year-old kawasaki patient in iran.respiratory virus infections in children are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.201023113048
tin oxide nanowires suppress herpes simplex virus-1 entry and cell-to-cell membrane fusion.the advent of nanotechnology has ushered in the use of modified nanoparticles as potential antiviral agents against diseases such as herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (hsv-1) (hsv-2), human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), monkeypox virus, and hepatitis b virus. here we describe the application of tin oxide (sno(2)) nanowires as an effective treatment against hsv-1 infection. sno(2) nanowires work as a carrier of negatively charged structures that compete with hsv-1 attachment to cell bound heparan sulf ...201223110193
the role of infections and coinfections with newly identified and emerging respiratory viruses in children.acute respiratory infections are a major cause of morbidity in children both in developed and developing countries. a wide range of respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza a and b viruses, parainfluenza viruses (pivs), adenovirus, rhinovirus (hrv), have repeatedly been detected in acute lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in children in the past decades. however, in the last ten years thanks to progress in molecular technologies, newly discovered viruses ...201223102237
molecular characterization of a respiratory syncytial virus outbreak in a hematology unit in heidelberg, germany.in 2011 and 2012, a large outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections affecting 57 laboratory-confirmed patients occurred in an adult hematology unit in heidelberg, germany. during the outbreak investigation, we performed molecular genotyping of rsv strains to differentiate between single versus multiple introductions of the virus into the unit. furthermore, we assessed the time of viral shedding of consecutive samples from the patients in order to better understand the possible imp ...201323100345
human metapneumovirus associated with community-acquired pneumonia in children in beijing, china.community-acquired pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. however, few studies have been conducted on the infection of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) associated with pediatric community-acquired pneumonia in china. nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected between july 2008 and june 2010 from 1,028 children, aged ≤16.5 years, who were diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia in beijing, china. reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to screen ...201323097275
the seasonal variations of respiratory syncytial virus infections in turkey: a 2-year epidemiological study.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections may cause severe respiratory diseases, particularly in infants and young children. in order to determine the timing of prophylaxis, the seasonal variations of rsv had to be determined. we report the climate-related results of an epidemiological study conducted in 32 hospitals of turkey between may 2008 and september 2010, on children < 2 years of age hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection. information on socio-demographics, medical histor ...201223094529
the respiratory syncytial virus polymerase has multiple rna synthesis activities at the promoter.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an rna virus in the family paramyxoviridae. here, the activities performed by the rsv polymerase when it encounters the viral antigenomic promoter were examined. rsv rna synthesis was reconstituted in vitro using recombinant, isolated polymerase and an rna oligonucleotide template representing nucleotides 1-25 of the trailer complement (trc) promoter. the rsv polymerase was found to have two rna synthesis activities, initiating rna synthesis from the +3 site ...201223093940
the evolution of risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus-related hospitalisation in infants born at 32-35 weeks' gestational age: time-based analysis using data from the flip-2 study.the aim of this study was to examine whether the risk for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related hospitalisation changes through the first year of life in infants of 32-35 weeks' gestational age (wga).201223093079
respiratory viruses from hospitalized children with severe pneumonia in the philippines.pneumonia remains a leading cause of child death in developing countries. the viruses in severe pneumonia remain poorly defined.201223092190
respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in children.respiratory syncytial virus is a highly infectious virus that commonly causes bronchiolitis and leads to high morbidity and a low, but important, incidence of mortality. supportive therapy is the foundation of management. hydration/nutrition and respiratory support are important evidence-based interventions. for children with severe disease, continuous positive airway pressure or mechanical ventilation may be necessary. ribavirin may be used for treatment of patients with severe disease. paliviz ...201223089660
benefit and harm from immunity to respiratory syncytial virus: implications for treatment.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is a major cause of morbidity in children and of morbidity and mortality in elderly or immunocompromised adults. given prophylactically, antibody can protect against infection, but natural levels are poorly protective. vaccination may enhance disease, and there is no well tolerated and effective vaccine or antiviral treatment. despite over 50 years of research, therapy remains nonspecific and supportive.201223086186
a study of the genetic variability of human respiratory syncytial virus in croatia, 2006-2008.human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is a common etiological agent of acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants. the molecular epidemiology of hrsv in croatia over four consecutive seasons (from 2006 to 2008) was investigated. a total of 72 hrsv samples were chosen from 696 screened cases in a pediatric clinic in zagreb. molecular characterization of hrsv revealed the predominance of hrsv group b viruses in the first two epidemic seasons and hrsv group a viruses in the next two season ...201223080507
influenza a viruses dual and multiple infections with other respiratory viruses and risk of hospitalisation and mortality.recent literature suggests that dual or multiple virus infections may affect disease severity. however, few studies have investigated the effect of co-infection with influenza a viruses.201323078095
characterization of the resistance of sjl/j mice to pneumonia virus of mice, a model for infantile bronchiolitis due to a respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a prominent cause of airway morbidity in children, maintains an excessive hospitalization rate despite decades of research. host factors are assumed to influence the disease severity. as a first step toward identifying the underlying resistance mechanisms, we recently showed that inbred mouse strains differ dramatically as regards their susceptibility to pneumonia virus of mice (pvm), the murine counterpart of rsv. pvm infection in mice has been shown to faithf ...201223077483
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