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cloning and characterization of thioredoxin h in the three-pistil line of common wheat.thioredoxin h (trxh) is a ubiquitous protein that reduces disulfides in target proteins, and is itself reduced by nadph-thioredoxin reductase. in the current study, the complementary dna sequence and the genomic sequence of the three-pistil (tp) line of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were obtained from spikes through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and touchdown-pcr. sequence alignment of amino acids of tptrxh then allowed for predictions of its physicochemical prop ...201323979894
a quick investigation of the detrimental effects of environmental pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene on the photosynthetic efficiency of wheat (triticum aestivum).the present study describes the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollutant fluoranthene (flt) on photochemical efficiency of plants and hence their growth. chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements were performed in order to get quick and reliable information about the effects of fluoranthene. the number of active reaction centres decreased by more than 20% in flt treated samples. the results show that flt affects the overall primary photochemistry by inhibiting the number of active reac ...201323979534
development and characterization of a psathyrostachys huashanica keng 7ns chromosome addition line with leaf rust resistance.the aim of this study was to characterize a triticum aestivum-psathyrostachys huashanica keng (2n = 2x = 14, nsns) disomic addition line 2-1-6-3. individual line 2-1-6-3 plants were analyzed using cytological, genomic in situ hybridization (gish), est-ssr, and est-sts techniques. the alien addition line 2-1-6-3 was shown to have two p. huashanica chromosomes, with a meiotic configuration of 2n = 44 = 22 ii. we tested 55 est-ssr and 336 est-sts primer pairs that mapped onto seven different wheat ...201323976963
efficacy of pyramiding elite alleles for dynamic development of plant height in common wheat.plant height is an important botanical feature closely related to yield. two populations consisting of 118 and 262 accessions respectively were used to identify elite alleles for plant height and to validate their allelic effects. plant height was measured from the early booting to the flowering stages. simple sequence repeat markers for candidate quantitative trait locus (qtl) regions with large effects identified in a doubled haploid (dh) population (hanxuan 10 × lumai 14) were selected for fu ...201323976874
accumulation of wet-deposited radiocaesium and radiostrontium by spring oilseed rape (brássica napus l.) and spring wheat (tríticum aestívum l.).the accumulation of (134)cs and (85)sr within different parts of spring oilseed rape and spring wheat plants was investigated, with a particular focus on transfer to seeds after artificial wet deposition at different growth stages during a two-year field trial. in general, the accumulation of radionuclides in plant parts increased when deposition was closer to harvest. the seed of spring oilseed rape had lower concentrations of (85)sr than spring wheat grain. the plants accumulated more (134)cs ...201323973885
chromosomal location of genomic ssr markers associated with yellow rust resistance in turkish bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).we have previously reported xgwm382 as a diagnostic marker for disease resistance against yellow rust in izgi2001 x es14 f2 population. among the same earlier tested 230 primers, one ssr marker (xgwm311) also amplified a fragment which is present in the resistant parent and in the resistant bulks, but absent in the susceptible parent and in the susceptible bulks. to understand the chromosome group location of these diagnostic markers, xgwm382 and xgwm311, in the same population, we selected 16 s ...201323970078
long-term growth under elevated co2 suppresses biotic stress genes in non-acclimated, but not cold-acclimated winter wheat.this study compared the photosynthetic performance and the global gene expression of the winter hardy wheat triticum aestivum cv norstar grown under non-acclimated (na) or cold-acclimated (ca) conditions at either ambient co2 or elevated co2. ca norstar maintained comparable light-saturated and co2-saturated rates of photosynthesis but lower quantum requirements for psii and non-photochemical quenching relative to na plants even at elevated co2. neither na nor ca plants were sensitive to feedbac ...201323969557
structural and expressional variation analyses of mitochondrial genomes reveal candidate transcripts for the s(v) cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). 201323969253
effect of lead stress on mineral content and growth of wheat (triticum aestivum) and spinach (spinacia oleracea) seedlings.lead (pb) is the most common heavy metal contaminant in the environment. pb is not an essential element for plants, but they absorb it when it is present in their environment, especially in rural areas when the soil is polluted by automotive exhaust and in fields contaminated with fertilizers containing heavy metal impurities. to investigate lead effects on nutrient uptake and metabolism, two plant species, spinach (spinacia oleracea) and wheat (triticum aestivum), were grown under hydroponic co ...201323961216
control of wild oat (avena fatua) using some phenolic compounds i - germination and some growth parameters.the percentage of germination of wild oat was significantly inhibited by increasing the concentrations of phenolic compounds. ferulic acid was the most effective compound which completely inhibited germination at a concentration of 3.0 mm. at the same time, wheat and barley were slightly affected with different concentrations of the four phenolic compounds. the percentage of germination of wheat significantly decreased with increasing of ferulic acid reaching a maximum inhibition at 3.0 mm conce ...201223961157
association of jacalin-related lectins with wheat responses to stresses revealed by transcriptional profiling.jacalin-related lectins (jrls) are carbohydrate-binding proteins widely present in plants and have one or more jacalin domains in common. however, jrls' structural types and functions are still poorly understood. in the present study, a total of 67 wheat (triticum aestivum) jrl genes were identified through an exhausted search of est database coupling with genome walking using published 454 sequence reads of chinese spring. a comparison of the translated wheat jrl proteins with those from other ...201323959941
a comparative approach expands the protein-protein interaction node of the immune receptor xa21 in wheat and rice.the rice (oryza sativa) osxa21 receptor kinase is a well-studied immune receptor that initiates a signal transduction pathway leading to resistance to xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. two homologs of osxa21 were identified in wheat (triticum aestivum): taxa21-like1 located in a syntenic region with osxa21, and taxa21-like2 located in a nonsyntenic region. proteins encoded by these two wheat genes interact with four wheat orthologs of known osxa21 interactors. in this study, we screened a wheat yea ...201323957671
genetic basis for spontaneous hybrid genome doubling during allopolyploid speciation of common wheat shown by natural variation analyses of the paternal species.the complex process of allopolyploid speciation includes various mechanisms ranging from species crosses and hybrid genome doubling to genome alterations and the establishment of new allopolyploids as persisting natural entities. currently, little is known about the genetic mechanisms that underlie hybrid genome doubling, despite the fact that natural allopolyploid formation is highly dependent on this phenomenon. we examined the genetic basis for the spontaneous genome doubling of triploid f1 h ...201323950867
antibiosis and non-preference of sitobion avenae (f.) (hemiptera: aphididae) on leaves and ears of commercial cultivars of wheat (triticum aestivum).little is known on the resistance of wheat cultivars to sitobion avenae (f.) in brazil. the goal of this work was to assess the behavior and biology of s. avenae on four commercial wheat cultivars to verify the existence of resistance by antibiosis in leaves and ears and non-preference in the ears. the smallest net fecundity rates of s. avenae in wheat leaves have been found in the cultivars embrapa 22 and brs264, which did not differ between themselves. the intrinsic rate of increase of s. aven ...201323949814
population dynamics of dichelops melacanthus (dallas) (heteroptera: pentatomidae) on host plants.the stink bug dichelops melacanthus (dallas) has become one of the major pests of corn and wheat in brasil, mainly after a shift from the conventional tillage system to the no tillage cultivation system. this fact may be due to the simultaneous occurrence of second planting corn with wheat cultivation, and the presence of wild hosts. this study aimed to evaluate the population dynamics of d. melacanthus on wild hosts adjacent to areas cultivated with corn, wheat, and soybean during the season an ...201323949747
alterations and abnormal mitosis of wheat chromosomes induced by wheat-rye monosomic addition lines.wheat-rye addition lines are an old topic. however, the alterations and abnormal mitotic behaviours of wheat chromosomes caused by wheat-rye monosomic addition lines are seldom reported.201323936213
unique and conserved micrornas in wheat chromosome 5d revealed by next-generation sequencing.micrornas are a class of short, non-coding, single-stranded rnas that act as post-transcriptional regulators in gene expression. mirna analysis of triticum aestivum chromosome 5d was performed on 454 gs flx titanium sequences of flow-sorted chromosome 5d with a total of 3,208,630 good quality reads representing 1.34x and 1.61x coverage of the short (5ds) and long (5dl) arms of the chromosome respectively. in silico and structural analyses revealed a total of 55 mirnas; 48 and 42 mirnas were foun ...201323936103
genome-wide prediction of traits with different genetic architecture through efficient variable selection.in genome-based prediction there is considerable uncertainty about the statistical model and method required to maximize prediction accuracy. for traits influenced by a small number of quantitative trait loci (qtl), predictions are expected to benefit from methods performing variable selection [e.g., bayesb or the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso)] compared to methods distributing effects across the genome [ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction (rr-blup)]. we inv ...201323934883
ultrasound-assisted extraction with lc-tof/ms identification and lc-uv determination of imazamox and its metabolites in leaves of wheat plants.imazamox is a herbicide used in many legominous and cereal crops. there are few methods in the literature for determination of imazamox and its metabolites in plants because of the lack of commercial standards or owing to expensive and/or complex synthesis.201723934624
proton nmr transverse relaxation time and membrane stability in wheat leaves exposed to high temperature shock.electrolyte leakage from leaves and nmr transverse relaxation time (t2) of leaf water were used to differentiate between heat-tolerant (niaw 845) and susceptible (hd 2428) wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars. the leaves were exposed to high temperature shock in the range 30 to 55 degrees c and the damage caused, when evaluated by the two approaches was in close agreement. the critical temperature of injury leading to loss of membrane integrity was lower (39.1 degrees c) for susceptible cultiv ...200523923573
sequence variations of the partially dominant della gene rht-b1c in wheat and their functional impacts.rht-b1c, allelic to the della protein-encoding gene rht-b1a, is a natural mutation documented in common wheat (triticum aestivum). it confers variation to a number of traits related to cell and plant morphology, seed dormancy, and photosynthesis. the present study was conducted to examine the sequence variations of rht-b1c and their functional impacts. the results showed that rht-b1c was partially dominant or co-dominant for plant height, and exhibited an increased dwarfing effect. at the sequen ...201323918966
pattern of iron distribution in maternal and filial tissues in wheat grains with contrasting levels of iron.iron insufficiency is a worldwide problem in human diets. in cereals like wheat, the bran layer of the grains is an important source of iron. however, the dietary availability of iron in wheat flour is limited due to the loss of the iron-rich bran during milling and processing and the presence of anti-nutrients like phytic acid that keep iron strongly chelated in the grain. the present study investigated the localization of iron and phosphorus in grain tissues of wheat genotypes with contrasting ...023918965
hybrid wheat: quantitative genetic parameters and consequences for the design of breeding programs.commercial heterosis for grain yield is present in hybrid wheat but long-term competiveness of hybrid versus line breeding depends on the development of heterotic groups to improve hybrid prediction. detailed knowledge of the amount of heterosis and quantitative genetic parameters are of paramount importance to assess the potential of hybrid breeding. our objectives were to (1) examine the extent of midparent, better-parent and commercial heterosis in a vast population of 1,604 wheat (triticum a ...201323913277
de novo zygotic transcription in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) includes genes encoding small putative secreted peptides and a protein involved in proteasomal degradation.wheat is one of the world's most important crops, and increasing grain yield is a major challenge for the future. still, our knowledge about the molecular machineries responsible for early post-fertilization events such as zygotic reprogramming, the initial cell-specification events during embryogenesis, and the intercellular communication between the early embryo and the developing endosperm is very limited. here, we describe the identification of de novo transcribed genes in the wheat zygote. ...201323912470
purification, characterization and identification of a senescence related serine protease in dark-induced senescent wheat leaves.senescence-related proteases play important roles in leaf senescence by regulating protein degradation and nutrient recycling. a 98.9kda senescence-related protease ep3 in wheat leaves was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, q-sepharose fast flow anion exchange chromatography and gel slicing after gel electrophoresis. due to its relatively high thermal stability, its protease activity did not decrease after incubation at 40°c for 1-h. ep3 protease was suggested to be a metal-dependent se ...201323910959
growth-suppressive effect of the α-amylase inhibitor of triticum aestivum on stored-product mites varies by the species and type of diet.a naturally occurring α-amylase inhibitor (α-ai) of triticum aestivum protects wheat grain from gramnivorous arthropod pests. the α-ai (type-i) was incorporated into carbohydrate and protein diets to test its inhibitory activity on the stored-product mites acarus siro, lepidoglyphus destructor and tyrophagus putrescentiae (acari: astigmata). growth tests of mites fed the various diets were used to compare the suppressive effects. the final population size of mites attained from an initial popula ...201423907553
a review of the occurrence of grain softness protein-1 genes in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).grain softness protein-1 (gsp-1) is a small, 495-bp intronless gene found throughout the triticeae tribe at the distal end of group 5 chromosomes. with the puroindolines, it constitutes a key component of the hardness locus. gsp-1 likely plays little role in grain hardness, but has direct interest due to its utility in phylogeny and its role in arabinogalactan peptides. further role(s) remain to be identified. in the polyploid wheats, triticum aestivum and t. turgidum, the gene is present in a h ...201323904183
the cyclophilin cyp20-2 modulates the conformation of brassinazole-resistant1, which binds the promoter of flowering locus d to regulate flowering in arabidopsis.brassinosteroids (brs) regulate many physiological processes during plant development, including flowering. however, little is known about the components of br signaling that mediate flowering. here, we report that brassinazole-resistant1 (bzr1), the conformation of which is altered by a cyclophilin (cyp20-2), binds cis-elements in the flowering locus d (fld) promoter to regulate flowering. both bzr1-1d and fld-4 showed delayed flowering. electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immuno ...201323897924
molecular, physicochemical and rheological characteristics of introgressive triticale/triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum lines with wheat 1d/1a chromosome substitution.three sets of hexaploid introgressive triticale lines, with triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum (cultivated einkorn wheat) genes and a bread wheat chromosome 1d substituted for chromosome 1a, and one set of secondary triticale lines were evaluated for grain and flour physicochemical and dough rheological characteristics in two generations (f7 and f8). genomic in situ hybridization (gish) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) confirmed the 1d/1a chromosome substitution. the presence or ab ...201323896593
investigating the role of respiration in plant salinity tolerance by analyzing mitochondrial proteomes from wheat and a salinity-tolerant amphiploid (wheat × lophopyrum elongatum).the effect of salinity on mitochondrial properties was investigated by comparing the reference wheat variety chinese spring (cs) to a salt-tolerant amphiploid (amp). the octoploid amp genotype was previously generated by combining hexaploid bread wheat (cs) with the diploid wild wheatgrass adapted to salt marshes, lophopyrum elongatum. here we used a combination of physiological, biochemical, and proteomic analyses to explore the mitochondrial and respiratory response to salinity in these two ge ...201323895732
genetic dissection of yield and its component traits using high-density composite map of wheat chromosome 3a: bridging gaps between qtls and underlying genes.earlier we identified wheat (triticum aestivum l.) chromosome 3a as a major determinant of grain yield and its component traits. in the present study, a high-density genetic linkage map of 81 chromosome 3a-specific markers was developed to increase the precision of previously identified yield component qtls, and to map qtls for biomass-related traits. many of the previously identified qtls for yield and its component traits were confirmed and were localized to narrower intervals. four novel qtls ...201323894667
lactoferrin-derived resistance against plant pathogens in transgenic plants.lactoferrin (lf) is a ubiquitous cationic iron-binding milk glycoprotein that contributes to nutrition and exerts a broad-spectrum primary defense against bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses in mammals. these qualities make lactoferrin protein and its antimicrobial motifs highly desirable candidates to be incorporated in plants to impart broad-based resistance against plant pathogens or to economically produce them in bulk quantities for pharmaceutical and nutritional purposes. this study int ...201323889215
identification and phylogenetic analysis of a cc-nbs-lrr encoding gene assigned on chromosome 7b of wheat.hexaploid wheat displays limited genetic variation. as a direct a and b genome donor of hexaploid wheat, tetraploid wheat represents an important gene pool for cultivated bread wheat. many disease resistant genes express conserved domains of the nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeats (nbs-lrr). in this study, we isolated a cc-nbs-lrr gene locating on chromosome 7b from durum wheat variety italy 363, and designated it tdrga-7ba. its open reading frame was 4014 bp, encoding a 1337 amino ...201323887654
gametocidal chromosomes enhancing chromosome aberration in common wheat induced by 5-azacytidine.the gametocidal (gc) chromosome from aegilops spp induces chromosome mutation, which is introduced into common wheat as a tool of chromosome manipulation for genetic improvement. the gc chromosome functions similar to a restriction-modification system in bacteria, in which dna methylation is an important regulator. we treated root tips of wheat carrying gc chromosomes with the hypomethylation agent 5-azacytidine; chromosome breakage and micronuclei were observed in these root tips. the frequency ...201323884766
association study of wheat grain protein composition reveals that gliadin and glutenin composition are trans-regulated by different chromosome regions.wheat grain storage protein (gsp) content and composition are the main determinants of the end-use value of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain. the accumulation of glutenins and gliadins, the two main classes of gsp in wheat, is believed to be mainly controlled at the transcriptional level through a network of transcription factors. this regulation network could lead to stable cross-environment allometric scaling relationships between the quantity of gsp classes/subunits and the total quan ...201323881399
lipid metabolism is differentially modulated by salicylic acid and heptanoyl salicylic acid during the induction of resistance in wheat against powdery mildew.heptanoyl salicylic acid (hsa) is a salicylic acid (sa) derivative obtained by esterification of 2-oh benzoic acid with heptanoic acid. in wheat, the protection levels obtained against blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (bgt) increased from 50% with sa to 95% with hsa. using molecular, biochemical and cytological approaches, we investigated here how wheat lipid metabolism is differentially activated by sa and hsa in both infectious and non-infectious conditions, and how bgt infectious process is a ...201323880093
effect of mechanical weeding on wild chamomile (matricaria chamomilla l.) populations in winter wheat crop (triticum aestivum l.).currently, economic, agronomic and environmental concerns lead to reduce the use of herbicides. mechanical weeding can help to reach this objective. dynamics and biology of wild chamomile (matricaria chamomilla l.) populations were assessed as well as dynamic of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) for four level of application of a weeder-harrow (0, 1, 2, 3 treatment(s)). after each treatment, an effect of mechanical weeding on wild chamomile density was observed. density of wild chamomile decre ...201223878991
evaluation of plant resistance inducers on different winter soft wheat cultivars against septoria leaf blotch.septoria tritici blotch (stb) caused by mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph: zymoseptoria tritici) is one of the most devastating foliar diseases on bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). because of the emergence of fungal strains highly resistant to mainly used fungicides and the deleterious impacts of these fungicides on the environment, development of alternative control strategies to protect wheat crops against stb is needed. the induction of plant resistance by elicitors is likely to be a hel ...201223878965
rna interference suppression of genes in glycosyl transferase families 43 and 47 in wheat starchy endosperm causes large decreases in arabinoxylan content.the cell walls of wheat (triticum aestivum) starchy endosperm are dominated by arabinoxylan (ax), accounting for 65% to 70% of the polysaccharide content. genes within two glycosyl transferase (gt) families, gt43 (irregular xylem9 [irx9] and irx14) and gt47 (irx10), have previously been shown to be involved in the synthesis of the xylan backbone in arabidopsis, and close homologs of these have been implicated in the synthesis of xylan in other species. here, homologs of irx10 tagt47_2 and irx9 t ...201323878080
quantitative plant resistance in cultivar mixtures: wheat yellow rust as a modeling case study.unlike qualitative plant resistance, which confers immunity to disease, quantitative resistance confers only a reduction in disease severity and this can be nonspecific. consequently, the outcome of its deployment in cultivar mixtures is not easy to predict, as on the one hand it may reduce the heterogeneity of the mixture, but on the other it may induce competition between nonspecialized strains of the pathogen. to clarify the principles for the successful use of quantitative plant resistance i ...201323875842
quantification of the effects of vrn1 and ppd-d1 to predict spring wheat (triticum aestivum) heading time across diverse environments.heading time is a major determinant of the adaptation of wheat to different environments, and is critical in minimizing risks of frost, heat, and drought on reproductive development. given that major developmental genes are known in wheat, a process-based model, apsim, was modified to incorporate gene effects into estimation of heading time, while minimizing degradation in the predictive capability of the model. model parameters describing environment responses were replaced with functions of th ...201323873997
tamyb13-1, a r2r3 myb transcription factor, regulates the fructan synthetic pathway and contributes to enhanced fructan accumulation in bread wheat.fructans are the major component of temporary carbon reserve in the stem of temperate cereals, which is used for grain filling. three families of fructosyltransferases are directly involved in fructan synthesis in the vacuole of triticum aestivum. the regulatory network of the fructan synthetic pathway is largely unknown. recently, a sucrose-upregulated wheat myb transcription factor (tamyb13-1) was shown to be capable of activating the promoter activities of sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransfera ...023873993
homoeologous relationship of rye chromosome arms as detected with wheat plug markers.based on the similarity in gene structure between rice and wheat, the polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based landmark unique gene (plug) system enabled us to design primer sets that amplify wheat genic sequences including introns. from the previously reported wheat plug markers, we chose 144 markers that are distributed on different chromosomes and in known chromosomal regions (bins) to obtain rye-specific pcr-based markers. we conducted pcr with the 144 primer sets and the template of the imperi ...201323873186
nitric oxide mediates alginate oligosaccharides-induced root development in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).alginate oligosaccharides (aos), which are marine oligosaccharides, are involved in regulating plant root growth, but the promotion mechanism for aos remains unclear. here, aos (10-80 mg l(-1)) were found to induce the generation of nitric oxide (no) in the root system of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), which promoted the formation and elongation of wheat roots in a dose-dependent manner. no inhibitors suggested that nitrate reductase (nr), rather than nitric oxide synthase (nos), was essential fo ...201323872742
projected climate impacts to south african maize and wheat production in 2055: a comparison of empirical and mechanistic modeling approaches.crop model-specific biases are a key uncertainty affecting our understanding of climate change impacts to agriculture. there is increasing research focus on intermodel variation, but comparisons between mechanistic (mms) and empirical models (ems) are rare despite both being used widely in this field. we combined mms and ems to project future (2055) changes in the potential distribution (suitability) and productivity of maize and spring wheat in south africa under 18 downscaled climate scenarios ...201323864352
introgression of stem rust resistance genes srta10187 and srta10171 from aegilops tauschii to wheat.aegilops tauschii, the diploid progenitor of the wheat d genome, is a readily accessible germplasm pool for wheat breeding as genes can be transferred to elite wheat cultivars through direct hybridization followed by backcrossing. gene transfer and genetic mapping can be integrated by developing mapping populations during backcrossing. using direct crossing, two genes for resistance to the african stem rust fungus race ttksk (ug99), were transferred from the ae. tauschii accessions ta10187 and t ...201323864229
effect of glu-b3 allelic variation on sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation volume in common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) sedimentation volume has long been used to characterize wheat flours and meals with the aim of predicting processing and end-product qualities. in order to survey the influence of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (lmw-gss) at glu-b3 locus on wheat sds sedimentation volume, a total of 283 wheat (triticum aestivum l.) varieties including landraces and improved and introduced cultivars were analyzed using 10 allele-specific pcr markers at the glu-b3 locus. the hig ...201323861659
photosynthetic electron transport and specific photoprotective responses in wheat leaves under drought stress.the photosynthetic responses of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) leaves to different levels of drought stress were analyzed in potted plants cultivated in growth chamber under moderate light. low-to-medium drought stress was induced by limiting irrigation, maintaining 20 % of soil water holding capacity for 14 days followed by 3 days without water supply to induce severe stress. measurements of co2 exchange and photosystem ii (psii) yield (by chlorophyll fluorescence) were followed by simultaneous m ...201323860828
genome-wide analysis of short interspersed nuclear elements sines revealed high sequence conservation, gene association and retrotranspositional activity in wheat.short interspersed nuclear elements (sines) are non-autonomous non-ltr retroelements that are present in most eukaryotic species. while sines have been intensively investigated in humans and other animal systems, they are poorly studied in plants, especially in wheat (triticum aestivum). we used quantitative pcr of various wheat species to determine the copy number of a wheat sine family, termed au sine, combined with computer-assisted analyses of the publicly available 454 pyrosequencing databa ...201323855320
the wheat powdery mildew genome shows the unique evolution of an obligate biotroph.wheat powdery mildew, blumeria graminis forma specialis tritici, is a devastating fungal pathogen with a poorly understood evolutionary history. here we report the draft genome sequence of wheat powdery mildew, the resequencing of three additional isolates from different geographic regions and comparative analyses with the barley powdery mildew genome. our comparative genomic analyses identified 602 candidate effector genes, with many showing evidence of positive selection. we characterize patte ...201323852167
structure, variation and expression analysis of glutenin gene promoters from triticum aestivum cultivar chinese spring shows the distal region of promoter 1bx7 is key regulatory sequence.in this study, ten glutenin gene promoters were isolated from model wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. chinese spring) using a genomic pcr strategy with gene-specific primers. six belonged to high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (hmw-gs) gene promoters, and four to low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (lmw-gs). sequence lengths varied from 1361 to 2,554 bp. we show that the glutenin gene promoter motifs are conserved in diverse sequences in this study, with hmw-gs and lmw-gs gene promoters chara ...201323850729
evaluation of germplasm effect on fe, zn and se content in wheat seedlings.micronutrients are essential for human health and crucial for plant survival. the capacity of food crops in acquiring mineral nutrients affects plant growth and potentially the yield and nutrient content in edible tissues/organs. in this study, we selected 20 wheat (triticum aestivum l.) accessions and evaluated genotypic variations of the young seedlings in response to iron (fe), zinc (zn), and selenium (se) treatments. wheat accessions exhibited different growth responses to these minerals and ...201323849127
competition between plant and bacterial cells at the microscale regulates the dynamics of nitrogen acquisition in wheat (triticum aestivum).the ability of plants to compete effectively for nitrogen (n) resources is critical to plant survival. however, controversy surrounds the importance of organic and inorganic sources of n in plant nutrition because of our poor ability to visualize and understand processes happening at the root-microbial-soil interface. using high-resolution nano-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry stable isotope imaging (nanosims-sii), we quantified the fate of ¹⁵n over both space and time within the rhizospher ...201323845035
on the cellular site of two-pore channel tpc1 action in the poaceae.the slow vacuolar (sv) channel has been characterized in different dicots by patch-clamp recordings. this channel represents the major cation conductance of the largest organelle in most plant cells. studies with the tpc1-2 mutant of the model dicot plant arabidopsis thaliana identified the sv channel as the product of the tpc1 gene. by contrast, research on rice and wheat tpc1 suggested that the monocot gene encodes a plasma membrane calcium-permeable channel. to explore the site of action of g ...201323845012
overexpression of avenin-like b proteins in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) improves dough mixing properties by their incorporation into glutenin polymers.avenin-like b proteins are a small family of wheat storage proteins, each containing 18 or 19 cysteine residues. the role of these proteins, with high numbers of cysteine residues, in determining the functional properties of wheat flour is unclear. in the present study, two transgenic lines of the bread wheat overexpressing avenin-like b gene were generated to investigate the effects of avenin-like b proteins on dough mixing properties. sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (sdss) test and mixogr ...201323843964
a proteomic study of spike development inhibition in bread wheat.spike development in wheat is a complicated development process and determines the wheat propagation and survival. we report herein a proteomic study on the bread wheat mutant strain 5660m underlying spike development inhibition. a total of 121 differentially expressed proteins, which were involved in cold stress response, protein folding and assembly, cell-cycle regulation, scavenging of ros, and the autonomous pathway were identified using ms/ms and database searching. we found that cold respo ...201323843164
expression of a potato antimicrobial peptide sn1 increases resistance to take-all pathogen gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in transgenic wheat.take-all, caused by soil-borne fungus gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (ggt), is a devastating root disease of wheat (triticum aestivum) worldwide. breeding resistant wheat cultivars is the most promising and reliable approach to protect wheat from take-all. currently, no resistant wheat germplasm is available to breed cultivars using traditional methods. in this study, gene transformation was carried out using snakin-1 (sn1) gene isolated from potato (solanum tuberosum) because the peptide ...201323839728
microspore embryogenesis in wheat: new marker genes for early, middle and late stages of embryo development.microspore embryogenesis involves reprogramming of the pollen immature cell towards embryogenesis. we have identified and characterized a collection of 14 genes induced along different morphological phases of microspore-derived embryo development in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) anther culture. serks and flas genes previously associated with somatic embryogenesis and reproductive tissues, respectively, were also included in this analysis. genes involved in signalling mechanisms such as tatpd1-lik ...201323839308
retrotransposon insertional polymorphism in iranian bread wheat cultivars and breeding lines revealed by irap and remap markers.inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphisms (iraps) and retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphisms (remaps) were used to detect retrotransposon integration events and genetic diversity in 101 iranian bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars and breeding lines. the 9 irap primers amplified 128 loci, and 20 remap primers amplified 263 loci. percentage of polymorphic loci, average expected heterozygosity, number of effective alleles, and shannon's information index for the remap m ...201323839088
molecular cytogenetic characterization of a new wheat-rye 4r chromosome translocation line resistant to powdery mildew.rye is an important and valuable gene resource for wheat improvement. however, due to extensive growing of cultivars with disease resistance genes from short arm of rye chromosome 1r and coevolution of pathogen virulence and host resistance, these cultivars successively lost resistance to pathogens. identification and deployment of new resistance gene sources in rye are, therefore, of especial importance and urgency. a new wheat-rye line, designated as wr41-1, was produced through distant hybrid ...201323836161
molecular characterization of field resistance to fusarium head blight in two us soft red winter wheat cultivars.in the soft red winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) regions of the us, fusarium head blight (fhb, caused by fusarium spp.) resistance derived from locally adapted germplasm has been used predominantly. two soft red winter wheat cultivars, massey and ernie, have moderate resistance to fhb. mapping populations derived from becker/massey (b/m) and ernie/mo 94-317 (e/mo) were evaluated for fhb resistance and other traits in multiple environments. eight qtl in b/m and five qtl in e/mo were associated ...201323832049
effects of vanadate supply on plant growth, cu accumulation, and antioxidant capacities in triticum aestivum l.the effects of normal vanadate (v) supply (40 μm) on copper (cu) accumulation, plant growth and reduction in cu toxicity in wheat seedlings (triticum aestivum l.) were investigated. the results showed cu accumulation (mg g(-1 )dw) in the applied v treatment was about 10.2 % in shoots and 16.7 % in roots higher up on exposure to excess cu (300 μm) than that observed only in excess cu plants. compared with the treatment of the normal concentration used in hoagland's culture solution cu (0.6 μm), e ...201323824494
a rapid, controlled-environment seedling root screen for wheat correlates well with rooting depths at vegetative, but not reproductive, stages at two field sites.root length and depth determine capture of water and nutrients by plants, and are targets for crop improvement. here we assess a controlled-environment wheat seedling screen to determine speed, repeatability and relatedness to performance of young and adult plants in the field.201323821620
cloning and characterization of a critical regulator for preharvest sprouting in wheat.sprouting of grains in mature spikes before harvest is a major problem in wheat (triticum aestivum) production worldwide. we cloned and characterized a gene underlying a wheat quantitative trait locus (qtl) on the short arm of chromosome 3a for preharvest sprouting (phs) resistance in white wheat using comparative mapping and map-based cloning. this gene, designated taphs1, is a wheat homolog of a mother of flowering time (tamft)-like gene. rna interference-mediated knockdown of the gene confirm ...201323821595
a comprehensive study on dehydration-induced antioxidative responses during germination of indian bread wheat (triticum aestivum l. em thell) cultivars collected from different agroclimatic zones.to explore the adaptability of bread wheat to dehydration stress, we screened 28 cultivars collected from different agroclimatic zones, on the basis of malonaldehyde content as biochemical marker in roots of wheat seedlings during germination and classified them as highly tolerant, tolerant, sensitive and highly sensitive. from this primary screening, ten cultivars that showed differential responses to dehydration stress were selected to understand the biochemical and physiological basis of stre ...201223814436
the gene sr33, an ortholog of barley mla genes, encodes resistance to wheat stem rust race ug99.wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, afflicts bread wheat (triticum aestivum). new virulent races collectively referred to as "ug99" have emerged, which threaten global wheat production. the wheat gene sr33, introgressed from the wild relative aegilops tauschii into bread wheat, confers resistance to diverse stem rust races, including the ug99 race group. we cloned sr33, which encodes a coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat protein. sr33 is ortho ...201323811228
the pontin series of recombinant alien translocations in bread wheat: single translocations integrating combinations of bdv2, lr19 and sr25 disease-resistance genes from thinopyrum intermedium and th. ponticum.two bread wheat lines each with a translocation on chromosome 7dl from either thinopyrum intermedium (tc5 and tc14) or thinopyrum ponticum (t4m), were hybridized in a ph1b mutant background to enhance recombination between the two translocated chromosomal segments. the frequency of recombinants was high in lines derived from the larger and similar-sized translocations (tc5/t4m), but much lower when derived from different-sized translocations (tc14/t4m). recombinant translocations contained combi ...201323807636
dynamic changes of rhizosphere properties and antioxidant enzyme responses of wheat plants (triticum aestivum l.) grown in mercury-contaminated soils.a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamic changes in the rhizosphere properties and antioxidant enzyme responses of wheat plants (triticum aestivum l.) grown in three levels of hg-contaminated soils. the concentrations of soluble hg and dissolved organic carbon (doc) in the rhizosphere soil solutions of the wheat plants were characterised by the sequence before sowing>trefoil stage>stooling stage, whereas the soil solution ph was found to follow an opposite distribution pattern. ...201323800584
separating homeologs by phasing in the tetraploid wheat transcriptome.the high level of identity among duplicated homoeologous genomes in tetraploid pasta wheat presents substantial challenges for de novo transcriptome assembly. to solve this problem, we develop a specialized bioinformatics workflow that optimizes transcriptome assembly and separation of merged homoeologs. to evaluate our strategy, we sequence and assemble the transcriptome of one of the diploid ancestors of pasta wheat, and compare both assemblies with a benchmark set of 13,472 full-length, non-r ...201323800085
the barley mate gene, hvaact1, increases citrate efflux and al(3+) tolerance when expressed in wheat and barley.aluminium is toxic in acid soils because the soluble al(3+) inhibits root growth. a mechanism of al(3+) tolerance discovered in many plant species involves the release of organic anions from root apices. the al(3+)-activated release of citrate from the root apices of al(3+)-tolerant genotypes of barley is controlled by a mate gene named hvaact1 that encodes a citrate transport protein located on the plasma membrane. the aim of this study was to investigate whether expressing hvaact1 with a const ...201323798600
an immunofluorescence assay for the detection of wheat rust species using monoclonal antibody against urediniospores of puccinia triticina.wheat (triticum aestivum) is one of the most important crop species, but yields are often drastically reduced by rust epidemics. in this report, we describe a rapid and sensitive immunofluorescence method for the detection of urediniospores of the fungi puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, puccinia triticina and puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, which are causal agents of wheat rust.201323795944
quantitative trait loci for leaf chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in relation to biomass and yield in bread wheat and their chromosome deletion bin assignments.relatively little is known of the genetic control of chlorophyll fluorescence (cf) and pigment traits important in determining efficiency of photosynthesis in wheat and its association with biomass productivity. a doubled haploid population of 94 lines from the wheat cross chinese spring × sq1 was trialled under optimum glasshouse conditions for 4 years to identify quantitative trait loci (qtl) for cf traits including, for the first time in wheat, jip-test parameters per excited cross section (c ...201323794940
pm50: a new powdery mildew resistance gene in common wheat derived from cultivated emmer.fungal diseases of wheat, including powdery mildew, cause significant crop, yield and quality losses throughout the world. knowledge of the genetic basis of powdery mildew resistance will greatly support future efforts to develop and cultivate resistant cultivars. studies were conducted on cultivated emmer-derived wheat line k2 to identify genes involved in powdery mildew resistance at the seedling and adult plant growth stages using a bc(1) doubled haploid population derived from a cross betwee ...201323794194
functional characterization of penicillium occitanis pol6 and penicillium funiculosum gh11 xylanases.xylanases are hemicellulolytic enzymes, which are responsible for the degradation of heteroxylans constituting the lignocellulosic plant cell wall. xylanases from the gh11 family are considered as true xylanases because of their high substrate specificity. in order to study in depth a crucial difference in the thumb region between two closely related xylanases from penicillium in terms of kinetic parameters and inhibition sensitivity, the gh11 xylanases from penicillium occitanis pol6 (poxyn3) a ...201323791774
cereal grain, rachis and pulse seed amino acid δ15n values as indicators of plant nitrogen metabolism.natural abundance δ(15)n values of plant tissue amino acids (aas) reflect the cycling of n into and within plants, providing an opportunity to better understand environmental and anthropogenic effects on plant metabolism. in this study, the aa δ(15)n values of barley (hordeum vulgare) and bread wheat (triticum aestivum) grains and rachis and broad bean (vicia faba) and pea (pisum sativum) seeds, grown at the experimental farm stations of rothamsted, uk and bad lauchstädt, germany, were determine ...201423790569
wheat genotypes differing in aluminum tolerance differ in their growth response to co2 enrichment in acid soils.aluminum (al) toxicity is a major factor limiting plant growth in acid soils. elevated atmospheric co2 [co2] enhances plant growth. however, there is no report on the effect of elevated [co2] on growth of plant genotypes differing in al tolerance grown in acid soils. we investigated the effect of short-term elevated [co2] on growth of al-tolerant (et8) and al-sensitive (es8) wheat plants and malate exudation from root apices by growing them in acid soils under ambient [co2] and elevated [co2] us ...201323789057
the necrotrophic effector sntoxa induces the synthesis of a novel phytoalexin in wheat.stagonospora nodorum and pyrenophora tritici-repentis produce the effector toxa that interacts with the dominant susceptibility gene in wheat, tsn1. however, the way in which toxa induces cell death and causes disease is unclear. here, we performed comprehensive metabolite profiling of toxa-infiltrated wheat (triticum aestivum) to observe the secondary metabolite response to this effector. a strong induction of secondary metabolism subsequent to sntoxa infiltration was observed, including the mo ...201323782173
competition increases sensitivity of wheat (triticum aestivum) to biotic plant-soil feedback.plant-soil feedback (psf) and plant competition play an important role in structuring vegetation composition, but their interaction remains unclear. recent studies suggest that competing plants could dilute pathogenic effects, whereas the standing view is that competition may increase the sensitivity of the focal plant to psf. in agro-ecosystems each of these two options would yield contrasting outcomes: reduced versus enhanced effects of weeds on crop biomass production. to test the effect of c ...201323776610
single-nucleotide polymorphisms and association analysis of drought-resistance gene tasnrk2.8 in common wheat.tasnrk2.8, an snrk2 (sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase 2) member of wheat, confers enhanced multi-stress tolerances in carbohydrate metabolism. in the study, two types of genomic sequences of tasnrk2.8 were detected in common wheat. sequencing analysis showed that there was a variation-enriched region, designated tasnrk2.8-a-c, covering the eighth intron, the ninth exon and the 3'-flanking region of tasnrk2.8-a, and no divergence occurred in tasnrk2.8-b. single nucleotide polymorphis ...201323774379
analysis of codon use features of stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase gene in camellia sinensis.the stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase (sad) gene widely exists in all kinds of plants. in this paper, the camellia sinensis sad gene (cssad) sequence was firstly analyzed by codon w, chips, and cusp programs online, and then compared with genomes of the tea plant, other species and sad genes from 11 plant species. the results show that the cssad gene and the selected 73 of c. sinensis genes have similar codon usage bias. the cssad gene has a bias toward the synonymous codons with a and t ...201323774066
drought tolerance in modern and wild wheat.the genus triticum includes bread (triticum aestivum) and durum wheat (triticum durum) and constitutes a major source for human food consumption. drought is currently the leading threat on world's food supply, limiting crop yield, and is complicated since drought tolerance is a quantitative trait with a complex phenotype affected by the plant's developmental stage. drought tolerance is crucial to stabilize and increase food production since domestication has limited the genetic diversity of crop ...201323766697
rootnav: navigating images of complex root architectures.we present a novel image analysis tool that allows the semiautomated quantification of complex root system architectures in a range of plant species grown and imaged in a variety of ways. the automatic component of rootnav takes a top-down approach, utilizing the powerful expectation maximization classification algorithm to examine regions of the input image, calculating the likelihood that given pixels correspond to roots. this information is used as the basis for an optimization approach to ro ...201323766367
major quality trait analysis and qtl detection in hexaploid wheat in humid rain-fed agriculture.humid rain-fed agriculture is a special environment for wheat (triticum aestivum) culture that tends to negatively affect wheat yield and quality. to identify quality characters of wheat in a humid environment, we conducted quality analysis and quantitative trait loci (qtl) detection in a recombinant inbred line whose parent had a high level of quality for several years. we found that high-quality wheat had less gluten content and lower protein content. apparently, wheat quality and associated q ...201323765980
antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects of wheat bran in vivo.previous studies in rodents treated with the pro-carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine suggested that the consumption of wheat bran protected against dna damage in the colon and rectum. based on this information, we evaluated wheat bran as a functional food in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer. we used the aberrant crypt focus assay to evaluate the anticarcinogenic potential of wheat bran (triticum aestivum variety cd-104), the comet assay to evaluate its antigenotoxicity potential, and th ...201323765971
pcr and sequence analysis of barley chromosome 2h subjected to the gametocidal action of chromosome 2c.gametocidal (gc) chromosomes induce various types of chromosomal mutations during gametogenesis in the chromosomes of common wheat and alien chromosomes added to common wheat. however, it is not yet known whether the gc chromosome causes aberrations at the nucleotide level because mutations caused by gc chromosomes have been studied only by cytological screening. in order to know whether the gc chromosome induces point mutations, we conducted pcr analysis and sequencing with the progeny of a com ...201323765160
a wheat wrky transcription factor tawrky10 confers tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in transgenic tobacco.wrky transcription factors are reported to be involved in defense regulation, stress response and plant growth and development. however, the precise role of wrky transcription factors in abiotic stress tolerance is not completely understood, especially in crops. in this study, we identified and cloned 10 wrky genes from genome of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). tawrky10, a gene induced by multiple stresses, was selected for further investigation. tawrky10 was upregulated by treatment with polyethy ...201323762295
alteration in ps ii heterogeneity under the influence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (fluoranthene) in wheat leaves (triticum aestivum).polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, fluoranthene causes significant inhibitory effects on photosynthetic processes, particularly photosystem ii. ps ii exhibits heterogeneity with regards to antenna size, connectivity and ability to transfer electron beyond qa. this is the first report describing effects of flt on ps ii heterogeneity. flt affects antenna heterogeneity by converting active α center into inactive β and γ centers. at the same time in the presence of flt number of qb-non reducing center ...201323759103
mechanisms regulating grain contamination with trichothecenes translocated from the stem base of wheat (triticum aestivum) infected with fusarium culmorum.factors limiting trichothecene contamination of mature wheat grains after fusarium infection are of major interest in crop production. in addition to ear infection, systemic translocation of deoxynivalenol (don) may contribute to mycotoxin levels in grains after stem base infection with toxigenic fusarium spp. however, the exact and potential mechanisms regulating don translocation into wheat grains from the plant base are still unknown. we analyzed two wheat cultivars differing in susceptibilit ...201323758328
[characterization of puroindolines in the control of endosperm texture in common wheat lines with substitutions of homeologous group-5 chromosomes].the genetic control of grain hardness and its association with the specific friabilin content on starch granules of common wheat cultivars and lines with intervarietal substitutions of homeologous group-5 chromosomes were studied. a significant correlation was revealed between the technological parameters of grain hardness (mean size of flour particles) and the specific content of puroindolines on the starch surface estimated in terms of starch doses. the results obtained allowed the method of s ...201323755533
the origin of the b-genome of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).understanding the origin of cultivated wheats would further their genetic improvement. the hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum l., aabbdd) is believed to have originated through one or more rare hybridization events between aegilops tauschii (dd) and the tetraploid t. turgidum (aabb). progenitor of the a-genome of the tetraploid and hexaploid wheats has generally been accepted to be t. urartu. in spite of the large number of attempts and published reports about the origin of the b-genome in ...201323755530
integrated analysis of seed proteome and mrna oxidation reveals distinct post-transcriptional features regulating dormancy in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).wheat seeds can be released from a dormant state by after-ripening; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still mostly unknown. we previously identified transcriptional programmes involved in the regulation of after-ripening-mediated seed dormancy decay in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). here, we show that seed dormancy maintenance and its release by dry after-ripening in wheat is associated with oxidative modification of distinct seed-stored mrnas that mainly correspond to oxidative ph ...201323745731
[clarification of rht8 and ppd-d1 gene linkage on the 2d chromosome of winter bread wheat].in the south part of ukraine the haplotype of rht8c and ppd-d1a genes is highly distributed among modern bread wheat varieties. during the time of breeding program it has been selected as one of the most important adaptive complex for plants of this region. genetic distance between rht8c and ppd-d1a was clarified.201323745359
the effect of day-neutral mutations in barley and wheat on the interaction between photoperiod and vernalization.vernalization-2 (vrn-2) is the major flowering repressor in temperate cereals. it is only expressed under long days in wild-type plants. we used two day-neutral (photoperiod insensitive) mutations that allow rapid flowering in short or long days to investigate the day length control of vrn-2. the barley (hordeum vulgare) early maturity8 (eam8) mutation affects the barley elf3 gene. eam8 mutants disrupt the circadian clock resulting in elevated expression of ppd-h1 and the floral activator hvft1 ...023737074
effect of amaranth flour (amaranthus mantegazzianus) on the technological and sensory quality of bread wheat pasta.the technological and sensory quality of pasta made from bread wheat flour substituted with wholemeal amaranth flour (amaranthus mantegazzianus) at four levels, 15, 30, 40 and 50% w/w was investigated. the quality of the resulted pasta was compared to that of control pasta made from bread wheat flour. the flours were analyzed for chemical composition and pasting properties. cooking behavior, color, raw and cooked pasta texture, scanning electron microscopy and sensory evaluation were determined ...201423733824
optimization of extraction of antioxidants from wheat bran (triticum spp.) using response surface methodology.in this study, the optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidants from hard winter wheat bran (wh711) were determined using response surface methodology (rsm). a central composite face centred design was used to investigate the effects of three independent variables, namely solvent composition (%v/v), extraction temperature (°c) and time (minutes) on the responses; free phenolic content (fpc), total flavonoid content (tfc), total antioxidant activity (taa), ferric reducing power (frp), hy ...201123729849
characterization of cu-tolerant bacteria and definition of their role in promotion of growth, cu accumulation and reduction of cu toxicity in triticum aestivum l.the effects of cu-tolerant bacteria strain ustb-o on cu accumulation, plant growth and reduction of cu toxicity in wheat seedlings triticum aestivum l. were investigated. the strain was identified as belonging to bacillus species and showed a specific tolerance to cu through binding the cu ions to the cell walls to reduce their entry into the cells. the bacteria not only increased cu accumulation in wheat seedlings, but also secreted indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) and therefore promoted plant growth ...201323725675
genetic association of opr genes with resistance to hessian fly in hexaploid wheat.hessian fly (mayetiola destructor) is one of the most destructive pests of wheat. the genes encoding 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductase (opr) and lipoxygenase (lox) play critical roles in insect resistance pathways in higher plants, but little is known about genes controlling resistance to hessian fly in wheat.201323724909
rht-1 and ppd-d1 associations with height, ga sensitivity, and days to heading in a worldwide bread wheat collection.reduced height (rht)-1 and photoperiod (ppd) have major effects on the adaptability of bread wheat (triticum aestivum) to specific environments. ppd-d1a is a photoperiod insensitive allele that reduces time to flowering. the gibberellin (ga) insensitive alleles rht-b1b and rht-d1b shorten plant stature and were important components of the 'green revolution'. two additional rht-b1 alleles were recently identified that contain a 160 or 197 bp insertion upstream of the coding region and may affect ...201323722594
individual and interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and ozone on tropical wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars with special emphasis on ros generation and activation of antioxidant defence system.the effects of elevated co2 and o3, singly and in combination were investigated on various physiological, biochemical and yield parameters of two locally grown wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars (huw-37 and k-9107) in open top chambers (otcs). elevated co2 stimulated photosynthetic rate (ps) and fv/fm ratio and reduced the stomatal conductance (gs). reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, anti-oxidative enzymes, ascorbic acid and total phenolics were higher, whereas ps, gs, fv/fm, prote ...201323720888
characterization of differentially expressed stress-associated proteins in starch granule development under heat stress in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).abiotic stress causes abrupt increase in the expression of stress-associated proteins, which provide tolerance by modulating the defense mechanism of plants. small heat shock proteins (shsps) and anti-oxidant enzymes are important for environmental stress tolerance of the plants. in this study, two full-length cdnas encoding small heat shock protein (shsp) and superoxide dismutase (sod), designated as tashsp and sodi were identified and characterized from c-306 (thermotolerant) and pbw343 (therm ...201323720887
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