Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| enteric bacterial pathogen detection in southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis) is associated with coastal urbanization and freshwater runoff. | although protected for nearly a century, california's sea otters have been slow to recover, in part due to exposure to fecally-associated protozoal pathogens like toxoplasma gondii and sarcocystis neurona. however, potential impacts from exposure to fecal bacteria have not been systematically explored. using selective media, we examined feces from live and dead sea otters from california for specific enteric bacterial pathogens (campylobacter, salmonella, clostridium perfringens, c. difficile an ... | 2010 | 19720009 |
| the vibrio cholerae flagellar regulatory hierarchy controls expression of virulence factors. | vibrio cholerae is a motile bacterium responsible for the disease cholera, and motility has been hypothesized to be inversely regulated with virulence. we examined the transcription profiles of v. cholerae strains containing mutations in flagellar regulatory genes (rpon, flra, flrc, and flia) by utilizing whole-genome microarrays. results revealed that flagellar transcription is organized into a four-tiered hierarchy. additionally, genes with proven or putative roles in virulence (e.g., ctx, tcp ... | 2009 | 19717600 |
| transcriptomics of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli infection. individual variation in intestinal gene expression correlates with intestinal function. | acute secretory diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young animals and humans. deaths result from excessive fluid and electrolyte losses. the disease is caused by non-invasive bacteria such as vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli which produce enterotoxins, however, much less is known about the role of individual host responses. here we report the response of intact porcine small intestinal mucosa to infection with enterotoxigenic e. coli (etec). jejunal segments in four pigle ... | 2010 | 19716242 |
| pathogenic potential of aeromonas hydrophila isolated from surface waters in kolkata, india. | members of the genus aeromonas (family aeromonadaceae) are medically important, gram-negative, rod-shaped micro-organisms and are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. aeromonas species are increasingly recognized as enteric pathogens; they possess several virulence factors associated with human disease, and represent a serious public health concern. in the present study, putative virulence traits of aeromonas hydrophila isolates collected from different natural surface waters of kolkata, india, w ... | 2009 | 19713362 |
| improved specific detection of vibrio cholerae in environmental water samples by culture on selective medium and colony hybridization assay with an oligonucleotide probe. | we developed a rapid and efficient method based on culture on selective medium and colony hybridization assay for the detection of vibrio cholerae in estuarine water samples. a 22-oligonucleotide sequence of the 16s-23s rdna intergenic spacer region was labeled with digoxigenin and evaluated for specificity and sensitivity by dot blot and colony hybridization with collection strains and environmental and clinical isolates. no isolates of species other than v. cholerae hybridized with the oligonu ... | 2002 | 19709209 |
| immunolocalization and challenge studies using a recombinant vibrio cholerae ghost expressing trypanosoma brucei ca(2+) atpase (tbca2) antigen. | human african trypanosomiasis is a neglected disease caused by trypanosoma brucei spp. a parasite cation pump (ca(2+) atpase; tbca2) essential for survival and cation homeostasis was identified and characterized. it was hypothesized that targeting this pump using a vibrio cholerae ghost (vcg)-based vaccine could protect against murine t. brucei infection. mrna and protein expression of tbca2 was differentially expressed in blood and insect stages of parasites and immunolocalized in the pericellu ... | 2009 | 19706905 |
| coordinated regulation of virulence by quorum sensing and motility pathways during the initial stages of vibrio cholerae infection. | pathogenic bacteria, such as vibrio cholerae, must be capable of adapting to diverse living conditions, especially when transitioning from life in environmental reservoirs to life in a host. the abilities to sense arrival at a site suitable for colonization or infection and to respond with appropriate alterations in gene expression are crucial for a pathogen's success. recently, we have shown that v. cholerae is able to recognize that it has reached its colonization site in the small intestine b ... | 2008 | 19704787 |
| presence of dfr6 gene cassette in superintegron of non-o1/non-o139 strain of vibrio cholerae. | 2009 | 19704128 | |
| memory t-cell responses to vibrio cholerae o1 infection. | vibrio cholerae o1 can cause diarrheal disease that may be life-threatening without treatment. natural infection results in long-lasting protective immunity, but the role of t cells in this immune response has not been well characterized. in contrast, robust b-cell responses to v. cholerae infection have been observed. in particular, memory b-cell responses to t-cell-dependent antigens persist for at least 1 year, whereas responses to lipopolysaccharide, a t-cell-independent antigen, wane more r ... | 2009 | 19703973 |
| quorum sensing regulation of the two hcp alleles in vibrio cholerae o1 strains. | the type vi secretion system (t6ss) has emerged as a protein secretion system important to several gram-negative bacterial species. one of the common components of the system is hcp, initially described as a hemolysin co-regulated protein in a serotype o17 strain of vibrio cholerae. homologs to v. cholerae hcp genes have been found in all characterized type vi secretion systems and they are present also in the serotype o1 strains of v. cholerae that are the cause of cholera diseases but seemed t ... | 2009 | 19701456 |
| cholera outbreak secondary to contaminated pipe water in an urban area, west bengal, india, 2006. | outbreaks of cholera are common in west bengal. in april 2006, garulia municipality reported a cluster of diarrhea cases. we investigated this cluster to identify the etiological agent, source of transmission and propose control measures. we defined a case of diarrhea as occurrence of > or =3 loose/watery stools a day among the residents of garulia since april 2006. we searched for cases of diarrhea in health care facilities and health camp. we conducted a gender- and age-matched case-control st ... | 2009 | 19696991 |
| vibrio cholerae proteome-wide screen for immunostimulatory proteins identifies phosphatidylserine decarboxylase as a novel toll-like receptor 4 agonist. | recognition of conserved bacterial components provides immediate and efficient immune responses and plays a critical role in triggering antigen-specific adaptive immunity. to date, most microbial components that are detected by host innate immune system are non-proteinaceous structural components. in order to identify novel bacterial immunostimulatory proteins, we developed a new high-throughput approach called "epsia", expressed protein screen for immune activators. out of 3,882 vibrio cholerae ... | 2009 | 19696891 |
| escherichia coli autoinducer-2 uptake network does not display hysteretic behavior but ai-2 synthesis rate controls transient bifurcation. | analysis of different architectures of quorum sensing networks has been the center of attention in recent times. the approach employs mathematical models to uncover the factors behind the dynamics. quorum sensing networks mostly display autoregulation such as pseudomonas aeruginosa and vibrio cholerae. however, escherichia coli autoinducer-2 (ai-2) synthesis does not display autoinduction (i.e. autoregulation). this and other features have raised questions about the actual function of ai-2 insid ... | 2010 | 19695305 |
| spermidine regulates vibrio cholerae biofilm formation via transport and signaling pathways. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the devastating diarrheal disease cholera, can form biofilms on diverse biotic and abiotic surfaces. biofilm formation is important for the survival of this organism both in its natural environment and in the human host. development of v. cholerae biofilms are regulated by complex regulatory networks that respond to environmental signals. one of these signals, norspermidine, is a polyamine that enhances biofilm formation via the nsps/mbaa signaling system. ... | 2009 | 19694812 |
| acid residues in the transmembrane helices of the na+-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae involved in sodium translocation. | vibrio cholerae and many other marine and pathogenic bacteria possess a unique respiratory complex, the na(+)-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr), which pumps na(+) across the cell membrane using the energy released by the redox reaction between nadh and ubiquinone. to function as a selective sodium pump, na(+)-nqr must contain structures that (1) allow the sodium ion to pass through the hydrophobic core of the membrane and (2) provide cation specificity to the translocation system. ... | 2009 | 19694431 |
| bacterial quorum-sensing network architectures. | quorum sensing is a cell-cell communication process in which bacteria use the production and detection of extracellular chemicals called autoinducers to monitor cell population density. quorum sensing allows bacteria to synchronize the gene expression of the group, and thus act in unison. here, we review the mechanisms involved in quorum sensing with a focus on the vibrio harveyi and vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing systems. we discuss the differences between these two quorum-sensing systems and t ... | 2009 | 19686078 |
| vibrio cholerae non-o1 non-o139 infection in an immunocompromised patient returning from spain, july 2009. | we describe a severe gastroenteritis with non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae in an immunocompromised patient returning from a holiday in spain in july 2009. predisposing factors and possible cholera enterotoxin production could explain the unusually grave symptomatology. patient recovered after doxycyclin treatment. | 2009 | 19679033 |
| el tor cholera with severe disease: a new threat to asia and beyond. | during epidemics of cholera in two rural sites (bakerganj and mathbaria), a much higher proportion of patients came for treatment with severe dehydration than was seen in previous years. v. cholerae o1 isolated from these patients was found to be el tor in its phenotype, but its cholera toxin (ct) was determined to be that of classical biotype. whether the observed higher proportion of severe dehydration produced by the el tor biotype was due to a shift from el tor to classical ct or due to othe ... | 2010 | 19678971 |
| use of stabilized luciferase-expressing plasmids to examine in vivo-induced promoters in the vibrio cholerae vaccine strain cvd 103-hgr. | live, attenuated vibrio cholerae vaccines can induce potent immune responses after only a single oral dose. the strategy of harnessing these strains to present antigens from heterologous pathogens to the mucosal immune system shows great promise. to fully realize this possibility, v. cholerae strains must be created that stably express antigens in vivo in sufficient quantity to generate an immune response. in vivo-induced promoters have been shown to increase the stability and immunogenicity of ... | 2009 | 19678844 |
| epidemiology & antibiograms of vibrio cholerae isolates from a tertiary care hospital in chandigarh, north india. | cholera is endemic in chandigarh and its surrounding areas. this retrospective study was undertaken over a period of nine years (january 1999-december 2007) from a tertiary care hospital in north india to understand the changing epidemiology aspects and antibiotic resistance patterns in vibrio cholerae isolates. | 2009 | 19675394 |
| presence of high numbers of transcriptionally active helicobacter pylori in vomitus from bangladeshi patients suffering from acute gastroenteritis. | helicobacter pylori is one of the most prevalent human bacterial pathogens; however, its transmission pathways remain unknown. new infections of h. pylori during outbreaks of gastroenteritis have been suggested previously, and to explore this transmission route further h. pylori was quantified in vomitus and diarrheal stool of patients suffering from acute gastroenteritis in dhaka, bangladesh. | 2009 | 19674127 |
| [analysis of exoproteins of el tor vibrio cholerae by 2de and maldi-tof-ms/ms]. | our aim is to analyze the exoproteins of the epidemic strain and nonepidemic strain of el tor vibrio cholerae. | 2009 | 19673410 |
| [gene expression differences of toxigenic and nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae strains in mannitol fermentation medium and luria-bertani broth]. | to analyze gene expression differences of toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of el tor vibrio cholerae growing separately in mannitol fermentation medium and lb (luria-bertani) broth. | 2009 | 19673408 |
| a comparative genomics, network-based approach to understanding virulence in vibrio cholerae. | our views of the genes that drive phenotypes have generally been built up one locus or operon at a time. however, a given phenotype, such as virulence, is a multilocus phenomenon. to gain a more comprehensive view of the genes and interactions underlying a phenotype, we propose an approach that incorporates information from comparative genomics and network biology and illustrate it by examining the virulence phenotype of vibrio cholerae o1 el tor n16961. we assessed the associations among the vi ... | 2009 | 19666715 |
| vibrio cholerae lexa coordinates ctx prophage gene expression. | the filamentous bacteriophage ctx phi transmits the cholera toxin genes by infecting and lysogenizing its host, vibrio cholerae. ctx phi genes required for virion production initiate transcription from the strong p(a) promoter, which is dually repressed in lysogens by the phage-encoded repressor rstr and the host-encoded sos repressor lexa. here we identify the neighboring divergent rstr promoter, p(r), and show that rstr both positively and negatively autoregulates its own expression from this ... | 2009 | 19666711 |
| carbohydrate-based anti-adhesive inhibition of vibrio cholerae toxin binding to gm1-os immobilized into artificial planar lipid membranes. | we have studied 'food grade' sialyloligosaccharides (sos) as anti-adhesive drugs or receptor analogues, since the terminal sialic acid residue has already been shown to contribute significantly to the adhesion and pathogenesis of the vibrio cholerae toxin (ctx). gm1-oligosaccharide (gm1-os) was immobilized into a supporting popc lipid bilayer onto a surface plasmon resonance (spr) chip, and the interaction between uninhibited ctx and gm1-os-popc was measured. sos inhibited 94.7% of the ctx bindi ... | 2009 | 19665695 |
| cholera vaccine will reduce antibiotic use. | 2009 | 19661401 | |
| n9l and l9n mutations toggle hha binding and hemolysin regulation by escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae h-ns. | proteins of the hha/ymoa family co-regulate with h-ns the expression of virulence factors in enterobacteriaceae. vibrio cholerae lacks hha-like proteins and its h-ns (vch-ns) is unable to bind hha, in spite of the conservation of a key residue for hha binding by escherichia coli h-ns (ech-ns). exchange of the residues in position 9 between vch-ns and ech-ns strongly reduces hha binding by ech-ns and introduces it in vch-ns. these mutations strongly affect the repression of the hemolysin operon i ... | 2009 | 19660457 |
| molecular analysis of vca1008: a putative phosphoporin of vibrio cholerae. | the phob/phor-dependent response to inorganic phosphate (pi)-starvation in vibrio cholerae o1 includes the expression of vc0719 for the response regulator phob, vca0033 for an alkaline phosphatase and vca1008 for an outer membrane protein (omp). sequences with high identity to these genes have been found in the genome of clinical and environmental strains, suggesting that the pi-starvation response in v. cholerae is well conserved. vca1008, an uncharacterized omp involved in v. cholerae pathogen ... | 2009 | 19659744 |
| genetic determination of essential residues of the vibrio cholerae actin cross-linking domain reveals functional similarity with glutamine synthetases. | actin cross-linking domains (acds) are distinct domains found in several bacterial toxins, including the vibrio cholerae martx toxin. the acd of v. cholerae (acd(vc)) catalyses the formation of an irreversible iso-peptide bond between lysine 50 and glutamic acid 270 on two actin molecules in an atp- and mg/mn(2+)-dependent manner. in vivo, cross-linking depletes the cellular pool of g-actin leading to actin cytoskeleton depolymerization. while the actin cross-linking reaction performed by these ... | 2009 | 19656298 |
| differential expression of enteric neuroimmune-network in invasive and acute watery diarrhoea. | we aimed to evaluate the changes of nerve morphology and distribution of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the rectum of shigella flexneri-infected patients and in the duodenum of vibrio cholerae o1-infected patients. nerve morphology was observed by transmission electron microscopy. immunoreactivity of nerve growth factor (ngf), neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in tissues were studied by immunohistochemistry. ultrastructural analysis of intestinal biopsy revealed persisting axons degene ... | 2010 | 19650770 |
| the dimer formed by the periplasmic domain of epsl from the type 2 secretion system of vibrio parahaemolyticus. | the type 2 secretion system (t2ss), occurring in many gram-negative bacteria, is responsible for the transport of a diversity of proteins from the periplasm across the outer membrane into the extracellular space. in vibrio cholerae, the t2ss secretes several unrelated proteins including the major virulence factor cholera toxin. the t2ss consists of three sub-assemblies, one of which is the inner membrane complex which contains multiple copies of five proteins, including the bitopic membrane prot ... | 2009 | 19646531 |
| calcium is essential for the major pseudopilin in the type 2 secretion system. | the pseudopilus is a key feature of the type 2 secretion system (t2ss) and is made up of multiple pseudopilins that are similar in fold to the type 4 pilins. however, pilins have disulfide bridges, whereas the major pseudopilins of t2ss do not. a key question is therefore how the pseudopilins, and in particular, the most abundant major pseudopilin, gspg, obtain sufficient stability to perform their function. crystal structures of vibrio cholerae, vibrio vulnificus, and enterohemorrhagic escheric ... | 2009 | 19640838 |
| survival and growth of salmonella and vibrio in som-fak, a thai low-salt garlic containing fermented fish product. | fermentation of raw fish is a common process in asia for improvement of shelf life and safety, however, little is known about the survival of pathogenic bacteria in these products. raw fish may be contaminated with salmonella and vibrio species. the purpose of this study was to determine survival and potential growth of salmonella enterica serovar weltevreden, s. enterica serovar enteritidis, vibrio cholerae and v. parahaemolyticus as influenced by the preservation parameters (sodium chloride, g ... | 2009 | 19640599 |
| [cholera in senegal from 2004 to 2006: lessons learned from successive outbreaks]. | between october 2004 and march 2006, a series of cholera outbreaks occurred in the west african nation of senegal. the purpose of this study was to describe and analyze these outbreaks as a basis for prevention and control. a total of 29556 cases were reported during the 18-month epidemic. the attack rate ranged from 0.6 to 100 per 10(4) inhabitants depending on region. the epidemic unfolded in three phases. the first phase (11 weeks) was promptly contained using basic control measures such as p ... | 2008 | 19639824 |
| [bacteriological load of the fishes cynoscion squamipinnis and lutjanus gutattus in the marketing chain, costa rica]. | bacteriological load of the fishes cynoscion squamipinnis and lutjanus gutattus in the marketing chain, costa rica. to determine the bacteriological quality of fishery products in the different stages from commercialization, monthly samples were taken during march 2004 and february 2006 from a costa rica marketing chain. microbiological analyses were made to determine total coliforms (ct), faecal coliforms (cf), escherichia coli (ec), aerobic total count (rta), salmonella sp., staphylococcus aur ... | 2009 | 19637687 |
| backbone and side chain 1h, 15n and 13c assignments for the reduced form of the oxidoreductase protein dsba from vibrio cholerae. | we have determined 13c/15n/1h assignments for the reduced and oxidised forms of vibrio cholerae dsba (vcdsba). these form the basis for ongoing studies aimed at characterising the dynamics observed in the different redox forms of this bacterial oxidoreductase enzyme. | 2007 | 19636831 |
| genetics of susceptibility to infection with enteric pathogens. | this review examines recent developments in human genetic susceptibility to enteropathogens that cause infectious diarrhea. | 2009 | 19633551 |
| insights into the biosynthesis of the vibrio cholerae major autoinducer cai-1 from the crystal structure of the plp-dependent enzyme cqsa. | cqsa is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of cholerae autoinducer-1 (cai-1), the major vibrio cholerae autoinducer engaged in quorum sensing. the amino acid sequence of cqsa suggests that it belongs to the family of alpha-oxoamine synthases that catalyse the condensation of an amino acid to an acyl-coa substrate. here we present the apo- and plp-bound crystal structures of cqsa and confirm that it shares structural homology with the dimeric alpha-oxoamine synthases, including a conserved pl ... | 2009 | 19631226 |
| field evaluation of crystal vc rapid dipstick test for cholera during a cholera outbreak in guinea-bissau. | to evaluate performance characteristics and ease of use of the new commercially available crystal vc rapid dipstick (vc) test (span diagnostics, india) for vibrio cholerae o1 and o139. | 2009 | 19624473 |
| structural and molecular mechanism for autoprocessing of martx toxin of vibrio cholerae at multiple sites. | the multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxin of vibrio cholerae causes destruction of the actin cytoskeleton by covalent cross-linking of actin and inactivation of rho gtpases. the effector domains responsible for these activities are here shown to be independent proteins released from the large toxin by autoproteolysis catalyzed by an embedded cysteine protease domain (cpd). the cpd is activated upon binding inositol hexakisphosphate (insp(6)). in this study, we demonstrate ... | 2009 | 19620709 |
| high-throughput sequencing reveals suppressors of vibrio cholerae rpoe mutations: one fewer porin is enough. | analyses of suppressor mutations have been extremely valuable in understanding gene function. however, techniques for mapping suppressor mutations are not available for most bacterial species. here, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to identify spontaneously arising suppressor mutations that enabled disruption of rpoe (which encodes sigma(e)) in vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera. the alternative sigma factor sigma(e), which is activated by envelope stress, promotes expression of ... | 2009 | 19620211 |
| dna binding proteins of the filamentous phages ctxphi and vgjphi of vibrio cholerae. | the native product of open reading frame 112 (orf112) and a recombinant variant of the rstb protein, encoded by vibrio cholerae pathogen-specific bacteriophages vgjphi and ctxphi, respectively, were purified to more than 90% homogeneity. orf112 protein was shown to specifically bind single-stranded genomic dna of vgjphi; however, rstb protein unexpectedly bound double-stranded dna in addition to the single-stranded genomic dna. the dna binding properties of these proteins may explain their requi ... | 2009 | 19617366 |
| secondary acylation of vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide requires phosphorylation of kdo. | the lipopolysaccharide of vibrio cholerae has been reported to contain a single 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (kdo) residue that is phosphorylated. the phosphorylated kdo sugar further links the hexa-acylated v. cholerae lipid a domain to the core oliogosaccharide and o-antigen. in this report, we confirm that v. cholerae possesses the enzymatic machinery to synthesize a phosphorylated kdo residue. further, we have determined that the presence of the phosphate group on the kdo residue is nece ... | 2009 | 19617350 |
| three-dimensional structure of the detergent-solubilized vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) heptamer by electron cryomicroscopy. | vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) is a pore-forming toxin that inserts a lytic water-filled channel into susceptible host membranes. assembly of the toxin on cell surfaces may be enhanced by two tandem lectin domains, in addition to direct interactions with lipids and cholesterol within the membrane itself. we used single-particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryoem) to generate a low-resolution molecular structure of the detergent-solubilized vcc oligomer to 20a resolution. after confirming a heptame ... | 2010 | 19616104 |
| on spatially explicit models of cholera epidemics. | we generalize a recently proposed model for cholera epidemics that accounts for local communities of susceptibles and infectives in a spatially explicit arrangement of nodes linked by networks having different topologies. the vehicle of infection (vibrio cholerae) is transported through the network links that are thought of as hydrological connections among susceptible communities. the mathematical tools used are borrowed from general schemes of reactive transport on river networks acting as the ... | 2010 | 19605400 |
| special articles: the bacteriological examination of feces for vibrio cholerae. | 1911 | 19599642 | |
| fully automated protein purification. | obtaining highly purified proteins is essential to begin investigating their functional and structural properties. the steps that are typically involved in purifying proteins can include an initial capture, intermediate purification, and a final polishing step. completing these steps can take several days and require frequent attention to ensure success. our goal was to design automated protocols that would allow the purification of proteins with minimal operator intervention. separate methods h ... | 2009 | 19595984 |
| two different mechanisms of ampicillin resistance operating in strains of vibrio cholerae o1 independent of resistance genes. | autoagglutinable strains of vibrio cholerae o1 (seven nonfimbriate strains and one fimbriate strain) were transformed to obtain resistance to ampicillin. two distinct mechanisms were found in these strains. one was operating in nonfimbriate strains by reducing ompu protein production and the other was operating in a fimbriate strain (bgd17) by newly overproducing cpxp protein. the twitching motility in the fimbriate bgd17 strain disappeared depending on the production of cpxp protein, suggesting ... | 2009 | 19594624 |
| characterization of two outer membrane proteins, flgo and flgp, that influence vibrio cholerae motility. | vibrio cholerae is highly motile by the action of a single polar flagellum. the loss of motility reduces the infectivity of v. cholerae, demonstrating that motility is an important virulence factor. flrc is the sigma-54-dependent positive regulator of flagellar genes. recently, the genes vc2206 (flgp) and vc2207 (flgo) were identified as being regulated by flrc via a microarray analysis of an flrc mutant (d. c. morris, f. peng, j. r. barker, and k. e. klose, j. bacteriol. 190:231-239, 2008). flg ... | 2009 | 19592588 |
| proteins involved in difference of sorbitol fermentation rates of the toxigenic and nontoxigenic vibrio cholerae el tor strains revealed by comparative proteome analysis. | the nontoxigenic v. cholerae el tor strains ferment sorbitol faster than the toxigenic strains, hence fast-fermenting and slow-fermenting strains are defined by sorbitol fermentation test. this test has been used for more than 40 years in cholera surveillance and strain analysis in china. understanding of the mechanisms of sorbitol metabolism of the toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains may help to explore the genome and metabolism divergence in these strains. here we used comparative proteomic ana ... | 2009 | 19589152 |
| antimicrobial activity of elephant garlic oil against vibrio cholerae in vitro and in a food model. | vibrio cholera is a major foodborne pathogen in thailand. it is present in raw and lightly cooked foods, and it causes cholera. natural products inhibiting it can be used to improve the safety of foods. in this study, elephant garlic oil was studied for its major diallyl sulfide content and its antimicrobial activity against v. cholerae. the oil had a very low concentration of diallyl monosulfides (1.62%) in comparison with the other diallyl sulfides (25.09% for diallyl disulfide, 16.04% for dia ... | 2009 | 19584531 |
| [five years of cholera surveillance in ivory coast during social and political crisis, 2001 to 2005]. | for an efficient struggle against infectious diseases with epidemic potential, the cdte d'ivoire set up a precocious alert system in 2001 with a main objective: to detect epidemics of cholera, measles, yellow fever and meningitis and to provide necessary information for their control and their prevention. during the 2001 to 2005 period, the country was marked by military and political crisis which occurred in 2002; the country had to face up to a reappearance of cholera. how did it evolve in suc ... | 2009 | 19583033 |
| genetic determinants of virulence, antibiogram and altered biotype among the vibrio cholerae o1 isolates from different cholera outbreaks in india. | cholera diarrhea is still a major health challenge for a large part of globe. global replacement of vibrio cholerae classical biotype by el tor biotype, emergence of o139 serogroup and rapid spread of antibiotic resistant strains indicate the continuous evolution in v. cholerae. in this study, 114 v. cholerae o1 serotype ogawa isolates, collected from different cholera outbreaks in different regions of india between 2004 and 2007 were subjected to biochemical, immunological and molecular charact ... | 2010 | 19580888 |
| single dose azithromycin versus ciprofloxacin for cholera in children: a randomized controlled trial. | to compare the clinical and bacteriological success of single dose treatment with azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in children with cholera. | 2010 | 19578229 |
| expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray studies of vibrio cholerae pseudopilin epsh. | epsh is a minor pseudopilin protein of the vibrio cholerae type ii secretion system. a truncated form of epsh with a c-terminal noncleavable his tag was constructed and expressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized by sitting-drop vapor diffusion. a complete data set was collected to 1.71 a resolution. the crystals belonged to space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 53.39, b = 71.11, c = 84.64 a. there were two protein molecules in the asymmetric unit, which gave a ma ... | 2009 | 19574644 |
| sialic acid catabolism confers a competitive advantage to pathogenic vibrio cholerae in the mouse intestine. | sialic acids comprise a family of nine-carbon ketosugars that are ubiquitous on mammalian mucous membranes. however, sialic acids have a limited distribution among bacteria and are confined mainly to pathogenic and commensal species. vibrio pathogenicity island 2 (vpi-2), a 57-kb region found exclusively among pathogenic strains of vibrio cholerae, contains a cluster of genes (nan-nag) putatively involved in the scavenging (nanh), transport (dctpqm), and catabolism (nana, nane, nank, and naga) o ... | 2009 | 19564383 |
| bicarbonate induces vibrio cholerae virulence gene expression by enhancing toxt activity. | vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacterium that is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. the two biotypes of v. cholerae o1 capable of causing cholera, classical and el tor, require different in vitro growth conditions for induction of virulence gene expression. growth under the inducing conditions or infection of a host initiates a complex regulatory cascade that results in production of toxt, a regulatory protein that directly activates transcription of the genes encodi ... | 2009 | 19564378 |
| transcutaneous immunization with a synthetic hexasaccharide-protein conjugate induces anti-vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide responses in mice. | antibodies specific for vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccaride (lps) are common in humans recovering from cholera, and constitute a primary component of the vibriocidal response, a serum complement-mediated bacteriocidal response correlated with protection against cholera. in order to determine whether transcutaneous immunization (tci) with a v. cholerae neoglycoconjugate (cho-bsa) comprised of a synthetic terminal hexasaccharide of the o-specific polysaccharide of v. cholerae o1 (ogawa) conjugated w ... | 2009 | 19563890 |
| rna colony blot hybridization method for enumeration of culturable vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus bacteria. | a species-specific rna colony blot hybridization protocol was developed for enumeration of culturable vibrio cholerae and vibrio mimicus bacteria in environmental water samples. bacterial colonies on selective or nonselective plates were lysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate, and the lysates were immobilized on nylon membranes. a fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probe targeting a phylogenetic signature sequence of 16s rrna of v. cholerae and v. mimicus was hybridized to rrna molecules immobilized ... | 2009 | 19561182 |
| comparative evolutionary analysis of the major structural subunit of vibrio vulnificus type iv pili. | type iv pili contribute to virulence in vibrio vulnificus, the bacterium responsible for the majority of fatal seafood-related infections. here, we performed within- and between-species evolutionary analysis of the gene that encodes the major structural subunit of the pilus, pila, by comparing it with pild and gyrb, the genes encoding the type iv prepilin peptidase and beta subunit of dna gyrase, respectively. although the diversity in pild and gyrb is similar to each other and likely to have ac ... | 2009 | 19556347 |
| evaluation of a highly discriminating multiplex multi-locus variable-number of tandem-repeats (mlva) analysis for vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera and may be used in bioterror actions due to the easiness of its dissemination, and the public fear for acquiring the cholera disease. a simple and highly discriminating method for connecting clinical and environmental isolates of v. cholerae is needed in microbial forensics. twelve different loci containing variable numbers of tandem-repeats (vntrs) were evaluated in which six loci were polymorphic. two multiplex reactions containing pcr primer ... | 2009 | 19555725 |
| intranasal administration of proteoliposome-derived cochleates from vibrio cholerae o1 induce mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice. | conservative estimates place the death toll from cholera at more than 100,000 persons each year. a particulate mucosal vaccine strategy combining antigens and immune stimulator molecules from vibrio cholerae to overcome this problem is described. proteoliposomes extracted from v. cholerae o1 were transformed into cochleates (afco2, adjuvant finlay cochleate 2) through a calcium inducible rotary dialysis method. light microscopy was carried out and tubules of 16.25+/-4.57 microm in length were ob ... | 2009 | 19545630 |
| hospital-based surveillance of enteric parasites in kolkata. | diarrhoea is the second leading cause of illness and death in developing countries and the second commonest cause of death due to infectious diseases among children under five in such countries. parasites, as well as bacterial and viral pathogens, are important causes of diarrhoea. however, parasitic infections are sometimes overlooked, leading after a period of time to an uncertain aetiology. in this paper we report the prevalence of giardia lamblia, entamoeba histolytica and cryptosporidium sp ... | 2009 | 19545355 |
| benthic ecology of vibrio spp. and pathogenic vibrio species in a coastal mediterranean environment (la spezia gulf, italy). | we carried out a 16-month in situ study to investigate the ecology of vibrio spp. and pathogenic vibrio species in coastal sediments of the mediterranean sea, employing multiple-regression analysis to reveal the major environmental factors controlling their occurrence in the benthic environment. in addition, association between vibrios and sediment-inhabiting meiofauna, which is a major component of benthic ecosystems, was investigated. culturable and total vibrio spp. estimates by most-probable ... | 2009 | 19543938 |
| genetic analysis of activation of the vibrio cholerae cpx pathway. | the cpx two-component system is thought to mediate envelope stress responses in many gram-negative bacteria and has been implicated in the pathogenicity of several enteric pathogens. while cues that activate the escherichia coli cpx system have been identified, the nature of the molecular signals that stimulate this pathway is not well understood. here, we investigated stimuli that trigger this system in vibrio cholerae, a facultative pathogen that adapts to various niches during its life cycle. ... | 2009 | 19542291 |
| cell envelope perturbation induces oxidative stress and changes in iron homeostasis in vibrio cholerae. | the vibrio cholerae type ii secretion (t2s) machinery is a multiprotein complex that spans the cell envelope. when the t2s system is inactivated, cholera toxin and other exoproteins accumulate in the periplasmic compartment. additionally, loss of secretion via the t2s system leads to a reduced growth rate, compromised outer membrane integrity, and induction of the extracytoplasmic stress factor rpoe (a. e. sikora, s. r. lybarger, and m. sandkvist, j. bacteriol. 189:8484-8495, 2007). in this stud ... | 2009 | 19542276 |
| [molecular characterization of vibrio cholerae phage-type 6b epidemic isolates from 1998 to 2001 in sichuan province]. | to investigate the molecular characteristics of phage-type 6b isolates emerging in 1998-2001 cholera epidemics in sichuan province. | 2009 | 19534996 |
| antigen-specific memory b-cell responses to vibrio cholerae o1 infection in bangladesh. | cholera, caused by vibrio cholerae, is a noninvasive dehydrating enteric disease with a high mortality rate if untreated. infection with v. cholerae elicits long-term protection against subsequent disease in countries where the disease is endemic. although the mechanism of this protective immunity is unknown, it has been hypothesized that a protective mucosal response to v. cholerae infection may be mediated by anamnestic responses of memory b cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. to char ... | 2009 | 19528207 |
| detection of virulence-associated and regulatory protein genes in association with phage typing of human vibrio cholerae from several geographical regions of the world. | vibrio cholerae o1, o139 and occasionally non-o1/non-o139 serogroups are most often responsible for epidemic and pandemic cholera. this study used genotypic patterns of pcr-based detection of virulence-associated and regulatory protein genes, along with phage typing, to characterize 86 v. cholerae strains. thirty-eight of 53 o1 biotype el tor strains harboured both tcpa classical and tcpa el tor genes, and three el tor strains lacked the v. cholerae o1-specific gene (vc-o1); three o139 strains c ... | 2009 | 19528176 |
| overexpression of vpss, a hybrid sensor kinase, enhances biofilm formation in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae causes the disease cholera and inhabits aquatic environments. one key factor in the environmental survival of v. cholerae is its ability to form matrix-enclosed, surface-associated microbial communities known as biofilms. mature biofilms rely on vibrio polysaccharide to connect cells to each other and to a surface. we previously described a core regulatory network, which consists of two positive transcriptional regulators, vpsr and vpst, and a negative transcriptional regulator h ... | 2009 | 19525342 |
| randomized placebo controlled human volunteer trial of a live oral cholera vaccine va1.3 for safety and immune response. | a live oral cholera vaccine developed from a non-toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor strain va1.3 was tested in a double-blind randomized placebo controlled study for safety and immunogenicity in 304 men aged between 16 and 50 years from kolkata, india. a dose of 5 x 10(9)cfu (n=186) or a placebo (n=116) containing the diluent buffer was administered. the vaccine did not elicit adverse events except in two vaccine recipients with mild diarrhoea and vomiting. none excreted the vaccine strain. vib ... | 2009 | 19523608 |
| protein assembly onto cationic supported bilayers. | cationic supported bilayers on latex are useful to isolate and immobilize oppositely charged proteins as a monomolecular layer over a range of low protein concentrations and particle number densities. cholera toxin (ct) from vibrio cholerae, an 87 kda ab5 hexameric protein and bovine serum albumin (bsa) self-assembled on dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (dodab) supported bilayers with high affinity yielding highly organized and monodisperse particulates at 5 x 10(9) particles/ml, over a range ... | 2009 | 19504885 |
| user friendly cloning coupled with chitin-based natural transformation enables rapid mutagenesis of vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus is a bacterial contaminant of shellfish and causes highly lethal sepsis and destructive wound infections. a definitive identification of virulence factors using the molecular version of koch's postulates has been hindered because of difficulties in performing molecular genetic analysis of this opportunistic pathogen. for example, conjugation is required to introduce plasmid dna, and allelic exchange suicide vectors that rely on sucrose sensitivity for counterselection are not e ... | 2009 | 19502446 |
| sxy induces a crp-s regulon in escherichia coli. | escherichia coli is not considered naturally competent, yet it has homologues of the genes that most competent bacteria use for dna uptake and processing. in haemophilus influenzae and vibrio cholerae, these genes are regulated by the sxy and cyclic amp receptor (crp) proteins. we used microarrays to find out whether similar regulation occurs in e. coli. expression of sxy strongly induced 63 transcriptional units, 34 of which required crp for transcriptional activation and had promoter sites res ... | 2009 | 19502395 |
| functional role of a conserved aspartic acid residue in the motor of the na(+)-driven flagellum from vibrio cholerae. | the flagellar motor consists of a rotor and a stator and couples the flux of cations (h(+) or na(+)) to the generation of the torque necessary to drive flagellum rotation. the inner membrane proteins poma and pomb are stator components of the na(+)-driven flagellar motor from vibrio cholerae. affinity-tagged variants of poma and pomb were co-expressed in trans in the non-motile v. cholerae pomab deletion strain to study the role of the conserved d23 in the transmembrane helix of pomb. at ph 9, t ... | 2009 | 19501041 |
| recruitment of the earliest component of the bacterial flagellum to the old cell division pole by a membrane-associated signal recognition particle family gtp-binding protein. | the specialised signal recognition particle family guanosine 5c-triphosphate (gtp)-binding protein flhf is required for the correct localisation of flagella in several bacterial species. here, we characterise the regions of vibrio cholerae flhf that are required for its function and targeting to the old cell pole, and we present evidence for a mechanism by which flhf establishes flagellum polar localisation. substitution of residues in flhf nucleotide-binding motifs reduced gtp binding and the e ... | 2009 | 19497327 |
| pore-forming toxins activate mapk p38 by causing loss of cellular potassium. | mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) p38 has emerged as a survival protein in cells that are attacked by bacterial toxins forming small membrane pores. activation of p38 by pore forming toxins (pft) has been attributed to osmotic stress, but here we show that loss of k+ is likely to be the critical parameter. several lines of evidence support this conclusion: first, osmoprotection did not prevent p38-phosphorylation in alpha-toxin-loaded cells. second, treatment of cells with a k+ ionophore, ... | 2009 | 19497299 |
| correlations between carbon metabolism and virulence in bacteria. | bacteria have developed several mechanisms which allow the preferred utilization of the most efficiently metabolizable carbohydrates when these organisms are exposed to a mixture of carbon sources. interestingly, the same or similar mechanisms are used by some pathogens to control various steps of their infection process. the efficient metabolism of a carbon source might serve as signal for proper fitness. alternatively, the presence of a specific carbon source might indicate to bacterial cells ... | 2009 | 19494580 |
| vibriobactin antibodies: a vaccine strategy. | a new target strategy in the development of bacterial vaccines, the induction of antibodies to microbial outer membrane ferrisiderophore complexes, is explored. a vibriobactin (vib) analogue, with a thiol tether, 1-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)-5,9-bis[[(4s,5r)-2-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-4-oxazolyl]carbonyl]-14-(3-mercaptopropanoyl)-1,5,9,14-tetraazatetradecane, was synthesized and linked to ovalbumin (ova) and bovine serum albumin (bsa). the antigenicity of the vib microbial iron che ... | 2009 | 19492834 |
| pleiotropic effects of the twin-arginine translocation system on biofilm formation, colonization, and virulence in vibrio cholerae. | the twin-arginine translocation (tat) system serves to translocate folded proteins, including periplasmic enzymes that bind redox cofactors in bacteria. the tat system is also a determinant of virulence in some pathogenic bacteria, related to pleiotropic effects including growth, motility, and the secretion of some virulent factors. the contribution of the tat pathway to vibrio cholerae has not been explored. here we investigated the functionality of the tat system in v. cholerae, the etiologic ... | 2009 | 19480715 |
| overexpression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray studies of vibrio cholerae epsg. | epsg is the major pseudopilin protein of the vibrio cholerae type ii secretion system. an expression plasmid that encodes an n-terminally truncated form of epsg with a c-terminal noncleavable his tag was constructed. recombinant epsg was expressed in escherichia coli; the truncated protein was purified and crystallized by hanging-drop vapor diffusion against a reservoir containing 6 mm zinc sulfate, 60 mm mes ph 6.5, 15% peg mme 550. the crystals diffracted x-rays to a resolution of 2.26 a and b ... | 2009 | 19478449 |
| differential modulation of nf-kappab-mediated pro-inflammatory response in human intestinal epithelial cells by chey homologues of vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, colonizes the small intestine, produces an enterotoxin and causes acute inflammatory response at intestinal epithelial surface. chemotaxis and motility greatly influence the infectivity of v. cholerae although the role of chemotaxis genes in v. cholerae pathogenesis is less well understood. four chey genes are present in three clusters in the complete genome sequence of v. cholerae. a less motile and less adherent mutant was generated by inactiv ... | 2009 | 19474207 |
| establishment of an adult mouse model for direct evaluation of the efficacy of vaccines against vibrio cholerae. | we describe here a new animal model that offers the prospect of using conventional adult mice for direct evaluation of the protective potential of new cholera vaccines. pretreatment of adult mice with oral streptomycin allowed intestinal colonization by streptomycin-resistant vibrio cholerae strains of either the o1 or the o139 serogroup. bacteria were recovered in greatest numbers from the cecum and large intestine, but recoveries from all regions of the gut correlated significantly with bacter ... | 2009 | 19470748 |
| insights into the evolution of sialic acid catabolism among bacteria. | sialic acids comprise a family of nine-carbon amino sugars that are prevalent in mucus rich environments. sialic acids from the human host are used by a number of pathogens as an energy source. here we explore the evolution of the genes involved in the catabolism of sialic acid. | 2009 | 19470179 |
| antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim, alone and in combinittion, against vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor serotype ogawa isolates. | in this communication, the ciprofloxacin-trimethoprim (cp-tm) combination showed synergistic (fractional inhibitory concentration, fic index 0.399) and additive (fic index 0.665-0.83) effects against vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor serotype ogawa isolates having cp mics 10 microg/ml and cp 0.66 microg/ml, respectively, following agar dilution checkerboard method. the time-kill study results demonstrated synergy between cp and tm against both groups of isolates providing 2.04 log10 (for strain ... | 2009 | 19469287 |
| rapid detection of intestinal pathogens in fecal samples by an improved reverse dot blot method. | to develop a new, rapid and accurate reverse dot blot (rdb) method for the detection of intestinal pathogens in fecal samples. | 2009 | 19469006 |
| multiple antibiotic resistance profiles of vibrio cholerae non-o1 and non-o139. | in this study, the patterns of resistance to 10 antibiotics by 730 vibrio cholerae non-o1 and non-o139 species isolated from both environmental and seafood samples were investigated. susceptibility to different antimicrobial agents was assessed by the disc diffusion technique. the frequencies of resistance to 10 antimicrobial agents--ampicillin, chloramphenicol, bacitracin, erythromycin, gentamycin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, vancomycin, penicillin, and neomycin--were 88, 46, 8, 64, 13, 85, ... | 2009 | 19468189 |
| mechanistic and structural insights into the proteolytic activation of vibrio cholerae martx toxin. | martx toxins modulate the virulence of a number of gram-negative vibrio species. this family of toxins is defined by the presence of a cysteine protease domain (cpd), which proteolytically activates the vibrio cholerae martx toxin. although recent structural studies of the cpd have uncovered a new allosteric activation mechanism, the mechanism of cpd substrate recognition or toxin processing is unknown. here we show that interdomain cleavage of martxvc enhances effector domain function. we also ... | 2009 | 19465933 |
| zonulin is not increased in the cardiac and esophageal mucosa of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. | human zonulin, related to the zonula occludens toxin of vibrio cholerae, regulates intestinal permeability and is induced in inflammatory disorders of the lower gi tract. gastroesophageal reflux disease (gerd) is associated with an impairment of epithelial barrier function. here, we studied expression of zonulin in the gastroesophageal mucosa of 58 patients with typical reflux symptoms and 27 asymptomatic controls. during endoscopy, multiple biopsies from gastroesophageal mucosa were obtained fo ... | 2009 | 19463740 |
| the sos response controls integron recombination. | integrons are found in the genome of hundreds of environmental bacteria but are mainly known for their role in the capture and spread of antibiotic resistance determinants among gram-negative pathogens. we report a direct link between this system and the ubiquitous sos response. we found that lexa controlled expression of most integron integrases and consequently regulated cassette recombination. this regulatory coupling enhanced the potential for cassette swapping and capture in cells under str ... | 2009 | 19460999 |
| characterization of potentially virulent non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae strains isolated from human patients. | traditional methods of typing vibrio cholerae define virulent strains according to their recognition by sera directed against the known epidemic serogroups o1 and o139, overlooking potentially virulent non-o1/non-o139 strains. here, we have undertaken the characterization of eight clinical isolates of non-o1/non-o139 v. cholerae, collected during cholera outbreaks in brazil. seven of these were typed as o26 and one, 17155, was defined as non-typable. a pcr-based approach has previously detected ... | 2010 | 19456828 |
| non-o1 vibrio cholerae inguinal skin and soft tissue infection with bullous skin lesions in a patient with a penis squamous cell carcinoma. | vibrio spp. is a pathogen rarely isolated in cancer patients, and in most cases it is associated with haematological diseases. cutaneous manifestations of this organism are even rarer. we report a case of non-o1 vibrio cholerae inguinal skin and soft tissue infection presenting bullous skin lesions in a young type ii diabetic patient with a penis squamous cell carcinoma having a seawater exposure history. | 2009 | 19454006 |
| intranasal immunization with recombinant toxin-coregulated pilus and cholera toxin b subunit protects rabbits against vibrio cholerae o1 challenge. | intranasal immunization, a noninvasive method of vaccination, has been found to be effective in inducing systemic and mucosal immune responses. the present study was aimed at investigating the efficacy of intranasal immunization in inducing mucosal immunity in experimental cholera by subunit recombinant protein vaccines from vibrio cholerae o1. the structural genes encoding toxin-coregulated pilus a (tcpa) and b subunit of cholera toxin (ctxb) from v. cholerae o1 were cloned and expressed in esc ... | 2009 | 19453752 |
| microbial oceanography in a sea of opportunity. | plankton use solar energy to drive the nutrient cycles that make the planet habitable for larger organisms. we can now explore the diversity and functions of plankton using genomics, revealing the gene repertoires associated with survival in the oceans. such studies will help us to appreciate the sensitivity of ocean systems and of the ocean's response to climate change, improving the predictive power of climate models. | 2009 | 19444203 |
| intramuscular delivery of a cholera dna vaccine primes both systemic and mucosal protective antibody responses against cholera. | cholera is a potentially lethal diarrhea disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium vibrio cholerae. the need for an effective cholera vaccine is clearly indicated but the challenges of eliciting both systemic and mucosal immune responses remains a significant challenge. in the current report, we discovered that a dna vaccine expressing a protective cholera antigen, cholera toxin b subunit (ctb), delivered parenterally can elicit both systemic and mucosal anti-ctb antibody responses in mice. ... | 2009 | 19443090 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin contains a broad repertoire of anticarbohydrate antibodies that is not restricted to the igg2 subclass. | specificities for carbohydrate igg antibodies, thought to be predominantly of the igg2 subclass, have never been broadly examined in healthy human subjects. | 2009 | 19443021 |
| the rho gtpase inactivation domain in vibrio cholerae martx toxin has a circularly permuted papain-like thiol protease fold. | a rho gtpase inactivation domain (rid) has been discovered in the multifunctional, autoprocessing rtx toxin rtxa from vibrio cholerae. the rid domain causes actin depolymerization and rounding of host cells through inactivation of the small rho gtpases rho, rac, and cdc42. with only a few toxin proteins containing rid domains in the current sequence database, the structure and molecular mechanisms of this domain are unknown. using comparative sequence and structural analyses, we report homology ... | 2009 | 19434753 |
| structural and unfolding features of hlyt, a tetrameric lysr type transcription regulator of vibrio cholerae. | hlyt from vibrio cholerae is a positive regulator of na(+)/h(+) antiporter, important for the survival of the organism in an aquatic environment and within the human host. here we report cloning, over-expression and purification of hlyt. analytical gel filtration and glutaraldehyde cross-linking indicate existence of tetrameric and dimeric forms of hlyt in solution. we propose an unfolding model of hlyt on the basis of guanidine hydrochloride-induced equilibrium unfolding, analyzed by cd and spe ... | 2009 | 19427417 |
| mechanism of drug resistance in a clinical isolate of vibrio fluvialis: involvement of multiple plasmids and integrons. | the role of mobile genetic elements in imparting multiple drug resistance to a clinical isolate of vibrio fluvialis (bd146) was investigated. this isolate showed complete or intermediate resistance to all of the 14 antibiotics tested. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) revealed the presence of a class 1 integron and the absence of the sxt element in this isolate. the strain harboured a 7.5 kb plasmid and a very low copy number plasmid of unknown molecular size. transformation of escherichia coli wi ... | 2009 | 19427174 |