Publications

an investigation into the distribution, host-preference and population density of ixodid ticks affecting domestic animals in bangladesh.	to study the distribution, host-preference and population density of ixodid ticks in bangladesh, an attempt was made to collect adult ticks from various host animals in three distinct topographic zones, viz. flood plains, hills and steppe 'barind'. five species of ixodid ticks were recorded, namely, boophilus microplus (56.3%), haemaphysalis bispinosa (11.3%), rhipicephalus sanguineus (14.7%), hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (15.0%) and amblyomma testudinarium (2.8%). the data showed that b. micr ...	2006	17243476
gene silencing of the tick protective antigens, bm86, bm91 and subolesin, in the one-host tick boophilus microplus by rna interference.	the use of rna interference (rnai) to assess gene function has been demonstrated in several three-host tick species but adaptation of rnai to the one-host tick, boophilus microplus, has not been reported. we evaluated the application of rnai in b. microplus and the effect of gene silencing on three tick-protective antigens: bm86, bm91 and subolesin. gene-specific double-stranded (dsrna) was injected into two tick stages, freshly molted unfed and engorged females, and specific gene silencing was ...	2007	17196597
infectivity rate and transmission potential of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks for babesia equi infection.	the infectivity rate of babesia equi in the salivary glands of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum was assessed. the hungry nymphs were fed on a donkey experimentally infected with b. equi. the engorged dropped-off nymphs were collected at different levels of parasitaemia and kept in bod incubator. after ecdysis, the hungry adults were prefed on rabbits for different time intervals, thereafter the salivary glands were dissected out and acini were examined after methyl green pyronin (mgp) staining. a ...	2007	17112671
importance of ticks and their chemical and immunological control in livestock.	the medical and economic importance of ticks has long been recognized due to their ability to transmit diseases to humans and animals. ticks cause great economic losses to livestock, and adversely affect livestock hosts in several ways. loss of blood is a direct effect of ticks acting as potential vector for haemo-protozoa and helminth parasites. blood sucking by large numbers of ticks causes reduction in live weight and anemia among domestic animals, while their bites also reduce the quality of ...	0	17048307
rickettsial agents in egyptian ticks collected from domestic animals.	to assess the presence of rickettsial pathogens in ticks from egypt, we collected ticks from domestic and peridomestic animals between june 2002 and july 2003. dna extracts from 1019 ticks were tested, using pcr and sequencing, for anaplasma spp., bartonella spp., coxiella burnetii, ehrlichia spp., and rickettsia spp. ticks included: 29 argas persicus, 10 hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, 55 hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, 174 hyalomma dromedarii, 2 hyalomma impeltatum, 3 hyalomma marginatum rufipe ...	2006	17004028
[genetic monitoring of the crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus in kazakhstan and tajikistan in 2001-2003].	blood specimens obtained from 32 cchf patients were tested for the presence of cchf virus markers. in addition, 3210 ticks of the genera hyalomma asiaticum, hyalomma anatolicum, and dermacentor niveus were examined to identify the cchf virus antigen and rna. this material was obtained during the 2001-2003 local outbreaks of cchf in kazakhstan and tajikistan. the nucleotide sequence in the region 983-1282 of s segment of the cchf virus for 12 wild type strains was determined. the phylogenetic rel ...	2006	16756002
prevalence of theileria spp. infection in sheep in south khorasan province, iran.	the prevalence of theileria spp. infection was studied in sheep in the south khorasan province in iran from 2003 to 2004. a total of 840 sheep from 34 flocks were clinically examined and investigated for the presence of theileria spp. in the appropriate blood smears and any tick species on the body of the animals. in this study, 11.9% of sheep were infected with theileria spp., with a parasitemia of 0.02-0.1%. differences in the infection rates were statistically significant among different area ...	2006	16730905
natural infection rates and transmission of theileria annulata by hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks in the sudan.	hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum nymphs were collected from two localities in the sudan: eddamer in northern sudan and wad-medani in central sudan. they were allowed to moult to adult ticks, which were assessed for theileria infection in their salivary glands using feulgen stain. at eddamer, 49.6% of 123 ticks examined were infected with theileria and the mean intensity of infection was 1.3 (i.e. the number of infected acini/number of infected ticks). at wad-medani, 8.6% of 162 ticks were infected ...	2005	16562733
a molecular survey of bovine theileria parasites among apparently healthy cattle and with a note on the distribution of ticks in eastern turkey.	a survey of theileria parasites in cattle in eastern turkey was carried out using specific polymerase chain reaction. a total of 252 blood samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle between june and july 2004. of 252 blood samples examined, 41 (16%) were positive for piroplasms by microscopy, whereas 114 (45%) were positive for the presence of at least one species of theileria by pcr. the percentages of positive animals for theileria annulata and benign theileria species (theileria se ...	2006	16510248
[ixodidae ticks in bishkek].	the fauna of ixodidae ticks was studied in bishkek in 1998-2004. the city is situated in the center of the chuisk valley, at the foot of the kirghiz ridge, at the boundary of a submountain-plain-arid region and a plain-piedmont-semiarid one with steppe fragments. the ticks were gathered on a flag from small mammalians caught by gero traps, from birds, domestic and agricultural animals. a total of 648 animals of 13 species were examined. the bites of ticks were registered in 98 persons in the cit ...	2005	16445237
some observations on ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting sheep in river nile province of northern sudan.	five species of ixodid ticks were found in a cross-sectional survey in which 200 sheep were examined for ticks in river nile province, sudan. hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum was the predominant species (73.6%), whereas ticks belonging to the rhipicephalus sanguineus group (14.7%), rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (9.1%), rhipicephalus simus (2%) and hyalomma dromedarii (0.5%) were also found. the mean tick load was 11.2 per animal. in a subsequent longitudinal survey ticks were collected on a monthl ...	2005	16300192
reduction of theileria annulata infection in ticks fed on calves immunized with purified larval antigens of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.	larval antigen of hyalonmma anatolicum anatolicum, the vector of theileria annulata, was purified by two-step affinity chromatography using anti-tick gut-specific rabbit igg and igg from immunized cattle. the purified antigen showed the presence of a single polypeptide of 37 kda (ghlagp) on sds-page. two groups (i and ii) of naive crossbred calves (bos taurus x b. indicus) were immunized with i mg of ghlagp in three divided doses. immunized calves of group i were also infected with a sublethal d ...	2005	16274006
cellular infiltration at skin lesions and draining lymph nodes of sheep infested with adult hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks.	immunohistochemical analysis of skin and draining lymph nodes of sheep repeatedly infested with the ixodid tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were studied for different antigen-presenting cells and lymphocyte subpopulations. infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes adjacent to the tick bite site were observed. skin biopsies showed significant increases in dermal infiltration of cd8+ and gammadelta+ t cells at 72 h and 8 days after both primary and secondary infestation. infiltra ...	2005	16255824
simultaneous detection of "rickettsia mongolotimonae" in a patient and in a tick in greece.	rickettsia conorii, a spotted fever group rickettsia which is transmitted by rhipicephalus sp. complex ticks, was considered until now the only pathogenic rickettsia prevalent in greece. here, we report the presence of "rickettsia mongolotimonae" (proposed name) detected simultaneously in a patient and in a hyalomma anatolicum excavatum tick, sampled on the patient.	2005	16000506
molecular phylogenetic studies on an unnamed bovine babesia sp. based on small subunit ribosomal rna gene sequences.	the 18s small subunit ribosomal rna (18s rrna) gene of an unnamed babesia species (designated b. u sp.) was sequenced and analyzed in an attempt to distinguish it from other babesia species in china. the target dna segment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the pcr product was ligated to the pgem-t easy vector for sequencing. it was found that the length of the 18s rrna gene of all b. u sp. kashi 1 and b. u sp. kashi 2 was 1699 bp and 1689 bp. two phylogenetic trees were, respecti ...	2005	15982821
[study of virus contamination of ixodes ticks in the foci of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in kazakhstan and tajikistan].	the data on the contamination of different of ticks with crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus on the territory of kazakhstan and tajikistan were obtained. the methods of the evaluation of the virus contamination of ticks included the determination of the antigen and cchf virus rna by the methods of the enzyme immunoassay and the reverse transcription pcr respectively. different tick species were found to be involved in the epidemic process: hyalomma asiaticum, dermatocentor niveus (kazak ...	2005	15773396
detection and identification of ehrlichia spp. in ticks collected in tunisia and morocco.	a broad-range 16s rrna gene pcr assay followed by partial sequencing of the 16s rrna gene was used for the detection of members of the family anaplasmataceae in ticks in north africa. a total of 418 questing ixodes ricinus ticks collected in tunisia and morocco, as well as 188 rhipicephalus ticks from dogs and 52 hyalomma ticks from bovines in tunisia, were included in this study. of 324 adult i. ricinus ticks, 16.3% were positive for ehrlichia spp., whereas only 3.4 and 2.8% of nymphs and larva ...	2005	15750072
[elisa and rt-pcr-based research of viruses in the ticks collected in the foci of crimean-congo fever in kazakhstan and tajikistan in 2001-2002].	different species of ticks were found, in the territories of kazakhstan and tajikistan, to be infected with the virus of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (ckhf). the virologic evaluation included determination of antigen and rna of the ckhf virus by elisa and rt-pcr, respectively. the below tick species were found to be involved in the epidemic process: hyalomma asiaticum, dermacentor niveus (kazakhastan) and hyalomma anatolicum (tajikistan). the results testify to the fact that hyalomma ticks ar ...	2005	15747867
preliminary survey of ticks (acari: ixodidae) on cattle in northern sudan.	in a cross sectional survey conducted during the period june 2001 to july 2002, the geographical distribution of ticks on cattle in the sudan was determined. seventeen locations were surveyed from northern, central, eastern, western, blue nile and white nile provinces. total body collections of ticks were made from 20 cattle at each location. four tick genera and 11 species were identified. the tick species collected included amblyomma lepidum, amblyomma variegatum, boophilus decoloratus, hyalom ...	2004	15732459
high infection rates of the tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum with trypanosoma theileri.	a crossbred calf (3 months old) obtained from a farm where regular control of ticks was practised and found to be free of blood parasites was inoculated with 20 ml pooled blood collected from four field cattle which had very low trypanosoma theileri parasitaemias (one parasite per 70 microl blood as determined by the haematocrit centrifugation technique). trypanosoma theileri was present in the blood 6 days after injection and a peak parasitaemia of 42 parasites per 70 microl blood was recorded ...	2004	15732451
assessment of duration of immunity in crossbred cattle immunized with glycoproteins isolated from hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and boophilus microplus.	to develop immunoprophylactic measures against multi-tick infestation, two glycoproteins of 34 and 29 kda were isolated from the larvae of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and boophilus microplus, respectively, and assessed for their efficacy against experimental challenge infestations. the synergistic effect of the antigens in the presence of incomplete freund's adjuvant was found to confer protection (dt%) in animals against 56.48% of larvae and 52% of adults of h. a. anatolicum, while the effec ...	2005	15700177
prevalence and distribution of tropical theileriosis in eastern turkey.	this study was carried out to determine the prevalence and distribution of tropical theileriosis in cattle in eastern turkey by microscopical, serological and molecular methods. a total of 1561 whole blood, 1505 serum and 1483 blood smear samples were collected from cattle of various breeds and ages in 11 towns of eastern turkey. theileria annulata piroplasm dna extracted from cattle blood was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using species-specific primers. serum antibodies against t ...	2005	15619369
in vivo immunomodulatory effects of ixodid ticks on ovine circulating t- and b-lymphocytes.	selected aspects of the ovine immune system were examined during the course of repeated infestations with the ixodid ticks, haemaphysalis bispinosa and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum that naturally infest sheep, either individually or together. by the use of flow cytometry it was shown that total t-lymphocyte numbers were significantly reduced from the sixth through the ninth days of all infestations. gamma/delta (gammadelta+) and cd8+ t-lymphocytes were significantly depleted during tick feedin ...	2004	15225295
ehrlichia ruminantium grows in cell lines from four ixodid tick genera.	continuous cell lines from the ticks amblyomma variegatum, boophilus decoloratus, boophilus microplus, hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, ixodes scapularis, ixodes ricinus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus were tested for ability to support growth of the rickettsial pathogen ehrlichia (previously cowdria) ruminantium. five e.ruminantium isolates, from west africa, south africa and the french west indies, were used. twelve tick cell lines were inoculated with e.ruminantium derived either from culture ...	2004	15053931
cattle infestation by hyalomma ticks and prevalence of theileria in hyalomma species in the east of turkey.	a total of 2388 cattle and 442 shelters, from two provinces (elazig and malatya) endemic for tropical theileriosis in the east of turkey, were studied for hyalomma tick populations from july 1993 to july 1995 in elazig and from may 1998 to january 1999 in malatya. four thousand five hundred and eighty one of 7455 hyalomma ticks were collected from cattle, the other ticks (2874) were collected from shelters. all of the ticks collected from shelters were hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. two thousan ...	2004	15036571
seasonal activity of ticks on small ruminants in tamil nadu state, india.	the seasonal activity of ticks on sheep and goat populations was examined from december 2000 to november 2001 in the state of tamil nadu, india. this longitudinal study spread over four seasons and seven agroclimatic zones took into consideration the spectrum of species involved, the levels of infestations, the seasonal epidemiology of ticks and the associated management practices. the most common species of tick spread throughout the state was haemaphysalis bispinosa followed by rhipicephalus h ...	2004	14998311
experimental immunisation of crossbred cattle with glycoproteins isolated from the larvae of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and boophilus microplus.	in india, control of tick infestations is a major problem facing the owners of highly productive crossbred cattle. to develop suitable immunoprotective measures against the multitick infestations, specific problem encountered by the indian farmers, an attempt has been made to identify candidate protein molecules in the larvae of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and boophilus microplus. employing two steps affinity chromatography method, glycoproteins of 34 and 29 kda were isolated from h. a. anato ...	2003	14974694
studies on the epidemiology of tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata infection) in cattle in central anatolia, turkey.	an epidemiological survey for theileria annulata infection was conducted in 12 selected villages around ankara in central anatolia, turkey, during the period april 1990 to january 1993. during the survey, 198 cattle of 30 local breeds, 84 holstein-friesian x local breeds and 84 holstein-friesian breed were examined for antibodies to t. annulata and the presence of the vector ticks. four species of hyalomma ticks were identified: hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, hyalomma anatolicum excavtum, hyalo ...	2003	14690090
immunization of crossbred cattle (bos indicus x bos taurus) with fractionated midgut antigens against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.	crossbred calves (bos indicus x bos taurus) were immunized with a fractionated midgut supernate antigen (gs-f ag from hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum). the first inoculation on day 0 was given intramuscularly after emulsification with freund's complete adjuvant; the second was given subcutaneously on day 14 in incomplete freund's adjuvant; and the third on day 35 was given subcutaneously without adjuvant. each injection comprised 1 mg of antigen protein. ten days after the last inoculation, the i ...	2003	14690089
a study about tick vectors of bovine theileriosis in an endemic region of iran.	the aim of this study was to determine the population of ticks in infected cattle and to identify the tick vectors of bovine theileriosis in an endemic area of iran from 1998 to 1999. a total of 120 suspected cattle suffering from theileriosis were clinically examined and investigated for the presence of theileria annulata in blood smears and the presence of any tick species on the body of cattle. in this study, 680 ticks were collected from 107 cattle infected with t. annulata. the prevalence o ...	2003	14629004
experimental transmission of an unnamed bovine babesia by hyalomma spp., haemaphysalis longicornis and boophilus microplus.	experiments were undertaken to determine the mode of transmission to cattle of an unnamed babesia sp. by hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, hyalomma detritum, hy. rufipes koch, haemaphysalis longicornis and boophilus microplus. the unnamed babesia species designated babesia u sp. was isolated by infesting cattle with nymphs from female hy. a. anatolicum ticks collected from xinjiang province. adults of laboratory reared hy. a. anatolicum, hy. detritum and hy. rufipes koch were infected with babesia ...	2003	14519316
[differentiation of closely related species hyalomma anatolicum and h. excavatum (acari: ixodidae) based on a study of all life cycle stages, throughout entire geographical range].	species status is stated for hyalomma anatolicum and h. excavatum, based on numerous material from the territory of their distribution. the differentiation of species is recovered for all stages of the life cycle. diagnosis of hyalomma anatolicum. female: small tick--length of scutum commonly less than 2 mm; width of scutum commonly less than 1.9 mm; color of scutum, gnathosoma and coxae light, yellowish- or reddish-brown; whitish enameled pigment on scutum absent; posterolateral ledges of scutu ...	2003	14515505
[hyalomma anatolicum koch, 1844, in a bird in richelieu (indre-et-loire)].		1959	13808978
[spontaneous infection of hyalomma anatolicum koch with rickettsia burneti in southern kirghiz].		1956	13410090
proteolytic enzyme activity and attenuation of virulence in theileria annulata schizont-infected cells.	a field isolate of theileria annulata (uzbek strain) was obtained from calves infected by hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from an endemic region in uzbekistan. schizont-infected bovine cells that had been established and propagated in cell culture were examined for attenuation both in vivo, by inoculating cells from various passages into calves, and in vitro for metalloproteinase activity. during serial subcultivation a gradual reduction in virulence and in enzyme activity in cells infected ...	2003	12935740
a comparison of susceptibilities to infection of four species of hyalomma ticks with theileria annulata.	in this comparative study unfed nymphs of four hyalomma tick species (hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, hyalomma detritum and hyalomma marginatum marginatum) were allowed to engorge on calves experimentally infected with theileria annulata. the infection prevalence in the salivary glands of the adult female and male ticks of each hyalomma species used in the study were assessed. the infection prevalence with t. annulata was high and did not vary markedly in the four ...	2003	12695036
comparative immunopotentiating properties of saponin and incomplete freund's adjuvant coupled to affinity purified larval antigen of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.	comparative immunostimulatory properties of saponin and incomplete freund's adjuvant (ifa) were studied using affinity purified 39 kda larval antigen of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. significant antibody response to 39 kda antigen was detected in the sera of rabbits immunized with both 39 kda plus saponin and 39 kda plus ifa in comparison to their corresponding control animals. insignificant differences were noted in the antibody response between the animals of two immunized groups. upon chall ...	2002	12587732
the innate resistance of kenana cattle to tropical theileriosis (theileria annulata infection) in the sudan.	a study was carried out to assess the innate resistance of the indigenous kenana breed of cattle in the sudan to tropical theileriosis, theileria annulata infection of cattle. nine susceptible kenana calves were obtained from an area free from tropical theileriosis and the vector tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and were found negative to t. annulata antibodies in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. they were infected by inoculation of 1.0 ml t. annulata sporozoite stabilate. three friesi ...	2002	12381583
studies on theileria and babesia infecting live and slaughtered animals in al arish and el hasanah, north sinai governorate, egypt.	during the year 2001, a total of 475 sheep, 200 goats, 135 cattle and 190 camels in el arich city and el hassanah center were examined for babesia ovis and theileria ovis. blood films were taken from the vein of the ear. meanwhile, the animals were examined for tick infestations. b. ovis and th. ovis were detected in 13 (2.7%), and 14 (2.9%) sheep, 14 (7.0%), and 15 (7.5%) goats, 13 (9.6%), and 11 (8.1%) cattle and 18 (9.5%), and 24 (12.6%) camels respectively. on the other hand, double infectio ...	2002	12214937
an epidemiological study on ovine babesiosis in the mashhad suburb area, province of khorasan, iran.	the prevalence of babesia spp. infection was studied in sheep of the mashhad area in iran from 1998 to 2000. a total of 677 sheep originating from 115 flocks were clinically examined and investigated for the presence of babesia spp. in appropriate blood smears and any tick species on the body of the animals. the study revealed that the infection rate for babesia ovis and babesia motasi were 167 (24.6%) and 4 (0.5%), respectively. double (mixed) infections occurred in 21 (3%) sheep. differences i ...	2002	12208039
experiments on transmission of an unidentified theileria sp. to small ruminants with haemaphysalis qinghaiensis and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.	experiments on the transmission of an unidentified theileria sp. infective for small ruminants by haemaphysalis qinghaiensis and hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were carried out. three theileria-free batches of adult, larvae, and nymphs of laboratory reared h. qinghaiensis and hy. a. anatolicum ticks were infected by feeding them on sheep infected with theileria sp. the theileria sp. was originally isolated from adult ticks of h. qinghaiensis, by inoculation of blood stabilates or tick transmissi ...	2002	12191896
description of a new babesia sp. infective for cattle in china.	a babesia species has been identified and shown to be transmitted by hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum in china. when larvae, nymphs and adults developed from engorged females h. a. anatolicum collected from cattle in xinjiang province were infested onto the babesia-free calves, piroplasms of babesia sp. were seen in blood smears from cattle infested with nymphs (2 calves), but not from the calves infested with larvae (1 calf or adult ticks (2 calves). this babesia sp. proved to be of low virulence ...	2002	12051599
in vitro acaricidal effect of plant extract of neem seed oil (azadirachta indica) on egg, immature, and adult stages of hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (ixodoidea: ixodidae).	effects of the plant extract of neem seed (azadirachta indica) on eggs, immature, and adult stages of hyalomma anatolicum excavatum was studied at concentrations of 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, and 12.8%. the extract was found to have a significant effect on the hatching rate of eggs. it significantly increased the hatching rate during the first 7 days post-treatment (dpt) giving incompletely developed and dead larvae; however, it cause hatching failure at dpt 15. neem azal f induced a significant increased i ...	2002	11992715
evidence for the utility of the bm86 antigen from boophilus microplus in vaccination against other tick species.	the bm86 antigen, as originally identified in boophilus microplus, is the basis of commercial tick vaccines against this tick species. the potential for using this antigen or homologues of the antigen in vaccination against other tick species has been assessed. we have conducted vaccine trials in cattle using the b. microplus-derived recombinant bm86 vaccine (tickgard) using pairs of vaccinated calves and control calves. these were infested with b. microplus and boophilus decoloratus larvae simu ...	2001	11523920
hyalomma impeltatum (acari: ixodidae) as a potential vector of malignant theileriosis in sheep in saudi arabia.	little is known about tick-borne diseases in saudi arabia, particularly regarding the prevalence of theileriosis in small ruminants. this survey studied the potential vectors of malignant theileriosis in saudi arabian sheep. blood, lymph node and tick samples were collected from animals being treated or necropsied at the veterinary diagnostic laboratory in jeddah, makkah (western region), and bureida, al-qasim (central region). blood and lymph node smears were prepared and examined for theileria ...	2001	11511417
immunoprotective efficacy of a purified 39 kda nymphal antigen of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.	soluble nymphal antigens (hnag) were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using cnbr-activated sepharose 4b coupled with immunoglobulin ligands from animals immunized with hnag and 69-71% protected against challenge infestations, and 8% recovery of the purified protein (aff-hnag) was obtained. following immunization of crossbred calves (bos indicus x bos taurus) with 1600 sg of aff-hnag in three divided doses, significant rejections of larvae (p<0.001, 84.2%), nymphs (p<0.05, 61.4%) and adu ...	2001	11254071
immunization of cross-bred cattle against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum by purified antigens.	extracts prepared from unfed larvae of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using anti-gut igg as ligand. affinity purified antigen (aff-ghlag) was used to immunize cross-bred (bos taurus x b. indicus) calves of 6-7 months of age. immunized calves rejected 70.6% larvae, 54.5% nymphs and 61.9% adults. no significant changes in the engorged weight of females was observed; however, significant decrease in the engorgement weight of larvae and nymphs was recor ...	2000	11201356
distribution and ecology of ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting livestock in tunisia: an overview of eighth years field collections.	ticks (ixodidae) play a significant role as vectors of pathogens of domestic animals in tunisia. the major losses caused by ticks are related to transmission of protozoan parasites. these include agents of tropical theileriosis and babesiosis in ruminants. since 1991, we conducted research studies on tick population of livestock in tunisia. this overview reports a synthesis on tick distribution, their biology and their role as vectors of pathogens in domestic animals, particularly cattle. during ...	1999	11071534
development of an indirect tams1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of theileria annulata infection in cattle.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed based on a recombinant major theileria annulata merozoite surface antigen, tams1. four different recombinant proteins derived from two different tams1 alleles, both in two different truncated forms, were tested for their performance in the elisa. furthermore, antigen concentration, various buffers, washing protocol, and the choice of anti-total-immunoglobulin g (igg), anti-igg1, or anti-igg2 as second antibody were evaluated. the perform ...	2000	10799453
detection of theileria annulata in cattle and vector ticks by pcr using the tams1 gene sequences.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and southern blot hybridization for the detection of theileria annulata are described. the pcr used primers amplifying a 785 base-pair fragment of the t. annulata gene which encodes the 30 kda major merozoite surface antigen, tams1. the sensitivity of the pcr in bovine blood was 1 piroplasm in 1 microl of blood. t. buffeli, t. parva, babesia bigemina, b. bovis and b. divergens were not detected. the pcr detected down to 1 infected acinus/tick in resting and part ...	2000	10759082
crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever: a seroepidemiological and tick survey in the sultanate of oman.	in 1995 and 1996, 4 persons from the sultanate of oman were confirmed with clinical crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf). to assess the prevalence of cchf virus infection in oman, a convenience sample of imported and domestic animals from farms, abattoirs and livestock markets was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to cchf virus. ticks were collected from selected animals, identified, pooled by species, host and location and tested for ...	2000	10747269
immunization of cattle against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum using larval antigens.	development of immunity in cross-bred (bos taurus x bos indicus) calves against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, vector of bovine tropical theileriosis, was studied using larval antigen (ls) in freund's complete adjuvant (fca). calves immunized with ls + fca showed significant rejection of larvae (57.25 +/- 6.8) and nymphs (45.75 +/- 5.16). abnormally fed larvae (11.4 +/- 0.8) and nymphs (8.25 +/- 1.2) were also recovered from immunized calves. this abnormal feeding may possibly be attributed to ...	1999	10641148
influence of experimentally induced theileriosis (theileria annulata) on the pharmacokinetics of a long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline (otc-la) in calves.	the effects of experimental theileria annulata infection on the i.m. (20 mg/kg) pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline were investigated in crossbred calves. the serum concentration-time curves of oxytetracycline (otc-la), before and after experimental infection, were best described by a one-compartment open model. the experimental infection by subcutaneous administration of ground-up tick supernate (guts), equivalent to 30 hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with theileria annulata, prod ...	1999	10597536
cross-bred cattle protected against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum by larval antigens purified by immunoaffinity chromatography.	antigens from larvae of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were extracted and purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using immunoglobulin ligands from cross-bred animals immunized with soluble larval antigen. affinity-purified antigen (aff-tle) and a total larval extract (tle) were used to immunize cross-bred (bos indicus x bos taurus) cattle. the group immunized with aff-tle rejected 71.6% of larvae and 77.3% of nymphs. however, the rejection percentages were lower in the tle-immunized group. no ...	1999	10509419
lack of immunological cross-reactivity of 36-kda secretory salivary gland antigen of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum with hyalomma dromedarii and boophilus microplus ticks.	during feeding of ticks of the species hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, most of the proteins in salivary gland extracts (sges) remained unchanged from the unfed to the fully fed state (from day 1 to day 7 of the experiment), as revealed by sds-page. however, a 45-kda protein band disappeared and 26-, 32- and 33-kda bands appeared when feeding commenced. some of the protein bands changed their intensity. when probed with anti-h. anatolicum anatolicum hyperimmune sera, transblotted sge proteins of ...	1999	10481624
arthropod parasites of nubian ibexes (capra ibex nubiana) and gazelles (gazella gazella) in israel.	in a 20-year survey the following ectoparasites were collected from nubian ibexes: larvae of an unidentified oestrus sp. collected from the nasal cavities, sinuses and horns, hippoboscid flies (lipoptena chalcomelaena) specific to the nubian ibex, blood sucking lice (linognathus africanus) and unidentified biting lice (damalinia sp.). ibexes were severely infested with the cattle tick, boophilus annulatus; a few hyalomma anatolicum excavatum ticks were also collected. in five ibexes kept in two ...	1999	10392972
infectivity and cross-immunity studies of theileria lestoquardi and theileria annulata in sheep and cattle: i. in vivo responses.	in a series of experiments, sporozoite stabilates of a theileria lestoquardi (lahr) and a t. annulata (ankara) stock prepared from hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks, were used to examine the infectivity of both parasite species for sheep and cattle and to study the development of cross-immunity between these parasite species. in the first experiment sheep and cattle were inoculated with t. lestoquardi sporozoites. surviving animals and naive sheep and cattle were, in the second experiment, in ...	1999	10348097
simultaneous detection of bovine theileria and babesia species by reverse line blot hybridization.	a reverse line blot (rlb) assay was developed for the identification of cattle carrying different species of theileria and babesia simultaneously. we included theileria annulata, t. parva, t. mutans, t. taurotragi, and t. velifera in the assay, as well as parasites belonging to the t. sergenti-t. buffeli-t. orientalis group. the babesia species included were babesia bovis, b. bigemina, and b. divergens. the assay employs one set of primers for specific amplification of the rrna gene v4 hypervari ...	1999	10325324
effects of experimentally induced theileria annulata infection on the pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in cross-bred calves.	the effects of an experimental theileria annulata infection on the intravenous (10 mg kg-1) pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (otc) were investigated in crossbred calves. the serum concentration-time curve of oxytetracycline before and after the experimental infection was best described by an open two-compartment model. the experimental infection was induced by a subcutaneous administration of ground-up tick supernate (guts) equivalent to 30 hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with t ...	1999	10081114
theileria lestoquardi--maturation and quantification in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks.	the maturation and quantification of theileria lestoquardi (t. hirci) parasites in unfed and partially fed adult hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks was studied using (1) methyl green pyronin (mgp) staining of salivary glands, (2) in vitro infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbm) with parasites harvested from infected ticks and (3) a semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr). with mgp staining the greatest infection rate was seen in unfed ticks. feeding resulted in a gradua ...	1998	9774791
immunization of rabbits against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum using homogenates from unfed immature ticks.	antigens were prepared from unfed larvae and nymphs of h. a. anatolicum as homogenised antigens (hlag and hnag, respectively). five rabbits each were inoculated, s.c. with 8.56 mg hlag and 9.34 mg hnag in 3 divided doses. following immunisation rabbits developed significant level of protective immunity to infestation with adults of this species. significant reduction in engorged percentage and weights of engorged females and egg masses were observed in females fed on immunized rabbits, compared ...	1998	9754046
immunization of cattle with nymphal hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum extracts: effects on tick biology.	antigens derived from partially engorged nymphs of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were used in immunizing crossbred (bos indicus x bos taurus) cattle against larval, nymphal and adult h. a. anatolicum and h. dromedarii. the cattle were either infected with theileria annulata at low parasitaemia or were uninfected. whole nymphal extract (wne), nymphal membrane antigens (nma) and nymphal soluble antigens (nsa) were used for immunization. the group immunized with wne showed significant and better r ...	1998	9719836
bovine babesiosis. seroprevalence and ticks associated with cattle from two different regions of morocco.	a total of 475 bovine sera collected in 1995-1996 from 10 areas belonging to two different bioclimatic strata were tested for antibody activity to babesia bigemina and babesia bovis using indirect immunofluorescence (iif). in the gharb, the b. bovis seroprevalence was 21.7% and for b. bigemina, 10.8%. the infection rate for either or both species as determined microscopically with giemsa-stained blood films was 18.9%. the tiflet area was considered an endemic focus, and the seroprevalence was 42 ...	1998	9668467
contact toxicity of permethrin-impregnated fabric to hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (acari: ixodidae): effects of laundering and exposure and recovery times.	a previous study that documented enhanced host attachment by the camel ticks hyalomma dromedarii koch after permethrin exposure prompted a similar investigation of permethrin effects in h. anatolicum excavatum koch, an old world hardbacked tick suspected of vectoring human pathogens. contact toxicity tests were conducted with laboratory-colonized male and female h. a. excavatum of the same age exposed for periods of 5, 10, 30, and 60 min to each of 5 fabric treatments: unwashed/untreated; unwash ...	1998	9615556
tick-borne diseases of sheep and goats caused by babesia, theileria or anaplasma spp.	a review is given on the babesia, theileria, and anaplasma species infecting sheep and goats. b. ovis is the most important disease agent. it is transmitted by rhipicephalus bursa, r. turanicus, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, and probably by r. evertsi evertsi b. ovis is widely spread in southern europe, the middle east, and central asia. its geographical distribution in south and east asia and in africa is widely unknown. b. motasi obviously represents several nosodemes in separate regions. it ...	1997	9530692
immunological cross-reactivity between salivary gland proteins of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and boophilus microplus ticks.	immunological cross-reactivity was established between salivary gland extract antigens of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (h.a.a) and boophilus microplus (b.m.), using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native-page), immunoblotting, dot-enzyme immunoassay (dot-eia) and in vivo intra-dermal skin test revealing immediate type hypersensitivity swelling reaction. native-page revealed six proteins in common of molecular weights of 60, 66, 148, 264, 300 and > 300 kda in the salivary gland extra ...	1996	8792571
enhanced immunity to hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks in cross-bred (bos indicus x bos taurus) calves using ascaris extract immunomodulator with the tick salivary gland extract antigens.	development of acquired immunity in cross-bred (bos indicus x bos taurus) calves against hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, a tick vector of bovine tropical theileriosis was studied using ascaris extract (ae), an immunomodulator of ige responses, along with the tick salivary gland extract (sge) antigens in freund's incomplete adjuvant (fia) emulsion. calves immunised with sge + fia showed significant rejection (47.4 +/- 2.8%) of larvae, whereas only marginal rejection (12.47 +/- 1.5%) of nymphs was ...	1996	8792570
the seasonal occurrence of ticks (acari: ixodidae) on sheep and in the field in the judean area of israel.	a 2 year survey of ixodid ticks in the judean area of israel between 1983 and 1985 showed that sheep were parasitized by the following species: rhipicephalus sanguineus group (30.6%), rhipicephalus bursa (25.3%), haemaphysalis cretica (20.5%), haemaphysalis otophila (20.1%) and hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (3.1%). three other species, hyalomma marginatum rufipes, boophilus annulatus and amblyomma lepidum were also present but in very low numbers. a total of 50,816 specimens (78.1% adult ticks) ...	1996	8746133
seasonal distribution of theileria in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks of an endemic area of haryana, india.	the effect of season on the capacity of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks to transmit theileria was studied by detecting theileria sporoblasts in the salivary glands of 647 adult ticks moulted in winter (november 1990 to march 1991) and 677 adult ticks moulted in the summer-rainy season (june to august 1991). the intensity (number of infected acini per infected tick) and abundance (number of infected acini per tick examined) of theileria sporoblasts were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in win ...	1994	7900223
theileria annulata infection in neonatal bovine calves.	on an organized farm in india, 70 out of 79 cows expected to calve within 30 days revealed the presence of theileria annulata schizonts and/or piroplasms in their peripheral blood. similarly, 33 out of 59 calves borne to the above cows also exhibited t. annulata schizonts on day less than 1 to day 19 post partum. the cows and calves were free from hyalomma anatolicum, an established vector of t. annulata, during the course of study in the winter months, when the activity of ticks is reduced to t ...	1994	7810406
hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (koch, 1844) as a possible vector for transmission of trypanosoma theileri, laveran, 1902 in cattle.	amastigotes, sphaeromastigotes, epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of trypanosoma theileri, laveran, 1902 have been observed in the nymphs and adults of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (koch, 1844). there ticks were obtained from engorged larvae and nymphs collected from a cross-bred bull with detectable parasitaemia. infection with t. theileri was established in two 6-8-month old cross-bred calves by subcutaneous inoculation of trypanosomatid flagellates collected from ticks and by feeding of the ...	1981	7201190
the life cycle of the tick hyalomma anatolicum excavatum koch, 1844, maintained under field conditions in israël.		1982	7170365
a note on the production of unfed nymphs of the tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum for experimental use.		1982	7159113
mass-rearing devices for hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (acari: ixodidae) on calves and rodents exposed to whole-body infestation.		1982	7120298
[sexual transmission of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in ixodid ticks (ixodidae)].	sexual transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus from infected ixodid males to noninfected females is shown: in ixodes persulcatus in 50% (6 of 12) and in hyalomma anatolicum in 6.2% (1 of 16). the sexual transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus is shown to provide a transmissible transfer of the virus into eggs in ixodid ticks. electron microscope studies of the sexual system of ixodid males infected with the virus have revealed numerous morphologically mature virus particles in lumens ...	1983	6877862
theileria annulata and babesia ovis: ultracytochemical lactic dehydrogenase activity of sporozoites in salivary glands of female ticks, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum and rhipicephalus bursa.		1982	6806115
identification of theileria infections in the salivary glands of hyalomma anatolicum anatoli cum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus using isoenzyme electrophoresis.	lysates prepared from the salivary glands of uninfected hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and rhipicephalus appendiculatus and from ticks of these species infected with 2 strains of theileria annulata and 1 strain of t. parva respectively have been examined for enzyme polymorphism using thin layer starch gel electrophoresis. representative enzymes from 3 of the major metabolic pathways, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway were investigated. only 1 ...	1981	6785914
protection of cattle against theileria annulata infection using corynebacterium parvum.	four groups of calves (a, b, c and d) each consisting of five calves were used for the present study. group a calves were given corynebacterium parvum alone. group b calves were inoculated with inactivated ground-up-tick supernate (guts) prepared from hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum infected with theileria annulata plus c. parvum. group c received only inactivated guts. all the surviving calves of groups a to c were exposed on day 45 post-inoculation to a lethal tick challenge along with suscepti ...	1983	6649060
ultrastructural study on the development of babesia equi (coccidia: piroplasmia) in the salivary glands of its vector ticks.	the formation of babesia equi sporozoites in the salivary glands of three tick species (hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, h. a. excavatum, rhipicephalus turanicus) was studied by electron microscopy. the development was identical in all three vectors. on the 8th day post repletionem kinetes of b. equi had invaded alveoli of the nymphal salivary glands and were transformed to sporonts bounded by a single membrane. the sporonts were polymorphous bodies each with a highly lobed nucleus and numerous m ...	1983	6631774
[isolation of the sindbis virus from hyalomma anatolicum cl kock 1844 ticks in tadzhikistan].		1981	6454830
the development of theileria annulata in the salivary glands of the vector tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.	the development at 28 degrees c of theileria annulata (hissar) in the salivary glands of its tick vector, hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, was studied using giemsa-stained smears, methyl green-pyronin-stained preparations of whole glands, and electron microscopy. nymphs which had engorged on t. annulata-infected calves showed kinetes in the haemolymph from day 7 to day 14 post engorgement, when all ticks had completed moult. intracellular sporonts were observed within salivary gland acini from da ...	1984	6433817
the maturation of theileria annulata in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum stimulated by incubation or feeding to produce sporozoites.	adult hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with theileria annulata (hissar strain) were incubated at 36 degrees c or fed on rabbits. tick salivary glands were stained whole with methyl green pyronin or ground up and deposited on microscope slides and stained with giemsa's solution. separate batches of ticks from both treatments were ground up, centrifuged and filtered to produce sporozoite suspensions. the suspensions were examined as deposits on microscope slides stained with giemsa's ...	1983	6414152
natural infection rates of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum with theileria in sudan.	hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks were collected around cattle pens at two locations close to khartoum. they were assessed for theileria infection by four methods. salivary glands were stained whole with methyl green pyronin and examined for parasite masses. adult ticks were partially fed on rabbits, ground up in medium, and the suspensions were examined in giemsa stained smears and by inoculation into bovine lymphocyte cultures. ticks were fully fed on calves which were monitored for develop ...	1983	6414066
[mono- and mixed infection by the tick-borne encephalitis and powassan viruses of tissue explants from ticks of the genus hyalomma].	the paper presents results of virusological and electron microscope studies of the reproduction of viruses of tick-borne encephalitis and povassan at mono- and mixed persistent infection of explants of imaginal tissues of hyalomma anatolicum and h. dromedarii with these viruses. the virus reproduction in explants was observed within 208 to 217 days after the infection. joint reproduction of two model viruses within 1-2 months after the infection can take place and after that the inhibition of th ...	2007	6328401
ultrastructural demonstration of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity in sporozoites of babesia ovis and theileria annulata (apicomplexa: piroplasmea) in salivary glands of tick vectors (rhipicephalus bursa, hyalomma anatolicum excavatum).	salivary gland stages ("sporozoites") of babesia ovis and theileria annulata (apicomplexa: piroplasmea) in female ixodid ticks were studied for ultracytochemical activity of the respiratory enzymes, succinic dehydrogenase (sdh), and cytochrome oxidase. both sdh and cytochrome oxidase were demonstrated in the sporozoites and the mitochondria in these stages. identified in this way the final reaction product of sdh was located mainly at the inner side of the mitochondrial boundary, though it was a ...	1980	6260921
oviposition in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (koch, 1844) (ixodoidea: ixodidae).		1966	6007932
the life-history of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum koch, 1844 (ixodoidea, ixodidae) under laboratory conditions.		1969	5814088
the implications of size as shown in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (koch, 1844) (ixodoidea: ixodidae).		1967	5583410
[transovarian transmission of blood parasites by the tick hyalomma anatolicum].		1970	5529612
the quantity of blood imbibed by hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum koch, 1844 (ixodoidea, ixodidae).		1970	5437766
[development of theileria annulata in the tick hyalomma anatolicum].		1971	5003496
differential cellular responses at hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum feeding sites on susceptible and tick-resistant rabbits.	the sequential, quantitative histological analysis of adult hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum feeding sites on rabbits showed that the cellular reactions at tick feeding sites change in character and magnitude with time after attachment, and differ considerably from primary infestation to tertiary infestation. neutrophils (62-68%) followed by mononuclear cells (22-24%) were the major component of the cellular infiltrate throughout primary infestation. eosinophils accounted for 10% of the cellular i ...	1985	4080422
transmission of a trypanosoma sp. to cattle by the tick hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.	hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum engorged nymphs and flat adults were collected from two areas in northern sudan. various developing stages of trypanosoma theileri-like flagellates were observed in the engorged nymphs, freshly moulted adults and mature adults partially engorged on rabbits. when these ticks were applied to two calves, one calf became infected with the trypanosome. the parasites were observed for one day in the enlarged lymph node nearest to the tick-feeding site 5 days after the ti ...	1986	3962154
the maintenance and survival of theileria annulata in colonies of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.	procedures are described for the colonization of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks using gerbils, rabbits and cattle as hosts. on rabbits h. a. anatolicum undergoes a two-host cycle but methods are described for obtaining either unfed or engorged nymphs. data are given on the life cycle timings and the numbers and timings of tick feeding regimes. the infection of h. a. anatolicum with two strains of theileria annulata is described and methods given for monitoring the development and survival ...	1985	3938203
treatment of theileria annulata infection in calves with parvaquone.	fifteen calves were infected by the injection of stabilate of a suspension of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with the ankara strain of theileria annulata. three were kept untreated, as controls, and they all died of theileriosis. three groups of four calves were treated intramuscularly with parvaquone (clexon; wellcome) when early signs of theileriosis were clinically apparent. one group received 20 mg (kg bodyweight)-1 of parvaquone 10 days after infection. two of these calves we ...	1985	3929345
kinetics of mast cell, basophil and eosinophil populations at hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum feeding sites on cattle and the acquisition of resistance.	the cutaneous cellular reactions associated with acquisition of resistance by cattle to hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum feeding were investigated by comparing the nature and sequence of cellular events at h.a. anatolicum feeding sites following primary and tertiary infestations. cattle acquired resistance to h.a. anatolicum feedings after a single infestation. the resistance was manifested by a significant reduction in the mean weight of engorged females and mean weight of egg mass produced, fail ...	1986	3785971
hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum: the role of humoral factors in the acquisition of host resistance.	a significant degree of resistance to hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum can be adoptively transferred to naive recipients with immune serum from rabbits repeatedly infected with adult h. a. anatolicum. ticks fed on recipients of immune serum took longer to become engorged and showed a significant decrease (p less than 0.01) in engorgement weight and oviposition compared with ticks that fed on recipients of normal serum. a direct correlation between resistance and anti-saliva igg antibodies was indi ...	1987	3678448
isolation and characterization of salivary antigens from hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum.	this study demonstrates the involvement of a large number of salivary proteins in the acquisition of resistance to hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. using immunoblotting, sera from hypersensitized rabbits were shown to react with nine proteins in the saliva and 17 in salivary gland extracts (sge) from 96 h fed female ticks. the salivary antigens had molecular weights in the range of 14 400 to 130 000. all the antigens identified in the saliva and 12 of the sge antigens were glycoprotein in nature ...	1986	3515295
the salivary glands of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum: structural changes during attachment and feeding.		1987	3440694
the infection of various tick species with babesia bigemina, its transmission and identification.	strains of boophilus decoloratus and b. microplus were easily infected with a single stock of babesia bigemina; boophilus annulatus could be infected less easily, and it was difficult to infect rhipicephalus evertsi. two strains of r. appendiculatus and one strain each of r. bursa and hyalomma anatolicum excavatum were refractory. the same stock of b. bigemina was transmitted by nymphs and adults of b. decoloratus but only by nymphs of r. evertsi. vertical infection was not observed in r. everts ...	1988	3387405