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interaction of glucosinolate content of arabidopsis thaliana mutant lines and feeding and oviposition by generalist and specialist lepidopterans.the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. (lepidoptera: plutellidae), is an insect specialized on glucosinolate-containing brassicaceae that uses glucosinolates in host-plant recognition. we used wild-type and mutants of arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. (brassicaceae) to investigate the interaction between plant glucosinolate and myrosinase content and herbivory by larvae of the generalist helicoverpa armigera hübner (lepidoptera: noctuidae) and the specialist p. xylostella. we also measured ...201323218016
linkage map of the peppered moth, biston betularia (lepidoptera, geometridae): a model of industrial melanism.we have constructed a linkage map for the peppered moth (biston betularia), the classical ecological genetics model of industrial melanism, aimed both at localizing the network of loci controlling melanism and making inferences about chromosome dynamics. the linkage map, which is based primarily on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (aflps) and genes, consists of 31 linkage groups (lgs; consistent with the karyotype). comparison with the evolutionarily distant bombyx mori suggests that the ...201223211790
est sequencing and fosmid library construction in a non-model moth, mamestra brassicae, for comparative mapping.genome data are useful for both basic and applied research; however, it is difficult to carry out large-scale genome analyses using species with limited genetic or genomic resources. here, we describe a cost-effective method to analyze the genome of a non-model species, using the cabbage moth, mamestra brassicae (lepidoptera: noctuidae). first, we conducted expression sequence tag (est) analysis. in this analysis, we performed pcr-based prescreening of a non-normalized embryonic cdna library to ...201223199572
development and bioassay of transgenic chinese cabbage expressing potato proteinase inhibitor ii gene.lepidopteran larvae are the most injurious pests of chinese cabbage production. we attempted the development of transgenic chinese cabbage expressing the potato proteinase inhibitor ii gene (pinii) and bioassayed the pest-repelling ability of these transgenic plants. cotyledons with petioles from aseptic seedlings were used as explants for agrobacterium-mediated in vitro transformation. agrobacterium tumefaciens c58 contained the binary vector pbbbasta-pinii-bar comprising pinii and bar genes. p ...201223136521
niche engineering reveals complementary resource use.greater resource use by diverse communities might result from species occupying complementary niches. demonstrating niche complementarity among species is challenging, however, due to the difficulty in relating differences between species in particular traits to their use of complementary resources. here, we overcame this obstacle by exploiting plastic foraging behavior in a community of predatory insects common on brassica oleracea plants in washington, usa. these predators complemented one ano ...201223094370
synthesis and bioactivity study of 2-acylamino-substituted n'-benzylbenzohydrazide derivatives.the discovery of new safe and effective pesticides is one of the main means of providing eco-friendly agricultural agents for modern crop protection. to identify new biological molecules based of the anthranilic diamide skeleton of the novel pesticide chlorantraniliprole, which acts on the ryanodine receptor and functional groups in acyl hydrazine insect growth regulators, more than 40 new compounds of 2-acylamino-substituted n'-benzylbenzohydrazide derivatives were designed and synthesized. the ...201223088717
cloning, ligand-binding, and temporal expression of ecdysteroid receptors in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella.the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae), is a devastating pest of cruciferous crops worldwide, and has developed resistance to a wide range of insecticides, including diacylhydrazine-based ecdysone agonists, a highly selective group of molt-accelerating biopesticides targeting the ecdysone receptors.201223078528
neurobactrus, a novel, highly effective, and environmentally friendly recombinant baculovirus insecticide.a novel recombinant baculovirus, neurobactrus, was constructed to develop an improved baculovirus insecticide with additional beneficial properties, such as a higher insecticidal activity and improved recovery, compared to wild-type baculovirus. for the construction of neurobactrus, the bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene (here termed cry1-5) was introduced into the autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv) genome by fusion of the polyhedrin-cry1-5-polyhedrin genes under the c ...201323064343
oral insecticidal activity of plant-associated pseudomonads.biocontrol pseudomonads are most known to protect plants from fungal diseases and to increase plant yield, while intriguing aspects on insecticidal activity have been discovered only recently. here, we demonstrate that fit toxin producing pseudomonads, in contrast to a naturally fit-deficient strain, exhibit potent oral activity against larvae of spodoptera littoralis, heliothis virescens and plutella xylostella, all major insect pests of agricultural crops. spraying plant leaves with suspension ...201323033861
validation of reference genes for quantitative expression analysis by real-time rt-pcr in four lepidopteran insects.quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) is an efficient and widely used technique to monitor gene expression. housekeeping genes (hkgs) are often empirically selected as the reference genes for data normalization. however, the suitability of hkgs used as the reference genes has been seldom validated. here, six hkgs were chosen (actin a3, actin a1, gapdh, g3pdh, e2f, rp49) in four lepidopteran insects bombyx mori l. (lepidoptera: bombycidae), plutella xylostella l. (plutellidae), ...201222938136
estimating the economic cost of one of the world's major insect pests, plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae): just how long is a piece of string?since 1993, the annual worldwide cost of diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae), control has been routinely quoted to be us$1 billion. this estimate requires updating and incorporation of yield losses to reflect current total costs of the pest to the world economy. we present an analysis that estimates what the present costs are likely to be based on a set of necessary, but reasoned, assumptions. we use an existing climate driven model for diamondback moth distribu ...201222928287
phospholipase a₂ inhibitors in bacterial culture broth enhance pathogenicity of a fungus nomuraea rileyi.an entomopathogenic fungus, nomuraea rileyi, was isolated and its identity was confirmed by its internal transcribed spacer dna sequence. the isolated n. rileyi exhibited a specific pathogenicity to lepidopteran species. this study was focused on enhancing the fungal pathogenicity by using immunosuppressive agents. in response to infection of n. rileyi, spodoptera exigua larvae significantly induced catalytic activity of phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)) in three immune-associated tissues, namely hemo ...201222923114
cdna cloning and characterization of the antibacterial peptide cecropin 1 from the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l.cecropins are linear cationic antibacterial peptides that have potent activities against microorganisms. in the present study, a 480bp full-length cdna encoding diamondback moth (plutella xylostella) cecropin 1 (designated as px-cec1) was obtained using rt-pcr. a northern blot analysis showed that the px-cec1 transcript was predominantly expressed in fat bodies, hemocytes, midgut and epidermis with the highest expression level in fat bodies. the expression of px-cec1 mrna in fat bodies was signi ...201222921836
ser-substituted mutations of cys residues in bacillus thuringiensis vip3aa7 exert a negative effect on its insecticidal activity.vegetative insecticidal proteins (vips), which were produced by bacillus thuringiensis during its vegetative growth stage, display a broad insecticidal spectrum to lepidoptera larvae. sequence alignment of the vip3a-type indicates that three cysteine residues were conserved in vip3a-type proteins. to determine whether these conserved cysteine residues contributed to the insecticidal activity, the three residues were respectively substituted with serine in the vip3aa7 protein by site-directed mut ...201222875104
synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel anthranilic diamides containing acylthiourea and acylurea.two series of anthranilic diamides containing acylthiourea and acylurea linkers were designed and synthesized, with changed length and flexibility of the linkers to compare to known anthranilic diamide insecticides. in total, 26 novel compounds were synthesized, and all compounds were characterized by (1)h nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry. their insecticidal activities against oriental armyworm (mythimna separata), mosquito larvae (culex pipiens pallens), and diam ...201222812664
[cloning, expression and insecticidal activity of the pira2b2 gene from photorhabdus luminescens tt01].the predicted amino acid sequence of locus plu4437-plu4436 in the genome of photorhabdus luminescens tt01 (referred to as pira2b2) has a consistency of 50% and 45% with locus plu4093-plu4092 (referred to as pira1b1) , respectively. pira1b1 has been confirmed with oral insecticidal activity against plutella xylostella and mosquito. the purpose of the present study was to examine whether pira2b2 possesses insecticidal activity.201222799220
lack of cry1fa binding to the midgut brush border membrane in a resistant colony of plutella xylostella moths with a mutation in the abcc2 locus.previous studies reported "mode 1" bacillus thuringiensis resistance in a colony of diamondback moths (no-qa), and recently, this resistance has been mapped to an abc transporter (abcc2) locus. we report the lack of binding of cry1fa to insects derived from this colony and compare our data with those from other insects with abcc2-associated resistance.201222773634
weak transcription of the cry1ac gene in nonsporulating bacillus thuringiensis cells.the cry1ac gene of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-73 (b. thuringiensis hd-73) is a typical example of a sporulation-dependent crystal gene and is controlled by sigma e and sigma k during sporulation. to monitor the production and accumulation of cry1ac at the cellular level, we developed a green fluorescent protein-based reporter system. the production of cry1ac was monitored in spo0a, sige, and sigk mutants, and these mutants were able to express the cry1ac-green fluorescent protein ...201222773626
the dynamics of cooperative bacterial virulence in the field.laboratory experiments have shown that the fitness of microorganisms can depend on cooperation between cells. although this insight has revolutionized our understanding of microbial life, results from artificial microcosms have not been validated in complex natural populations. we investigated the sociality of essential virulence factors (crystal toxins) in the pathogen bacillus thuringiensis using diamondback moth larvae (plutella xylostella) as hosts. we show that toxin production is cooperati ...201222767928
fusion to snowdrop lectin magnifies the oral activity of insecticidal ω-hexatoxin-hv1a peptide by enabling its delivery to the central nervous system.the spider-venom peptide ω-hexatoxin-hv1a (hv1a) targets insect voltage-gated calcium channels, acting directly at sites within the central nervous system. it is potently insecticidal when injected into a wide variety of insect pests, but it has limited oral toxicity. we examined the ability of snowdrop lectin (gna), which is capable of traversing the insect gut epithelium, to act as a "carrier" in order to enhance the oral activity of hv1a.201222761779
fusing the vegetative insecticidal protein vip3aa7 and the n terminus of cry9ca improves toxicity against plutella xylostella larvae.bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins (icps) and vegetative insecticidal proteins (vips) have been widely used as a kind of safe bio-insecticides. a problem that has been of concern worldwide is how to improve their insecticidal activities. in this study, to determine the synergism between vips and icps effect on insecticidal activity, a construct that produces a chimeric protein of the vip3aa7 and the n terminus ofcry9ca, named v3ac9c, was expressed in escherichia coli bl21 cells ...201222718249
study of the pest community of velvetleaf (abutilon theophrasti medic.).velvetleaf (abutilon theophrasti medicus 1787) is one of the most economically threatening weed plant in hungary. researching biological control against it, and identifying a possible and effective biocontrol agent is an important challenge, as chemical control is difficult and expensive, and there is an increasing claim to practice slight plant protection. entomological studies were made in several parts of the world, for evaluating the species, occuring in velvetleaf, but none of these kind of ...201122696962
effect of insecticides and plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae) genotype on a predator and parasitoid and implications for the evolution of insecticide resistance.in the laboratory and in cages in the greenhouse, we evaluated the toxicity of two insecticides (lambda-cyhalothrin and spinosad) on the parasitoid, diadegma insulare (cresson), and the predator, coleomegilla maculate (degeer), both natural enemies of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.). lambda-cyhalothrin was very toxic to both natural enemies. spinosad was less toxic to c. maculata adults and larvae, and slightly toxic to d. insulare. both natural enemies suppressed p. xylostella po ...201222606803
a novel strain of brevibacillus laterosporus produces chitinases that contribute to its biocontrol potential.a novel strain exhibiting entomopathogenic and chitinolytic activity was isolated from mangrove marsh soil in india. the isolate was identified as brevibacillus laterosporus by phenotypic characterization and 16s rrna sequencing and designated lak1210. when grown in the presence of colloidal chitin as the sole carbon source, the isolate produced extracellular chitinases. chitinase activity was inhibited by allosamidin indicating that the enzymes belong to the family 18 chitinases. the chitinases ...201322543421
phospholipase a2 inhibitors synthesized by two entomopathogenic bacteria, xenorhabdus nematophila and photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata.the entomopathogenic bacteria xenorhabdus nematophila and photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata suppress insect immune responses by inhibiting the catalytic activity of phospholipase a(2) (pla(2)), which results in preventing biosynthesis of immune-mediating eicosanoids. this study identified pla(2) inhibitors derived from culture broths of these two bacteria. both x. nematophila and p. temperata subsp. temperata culture broths possessed significant pla(2)-inhibitory activities. fractionation ...201222447611
specific binding of radiolabeled cry1fa insecticidal protein from bacillus thuringiensis to midgut sites in lepidopteran species.cry1fa insecticidal protein was successfully radiolabeled with (125)i-na. specific binding to brush border membrane vesicles was shown for the lepidopteran species ostrinia nubilalis, spodoptera frugiperda, spodoptera exigua, helicoverpa armigera, heliothis virescens, and plutella xylostella. homologous competition assays were performed to obtain equilibrium binding parameters (k(d) [dissociation constant] and r(t) [concentration of binding sites]) for these six insect species.201222447600
[plutella xylostella granulovirus pp31 interacts with two host proteins].protein-protein interactions between viruses and hosts are common during viral infection and replication. in this study, a cdna library from larvae of plutella xylostella was constructed and used for screening of genes encoding proteins interacting with plutella xylostella granulovirus (plxygv) proteins. two cdna clones containing genes encoding proteins interacting with plxygv pp31 were identified by yeast two-hybrid assays. sequence analysis showed that the genes encoded homologues of receptor ...201222416345
proteomic identification of a novel toxin protein (txp40) from xenorhabdus nematophila and its insecticidal activity against larvae of plutella xylostella.for the identification of a novel insecticidal protein, a two-dimensional liquid chromatography (pf-2d) system was used in a quantitative proteomic analysis of xenorhabdus nematophila cbnu strain isolated from entomophagous nematode steinernema carpocapsae . protein patterns obtained from minimum and maximum insecticidal activities during cultivation were contrasted, and a novel toxin protein (txp40) was identified by maldi-tof/ms. the dna sequence of the cloned toxin gene (1089 bp) has an open ...201222352834
genetic variation and virulence of autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus and trichoplusia ni single nucleopolyhedrovirus isolates.to determine the genetic diversity within the baculovirus species autographa calfornica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (acmnpv; baculoviridae: alphabaculovirus), a pcr-based method was used to identify and classify baculoviruses found in virus samples from the lepidopteran host species a. californica, autographa gamma, trichoplusia ni, rachiplusia ou, anagrapha falcifera, galleria mellonella, and heliothis virescens. alignment and phylogenetic inference from partial nucleotide sequences of three ...201222349146
biological study of plutella xylostella (l.) (lep: plutellidae) and it's solitary endoparasitoid, cotesia vestalis (haliday) (hym. braconidae) under laboratory conditions.plutella xylostella (l.) (lep: plutellidae), is a destructive pest of brassicaceous crops in the world. cotesia vestalis (haliday) is one of most important biological control agents of p. xylostella in the world and iran. both of p. xylostella and c. vestalis biology were carried out in laboratory condition. results showed that development time of immature stages of p. xylostella including egg, instar i, instar ii, instar iii, instar iv, prepupa, pupa were 2.39 +/- 0.17, 2.18 +/- 0.17, 2.06 +/- ...201122335048
design, synthesis, and insecticidal activity of novel pyrazole derivatives containing α-hydroxymethyl-n-benzyl carboxamide, α-chloromethyl-n-benzyl carboxamide, and 4,5-dihydrooxazole moieties.on the basis of commercial insecticides tebufenpyrad and tolfenpyrad, two series of novel pyrazole-5-carboxamides containing α-hydroxymethyl-n-benzyl or α-chloromethyl-n-benzyl and pyrazoles containing 4,5-dihydrooxazole moieties were designed and synthesized via the key intermediate 2-amino-1-(4-substituted) phenyl ethanol. the structures of target compounds were confirmed by (1)h nmr and elemental analysis or high-resolution mass spectrum (hrms), and their activities against cotton bollworm (h ...201222304385
production, purification, and characterization of the cecropin from plutella xylostella, pxceca1, using an intein-induced self-cleavable system in escherichia coli.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are widely expressed and play an important role in innate immune defense against infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. cecropins are a family of amps synthesized in the fat body of insects that have proven effective at killing specific pathogens. in order to fulfill their clinical potential as antimicrobial drugs, a simple, cost-effective method to express amps is sorely needed. in this study, we expressed and characterized the cecropin ...201222258643
engineering of benzylglucosinolate in tobacco provides proof-of-concept for dead-end trap crops genetically modified to attract plutella xylostella (diamondback moth).glucosinolates are biologically active natural products characteristic of crucifers, including oilseed rape, cabbage vegetables and the model plant arabidopsis thaliana. crucifer-specialist insect herbivores, like the economically important pest plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), frequently use glucosinolates as oviposition stimuli. this suggests that the transfer of a glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway to a non-crucifer would stimulate oviposition on an otherwise non-attractive plant. here ...201222256859
consequences of constitutive and induced variation in the host's food plant quality for parasitoid larval development.constitutive and induced changes in plant quality impact higher trophic levels, such as the development of parasitoids, in different ways. an efficient way to study how plant quality affects parasitoids is to examine how the parasitoid larva is integrated within the host during the growth process. in two experiments, we investigated the effects of varying nutritional quality of brassica oleracea on parasitoid larval development inside the host, the diamondback moth (plutella xylostella). first, ...201222233934
molecular characterization of ephestia kuehniella (lepidoptera: pyralidae) transferrin and its response to parasitoid venturia canescens (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae gravenhorst).in the present study, we characterized a full-length cdna encoding a putative iron-binding protein transferrin from the lepidopteran mediterranean flour moth (ektrf, 2397 bp). the putative ektrf is 683 amino acids with a molecular mass of approximately 76 kda. the deduced amino acid sequence showed significant homology with other insect transferrins from chilo suppressalis (76%), galleria mellonella (75%), plutella xylostella (72%), manduca sexta (74%), bombyx mori (73%), spodoptera litura and ( ...201222229520
design, synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel pyrazole amides containing hydrazone substructures.background: pyrazole and hydrazone derivatives possess good insecticidal activities; their substructural units are widely used in pesticide design. in an effort to discover new molecules with good insecticidal activities, a series of pyrazole amide derivatives containing hydrazone substructures were synthesised and bioassayed. results: bioassays demonstrated that some of the title compounds exhibited notable control of plutella xylostella (linnaeus), helicoverpa armigera (hübner), culex pipiens ...201122190278
3d structure of the yersinia entomophaga toxin complex and implications for insecticidal activity.toxin complex (tc) proteins are a class of bacterial protein toxins that form large, multisubunit complexes. comprising tca, b, and c components, they are of great interest because many exhibit potent insecticidal activity. here we report the structure of a novel tc, yen-tc, isolated from the bacterium yersinia entomophaga mh96, which differs from the majority of bacterially derived tcs in that it exhibits oral activity toward a broad range of insect pests, including the diamondback moth (plutel ...201122158901
developmental responses of the diamondback moth parasitoid diadegma semiclausum (hellén) (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae) to temperature and host plant species.effects of constant rearing temperature and the plant species fed upon by its hosts were investigated for several developmental parameters of diadegma semiclausum (hellén), an important parasitoid of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.). temperature had highly significant effects on all developmental parameters measured, and effects were usually both linear and quadratic with increasing temperature. host plant species, comprising brassica napus l., brassica rapa l. ssp. pekinensis and ...201122127052
molecular cloning and functional expression of chitinase-encoding cdna from the cabbage moth, mamestra brassicae.chitinase is a rate-limiting and endo-splitting enzyme involved in the bio-degradation of chitin, an important component of the cuticular exoskeleton and peritrophic matrix in insects. we isolated a cdna-encoding chitinase from the last larval integument of the cabbage moth, mamestra brassicae (lepidoptera; noctuidae), cloned the orf cdna into e. coli to confirm its functionality, and analyzed the deduced amino acid sequence in comparison with previously described lepidopteran chitinases. m. bra ...201222124732
parasitoid-specific induction of plant responses to parasitized herbivores affects colonization by subsequent herbivores.plants are exposed to a suite of herbivorous attackers that often arrive sequentially. herbivory affects interactions between the host plants and subsequently attacking herbivores. moreover, plants may respond to herbivory by emitting volatile organic compounds (vocs) that attract carnivorous natural enemies of the herbivores. however, information borne by vocs is ubiquitous and may attract carnivores, such as parasitoids, that differ in their effectiveness at releasing the plant from its herbiv ...201122084113
Differential expression of insect and plant specific adhesin genes, Mad1 and Mad2, in Metarhizium robertsii.Metarhizium robertsii is an entomopathogenic fungus that is also plant rhizosphere competent. Two adhesin-encoding genes, Metarhizium adhesin-like protein 1 (Mad1) and Mad2, are involved in insect pathogenesis or plant root colonization, respectively. Here we examined the differential expression of the Mad genes when grown on a variety of soluble (carbohydrates and plant root exudate) and insoluble substrates (locust, tobacco hornworm, and cockroach cuticle, chitin, tomato stems, cellulose, and ...201122036295
population-related variation in plant defense more strongly affects survival of an herbivore than its solitary parasitoid wasp.the performance of natural enemies, such as parasitoid wasps, is affected by differences in the quality of the host's diet, frequently mediated by species or population-related differences in plant allelochemistry. here, we compared survival, development time, and body mass in a generalist herbivore, the cabbage moth, mamestra brassicae, and its solitary endoparasitoid, microplitis mediator, when reared on two cultivated (cyr and sth) and three wild (kim, oh, and win) populations of cabbage, bra ...201121987026
efficacy of genetically modified bt toxins against insects with different genetic mechanisms of resistance.transgenic crops that produce bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxins are grown widely for pest control, but insect adaptation can reduce their efficacy. the genetically modified bt toxins cry1abmod and cry1acmod were designed to counter insect resistance to native bt toxins cry1ab and cry1ac. previous results suggested that the modified toxins would be effective only if resistance was linked with mutations in genes encoding toxin-binding cadherin proteins. here we report evidence from five major cro ...201121983521
Deep sequencing-based transcriptome analysis of Plutella xylostella larvae parasitized by Diadegma semiclausum.Parasitoid insects manipulate their hosts' physiology by injecting various factors into their host upon parasitization. Transcriptomic approaches provide a powerful approach to study insect host-parasitoid interactions at the molecular level. In order to investigate the effects of parasitization by an ichneumonid wasp (Diadegma semiclausum) on the host (Plutella xylostella), the larval transcriptome profile was analyzed using a short-read deep sequencing method (Illumina). Symbiotic polydnavirus ...201121906285
Single cysteine substitution in Bacillus thuringiensis Cry7Ba1 improves the crystal solubility and produces toxicity to Plutella xylostella larvae.Many Bacillus thuringiensis isolates have no demonstrated toxicity against insects. In this study, a novel holotype crystal protein gene cry7Ba1 was isolated from a 'non-insecticidal'B. thuringiensis strain YBT-978. The Cry7Ba1 protein showed high toxicity against Plutella xylostella larvae after the crystals were dissolved at pH 12.5, suggesting that the 'non-insecticidal' properties of this protein were due to insolubility in the normal insect midgut pH environment. After the C-terminal half o ...201121895913
insecticide selectivity to two species of trichogramma in three different hosts, as determined by iobc/wprs methodology.background: the use of trichogramma species is a potential key strategy in integrated pest management. however, its effectiveness depends on the use of chemicals that do not interfere with parasitism and parasite population growth. here, a study was made of the effects of synthetic insecticides on trichogramma pretiosum and trichogramma exiguum in different hosts (ephestia kuehniella, plutella xylostella and spodoptera frugiperda) and the influence of international organisation for biological co ...201121858909
a single sex pheromone receptor determines chemical response specificity of sexual behavior in the silkmoth bombyx mori.in insects and other animals, intraspecific communication between individuals of the opposite sex is mediated in part by chemical signals called sex pheromones. in most moth species, male moths rely heavily on species-specific sex pheromones emitted by female moths to identify and orient towards an appropriate mating partner among a large number of sympatric insect species. the silkmoth, bombyx mori, utilizes the simplest possible pheromone system, in which a single pheromone component, (e, z)-1 ...201121738481
insecticides suppress natural enemies and increase pest damage in cabbage.intensive use of pesticides is common and increasing despite a growing and historically well documented awareness of the costs and hazards. the benefits from pesticides of increased yields from sufficient pest control may be outweighed by developed resistance in pests and killing of beneficial natural enemies. other negative effects are human health problems and lower prices because of consumers' desire to buy organic products. few studies have examined these trade-offs in the field. here, we de ...201121735894
host translational control of a polydnavirus, cotesia plutellae bracovirus, by sequestering host eif4a to prevent formation of a translation initiation complex.host translational control is a viral strategy to exploit host cellular resources. parasitization by some endoparasitoids containing polydnaviruses inhibits the synthesis of specific host proteins at post-transcriptional level. two host translation inhibitory factors (htifs) have been proposed in cotesia plutellae bracovirus (cpbv). parasitization by c. plutellae inhibited storage protein 1 (sp1) synthesis of plutella xylostella at post-transcriptional level. one htif, cpbv15+¦, inhibited the tr ...201121699595
recombinant conotoxin, txvia, produced in yeast has insecticidal activity.conotoxins are a diverse collection of more than 50,000 peptides produced by predatory marine snails of the genus conus in order to immobilize their prey. many conotoxins modulate the activity of ion channels, and show high specificity to their targets; as a result, some have valuable pharmaceutical applications. however, obtaining active peptide is difficult and to date has only been achieved though natural collection, chemical synthesis, or the use of prokaryotic expression systems, which ofte ...201121640131
an ecological genomic approach challenging the paradigm of differential plant responses to specialist versus generalist insect herbivores.a general prediction of the specialist/generalist paradigm indicates that plant responses to insect herbivores may depend on the degree of ecological specialization of the insect attacker. however, results from a single greenhouse experiment evaluating the responses of the model plant arabidopsis thaliana to three specialist (plutella xylostella, pieris rapae, and brevicoryne brassicae) and three generalist (trichoplusia ni, spodoptera exigua, and myzus persicae) insect species did not support t ...201121625984
enhancing the stress tolerance and virulence of an entomopathogen by metabolic engineering dhn-melanin biosynthesis genes.entomopathogenic fungi have been used for biocontrol of insect pests for many decades. however, the efficacy of such fungi in field trials is often inconsistent, mainly due to environmental stresses, such as ultraviolet radiation, temperature extremes, and desiccation. to circumvent these hurdles, metabolic engineering of dhn-melanin biosynthetic genes (polyketide synthase, scytalone dehydratase, and 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene reductase) cloned from alternaria alternata were transformed into th ...201121571888
transgenic tetraploid isatis indigotica expressing bt cry1ac and pinellia ternata agglutinin showed enhanced resistance to moths and aphids.co-expression of multiple genes encoding different kinds of insect resistant proteins has been developed to confer a broader spectrum of pest control. tetraploid isatis indigotica fort was transformed with a plasmid, p3300bp, containing bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac gene (bt) and pinellia ternata agglutinin gene (pta) and the selectable marker herbicide resistance gene (bar) driven by the camv35s promoter via agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. the integration and expression of in ...201121559837
linkage mapping and comparative genomics using next-generation rad sequencing of a non-model organism.restriction-site associated dna (rad) sequencing is a powerful new method for targeted sequencing across the genomes of many individuals. this approach has broad potential for genetic analysis of non-model organisms including genotype-phenotype association mapping, phylogeography, population genetics and scaffolding genome assemblies through linkage mapping. we constructed a rad library using genomic dna from a plutella xylostella (diamondback moth) backcross that segregated for resistance to th ...201121541297
bacterial metabolites of an entomopathogenic bacterium, xenorhabdus nematophila, inhibit a catalytic activity of phenoloxidase of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella.a monoterpenoid compound, benzylideneacetone (bza), is identified from bacterial metabolites synthesized by an entomopathogenic bacterium, xenorhabdus nematophila. it inhibits phospholipase a2 of target insects to shut down biosynthesis of various eicosanoids, which play significant roles in insect immunity. this study discovered another novel activity of bza that directly inhibited phenoloxidase (po) activity required for immune-associated melanization. when it was injected into larvae of plute ...201121464604
glyphosate-drift but not herbivory alters the rate of transgene flow from single and stacked trait transgenic canola (brassica napus) to nontransgenic b. napus and b. rapa.• transgenic plants can offer agricultural benefits, but the escape of transgenes is an environmental concern. in this study we tested the hypothesis that glyphosate drift and herbivory selective pressures can change the rate of transgene flow between the crop brassica napus (canola), and weedy species and contribute to the potential for increased transgene escape risk and persistence outside of cultivation. • we constructed plant communities containing single transgenic b. napus genotypes expre ...201121443650
changes in fitness-associated traits due to the stacking of transgenic glyphosate resistance and insect resistance in brassica napus l.increasingly, genetically modified crops are being developed to express multiple 'stacked' traits for different types of transgenes, for example, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, crop quality and tolerance to environmental stresses. the release of crops that express multiple traits could result in ecological changes in weedy environments if feral crop plants or hybrids formed with compatible weeds results in more competitive plants outside of agriculture. to examine the effects of combin ...201121427753
use of quantitative pcr to understand within-host competition between two entomopathogenic fungi.interactions between the entomopathogenic fungi zoophthora radicans and pandora blunckii infecting larvae of plutella xylostella were investigated. this is the first report to quantify within-host growth of one fungus in the presence of another competing for the same host resource using quantitative pcr (qpcr) at regular time points during the infection process. in larvae inoculated only with z. radicans, there was a cumulative increase in the quantity of z. radicans dna throughout the time cour ...201121414321
interspecific competition between two endoparasitoids cotesia vestalis (hymenoptera: braconidae) and oomyzus sokolowskii (hymenoptera: eulophidae).two endoparasitoids, cotesia vestalis and oomyzus sokolowskii, parasitize the same host, larvae of plutella xylostella. these two species have evolved different parasitization strategies. o. sokolowskii expresses a single factor, venom, and exerts virtually no detrimental effects on the development of its host. c. vestalis, on the other hand, injects polydnavirus (pdv) and venom during oviposition, and teratocytes are released into the host's hemolymph after egg hatching. parasitization suppress ...201121322005
bottom-up effect of different host plants on plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae): a life-table study on canola.the effects of 10 commercial canola, brassica napus l., cultivars widely grown in iran--'slm(046),' 'opera,' 'okapi,' 'rgs(003),' 'modena,' 'sarigol,' 'zarfam,' 'licord,' 'hayula(420),' and 'talaye'--on the demographic parameters of diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. (lepidoptera-plutellidae), were determined. the experiments were conducted in a growth chamber at 25 +/- 1 degrees c, 65 +/- 2% rh, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (l:d) h. the comparison of intrinsic rate of natural increase (r(m)) ...201021309221
the main virulence determinant of yersinia entomophaga mh96 is a broad-host-range toxin complex active against insects.through transposon mutagenesis and dna sequence analysis, the main disease determinant of the entomopathogenic bacterium yersinia entomophaga mh96 was localized to an ~32-kb pathogenicity island (pai) designated pai(ye96). residing within pai(ye96) are seven open reading frames that encode an insecticidal toxin complex (tc), comprising not only the readily recognized toxin complex a (tca), tcb, and tcc components but also two chitinase proteins that form a composite tc molecule. the central tc g ...201121278295
parasitoids select plants more heavily infested with their caterpillar hosts: a new approach to aid interpretation of plant headspace volatiles.plants produce volatile organic compounds (vocs) in response to herbivore attack, and these vocs can be used by parasitoids of the herbivore as host location cues. we investigated the behavioural responses of the parasitoid cotesia vestalis to vocs from a plant-herbivore complex consisting of cabbage plants (brassica oleracea) and the parasitoids host caterpillar, plutella xylostella. a y-tube olfactometer was used to compare the parasitoids' responses to vocs produced as a result of different l ...201121270031
translocation and insecticidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis living inside of plants.the major biological pesticide for the control of insect infestations of crops, bacillus thuringiensis was found to be present naturally within cotton plants from fields that had never been treated with commercial formulations of this bacterium. the ability of b. thuringiensis to colonize plants as an endophyte was further established by the introduction of a strain marked by production of green fluorescent protein (gfp). after inoculation of this preparation close to the roots of cotton and cab ...200921255282
isolation, characterization and expression analysis of the ornithine decarboxylase gene (odc1) of the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae.the gene odc1, which codes for the ornithine decarboxylase enzyme, was isolated from the entomopathogenic fungus, metarhizium anisopliae. the deduced amino acid sequence predicted a protein of 447 amino acids with a molecular weight of 49.3kda that contained the canonical motifs of ornithine decarboxylases. the odc1 cdna sequence was expressed in escherichia coli cells; radiometric enzyme assays showed that the purified recombinant protein had ornithine decarboxylase activity. the optimum ph of ...201121236653
rna interference of pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide receptor suppresses mating behavior by inhibiting sex pheromone production in plutella xylostella (l.).sex pheromone production is regulated by pheromone biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (pban) in many lepidopteran species. we cloned a pban receptor (plx-pbanr) gene from the female pheromone gland of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.). plx-pbanr encodes 338 amino acids and has conserved structural motifs implicating in promoting g protein coupling and tyrosine-based sorting signaling along with seven transmembrane domains, indicating a typical g protein-coupled receptor. the expre ...201121220012
formulation and application of the entomopathogenic fungus: zoophthora radicans (brefeld) batko (zygomycetes: entomophthorales).to isolate and formulate a native strain of zoophthora radicans naturally infecting larvae of diamondback moth, plutella xylostella, existing in south australia and to provide evidence that formulation of the fungus is effective against p. xylostella larvae, and therefore, it could be used as a tool in pest management of this insect.201121214693
isolation and expression analysis of a homolog of the 14-3-3 epsilon gene in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella.a full-length 14-3-3 gene homolog (also referred to as the px14-3-3 epsilon "ε" or px14-3-3ε gene) was cloned from cdna of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella. the px14-3-3 transcript is 789 nucleotides in length, and the predicted polypeptide is 263 amino acids in length, with a calculated molecular mass of 29.6 kda. the px14-3-3 gene contains the typical and predicted 14-3-3 domains and motifs. the amino acid sequence of the diamondback moth 14-3-3 gene is very similar to that of other i ...201121181781
effect of bt broccoli and resistant genotype of plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae) on development and host acceptance of the parasitoid diadegma insulare (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae).the ecological implications on biological control of insecticidal transgenic plants, which produce crystal (cry) proteins from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt), remain a contentious issue and affect risk assessment decisions. in this study, we used a unique system of resistant insects, bt plants and a parasitoid to critically evaluate this issue. the effects of broccoli type (normal or expressing cry1ac protein) and insect genotype (susceptible or cry1ac-resistant) of plutella xylo ...201021181494
synthesis and insecticidal activity of n-tert-butyl-n,n'-diacylhydrazines containing 1,2,3-thiadiazoles.n-tert-butyl-n,n'-diacylhydrazines are nonsteroidal ecdysone agonists used as environmental benign pest regulators. in this paper, two series of new n-tert-butyl-n,n'-diacylhydrazine derivatives containing 1,2,3-thiadiazole were designed and synthesized. all structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)h nmr), infrared spectroscopy (ir), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (hrms). bioasssay results indicated that most of the synthesized compou ...201021166420
isolation of bac clones containing conserved genes from libraries of three distantly related moths: a useful resource for comparative genomics of lepidoptera.lepidoptera, butterflies and moths, is the second largest animal order and includes numerous agricultural pests. to facilitate comparative genomics in lepidoptera, we isolated bac clones containing conserved and putative single-copy genes from libraries of three pests, heliothis virescens, ostrinia nubilalis, and plutella xylostella, harboring the haploid chromosome number, n = 31, which are not closely related with each other or with the silkworm, bombyx mori, (n = 28), the sequenced model lepi ...201021127704
new records of natural enemies of plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae) in pernambuco, brazil.we report the occurrence of natural enemies of plutella xylostela (l.) in organically farmed kale in pernambuco, brazil. seven natural enemies were observed parasitizing or preying on larvae and pupae of p. xylostella--three parasitoids: cotesia plutellae kurdjumov (hym.: braconidae), conura pseudofulvovariegata (becker) (hym.: chalcididae) and tetrastichus howardi (olliff) (hym.: eulophidae), and four predators: cheiracanthium inclusum (hentz) (araneae: miturgidae), pheidole sp.westwood (hym.: ...201021120399
benzylideneacetone, an eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitor enhances baculovirus pathogenicity in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella.benzylideneacetone (bza) is a monoterpenoid compound produced by an entomopathogenic bacterium, xenorhabdus nematophila. bza inhibits phospholipase a(2) to suppress biosynthesis of eicosanoids that mediate immune responses in insects. in response to per os infection of autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrosis virus (acmnpv), the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella, developed red spots on the midgut epithelium. the midgut exhibiting red spot formation suffered abnormal cell integrity, ...201021112333
in vivo fluorescence observation of parasporal inclusion formation in bacillus thuringiensis.a recombinant gene expressing a cry1ac-gfp fusion protein with a molecular mass of approximately 160 kd was constructed to investigate the expression of cry1ac, the localization of its gene product cry1ac, and its role in crystal development in bacillus thuringiensis. the cry1ac-gfp fusion gene under the control of the cry1ac promoter was cloned into the plasmid pht304, and this construct was designated phtcry1ac-gfp. phtcry1ac-gfp was transformed into the crystal-negative strain, hd-73 cry(-), ...201021104371
molecular cloning, expression profile and 5' regulatory region analysis of two chemosensory protein genes from the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella.chemosensory proteins play an important role in transporting chemical compounds to their receptors on dendrite membranes. in this study, two full-length cdna codings for chemosensory proteins of plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae) were obtained by race-pcr. pxylcsp3 and pxyl-csp4, with genbank accession numbers abm92663 and abm92664, respectively, were cloned and sequenced. the gene sequences both consisted of three exons and two introns. rt-pcr analysis showed that pxyl-csp3 and pxyl ...021073345
synthesis and insecticidal activities of novel anthranilic diamides containing modified n-pyridylpyrazoles.in order to look for novel insecticides targeting the ryanodine receptor, four new series of anthranilic diamides containing modified n-pyridylpyrazoles were designed and synthesized. all of the compounds were characterized and confirmed by (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr, and hrms. the single crystal structure of 10c was determined by x-ray diffraction. their insecticidal activities against oriental armyworm (mythimna separata) and diamondback moth (plutella xylostella) indicated that most of the compounds ...201021047132
identification of the minimal active fragment of the cry1ah toxin.cry1ah1, a novel holo-type gene cloned from bacillus thuringiensis strain bt-8, encoded a protein exhibiting strong insecticidal activity against lepidopteran insects. to identify the minimal active fragment of the cry1ah toxin, 9 pairs of primers were designed to generate different pcr products. seven pcr products were amplified by different primers using the cry1ah1 gene as a template and cloned into a pet-21b vector. these positive clones were separately transformed into escherichia coli. ins ...201021046197
phylloplane location of glucosinolates in barbarea spp. (brassicaceae) and misleading assessment of host suitability by a specialist herbivore.glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites used in host plant recognition by insects specialized on brassicaceae, such as the diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella. their perception as oviposition cues by females would seem to require their occurrence on the leaf surface, yet previous studies have reached opposite conclusions about whether glucosinolates are actually present on the surface of crucifer leaves. dbm oviposits extensively on barbarea vulgaris, despite its larvae not being ...201121029103
immunosuppression induced by entomopathogens is rescued by addition of apolipophorin iii in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella.apolipophorin iii (apolpiii) has been known to play critical roles in lipid transport and immune activation in insects. this study reports a partial apolpiii gene cloned from the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella. it showed that the gene was expressed in all developmental stages of p. xylostella. in larval stage, it was expressed in all tested tissues of hemocyte, fat body, gut, and epidermis. in response to bacterial challenge, the larvae showed an enhanced level of apolpiii expression by a ...201020937282
interaction between short-term heat pretreatment and fipronil on 2 instar larvae of diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (linn).based on the cooperative virulence index (c.f.) and lc(50) of fipronil, the interaction effect between short-term heat pretreatment and fipronil on 2(nd) instar larvae of diamondback moth (dbm), plutella xylostella (linnaeus), was assessed. the results suggested that pretreatment of the tested insects at 30 °c for 2, 4 and 8h could somewhat decrease the toxicity of fipronil at all set concentrations. the lc(50) values of fipronil increased after heat pretreatment and c.f. values in all these tre ...201020877489
a quadruple-enterotoxin-deficient mutant of bacillus thuringiensis remains insecticidal.bacillus thuringiensis is the leading biopesticide used to control insect pests worldwide. although they have a long record of safe use, under certain conditions commercial strains of b. thuringiensis have the ability to produce numerous putative enterotoxins that have been associated with food poisoning attributed to bacillus cereus. therefore, we designed a strategy to delete the genes encoding these toxins. b. thuringiensis strain vbts 2477 contained genes encoding nhe, cytk-2 and three homol ...201020829288
cdna cloning and induction of tyrosine hydroxylase gene from the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella.we cloned a full-length tyrosine hydroxylase cdna from the integument of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella. in the phylogenetic tree, tyrosine hydroxylase (pxth) clustered with the other lepidopteran ths. serine residues in the pxth sequence, namely ser(24), ser(31), ser(35), ser(53), and ser(65), were predicted to be the target sites for phosphorylation based on prosite analysis. in particular, ser(35) of pxth is highly conserved across a broad phylogenetic range of animal taxa includin ...201020824820
ultrastructural and functional characterization of circulating hemocytes from plutella xylostella larva: cell types and their role in phagocytosis.the hemocytes of different types encountered in the diamondback moth plutella xylostella larvae of each instar and the development of the differential hemocytes counts were herein presented. hemocytes classes/populations characterized based on their affinity with fluorescent dye (acridine orange) and ultrastructural differences comprised the prohemcoytes (<10-16%), plasmatocytes (22-65%), granulocytes (25-72%), oenocytoids (<1-9%), and spherulocytes (<1%). prohemcoytes were the smallest cells wi ...201020817244
herbivore-specific, density-dependent induction of plant volatiles: honest or "cry wolf" signals?plants release volatile chemicals upon attack by herbivorous arthropods. they do so commonly in a dose-dependent manner: the more herbivores, the more volatiles released. the volatiles attract predatory arthropods and the amount determines the probability of predator response. we show that seedlings of a cabbage variety (brassica oleracea var. capitata, cv shikidori) also show such a response to the density of cabbage white (pieris rapae) larvae and attract more (naive) parasitoids (cotesia glom ...201020808961
evaluation of insecticidal activity of a bacterial strain, serratia sp. eml-se1 against diamondback moth.to identify novel bioinsecticidal agents, a bacterial strain, serratia sp. eml-se1, was isolated from a dead larva of the lepidopteran diamondback moth (plutella xylostella) collected from a cabbage field in korea. in this study, the insecticidal activity of liquid cultures in luria-bertani broth (lbb) and nutrient broth (nb) of a bacterial strain, serratia sp. eml-se1 against thirty 3rd and 4th instar larvae of the diamondback moth was investigated on a chinese cabbage leaf housed in a round pl ...201020799099
synthesis and bioactivity of n-benzoyl-n'-[5-(2'-substituted phenyl)-2-furoyl] semicarbazide derivatives.in order to find novel chitin synthesis inhibitors (csis) with good activity, benzoylphenylurea, a typical kind of csis, was chosen as the lead compound and 15 novel derivatives containing furan moieties were designed by converting the urea linkage of benzoylphenylureas into a semicarbazide and changing the aniline part into furoyl groups. the title compounds were synthesized by the reaction of substituted benzoyl isocyanates with 5-(substituted phenyl)-2-furoyl hydrazine, and the structures wer ...201020657440
differential effects of indole and aliphatic glucosinolates on lepidopteran herbivores.glucosinolates are a diverse group of defensive secondary metabolites that is characteristic of the brassicales. arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. (brassicaceae) lines with mutations that greatly reduce abundance of indole glucosinolates (cyp79b2 cyp79b3), aliphatic glucosinolates (myb28 myb29), or both (cyp79b2 cyp79b3 myb28 myb29) make it possible to test the in vivo defensive function of these two major glucosinolate classes. in experiments with lepidoptera that are not crucifer-feeding specia ...201020617455
can sulfur fertilisation improve the effectiveness of trap crops for diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae)?the effect of sulfur fertilisation on chemical constituents of yellow rocket, barbarea vulgaris (r. br.), was studied with regard to its potential use as a trap crop for the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae). two types of b. vulgaris var. arcuata were used: the g-type, resistant to p. xylostella and proposed as a 'dead-end' trap crop, and the p-type, not resistant to p. xylostella and used as a control.201020603876
baseline susceptibility of the diamondback moth (lepidoptera: plutellidae) to chlorantraniliprole in china.diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) (lepidoptera: plutellidae), has evolved resistance to various kinds of insecticides in the field. chlorantraniliprole, which is a new pesticide of the anthranilic diamide group, provides potent and broad-spectrum activity within the insect order lepidoptera. this insecticide provides a new option for control of p. xylostella populations resistant to other chemicals. the susceptibility of 16 field populations and seven laboratory maintained strains of p. ...201020568631
assessment of commercially available pheromone lures for monitoring diamondback moth (lepidoptera: plutellidae) in canola.sex pheromone monitoring lures from five different commercial sources were compared for their attractiveness to male diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. (lepidoptera: plutellidae) in canola, brassica napus l., fields in western canada. lures that had the highest pheromone release rate, as determined by aeration analyses in the laboratory, were the least attractive in field tests. lures from all the commercial sources tested released more (z)-11-hexadecenal than (z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate an ...201020568610
testing insecticide resistance management strategies: mosaic versus rotations.developing scientifically valid, economically acceptable insecticide resistance management (irm) programs is critical for sustainable insect management. the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.), has demonstrated an ability to develop resistance to many different classes of insecticides, including proteins produced by the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt). recently it has developed resistance to the novel compounds spinosad and indoxacarb. in greenhouse cage experiments, a labo ...201020552665
effects of host plant and genetic background on the fitness costs of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis.novel resistance to pathogens and pesticides is commonly associated with a fitness cost. however, measurements of the fitness costs of insecticide resistance have used diverse methods to control for genetic background and rarely assess the effects of environmental variation. here, we explored how genetic background interacts with resource quality to affect the expression of the fitness costs associated with resistance. we used a serially backcrossed line of the diamondback moth, plutella xyloste ...201120517345
molecular cloning, genomic structure, and genetic mapping of two rdl-orthologous genes of gaba receptors in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella.the resistance to dieldrin (rdl) gene encodes a subunit of the insect gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor. cyclodiene resistance in many insects is associated with replacement of a single amino acid (alanine at position 302) with either a serine or a glycine in the rdl gene. two rdl-orthologous genes of gaba receptors (pxgabaralpha1 and pxgabaralpha2) were cloned and sequenced from a susceptible strain (roth) of plutella xylostella. pxgabaralpha1 and pxgabaralpha2 showed 84% and 77% identity ...201020513056
[biology of plutella xylostella l. (lepidoptera: plutellidae) reared on cauliflower genotypes].this work was conducted to evaluate biological parameters of plutella xylostella l. reared on leaves of several cauliflower genotypes under laboratory conditions. the experiment was set in a randomized block design and arranged in a 6 x 2 factorial (genotypes x generations). leaf disks of the cultivars barcelona, verona, piracicaba precoce, sharon, silver streak, and teresópolis gigante were placed in petri dishes with 12 newly-hatched larvae. leaf disks were initially changed after the fourth d ...201020498964
a viral histone h4 suppresses expression of a transferrin that plays a role in the immune response of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella.a transferrin (tf) gene has been predicted from an expressed sequence tag of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella. it encodes 681 amino acid residues that share 80-90% sequence homologies with other lepidopteran tfs. the gene was constitutively expressed in all developmental stages of p. xylostella. double-stranded rna (dsrna) specific to the tf gene was prepared and microinjected into the larvae. we hypothesize that the dsrna treatment suppressed the tf gene expression level and it signifi ...201020491980
present or past herbivory: a screening of volatiles released from brassica rapa under caterpillar attacks as attractants for the solitary parasitoid, cotesia vestalis.females of the solitary endoparasitoid cotesia vestalis respond to a blend of volatile organic compounds (vocs) released from plants infested with larvae of their host, the diamondback moth (plutella xylostella), which is an important pest insect of cruciferous plants. we investigated the flight response of female parasitoids to the cruciferous plant brassica rapa, using two-choice tests under laboratory conditions. the parasitoids were more attracted to plants that had been infested for at leas ...201020490899
identification of three host translation inhibitory factors encoded in cotesia glomerata bracovirus.an endoparasitoid wasp, cotesia glomerata (braconidae: hymenoptera), parasitizes larvae of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (yponomeutidae: lepidoptera). parasitized p. xylostella exhibits immunosuppression and developmental alteration. in this study, the parasitized larvae exhibited a marked suppression in storage proteins (sps) especially at sp1 out of three sps, although there was significant mrna level of sp1. in addition, the parasitization significantly inhibited spreading behavio ...200920403759
differential proteomic analysis of arabidopsis thaliana genotypes exhibiting resistance or susceptibility to the insect herbivore, plutella xylostella.a proteomic study was conducted to investigate physiological factors affecting feeding behaviour by larvae of the insect, plutella xylostella, on herbivore-susceptible and herbivore-resistant arabidopsis thaliana. the leaves of 162 recombinant inbred lines (rils) were screened to detect genotypes upon which plutella larvae fed least (p. xylostella-resistant) or most (p. xylostella-susceptible). 2d-page revealed significant differences in the proteomes between the identified resistant and suscept ...201020386709
catalase overexpression reduces the germination time and increases the pathogenicity of the fungus metarhizium anisopliae.catalases and peroxidases are the most important enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. these enzymes and superoxide dismutase are the first lines of cell defense against reactive oxygen species. metarhizium anisopliae displays an increase in catalase-peroxidase activity during germination and growth. to determine the importance of catalase during the invasion process of m. anisopliae, we isolated the cat1 gene. cat1 cdna expression in escherichia coli and the subsequent p ...201020361327
design, synthesis and insecticidal activity of novel phenylpyrazoles containing a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-alkoxyethyl moiety.a series of novel phenylpyrazoles containing a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-alkoxyethyl moiety were designed and synthesized via the key intermediate 5-trichloroethylideneimino-3-cyano-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4-alkylsulfenylpyrazole (5). the addition reaction of the imine 5 was closely related with the nature of the alcohol. the target compounds were confirmed by (1)h nmr and elemental analysis. the results of bioassays indicated that the target compounds possessed excellent activities aga ...201020349960
differential host growth regulation by the solitary endoparasitoid, meteorus pulchricornis in two hosts of greatly differing mass.solitary koinobiont endoparasitoids generally reduce the growth of their hosts by a significant amount compared with healthy larvae. here, we compared the development and host usage strategies of the solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid, meteorus pulchricornis, when developing in larvae of a large host species (mythimna separata) and a much smaller host species (plutella xylostella). caterpillars of m. separata were parasitized as l2 and p. xylostella as l3, when they weighed approximately 2mg. th ...201020346952
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