Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| kipukasins, nucleoside derivatives from aspergillus versicolor. | seven new aroyl uridine derivatives (kipukasins a-g; 1-7) were isolated from solid-substrate fermentation cultures of two different hawaiian isolates of aspergillus versicolor. the structures of compounds 1-7 were determined by analysis of nmr and ms data. the nucleoside portion of lead compound 1 was assigned as uracil-1-beta-d-ribofuranoside by spectral comparison with an authentic standard. the bioactivity of the original a. versicolor extracts was accounted for mainly by the presence of the ... | 2007 | 17608440 |
| mass spectrometry-based strategy for direct detection and quantification of some mycotoxins produced by stachybotrys and aspergillus spp. in indoor environments. | dampness in buildings has been linked to adverse health effects, but the specific causative agents are unknown. mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by molds and toxic to higher vertebrates. in this study, mass spectrometry was used to demonstrate the presence of mycotoxins predominantly produced by aspergillus spp. and stachybotrys spp. in buildings with either ongoing dampness or a history of water damage. verrucarol and trichodermol, hydrolysis products of macrocyclic trichothecenes ... | 2007 | 17483261 |
| protracted aspergillus versicolor endophthalmitis caused by corneal microperforation. | here we describe the characterization of a protracted aspergillus versicolor endophthalmitis caused by a corneal microperforation. | 2007 | 17458801 |
| secretion of keratinolytic enzymes and keratinolysis by scopulariopsis brevicaulis and trichophyton mentagrophytes: regression analysis. | a survey on keratinophilic fungi from poultry-farm soils at namakkal and from feather dumping soils at chennai, india, revealed the existence of 34 species of fungi. most of the fungi exhibited variable efficiency in producing extracellular keratinase when grown in plates with chicken feathers as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. the fungi aspergillus flavus, aspergillus niger, aspergillus versicolor, chrysosporium state of arthroderma tuberculatum, paecilomyces carneus, scopulariopsis brevic ... | 2006 | 17215897 |
| the effect of egyptian honeybee propolis on the growth of aspergillus versicolor and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in ras cheese. | propolis is a natural product collected by honeybee workers. the product was tested for its antifungal effect against aspergillus versicolor atcc 12996 as well as biosynthesis of sterigmatocystin during ripening of egyptian ras cheese. the use of different concentrations of aqueous propolis extract 250, 500 and 1000 part per million (ppm) on the cheese surface was investigated. mould growth and toxin production were completely inhibited at the highest concentration 1000 ppm, while the lower conc ... | 2007 | 17210093 |
| a two-stage cyclone using microcentrifuge tubes for personal bioaerosol sampling. | personal aerosol samplers are widely used to monitor human exposure to airborne materials. for bioaerosols, interest is growing in analyzing samples using molecular and immunological techniques. this paper presents a personal sampler that uses a two-stage cyclone to collect bioaerosols into disposable 1.5 ml eppendorf-type microcentrifuge tubes. samples can be processed in the tubes for polymerase chain reaction (pcr) or immunoassays, and the use of multiple stages fractionates aerosol particles ... | 2006 | 17075620 |
| [moulds and yeasts in bottled water and soft drinks]. | some damaged cartons of soft drinks and carbonated water were analyzed to detect the microorganisms that caused the damage. the contaminants of sugar used in the production of one of the drinks were also studied. the methods of déak & beuchat and pitt & hocking were used for the identification of yeasts and moulds, respectively. the agents of the spoilage of soft drinks were debaryomyces hansenii, debaryomyces polymorphus, galactomyces geotrichum, metschnikowia pulcherrima, mucor circinelloides, ... | 2006 | 17037258 |
| presence of opportunistic oil-degrading microorganisms operating at the initial steps of oil extraction and handling. | hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms from natural environments have been isolated and identified using culture-dependent or molecular techniques. however, there has been little research into the occurrence of microorganisms incorporated into crude oil in the initial steps of extraction and handling, which can reduce the quality of stored petroleum. in the present study, a packed-column reactor filled with autoclaved perlite soaked with crude oil was subjected to a continuous flow of sterile medi ... | 2006 | 16835842 |
| chemical characterization and quantification of siderophores produced by marine and terrestrial aspergilli. | ten aspergilli (five each from marine and terrestrial habitats) were screened for siderophore production. all test isolates produced siderophores as indicated by a positive reaction in the fecl(3) test, chrome azurol sulphonate assay, and chrome azurol sulphonate agar plate test. further, the test isolates were compared for their siderophore production potential and chemical characteristics. examination of the chemical nature of the siderophores revealed that all test isolates produced hydroxama ... | 2006 | 16788730 |
| [comparative morphological, ecological, and molecular studies of aspergillus versicolor (vuill.) tiraboschi strains isolated from different ecotopes]. | cultural, morphological, ecological, and trophic properties (growth at different temperatures and on various organic substrates), as well as molecular and genetic peculiarities of aspergillus versicolor (vuill) tiraboschi strains of different origins, were determined. the strains were isolated from different ecotopes (upper horizons of modern soils of several geographic regions, ancient soils and peat, and permafrost). no essential distinctions in cultural and morphological properties were revea ... | 2006 | 16758871 |
| growth of aspergillus versicolor on higher paraffins. | 1932 | 16744796 | |
| effects of amoebae on the growth of microbes isolated from moisture-damaged buildings. | dampness, moisture, and mold in buildings are associated with adverse health outcomes. in addition to fungi and bacteria, amoebae have been found in moisture-damaged building materials. amoebae and a growing list of bacteria have been shown to have mutual effects on each other's growth, but the interactions between amoebae and microbes common in moisture-damaged buildings have not been reported. we co-cultivated the amoeba acanthamoeba polyphaga with bacteria and fungi isolated from moisture-dam ... | 2006 | 16699589 |
| [study on the quantitative and qualitative composition of fungi in dried medicinal plants]. | the quantitative and qualitative composition of fungi was determined in selected dried medicinal plants purchased in one of the herbal shops in szczecin, poland. the samples examined were as follows: chamomile (flos chamomillae), peppermint (folium menthae piperitae), lemon balm (folium melissae), st. john's wort (herba hyperici), and two herbal mixtures. the fungal composition depended on the specified sample. xerophilic fungi, i.e. eurotium amstelodami, e. herbariorum, e. rubrum and wallemia s ... | 2005 | 16610669 |
| identification of volatile metabolites from five fungal species cultivated on two media. | five fungal species, aspergillus versicolor, penicillium commune, cladosporium cladosporioides, paecilomyces variotii, and phialophora fastigiata, were cultivated on two media, malt extract agar and dichloran glycerol agar. culture flasks provided with inlet and outlet tubes were used and purified, and humidified air was constantly led through the flasks. air samples from the cultures were sorbed on tenax gr and analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography. the produced volatile metabolites ... | 1995 | 16535095 |
| mold infestation of wet spray-applied cellulose insulation. | mold investigations were conducted in four buildings that had been insulated with wet spray-applied cellulose insulation (wsaci). bulk wsaci samples were collected and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) methods. airborne mold was evaluated using both burkard total mold spore and andersen culturable/viable sampling methods. although reportedly treated with biocidal borates, qpcr analyses indicated that elevated concentrations of mold cells (reported as spore equivalents per ... | 2006 | 16499151 |
| nonpathogenic, environmental fungi induce activation and degranulation of human eosinophils. | eosinophils and their products are probably important in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases, such as bronchial asthma, and in host immunity to certain organisms. an association between environmental fungal exposure and asthma has been long recognized clinically. although products of microorganisms (e.g., lipopolysaccharides) directly activate certain inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages), the mechanism(s) that triggers eosinophil degranulation is unknown. in this study we investigated whe ... | 2005 | 16210651 |
| endogenous aspergillus versicolor endophthalmitis in an immuno-competent hiv-positive patient. | a 25-year-old white, hiv-positive, immuno-competent man was referred to us because of a progressive blurred vision in his right eye. clinical characteristics were suggestive for an unilateral fungal endophthalmitis, and thereby fluconazole firstly, followed by conventional amphotericin b were intravenously administered, without any significant improvement. thus, a pars plana vitrectomy was performed. aspergillus versicolor was isolated from the cultures of the vitreous sample and intravenous lip ... | 2005 | 16205976 |
| immunoglobulin g antibodies against environmental moulds in a norwegian healthy population shows a bimodal distribution for aspergillus versicolor. | immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies against moulds related to indoor dampness problems are used as biomarkers to indicate exposure. in the present study, we evaluated the frequency of mould exposure in an adult healthy population by examining levels of mould-specific igg antibodies in norwegian blood donors. using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 106 blood donor sera were analyzed for igg antibodies to aspergillus versicolor, penicillium chrysogenum, cladosporium herbarum, stachybotrys chartarum ... | 2005 | 16179015 |
| effects of microbial cocultivation on inflammatory and cytotoxic potential of spores. | microbial growth on moisture-damaged building materials is commonly associated with adverse health effects in the occupants. in moisture damage situations, the environmental conditions as well as the dominant microbial species will vary, leading to a diversity of microbes and continual changes in the different microbial populations. currently, very little is known about the effects of microbial cocultures on the potential harmfulness of the microbial population. in this study we have investigate ... | 2005 | 16087574 |
| screening of flocculant-producing strains by ntg mutagenesis. | screening of new microorganism being able to produce efficiently flocculants was carried out. a new model for screening efficient flocculant-producing strains was designed and tested. the results showed that this model for screening efficient flocculant-producing strains is very reliable and can greatly shorten the screening period. 13 flocculant-producing strains were isolated from activated sludge by conventional method. a strain, designated as hhe6, produced the bioflocculant with the turbidi ... | 2005 | 16083133 |
| improvement of xylanase production in solid-state fermentation by alkali tolerant aspergillus versicolor mku3. | to optimize the media components for xylanase production by aspergillus versicolor mku3 in solid-state fermentation (ssf). | 2005 | 16033517 |
| rapid counting of liquid-borne microorganisms by light scattering spectrometry. | fast and sensitive techniques are needed to determine microorganism presence in liquid samples. in this research, the feasibility of using light scattering spectrometry for enumerating the biological particles in liquid samples was investigated. a particle size spectrometer was used to count six commonly found microbial species suspended in liquid with and without microbiological stains applied: pseudomonas fluorescens, micrococcus spp. vegetative cells and bacillus subtilis var. niger endospore ... | 2005 | 16028880 |
| determination of microbial volatile organic compounds adsorbed on house dust particles and gypsum board using spme/gc-ms. | adsorption of microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) on house dust was analyzed by performing solid phase microextraction (spme) in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms). settled dust samples were exposed to five selected mvocs and to cultures of the molds stachybotrus chartarum, aspergillus versicolor, and chaetomium globosum. considerable desorption of the mvocs adsorbed on the dust occurred spontaneously within a few hours at room temperature and within several d ... | 2005 | 15954244 |
| bacterial strains from moldy buildings are highly potent inducers of inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. | we aimed to identify inflammatory and cytotoxic potential of individual indoor air bacterial and fungal strains, as well as extracts of indoor air filter samples containing bacteria and fungi. mouse raw264.7 macrophages were exposed in vitro to four bacterial strains; streptomyces californicus, mycobacterium terrae, bacillus cereus and pseudomonas fluorescens, and three fungal strains; penicillium spinulosum, aspergillus versicolor and stachybotrys chartarum. furthermore, raw264.7 macrophages we ... | 2005 | 15910531 |
| the production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the fungus aspergillus versicolor. | fungal exposure measurements in indoor environments require accurate and precise monitoring methods. such techniques may be based on monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and here we report the cross-reactivity patterns of mabs produced against aspergillus versicolor. balb/c mice were immunized with the particulate fraction of homogenized spores and 46 mabs (35 igm, nine igg3, two igg1) were produced and tested for cross-reactivity against 55 fungal species. ... | 2005 | 15910525 |
| biotic and abiotic degradation behaviour of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (egme). | glycol ethers are widely used in many processes in the chemical industry. their high water solubility means they are used as solvents for different purposes (e.g. lacquers and varnishes). since glycol ethers are known to produce toxic metabolites such as the teratogenic methoxyacetic acid during biodegradation, the biological treatment of glycol ethers can be hazardous. however, using oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide could be a feasible option for treating wastewater containing glycol eth ... | 2005 | 15878604 |
| assessment of ribosomal large-subunit d1-d2, internal transcribed spacer 1, and internal transcribed spacer 2 regions as targets for molecular identification of medically important aspergillus species. | molecular approaches are now being developed to provide a more rapid and objective identification of fungi compared to traditional phenotypic methods. ribosomal targets, especially the large-subunit rna gene (d1-d2 region) and internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (its1 and its2 regions), have shown particular promise for the molecular identification of some fungi. we therefore conducted an assessment of these regions for the identification of 13 medically important aspergillus species: aspergill ... | 2005 | 15872227 |
| pollution status of swimming pools in south-south zone of south-eastern nigeria using microbiological and physicochemical indices. | microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of swimming pools in south eastern states of nigeria (akwa ibom and cross river) were investigated. the bacterial isolates included enterococcus faecalis, clostridium perfringens, bacillus cereus and escherichia coli. others were pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, proteus vulgaris and staphylococcus epidermidis, while fungal isolates were penicillium sp, rhizopus sp, aspergillus versicolor fusarium sp, trichophyton mentagrophytes, m ... | 2004 | 15691161 |
| a simple multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of four environmentally relevant fungal contaminants. | historically, identification of filamentous fungal (mold) species has been based on morphological characteristics, both macroscopic and microscopic. these methods may often be time-consuming and inaccurate, necessitating the development of identification protocols that are rapid, sensitive, and precise. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has shown great promise in its ability to identify and quantify individual organisms from a mixed culture environment; however, the cost effectiveness of singl ... | 2005 | 15676191 |
| mites and fungi in heavily infested stores in the czech republic. | toxigenic and allergen-producing fungi represent a serious hazard to human food and animal feed safety. ninety-four fungal species were isolated from mite-infested samples of seeds taken from czech seed stores. fungi were isolated from the surface of four kinds of seeds (wheat, poppy, lettuce, and mustard) and from the gut and external surface of five species of mites (i.e., acarus siro l., 1758, caloglyphus rhizoglyphoides (zachvatkin, 1973), lepidoglyphus destructor (schrank, 1781), tyrophagus ... | 2004 | 15666776 |
| amoebae and other protozoa in material samples from moisture-damaged buildings. | mold growth in buildings has been shown to be associated with adverse health effects. the fungal and bacterial growth on moistened building materials has been studied, but little attention has been paid to the other organisms spawning in the damaged materials. we examined moist building materials for protozoa, concentrating on amoebae. material samples (n = 124) from moisture-damaged buildings were analyzed for amoebae, fungi, and bacteria. amoebae were detected in 22% of the samples, and they w ... | 2004 | 15364591 |
| rapid differentiation of aspergillus species from other medically important opportunistic molds and yeasts by pcr-enzyme immunoassay. | we developed a pcr-based assay to differentiate medically important species of aspergillus from one another and from other opportunistic molds and yeasts by employing universal, fungus-specific primers and dna probes in an enzyme immunoassay format (pcr-eia). oligonucleotide probes, directed to the internal transcribed spacer 2 region of ribosomal dna from aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus nidulans, aspergillus niger, aspergillus terreus, aspergillus ustus, and aspergillus v ... | 2004 | 15297489 |
| [the mechanisms of gastric cancer development produced by the combination of helicobacter pylori with sterigmatocystin, a mycotoxin]. | it is considered that about sixty-five percent of people are suffering from helicobacter pylori infection in our country. in the east asian countries including japan, such fungus as aspergillus are ubiquitously found in the environment as a contaminant in human food stuffs and animal feeds. sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin and a precursor of aflatoxin which is produced by aspergillus versicolor. the mechanisms of gastric carcinoma development induced by the combination of helicobacter pylori infe ... | 2004 | 15283159 |
| fungal spore source strength tester: laboratory evaluation of a new concept. | the airborne fungal spore concentration measured with air samplers during specific time intervals does not always adequately represent the maximum spore concentration levels, because of the sporadic nature of spore release. hence, a reliable method is needed to directly assess the indoor fungal sources with respect to their spore aerosolization potential. in this study, the newly developed fungal spore source strength tester (fssst), which aerosolizes spores from growth surfaces and samples the ... | 2004 | 15262159 |
| synergistic interaction in simultaneous exposure to streptomyces californicus and stachybotrys chartarum. | the microbial exposure associated with health complaints in moldy houses consists of a heterogeneous group of components, including both living and dead bacteria, fungi, and their metabolites and active compounds. however, little is known about the interactions between different microbes and their metabolites, although the cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential of certain individual microbes have been reported. in this study, we investigated the inflammatory responses of mouse raw264.7 macropha ... | 2004 | 15121507 |
| [clinical, mycological and pathogenic observations on three cases of otomycosis with aspergillus versicolor]. | 1950 | 14772347 | |
| evolution of genomic diversity and sex at extreme environments: fungal life under hypersaline dead sea stress. | we have found that genomic diversity is generally positively correlated with abiotic and biotic stress levels (1-3). however, beyond a high-threshold level of stress, the diversity declines to a few adapted genotypes. the dead sea is the harshest planetary hypersaline environment (340 g.liter-1 total dissolved salts, approximately 10 times sea water). hence, the dead sea is an excellent natural laboratory for testing the "rise and fall" pattern of genetic diversity with stress proposed in this a ... | 2003 | 14645702 |
| mold-specific immunoglobulin g antibodies in a child population. | the determination of immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies to molds has been used as an objective evidence of significant mold exposure. until present, no data have been published on antibody responses to molds in healthy children living in normal housing conditions. the microbe-specific igg antibody concentrations of 21 molds and 3 actinobacteria were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in 103 1- to 6-year-old children (12.4% of the population of that age), and in 111 7- to 14-y ... | 2003 | 14641607 |
| mould specific igg antibodies connected with sinusitis in teachers of mould damaged school: a two-year follow-up study. | the aim of this study was to describe the relationship between mould exposure induced by moisture damage and mould specific immunoglobulin g antibodies to 20 common mould species and their association with respiratory diseases. | 2003 | 14587535 |
| studies in mycological chemistry. xvii. averythrin, an anthraquinonoid pigment from aspergillus versicolor (vuillemin) tiraboschi. | 1965 | 14324400 | |
| studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms. 99. metabolic products of aspergillus versicolor (vuillemin) tiraboschi. | 1957 | 13403887 | |
| acute effects of aspergillus versicolor aerosols on murine airways. | mice were exposed to aerosols from aspergillus versicolor extract by inhalation (for 15-20 min). changes in respiratory function parameters were monitored during the exposure to evaluate acute effects on the upper and lower respiratory tracts and the conductive airways. the single inhalation exposure to a. versicolor aerosols at the range of 12-151 mg/m3 provoked upper respiratory tract irritation in the airways of mice. the higher the exposure concentration the higher was the increase in the se ... | 2003 | 12950589 |
| volatile metabolites from indoor molds grown on media containing wood constituents. | since volatile mold metabolites are used for the detection of mold growth in buildings, it was interesting to determine whether different indoor mold species show different affinity for the major components of wood, a common building material. growth and volatile metabolites were studied when aspergillus versicolor, penicillium chrysogenum, and p. palitans were grown on laboratory substrates containing the major wood constituents cellulose, xylan and lignin. microbial volatile organic compounds ... | 2003 | 12943002 |
| [experimental lung carcinoma induced by fungi and mycotoxins--a review]. | up to now, most of the etiological studies of lung cancer have been focused on air pollution, radiation and smoking, etc, whereas in the past decades, we had found that fungi and mycotoxins in foodstuff might play important roles in the carcinogenesis of lung cancer. our preliminary work showed that the liquid in pickled vegetables consumed by residents of taihang mountain area in hebei province and corn flours inoculated with aspergillus flavus, aspergillus versicolor in which aflatoxin g1(afg1 ... | 2003 | 12920799 |
| curvularia haloperoxidase: antimicrobial activity and potential application as a surface disinfectant. | a presumed antimicrobial enzyme system, the curvularia haloperoxidase system, was examined with the aim of evaluating its potential as a sanitizing agent. in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, curvularia haloperoxidase facilitates the oxidation of halides, such as chloride, bromide, and iodide, to antimicrobial compounds. the curvularia haloperoxidase system caused several-log-unit reductions in counts of bacteria (pseudomonas spp., escherichia coli, serratia marcescens, aeromonas salmonicida, s ... | 2003 | 12902249 |
| a case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by humicola fuscoatra. | a 51-year-old housewife with hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by humicola fuscoatra is reported. the diagnosis was made by an inhalation challenge with h. fuscoatra antigen. she was admitted for diagnosis and treatment of a fever and productive cough. auscultation of her lungs revealed inspiratory fine crackles. her chest ct showed diffuse miliary nodules in a centri-lobular distribution with patchy ground glass opacities. findings of transbronchial lung biopsy and bal fluid were compatible w ... | 2003 | 12856749 |
| quantifying mold biomass on gypsum board: comparison of ergosterol and beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase as mold biomass parameters. | two mold species, stachybotrys chartarum and aspergillus versicolor, were inoculated onto agar overlaid with cellophane, allowing determination of a direct measurement of biomass density by weighing. biomass density, ergosterol content, and beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase (3.2.1.52) activity were monitored from inoculation to stationary phase. regression analysis showed a good linear correlation to biomass density for both ergosterol content and beta-n-acetylhexosaminidase activity. the same two mol ... | 2003 | 12839773 |
| evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction reverse hybridization line probe assay for the detection and identification of medically important fungi in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. | an assay system in which polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the its-1 region of ribosomal dna (rdna) is combined with a reverse-hybridization line probe assay (lipa) was used for the identification of six candida species and four aspergillus species in pure cultures of clinical isolates, as well as in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid samples from 42 patients with various underlying diseases. the results were compared with the results obtained with conventional routine identificat ... | 2003 | 12627806 |
| the relation between growth of four microbes on six different plasterboards and biological activity of spores. | microbial growth on water-damaged building materials is commonly associated with adverse health effects in the occupants. we examined the growth of stachybotrys chartarum, aspergillus versicolor, penicillium spinulosum, and streptomyces californicus, isolated from water-damaged buildings, on six different brands of plasterboards. the microbial growth was compared with the biological activity of the spores, that is the potential to induce cytotoxicity and proinflammatory mediators in raw264.7 mac ... | 2003 | 12608927 |
| effect of building frame and moisture damage on microbiological indoor air quality in school buildings. | the effect of building frame and moisture damage on microbial indoor air quality was characterized in 17 wooden and 15 concrete or brick school buildings. technical investigations to detect visible moisture and mold damage were performed according to a standardized protocol. viable airborne microbes were determined by using a six-stage impactor (andersen 10-800). mean concentrations of viable airborne fungi were significantly higher in wooden schools than in concrete schools, showing that the fr ... | 2003 | 12570403 |
| survival of filamentous fungi in hypersaline dead sea water. | a variety of filamentous fungi have recently been isolated from the dead sea (340 g/l total dissolved salts). to assess the extent to which such fungi can survive for prolonged periods in dead sea water, we examined the survival of both spores and mycelia in undiluted dead sea water and in dead sea water diluted to different degrees with distilled water. mycelia of aspergillus versicolor and chaetomium globosum strains isolated from the dead sea remained viable for up to 8 weeks in undiluted dea ... | 2003 | 12545316 |
| novel chromone derivatives from the fungus aspergillus versicolor isolated from the marine sponge xestospongia exigua. | from the marine sponge xestospongia exigua collected in indonesia the fungus aspergillus versicolor was isolated. following cultivation in a seawater-based medium seven new angular tricyclic chromone derivatives (1-7) were obtained from the mycelia and culture filtrate. compounds 2-7 contain an additional dihydropyran ring system which is replaced by a pyridine ring in 1. the structures of the new natural products were established on the basis of extensive one- and two-dimensional nmr spectrosco ... | 2003 | 12542346 |
| production of proinflammatory mediators by indoor air bacteria and fungal spores in mouse and human cell lines. | we compared the inflammatory and cytotoxic responses caused by household mold and bacteria in human and mouse cell lines. we studied the fungi aspergillus versicolor, penicillium spinulosum, and stachybotrys chartarum and the bacteria bacillus cereus, pseudomonas fluorescens, and streptomyces californicus for their cytotoxicity and ability to stimulate the production of inflammatory mediators in mouse raw264.7 and human 28sc macrophage cell lines and in the human a549 lung epithelial cell line i ... | 2003 | 12515684 |
| effect of liner and core materials of plasterboard on microbial growth, spore-induced inflammatory responses, and cytotoxicity in macrophages. | microorganisms, when grown on wetted plasterboards, can produce bioactive compounds capable of inducing inflammatory and toxic reactions in mammalian cells. the paper liner of plasterboard is commonly regarded as the major substrate for microbial growth. in this study, we cultured stachybotrys chartarum, aspergillus versicolor, penicillium spinulosum, and streptomyces californicus on liners and cores of plasterboards in order to examine the role of these main plasterboard components on microbial ... | 2002 | 12454792 |
| spores of aspergillus versicolor isolated from indoor air of a moisture-damaged building provoke acute inflammation in mouse lungs. | microbial growth in moisture-damaged buildings has been associated with respiratory health effects, and the spores of the mycotoxin producing fungus aspergillus versicolor are frequently present in the indoor air. to characterize the potential of these spores to cause harmful respiratory effects, mice were exposed via intratracheal instillation to a single dose of the spores of a. versicolor (1 x 10(5), 1 x 10(6), 5 x 10(6), 1 x 10(7), or 1 x 10(8) spores), isolated from the indoor air of a mois ... | 2002 | 12454790 |
| volatile metabolites from microorganisms grown on humid building materials and synthetic media. | growth of different microorganisms is often related to dampness in buildings. both fungi and bacteria produce complicated mixtures of volatile organic compounds that include hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds etc. microbially produced substances are one possible explanation of odour problems and negative health effects in buildings affected by microbial growth. a mixture of five fungi, aspergillus versicolor, fusarium culmorum, penicillium chrysogenum, ulo ... | 2002 | 12400912 |
| indoor air microbes and respiratory symptoms of children in moisture damaged and reference schools. | microbial indoor air quality and respiratory symptoms of children were studied in 24 schools with visible moisture and mold problems, and in eight non-damaged schools. school buildings of concrete/brick and wooden construction were included. the indoor environment investigations included technical building inspections for visible moisture signs and microbial sampling using six-stage impactor for viable airborne microbes. children's health information was collected by questionnaires. the effect o ... | 2002 | 12244747 |
| synthesis and antifungal and antioxidant properties of some new 5-substituted-4-amino(or aryl)-3-mercapto-4(h)-1,2,4-triazoles. | the synthesis and antifungal and antimicrobial evaluation of some new 5-substituted-4-amino(or aryl)-3-mercapto-4(h)-1,2,4-triazoles is reported. the involvement of the new compounds in free radical processes is also investigated and their lipophilicity is calculated and related to the determined antioxidant activity. compounds 7a, 7b and 7c exhibited interesting antioxidant properties at concentration 0.01 mmol/l, expressed by their capacity to inhibit fe2+/ascorbate induced hepatic microsomal ... | 2002 | 12189782 |
| apparent antifungal activity of several lactic acid bacteria against penicillium discolor is due to acetic acid in the medium. | fifty-six dairy bacteria belonging to the genera lactococcus, lactobacillus, pediococcus, propionibacterium, streptococcus, enterococcus, leuconostoc, and brevibacterium were screened for antifungal activity against four species of fungi relevant to the cheese industry (penicillium discolor, penicillium commune, penicillium roqueforti, and aspergillus vesicolor). most of the active strains belonged to the genus lactobacillus, whereas penicillium discolor was found to be the most sensitive of the ... | 2002 | 12182485 |
| occurrence of toxigenic aspergillus versicolor isolates and sterigmatocystin in carpet dust from damp indoor environments. | over the past decade, there has been growing concern regarding the role of toxigenic fungi in damp indoor environments; however, there is still a lack of field investigations on exposure to mycotoxins. the goal of our pilot study was to quantify the proportion of toxigenic aspergillus versicolor isolates in native carpet dust from damp dwellings with mold problems and to determine whether sterigmatocystin can be detected in this matrix. carpet dust samples (n = 11) contained from <2.5 x 10(1) to ... | 2002 | 12147486 |
| fungal fragments as indoor air biocontaminants. | the aerosolization process of fungal propagules of three species (aspergillus versicolor, penicillium melinii, and cladosporium cladosporioides) was studied by using a newly designed and constructed aerosolization chamber. we discovered that fungal fragments are aerosolized simultaneously with spores from contaminated agar and ceiling tile surfaces. concentration measurements with an optical particle counter showed that the fragments are released in higher numbers (up to 320 times) than the spor ... | 2002 | 12089037 |
| indoor fungi and their ciliostatic metabolites. | according to epidemiological studies, it is possible that some secondary metabolites of indoor airborne fungi could be responsible for health troubles which occupants suffer from. in our previous experiments, a model with tracheal rings of 1-day-old chicks in vitro was shown to be a very suitable method to study the ciliostatic chloroform-extractable endo- and/or exometabolites of filamentous fungi. in this study we isolated the filamentous fungi from walls of "mouldy" dwellings and schools (cul ... | 2002 | 12088399 |
| common environmental allergens causing respiratory allergy in india. | respiratory allergy affects all age groups but the children are the worst affected by the respiratory allergy. bioparticles from different biological sources are the main cause of allergy. pollen grains, fungal spores, insect and other materials of biological origin form the most important allergen load in the air. for the efficient diagnosis of the allergy and its effective treatment it is very important to know about the prevalence, seasonal and annual variations of aeroallergens of the area. ... | 2002 | 12003301 |
| antifungal activities of posaconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole compared to those of itraconazole and amphotericin b against 239 clinical isolates of aspergillus spp. and other filamentous fungi: report from sentry antimicrobial surveillance program, 2000. | posaconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole are new triazole derivatives that possess potent, broad-spectrum antifungal activity. we evaluated the in vitro activity of these investigational triazoles compared with that of itraconazole and amphotericin b against 239 clinical isolates of filamentous fungi from the sentry program, including aspergillus spp. (198 isolates), fusarium spp. (7 isolates), penicillium spp. (19 isolates), rhizopus spp. (4 isolates), mucor spp. (2 isolates), and miscellan ... | 2002 | 11897586 |
| lipid peroxidation as a possible secondary mechanism of sterigmatocystin toxicity. | sterigmatocystin (stg), a major secondary metabolite of aspergillus versicolor and a. nidulans, is the precursor of aflatoxin b1. in this study, male albino rats were treated with stg-contaminated diet for 30 days, resulting in reduced levels of glutathione, ascorbic acid, and alpha-tocopherol. the activity of catalase in liver was reduced, whereas an increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase was observed. the levels of cytochrome p450, cytochrome b5, cytochro ... | 2001 | 11727790 |
| air sampling of fungal spores on filters. an investigation on passive sampling and viability. | in this study, glycerol was tested as a collection substrate for passive bioaerosol sampling. filters (mixed cellulose acetate and nitrate) were soaked in glycerol and exposed for an aerosol from three different fungal species: penicillum commune, aspergillus versicolor and paecilomyces variotii. the passive sampling method was compared with a closed-face polycarbonate filter sampling method. exposure was performed in an exposure chamber. the total number of spores was determined by microscopic ... | 1999 | 11529137 |
| fungal flora on board the mir-space station, identification by morphological features and ribosomal dna sequences. | this report is on the morphological and molecular biological identification, using 18s- and its1-rdna sequences, of the "space fungi" isolated on board the russian mir-space station as the major constituents of the fungal flora. the six fungal strains were isolated from air by using an air sampler or from condensation. strains were identified as penicillium chrysogenum, aspergillus versicolor, or penicillium sp. by both methods. the species of space fungi were common saprophytic fungi in our liv ... | 2001 | 11471823 |
| identification of aspergillus fumigatus and related species by nested pcr targeting ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer regions. | aspergillus fumigatus is the most common species that causes invasive aspergillosis. in order to identify a. fumigatus, partial ribosomal dna (rdna) from two to six strains of five different aspergillus species was sequenced. by comparing sequence data from genbank, we designed specific primer pairs targeting rdna internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of a. fumigatus. a nested pcr method for identification of other a. fumigatus-related species was established by using the primers. to evaluat ... | 2001 | 11376067 |
| aspergillus versicolor infection of the external auditory canal successfully treated with terbinafine. | 2001 | 11306840 | |
| allergic respiratory disease and fungal remediation in a building in a subtropical climate. | an outbreak of allergic respiratory disease occurred in a new building that was characterized from initial occupancy by the presence of extensive visible mold (especially aspergillus versicolor) on interior surfaces. epidemiological study of the occupants of both the affected building and a comparison neighboring structure indicated high rates of respiratory and other symptoms among persons working in the affected building. subsequent clinical evaluations of some persons occupying the building f ... | 2001 | 11297052 |
| induction of cytotoxicity and production of inflammatory mediators in raw264.7 macrophages by spores grown on six different plasterboards. | dampness and microbial growth in buildings are associated with respiratory symptoms in the occupants, but details of the phenomenon are not sufficiently understood. the current study examined the effects of growth conditions provided by six plasterboards on cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential of the spores of streptomyces californicus, penicillium spinulosum, aspergillus versicolor, and stachybotrys chartarum. the microbes were isolated from mold problem buildings and thereafter grown on six ... | 2001 | 11295859 |
| development of a pcr-based line probe assay for identification of fungal pathogens. | we report on a reverse-hybridization line probe assay (lipa) which when combined with pcr amplification detects and identifies clinically significant fungal pathogens including candida, aspergillus, and cryptococcus species. dna probes have been designed from the internal transcribed-spacer (its) regions of candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, candida glabrata, candida tropicalis, candida krusei, candida dubliniensis, cryptococcus neoformans, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus versicolor, asp ... | 2000 | 11015393 |
| fungal surveillance of an open haematology ward. | air sampling and surveillance cultures for fungi were performed in a scottish general haematology ward over a five-month period in 1997. the mean total fungal count from the air sampling appeared to be correlated with the number of patients colonized by aspergillus. the most commonly isolated species were aspergillus versicolor, a. fumigatus and a. niger. rooms with portable air filtration units had significantly lower total fungal counts than the others. swabs were taken from 70 patients (mean ... | 2000 | 10973746 |
| mycotoxins in crude building materials from water-damaged buildings. | we analyzed 79 bulk samples of moldy interior finishes from finnish buildings with moisture problems for 17 mycotoxins, as well as for fungi that could be isolated using one medium and one set of growth conditions. we found the aflatoxin precursor, sterigmatocystin, in 24% of the samples and trichothecenes in 19% of the samples. trichothecenes found included satratoxin g or h in five samples; diacetoxyscirpenol in five samples; and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, verrucarol, or t-2-tetr ... | 2000 | 10788357 |
| prediction of toxigenic fungal growth in buildings by using a novel modelling system. | there is growing concern about the adverse effects of fungal bioaerosols on the occupants of damp dwellings. based on an extensive analysis of previously published data and on experiments carried out within this study, critical limits for the growth of the indoor fungi eurotium herbariorum, aspergillus versicolor, and stachybotrys chartarum were mathematically described in terms of growth limit curves (isopleths) which define the minimum combination of temperature (t) and relative humidity (rh) ... | 1999 | 10543791 |
| fungicidal effect of 15 disinfectants against 25 fungal contaminants commonly found in bread and cheese manufacturing. | resistance of 19 mold and 6 yeast species to 15 commercial disinfectants was investigated by using a suspension method in which the fungicidal effect and germination time were determined at 20 degrees c. disinfectants containing 0.5% dodecyldiethylentriaminacetic acid, 10 g of chloramine-t per 1, 2.0% formaldehyde, 0.1% potassium hydroxide, 3.0% hydrogen peroxide, or 0.3% peracetic acid were ineffective as fungicides. the fungicidal effect of quaternary ammonium compounds and chlorine compounds ... | 1996 | 10463445 |
| evaluation of different methods for the extraction of dna from fungal conidia by quantitative competitive pcr analysis. | five different dna extraction methods were evaluated for their effectiveness in recovering pcr templates from the conidia of a series of fungal species often encountered in indoor air. the test organisms were aspergillus versicolor, penicillium chrysogenum, stachybotrys chartarum, cladosporium herbarum and alternaria alternata. the extraction methods differed in their use of different cell lysis procedures. these included grinding in liquid nitrogen, grinding at ambient temperature, sonication, ... | 1999 | 10445315 |
| an approach to management of critical indoor air problems in school buildings. | this study was conducted in a school center that had been the focus of intense public concern over 2 years because of suspected mold and health problems. because several attempts to find solutions to the problem within the community were not satisfactory, outside specialists were needed for support in solving the problem. the study group consisted of experts in civil engineering, indoor mycology, and epidemiology. the studies were conducted in close cooperation with the city administration. stru ... | 1999 | 10423392 |
| microfungal contamination of damp buildings--examples of risk constructions and risk materials. | to elucidate problems with microfungal infestation in indoor environments, a multidisciplinary collaborative pilot study, supported by a grant from the danish ministry of housing and urban affairs, was performed on 72 mold-infected building materials from 23 buildings. water leakage through roofs, rising damp, and defective plumbing installations were the main reasons for water damage with subsequent infestation of molds. from a score system assessing the bioavailability of the building material ... | 1999 | 10347000 |
| molds on house walls and the effect of their chloroform-extractable metabolites on the respiratory cilia movement of one-day-old chicks in vitro. | the ciliostatic activity of the chloroform-extractable endo- and exometabolites of 5 strains of filamentous fungi--alternaria sp., aspergillus glaucus group, aspergillus versicolor, cladosporium sphoerospermum, penicillium sp. and ulocladium sp.--isolated from molded walls of a dwelling--on tracheal cilia from 1-d-old chicks in vitro was evaluated. endometabolites of alternaria sp. and a. versicolor and exometabolites of ulocladium sp. were the most active, these extracts stopped the ciliary mov ... | 1998 | 10069012 |
| microbial degradation of polymeric coatings measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. | this paper reports results of biodegradation studies of polyimide coatings exposed to a mixed fungal culture using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis). the fungal consortium was originally isolated from degraded polyimides and identified species include aspergillus versicolor, cladosporium cladosporioides, and a chaetomium species. actively growing fungi on polyimides yield distinctive eis spectra through time, indicative of failure of the polymer integrity compared to the uninoculated ... | 1998 | 9807803 |
| chitinolytic activity at low temperature of an antarctic strain (a3) of verticillium lecanii. | the chitinolytic activity of verticillium cfr. lecanii a3, a strain isolated from continental antarctica, was compared to those of two selected strains of trichoderma harzianum. after 72 h of incubation at 25 degrees c in media containing chitin as the sole carbon source, all strains showed the same enzyme activity (ca. 230 mu/ml); at 15 degrees c, the levels of enzyme activity of the three strains were similar to those obtained at 25 degrees c. at 5 degrees c, in contrast, the activity of v. le ... | 1998 | 9766230 |
| aspergillus versicolor as cause of onychomycosis: report of 12 cases and susceptibility testing to antifungal drugs. | onychomycoses caused by opportunistic moulds are not well understood, and many are due to scopulariopsis brevicaulis and other species. aspergillus versicolor is not documented as an etiological agent in most studies. we have found an increasing prevalence of this species which is involved in 5.8% of all fungal infections of toe nails. | 1998 | 9731962 |
| protection by fungal starters against growth and secondary metabolite production of fungal spoilers of cheese. | the influence of fungal starter cultures on growth and secondary metabolite production of fungal contaminants associated with cheese was studied on laboratory media and camembert cheese. isolates of the species penicillium nalgiovense, p. camemberti, p. roqueforti and geotrichum candidum were used as fungal starters. the species p. commune, p. caseifulvum, p. verrucosum, p. discolor, p. solitum, p. coprophilum and aspergillus versicolor were selected as contaminants. the fungal starters showed d ... | 1998 | 9706802 |
| toxigenic fungi in a water-damaged building: an intervention study. | in an investigation of health complaints among employees of a water-damaged office building, the environment showed evidence of fungal contamination with the isolation of stachybotrys chartarum in one of five bulk samples tested for fungal growth. in response, a public health official recommended that employees be relocated from the building. employees were subsequently moved to a different environment. a focused environmental investigation of microbial growth within the building followed, revea ... | 1998 | 9651629 |
| building-associated pulmonary disease from exposure to stachybotrys chartarum and aspergillus versicolor. | the authors present an outbreak of disease associated with exposure to stachybotrys chartarum and aspergillus species. a courthouse and two associated office buildings had generated discomfort among employees for two years since initial occupancy. multiple interventions had been unsuccessful an initial evaluation of 14 individuals identified three with potential asthma and three with symptoms consistent with interstitial lung disease. a clinical screening protocol to identify individuals who sho ... | 1998 | 9531095 |
| identification of cheese-associated fungi using selected ion monitoring of volatile terpenes. | the cheese-associated fungi penicillium commune, p. roqueforti, p.solitum, p. discolor and aspergillus versicolor have been investigated for production of volatile terpenes for chemical identification, when grown on yeast extract agar. volatiles were collected by headspace solid-phase microextraction. selected ion monitoring of four to seven of the most characteristic ions of mainly sesquiterpenes made it possible to identify the fungi to species level within 2 d. in a mixed culture of p. roquef ... | 1997 | 9296587 |
| development of a semisynthetic cheese medium for fungi using chemometric methods. | the growth, color formation, and mycotoxin production of six cheese-related fungi were studied on nine types of natural cheeses and 24 semisynthetic cheese media and compared using principal component analysis. the semisynthetic cheese media contained various amounts of ca, k, mg, na, p, fe, cu, zn, lactate, lactose, and casein. a robust well-defined and easily prepared semisynthetic cheese medium was developed for penicillium commune, the most frequently occurring contaminant on semihard cheese ... | 1997 | 9241586 |
| effect of lamisil and azole antifungals in experimental nail infection. | onychomycosis is primarily caused by dermatophyte fungi but occasionally by yeasts and non-dermatophytic moulds. the aim of this study was to develop an in vitro model of nail invasion by dermatophytes, yeasts and non-dermatophytic moulds, and to provide an alternative system for studying the activity of different classes of antifungal drugs against fungi associated with onychomycosis. in the absence of extraneous nutrients, trichophyton mentagrophytes was seen in electron microscopy to degrade ... | 1997 | 9154398 |
| sterigmatocystin: incidence, fate and production by aspergillus versicolor in ras cheese. | the occurrence, distribution, and stability of sterigmatocystin (stg) in ras cheese were investigated. an incidence value for stg in market samples of ras cheese was 35% with a mean value of 22.2 micrograms/kg. in experimental ras cheese from milk contaminated with stg, 80% of the toxin was retained in the curd while 20% was found in the whey. the temperature for cheese ripening affected the toxin content. at 6 degrees c the toxin concentration was hardly affected, but at 20 degrees c the concen ... | 1996 | 9008831 |
| classification of species in the genus penicillium by curie point pyrolysis/mass spectrometry followed by multivariate analysis and artificial neural networks. | curie point pyrolysis/mass spectrometry of penicillium species was performed with 530 degrees c curie point foils. the mass spectra were submitted to principal component analysis, canonical variates analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, producing a final dendrogram by the use of average linkage clustering. by this approach a successful classification of the species penicillium italicum, p. expansum and p. digitatum originating from fruits was obtained. isolates of the same species grouped ... | 1996 | 8990523 |
| effects of extracts of fiberglass insulations on the growth of aspergillus fumigatus and a. versicolor. | water extracts of thermal and acoustic fiberglass insulations used in the duct work of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (hvac) systems supported germination of conidia and growth of aspergillus versicolor (vuillemin) tiraboschi 1908-9 and aspergillus fumigatus fresenius 1863. urea, formaldehyde and unidentified organics were detected in the extracts. formaldehyde in concentrations similar to those found in the extracts restricted the growth of both species in enriched media. a. versicol ... | 1995 | 8819828 |
| [production and characterization of sterigmatocystin]. | two strains of aspergillus versicolor producing st at 550.8 mg.kg-1 substrate and 1160.8 mg.kg-1 substrate were selected to inoculate 4 kg solid st-producing media. after 35 days stationary incubation at 28 degrees c in the dark, 2271.6 mg of pale-yellow needle-shaped crystals were isolated and purified from the culture with a procedure applying column chromatography and recrystallization method. the crystal was proved to be sterigmatocystin by spectroanalysis and some physico-chemical analysis. ... | 1995 | 8701584 |
| micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography of fungal metabolites. resolution optimized by experimental design. | fungal metabolites were extracted from two isolates of penicillium commune and two isolates of aspergillus versicolor grown on yeast extract agar (yes) and czapek yeast extract agar (cya). optimized conditions for analysing the extracts by high-performance capillary electrophoresis (hpce) were obtained by experimental designs. the following nine factors were examined by a two-level fractional factorial design: concentration of the buffer ion po4(3-) and b4o7(2-), ionic strength of buffer, buffer ... | 1996 | 8611943 |
| subcutaneous mycetoma-like granuloma in a horse caused by aspergillus versicolor. | 1995 | 8580188 | |
| [effects of extract solution of aspergillus versicolor on human fetal gastric cells in vitro]. | to detect the carcinogenicity of sterigmatocystin for human stomach, the human fetal gastric cells, cultured in vitro, were treated with extract solution of aspergillus versicolor culture (0.117mg sterigmatocystin per kg culture of aspergillus versicolor). the cells showed random arrangement, loss of contact inhibition and cell polarity. some transformed foci were present in different numbers and times according to the dosages of the extract solution. the cells with such changes were analysed wi ... | 1993 | 8391901 |
| lipolytic activity and degradation of rapeseed oil and rapeseed by spoilage fungi. | aspergillus, eurotium and penicillium spp. from rapeseed were able to grow and produce lipases over a range of water activities (aw) at both 15 and 25 degrees c on tributyrin agar. the ability to produce lipases was not directly related to growth rate. the clearing zone: growth rate ratios gave lipase indices which varied markedly between test fungi and with aw. the fungi with the highest indices were aspergillus candidus and aspergillus versicolor and penicillium expansum and penicillium hordei ... | 1993 | 8217518 |
| granulomatous lesions in the lung induced by inhalation of mold spores. | the health hazards associated with grain dust exposure have been recognized as a cause of lung diseases. in the present study, we used germ-free rats exposed to aspergillus versicolor to elucidate the mechanism for the lung damage induced by grain dust exposure. one month after exposure to the mold, remarkable proliferation of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues with germinal centres was induced by aspiration of mold spores. after 1 month, alveolar macrophages increased, becoming foamy macropha ... | 1994 | 8055161 |
| effect of relative humidity on fungal colonization of fiberglass insulation. | fiberglass duct liners and fiberglass duct boards from eight buildings whose occupants complained of unacceptable or moldy odors in the air were found to be heavily colonized by fungi, particularly by aspergillus versicolor. unused fiberglass was found to be susceptible to fungal colonization in environmental chambers dependent upon relative humidity. no colonization was observed at relative humidities below 50%. | 1994 | 8031101 |
| structural determination of n-2'-hydroxyoctadecenoyl-1-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4, 8-sphingadienine from species of aspergillus. | ceramide monohexosides from aspergillus fumigatus 2140 and 2109 strains and aspergillus versicolor 550 strain, obtained by silica gel 60, and iatrobeads chromatography were analysed using high-resolution 1d-, 2d-1h-nmr and 13c-nmr spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (fab-ms). the ceramide monohexoside fraction (cmh) from a. fumigatus 2140 and a. versicolor 550 was identified as glucosylceramide, whereas glucose and galactose were present at a ratio of 1:1 in the cmh of a. fu ... | 1994 | 8013053 |