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quantitative pcr for detection of babesia microti in ixodes scapularis ticks and in human blood.babesia microti, the primary cause of human babesiosis in the united states, is transmitted by ixodes scapularis ticks; transmission may also occur through blood transfusion and transplacentally. most infected people experience a viral-like illness that resolves without complication, but those who are immunocompromised may develop a serious and prolonged illness that is sometimes fatal. the geographic expansion and increasing incidence of human babesiosis in the northeastern and midwestern unite ...201324107203
coevolutionary analyses of the relationships between piroplasmids and their hard tick hosts.host-parasite coevolution is a key driver of biological diversity. to examine the evolutionary relationships between piroplasmids and their hard tick hosts, we calculated the molecular clock and conducted phylogenetic analyses of both groups. based on our results, we conclude that the divergence time of piroplasmids (∼56 mya) is later than divergence time of their hard tick hosts (∼86 mya). from analyses of the evolution of both piroplasmid and vector lineages and their association, we know that ...201324101988
update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach.tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group of the genus rickettsia. these zoonoses are among the oldest known vector-borne diseases. however, in the past 25 years, the scope and importance of the recognized tick-associated rickettsial pathogens have increased dramatically, making this complex of diseases an ideal paradigm for the understanding of emerging and reemerging infections. several species of tick-borne rickettsiae that wer ...024092850
scanning electron microscope study of a snake tick, amblyomma gervaisi (acari: ixodidae).the scanning electron microscope (sem) studies on both male and female tick, amblyomma gervaisi (lucas 1847) inhabiting the snake naja naja were made. detail of the surface structures as seen under sem exhibit sexual dimorphism and were compared with other tick species as reported. sem observations show characteristic alloscutal ornamentation, inornate festoons, triangular licking organ, size of the hypostome, round haller's organ, genital plate oval in male and slit-like in female, and prominen ...201224082536
transport of ixodid ticks and tick-borne pathogens by migratory birds.birds, particularly passerines, can be parasitized by ixodid ticks, which may be infected with tick-borne pathogens, like borrelia spp., babesia spp., anaplasma, rickettsia/coxiella, and tick-borne encephalitis virus. the prevalence of ticks on birds varies over years, season, locality and different bird species. the prevalence of ticks on different species depends mainly on the degree of feeding on the ground. in europe, the turdus spp., especially the blackbird, turdus merula, appears to be mo ...201324058903
[investigation on the endemic foci of new emerged tick-borne encephalitis in charles hilary, xinjiang].to investigate the recent emerged endemic region of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) regarding its natural reserves, in charles hilary, northern xinjiang and to isolate and characterize the viral geographic strain.201324016430
community-level phenological response to climate change.climate change may disrupt interspecies phenological synchrony, with adverse consequences to ecosystem functioning. we present here a 40-y-long time series on 10,425 dates that were systematically collected in a single russian locality for 97 plant, 78 bird, 10 herptile, 19 insect, and 9 fungal phenological events, as well as for 77 climatic events related to temperature, precipitation, snow, ice, and frost. we show that species are shifting their phenologies at dissimilar rates, partly because ...201323901098
anaplasma phagocytophilum--a widespread multi-host pathogen with highly adaptive strategies.the bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum has for decades been known to cause the disease tick-borne fever (tbf) in domestic ruminants in ixodes ricinus-infested areas in northern europe. in recent years, the bacterium has been found associated with ixodes-tick species more or less worldwide on the northern hemisphere. a. phagocytophilum has a broad host range and may cause severe disease in several mammalian species, including humans. however, the clinical symptoms vary from subclinical to fatal ...201323885337
borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in tick populations in estonia.estonia is located in a unique area of co-distribution of ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus, which are the main tick vectors of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. in the last decade, the incidence rate of lyme borreliosis in estonia has increased dramatically up to 115.4 per 100,000 in 2012. here we present the first survey of the presence, the prevalence and genetic characteristics of b. burgdorferi s.l. complex spirochetes in the tick population in estonia.201323837798
[concerning the problem of the northern limit of ixodes persulcatus (acari: ixodidae) distribution in karelia].the influence of changes in climate conditions on the abundance and formation of the northern limit of ixodes persulcatus distribution in karelia has been studied. it has been demonstrated that the territory in which the heat provision is sufficient for the development of ixodid ticks significantly increased during 2000-2007. thus, it favored an increase in the abundance and enhanced distribution of i. persulcatus.201623789430
tick-borne encephalitis virus, zealand, denmark, 2011. 023764123
lyme borreliosis and skin.lyme disease is a multisystem illness which is caused by the strains of spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmitted by the tick, ixodes. though very commonly reported from the temperate regions of the world, the incidence has increased worldwide due to increasing travel and changing habitats of the vector. few cases have been reported from the indian subcontinent too. skin manifestations are the earliest to occur, and diagnosing these lesions followed by appropriate treatment, can ...201323723463
heterogeneity of 3'-untraslated region of genome rna of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strains isolated from ticks in the western siberia, russia.the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strains have been isolated from unfed adult ticks ixodes persulcatus schulze in novosibirsk region (south-western siberia, russia) beginning from 1980 till 2006. the tbev 3'-untraslated region (3'utr) variable fragment was amplified with primers corresponding to conserved flanking areas. the rt-pcr product lengths varied in range from 100 to 400 bp. comparative analysis of 3'utr nucleotide sequences revealed a few groups of the tbev strains within siberia ...023675045
detection and characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus in baltic countries and eastern poland.ticks were collected from the vegetation in the baltic countries estonia, latvia, lithuania and eastern poland and analyzed for the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) by amplification of the partial e and ns3 genes. in estonia we found statistically significant differences in the tbev prevalence between i. persulcatus and i. ricinus ticks (4.23% and 0.42%, respectively). in latvia, the difference in tbev prevalence between the two species was not statistically significant (1.02% fo ...201323650497
complete mitochondrial genome sequence data provides genetic evidence that the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) represents a species complex.ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites of great medical and veterinary significance that can transmit bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses, and cause a variety of human and animal diseases worldwide. in the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of rhipicephalus sanguineus from china (rsc) and compared with that of r. sanguineus from usa (rsu). nucleotide sequence difference in the full mt genome was 11.23% between rsc and rsu. for the 13 protein-coding genes, compari ...201323630448
distribution of tick-borne diseases in china.as an important contributor to vector-borne diseases in china, in recent years, tick-borne diseases have attracted much attention because of their increasing incidence and consequent significant harm to livestock and human health. the most commonly observed human tick-borne diseases in china include lyme borreliosis (known as lyme disease in china), tick-borne encephalitis (known as forest encephalitis in china), crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (known as xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in china), q-f ...201323617899
serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and babesia microti in recaptured white-footed mice.a mark-release-recapture study was conducted during 2007 through 2010 in six, tick-infested sites in connecticut, united states to measure changes in antibody titers for borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, anaplasma phagocytophilum, and babesia microti in peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mice). there was an overall recapture rate of 40%, but only four tagged mice were caught in ≥2 yr. sera from 561 mice were analyzed for total antibodies to b. burgdorferi and a. phagocytophilum by using whole-c ...201323568904
molecular survey of hard ticks in endemic areas of tick-borne diseases in china.over the past several years, there was a substantial increase in the number of cases of known and novel tick-borne infections in humans in china. to better understand the ticks associated with these infections, we collected hard ticks from animals or around livestock shelters in 29 localities in 5 provinces (beijing, henan, hubei, inner mongolia, and zhejiang) where cases of tick-borne illness were reported. we collected 2950 hard ticks representing 7 species of 4 genera (dermacentor sinicus, ha ...201323538111
human granulocytic anaplasmosis, japan.we retrospectively confirmed 2 cases of human anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. patient blood samples contained unique p44/msp2 for the pathogen, and antibodies bound to a. phagocytophilum antigens propagated in thp-1 rather than hl60 cells. unless both cell lines are used for serodiagnosis of rickettsiosis-like infections, cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis could go undetected.023460988
[changes in the ranges of pasture ixodid ticks of the genus ixodes latr., 1795 (parasitiformes, ixodinae) in western siberia].the character of distribution of two species from the genus ixodes, the taiga tick ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi in the plain part of western siberia is analyzed. the northern border of the range of i. persulcatus in hmao-ugra was clarified on the basis of long-term data on the population density of adult and immature ticks (1960-2011). the shift of the southern border of the species range in western siberia at the background of anthropogenic transformation (forest restoring activity, ...201223458015
[identification of ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi occidentalis (ixodidae) by the analysis of the gene fragment coxi (cytochrome oxidase subunit i)].ticks of the genus ixodes were collected in 2010 in the lowland part of toguchinsk district of novosibirsk province (russia) and in the forest-park area of novosibirsk scientific centre and its outskirts (sovetskiy district of novosibirsk), and identified as ixodes persulcatus (schulze, 1930) (18 females and 13 males) and ixodes pavlovskyi (13 females and 10 males). ten specimens of each sex from each collecting site were examined. the following nine characters were used: the length and width of ...201223458013
development of simple and rapid assay to detect viral rna of tick-borne encephalitis virus by reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is a causative agent of acute central nervous system disease in humans. it has three subtypes, far eastern (fe), siberian (sib) and european (eu) subtypes, which are distributed over a wide area of europe and asia. the objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid assay for the detection of tbev rna by using reverse-transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) method that can differentiate the three subtypes of tbev and can be us ...201323452322
ticks of poland. review of contemporary issues and latest research.the paper presents current knowledge of ticks occurring in poland, their medical importance, and a review of recent studies implemented in the polish research centres on ticks and their significance in the epidemiology of transmissible diseases. in the polish fauna there are 19 species of ticks (ixodida) recognized as existing permanently in our country: argas reflexus, argas polonicus, carios vespertilionis, ixodes trianguliceps, ixodes arboricola, ixodes crenulatus, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes li ...201223444797
[immunomodulating effect of an ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) tick salivary gland extract on balb/c mice lymphocytes in an in vitro system].the immunomodulating effect of the components of an ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) tick salivary gland extract (sge) on balb/c mice lymphocytes was evaluated. sge of partially engorged ticks at a concentration of 50 microg/ml causes the maximum suppression oft- and b-lymphocyte subpopulations. sge of hungry ticks at the same concentration induces the suppression of only cd69+ t cells and tlr-2+ b cells, but produces no suppressive effect on cd69+ b lymphocytes, tlr-2+ t lymphocytes, and tlr-4+ t ...201223437721
vaccination against lyme disease: past, present, and future.lyme borreliosis is a zoonotic disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato bacteria transmitted to humans and domestic animals by the bite of an ixodes spp. tick (deer tick). despite improvements in diagnostic tests and public awareness of lyme disease, the reported cases have increased over the past decade to approximately 30,000 per year. limitations and failed public acceptance of a human vaccine, comprised of the outer surface a (ospa) lipoprotein of b. burgdorferi, led to its demise, ...201323407755
differential tick burdens may explain differential borrelia afzelii and borrelia garinii infection rates among four, wild, rodent species in hokkaido, japan.the ecologies of lyme disease borrelia spp. are very specific to location, as they are dependent upon the spirochete species and genotypes, the vectors and the host vertebrates present. in hokkaido, japan, where two human pathogenic, lyme disease borrelia spp. are present, and human cases are reported annually, the ecologies have been poorly studied. our goal was to determine whether variation in borrelial infection rates among rodent species sharing an environment, is due to immunological or ec ...201323391510
epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) in europe and its prevention by available vaccines.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), which is caused by a flavivirus, is the most common tick-transmitted disease in central and eastern europe and russia. today, tbe is endemic in 27 european countries, and has become an international public health problem. the epidemiology of tbe is changing owing to various factors, such as improvements in diagnosis and case reporting, increased recreational activities in areas populated by ticks, and changes in climatic conditions affecting tick habitats. vaccinat ...201323377671
a novel approach, based on blsoms (batch learning self-organizing maps), to the microbiome analysis of ticks.ticks transmit a variety of viral, bacterial and protozoal pathogens, which are often zoonotic. the aim of this study was to identify diverse tick microbiomes, which may contain as-yet unidentified pathogens, using a metagenomic approach. dna prepared from bacteria/archaea-enriched fractions obtained from seven tick species, namely amblyomma testudinarium, amblyomma variegatum, haemaphysalis formosensis, haemaphysalis longicornis, ixodes ovatus, ixodes persulcatus and ixodes ricinus, was subject ...201323303373
anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ixodes ricinus ticks: comparison of prevalences and partial 16s rrna gene variants in urban, pasture, and natural habitats.urban, natural, and pasture areas were investigated for prevalences and 16s rrna gene variants of anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing ixodes ricinus ticks. the prevalences differed significantly between habitat types, and year-to-year variations in prevalence and habitat-dependent occurrence of 16s rrna gene variants were detected.201223263964
distribution of ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus ticks in southern karelia (russia).the northern boundary of the sympatric zone of ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus (acari: ixodidae) passes through karelia. studies carried out in the 1950s showed that these ixodes species were mostly found in southern karelia. i. ricinus inhabited the west of the region, i. persulcatus the east, with a zone of sympatry in the centre. here, we describe the present distribution of these species in southern karelia and provide a retrospective assessment of potential changes in the sympatric zone. ...201323246095
transovarial transmission of borrelia spirochetes by ixodes scapularis: a summary of the literature and recent observations.transovarial transmission (tot) of borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), the agent of lyme disease, by the ixodes persulcatus group of hard ticks (ixodidae) has frequently been reported in the literature since the discovery of lyme disease 1982. evidence for and against tot by b. burgdorferi has led to uncertainty and confusion in the literature, causing misconceptions that may have public health consequences. in this report, we review the published information implicating b. burgdorferi as a bacte ...201323238242
borrelia miyamotoi infections among wild rodents show age and month independence and correlation with ixodes persulcatus larval attachment in hokkaido, japan.to clarify how borrelia miyamotoi is maintained in the environment in hokkaido, we examined ixodes persulcatus for its prevalence among wild rodents and its tick vector by detecting a portion of the borrelial flab gene in rodent urinary bladder and blood samples, and from whole ticks. we compared b. miyamotoi infection rates to borrelia garinii and borrelia afzelii, which are human lyme disease pathogens also carried by wild rodents, and which are transmitted by the same vector tick. whereas b. ...201323210636
clusteron structure of tick-borne encephalitis virus populations.tick-borne encephalitis is a natural focal transmissible zooanthroponosis. the causative agent of the disease is a tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) belonging to the genus flavivirus of the family flaviviridae and is widespread in eurasia. current tbev classification based on molecular genetic data comprises three phylogenetically separate subtypes: far eastern, european and siberian (tbev-sib). further differentiation of tbev isn't developed, making it difficult to investigate the origins, d ...201323201042
development of a multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of theileria annulata, babesia bovis and anaplasma marginale in cattle.tropical theileriosis, bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis are tick-borne protozoan diseases that impose serious constraints on the health and productivity of domestic cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. a common feature of these diseases is that, following recovery from primary infection, animals become persistent carriers of the pathogen and continue to play a critical role in disease epidemiology, acting as reservoirs of infection. this study describes development and eva ...201223183165
ixodes persulcatus, a major vector of alphaproteobacteria in russia.ixodes persulcatus schulze, 1930 (i. persulcatus) is distributed from the western to the eastern borders of russia where it is found in the taiga and in mixed forests of the european type. this tick is a known vector of viral (tick-borne encephalitis virus), spirochetal (borrelia spp.), and protozoan (babesia spp.) agents. in this work, we analyzed the phylogenetic position of i. persulcatus within the prostriata based on its 18s rrna gene. furthermore, we review the relationship of this tick wi ...201223182546
genome sequence of borrelia garinii strain nmjw1, isolated from china.we announce the draft genome sequence of borrelia garinii strain nmjw1, isolated from ixodes persulcatus in northeastern china. the 902,789-bp linear chromosome (28.4% gc content) contains 813 open reading frames, 33 trnas, and 4 complete rrnas.201223144406
analysis of an ordered, comprehensive stm mutant library in infectious borrelia burgdorferi: insights into the genes required for mouse infectivity.the identification of genes important in the pathogenesis of lyme disease borrelia has been hampered by exceedingly low transformation rates in low-passage, infectious organisms. using the infectious, moderately transformable b. burgdorferi derivative 5a18np1 and signature-tagged versions of the himar1 transposon vector pgkt, we have constructed a defined transposon library for the efficient genome-wide investigation of genes required for wild-type pathogenesis, in vitro growth, physiology, morp ...201223133514
close geographic association of human neoehrlichiosis and tick populations carrying "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" in eastern switzerland.neoehrlichiosis caused by "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" is an emerging zoonotic disease. in total, six patients have been described in europe, with the first case detected in 2007. in addition, seven patients from china were described in a report published in october 2012. in 2009, we diagnosed the first human case of "ca. neoehrlichia mikurensis" infection in the zurich area (switzerland). here, we report two additional human cases from the same region, which were identified by broad-ran ...201323115262
[ratio of the numbers of ixodes persulcatus imagoes in the near-baikal area with the use of different recording methods].the data of estimating the number of ixodes perculcatus by two methods (the number of ticks per flag-hour and that per flag-kilometer) in the near-baikal area were analyzed. according to these values, the abundance of taiga ticks in individual calculations ranged from 0 to 394. the association between the time of passage and the number of collected ticks was positive and high significant. the correction factors were calculated to obtain the abundance values expressed in per flag-kilometer units ...201223088149
high prevalence of genetically diverse borrelia bavariensis-like strains in ixodes persulcatus from selenge aimag, mongolia.in mongolia, lyme borreliosis was first reported in 2003. to determine which borrelia species may contribute to the occurrence of lyme borreliosis in mongolia, real-time pcr was conducted on 372 adult ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in selenge aimag, the province with the highest incidence of human lyme borreliosis. 24.5% of ticks were identified to be positive for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna. species differentiation using an snp-based real-time pcr and multi-locus sequence analysis r ...201323084366
[estimation of the biological age in males of the taiga tick (ixodes persulcatus: ixodinae) by fat reserves in the midgut].some criteria for the estimation of the biological and calendar age by the fat storage in midgut cells of ixodes persulcatus males were established on the basis of examination of ticks from the laboratory culture.201223082498
tick-box for 3'-end formation of mitochondrial transcripts in ixodida, basal chelicerates and drosophila.according to the trna punctuation model, the mitochondrial genome (mtdna) of mammals and arthropods is transcribed as large polycistronic precursors that are maturated by endonucleolytic cleavage at trna borders and rna polyadenylation. starting from the newly sequenced mtdna of ixodes ricinus and using a combination of mitogenomics and transcriptional analyses, we found that in all currently-sequenced tick lineages (prostriata, metastriata and argasidae) the 3'-end of the polyadenylated nad1 an ...201223077630
prevalence of lyme borrelia in ixodes persulcatus ticks from an area with a confirmed case of lyme disease.in this study, the prevalence of borrelia infections in ixodes ticks from a site in hokkaido, japan, with confirmed cases of lyme disease was determined by a pcr method capable of detecting and differentiating between strains of pathogenic borrelia, with particular emphasis on borrelia garinii (b. garinii) and borrelia afzelli (b. afzelli), using tick-derived dna extracts as template. a total of 338 ticks, inclusive of 284 ixodes persulcatus (i. persulcatus), were collected by flagging vegetatio ...201323047332
association between anaplasma phagocytophilum seroprevalence in dogs and distribution of ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus ticks in latvia.anaplasma phagocytophilum has been detected in ticks in latvia; however, this is the first study to investigate this pathogen in dogs in latvia. the aims of this study were: (i) to determine a. phagocytophilum seroprevalence in dogs, (ii) to correlate a. phagocytophilum seroprevalence in dogs with the geographic distribution of the tick species ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus, and (iii) to determine if seroprevalence for a. phagocytophilum is higher in dogs with clinical signs suggestive o ...201323043871
human infection with candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, china.to identify candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis infection in northeastern china, we tested blood samples from 622 febrile patients. we identified in 7 infected patients and natural foci for this bacterium. field surveys showed that 1.6% of ticks and 3.8% of rodents collected from residences of patients were also infected.201223017728
whole-genome sequencing of borrelia garinii bgvir, isolated from taiga ticks (ixodes persulcatus).most lyme borreliosis cases in russia result from borrelia garinii nt29 group infection. borrelias of this group circulate exclusively in ixodes persulcatus ticks, which are seldom found beyond russia and the far east. here we report the whole-genome sequence of borrelia garinii bgvir isolated from an i. persulcatus female.023012288
anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses and ticks in tunisia.anaplasma phagocytophilum , the causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis, affects several species of wild and domesticated mammals, including horses. we used direct and indirect methods to compare and evaluate exposure to a. phagocytophilum in horses in northern tunisia.201222935132
the emergence and maintenance of vector-borne diseases in the khyber pakhtunkhwa province, and the federally administered tribal areas of pakistan.human populations throughout much of the world are experiencing unprecedented changes in their relationship to the environment and their interactions with the animals with which so many humans are intimately dependent upon. these changes result not only from human induced changes in the climate, but also from population demographic changes due to wars, social unrest, behavioral changes resulting from cultural mixing, and large changes in land-use practices. each of these social shifts can affect ...201222934007
borrelia burgdorferi infections in the united states.it is becoming increasingly evident that the clinical presentation of infection with borrelia burgdorferi varies greatly between different parts of the world. a growing number of european and asian isolates of lyme borreliae, differing from the american strain of borrelia burgdorferi, have been identified in several different disorders. in light of the increasing number of reports describing an association between various cutaneous disorders and infection with borrelia burgdorferi and the contro ...201222916311
[polytypic strains in the genofund of tick-borne encephalitis virus].eighteen polytypic tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strains containing the fragments of e and ns1 protein genes of siberian and far eastern, occasionally siberian and european subtypes were isolated in the european and asian parts of the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) area. they were identified using real-time polymerase chain reaction, hybridization-fluorescence detection with genotype-specific probes, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and e protein sequencing. the polytypic ...201622905425
[dynamic investigation on the co-infection status of two pathogens in ticks from tourist point in heilongjiang province].to monitor the co-infection status of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (b.b.s.l) and spotted fever group rickettsia (sfgr) in tourist areas of heilongjiang province.201222883181
antigen variability in anaplasma phagocytophilum during chronic infection of a reservoir host.anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligately intracellular, tick-transmitted, bacterial pathogen of humans and other animals. in order to evade host immunity during the course of infection, a. phagocytophilum utilizes gene conversion to shuffle approximately 100 functional pseudogenes into a single expression cassette of the msp2(p44) gene, which encodes the major surface antigen, major surface protein 2 (msp2). the role and extent of msp2(p44) recombination in a reservoir host for a. phagocytophi ...201222859615
isolation, preliminary characterization, and full-genome analyses of tick-borne encephalitis virus from mongolia.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) causes one of the most important inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, namely severe encephalitis in europe and asia. since the 1980s tick-borne encephalitis is known in mongolia with increasing numbers of human cases reported during the last years. so far, however, data on tbev strains are still sparse. we herein report the isolation of a tbev strain from ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in mongolia in 2010. phylogenetic analysis of the e-ge ...201222847274
[demography and population models of ticks of the genus ixodes with long-term life cycles].the most important parameters necessary for the creation of population models for threehost species with long-term life cycles are discussed with an example of ticks ixodes persulcatus and i. ricinus. in these species, specimens of the same biological age may belong to different age cohorts and their calendar age may differ by several months or even years. accurate estimation of the calendar age of separate individuals is dofficult; it is based on the extrapolation by its possible biological age ...201222834345
genetic diversity of theileria orientalis in tick vectors detected in hokkaido and okinawa, japan.in the present study, we investigated the possible tick vectors that can transmit theileria orientalis in eastern hokkaido, japan. questing ticks collected from three different districts, taiki, otofuke, and shin-hidaka, of hokkaido included ixodes persulcatus, haemaphysalis megaspinosa, haemaphysalis douglasi, and ixodes ovatus, while all the ticks collected from yonaguni island of okinawa were identified as haemaphysalis longicornis. when the ticks were screened by polymerase chain reaction (p ...201222824416
dual presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum and its closely related anaplasma sp. in ixodid ticks in hokkaido, japan, and their specific molecular detection.anaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis (hga) and tick-borne fever in ruminants. a closely related and potentially novel anaplasma sp. in japan was recently characterized. the aims of the study were to provide molecular evidence for the presence of these 2 species in japan, and to develop a reliable pcr method based on the nucleotide differences within the citrate synthase (glta) gene. dna samples from 182 ixodid ticks (134 ixodes persulcatus, 35 haemaphysalis douglasii ...201222813904
morphometric study on male specimens of hyalomma anatolicum (acari: ixodidae) in west of iran.hyalomma anatolicum is the well-known hard tick, which is one of the most important livestock and human pathogens vector, wide range in host and distributed in all over the hyalomma geographic fauna as well as in iran. taxonomy of the hyalomma ssp. is debatable whereas their identification is a problematic work. the reasons for this claim is time consuming delpy's researches in iran also schulze school, feldman-muhsam and the russian tick workers. we would like to understand morphometric variati ...201122808415
rickettsia raoultii, the predominant rickettsia found in mongolian dermacentor nuttalli.since the year 2005, clinical patterns resembling tick-borne rickettsioses have been noticed in mongolia. epidemiological data regarding species of the aetiological agent, tick vector, prevalence, and distribution as well as incidence of human cases throughout mongolia are still sparse to date. in order to identify rickettsia species occurring in mongolia, we investigated dermacentor nuttalli (n=179) and ixodes persulcatus (n=374) collected in 4 selected provinces. rickettsia raoultii was the pr ...201222784401
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in domestic animals in ten provinces/cities of china.a nationwide epidemiologic investigation of domestic animal infections has been conducted in nine provinces and one city during 2007-2010. serum samples from a total of 707 goats, 433 cattle, and 219 dogs were collected for detecting anaplasma phagocytophilum igg antibody by immunofluorescence assays and the average seroprevalences were 10.05% for dogs, 3.82% for goats, and 0.69% for cattle, respectively. a total of 472 goats, 201 cattle, 102 dog blood clots, and 1,580 ticks were collected for p ...022764312
phylogeographical structure of the tick ixodes persulcatus: a novel view.the tick ixodes persulcatus schulze, 1930, has a wide distribution from the baltic to the far east and is a vector of a number of human pathogens. thus, the study of the genetic structure and evolution of this species is of great epidemiological importance. rrna genes were used as genetic markers to identify the phylogeographical structure of the ticks. the sequences of gene fragments of 28s (expansion segment d3) and mitochondrial 12s rrna for 25 and 76 ticks, respectively, that had been collec ...201222652512
investigation of borrelia spp. in ticks (acari: ixodidae) at the border crossings between china and russia in heilongjiang province, china.to investigate the precise species of tick vector and the borrelia spirochete pathogen at the heilongjiang province international border with russia.201222575978
the correlation between tick (ixodes persulcatus sch.) questing behaviour and synganglion neuronal responses to odours.we examined the behavioural and electrophysiological responses of taiga ticks (ixodes persulcatus) to several olfactory stimuli: osmopherone® (5-a-androst-16-en-3-ol), osmopherine® (butanoic and 3-methylbutanoic acids), deet® (n,n-diethyl-meta-toluamide), ethanol (96%), and water (control stimulus). to study individual tick behavioural reactions to these stimuli, we used a y-shaped glass maze (n=50). to study the electrophysiological reactions of the ticks' synganglia to these olfactory stimuli, ...201222497860
identification of trospa homologue in ixodes persulcatus schulze, the specific vector for human lyme borreliosis in japan.the tick receptor for outer surface protein a (trospa) is an ixodes scapularis (i. scapularis) receptor for borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi), the causative agent of lyme disease in north america. the blockade of trospa has been shown to reduce b. burgdorferi adherence to the i. scapularis gut in vivo. thus, trospa is one of the potential targets for the development of vector-antigen-based vaccines to prevent the transmission of b. burgdorferi. the aim of this study is to identify the trospa ...201222445928
detection of two zoonotic babesia microti lineages, the hobetsu and u.s. lineages, in two sympatric tick species, ixodes ovatus and ixodes persulcatus, respectively, in japan.the species babesia microti, commonly found in rodents, demonstrates a high degree of genetic diversity. three lineages, u.s., kobe, and hobetsu, are known to have zoonotic potential, but their tick vector(s) in japan remains to be elucidated. we conducted a field investigation at nemuro on hokkaido island and at sumoto on awaji island, where up to two of the three lineages occur with similar frequencies in reservoirs. by flagging vegetation at these spots and surrounding areas, 4,010 ticks, com ...201222389378
[pcr identification of dna of hosts of the taiga tick nymphs (ixodes persulcatus: ixodinae) in st. petersburg and its suburbs].pcr identification of host dna in unfed females and males of taiga tick ixodes persulcatus was performed. amplification of each sample was done using primers species-specific by 12s rdna mitochondrial gene. four species of small mammals (apodemus uralensis, clethrionomys glareolus, microtus arvalis, and sorex araneus) and two passeriform bird species (fringilla coelebs and parus major) were analysed. for one third of tick samples, hosts of previous stages were established using this method. in f ...201222384683
molecular detection and characterization of anaplasma phagocytophilum strains.the zoonotic rickettsial pathogen anaplasma phagocytophilum has a broad geographic distribution and a high degree of biological and clinical diversity. to investigate the genetic diversity of a. phagocytophilum strains in the baltic region and norway, three species of ixodidae ticks were examined for a. phagocytophilum infection, and two genes of the pathogen genome were analyzed. analysis of partial 16s rrna and partial major surface protein (msp4) gene sequences was accomplished through nested ...201222305337
of ticks, mice and men: understanding the dual-host lifestyle of lyme disease spirochaetes.in little more than 30 years, lyme disease, which is caused by the spirochaete borrelia burgdorferi, has risen from relative obscurity to become a global public health problem and a prototype of an emerging infection. during this period, there has been an extraordinary accumulation of knowledge on the phylogenetic diversity, molecular biology, genetics and host interactions of b. burgdorferi. in this review, we integrate this large body of information into a cohesive picture of the molecular and ...201222230951
rapid molecular detection methods for arboviruses of livestock of importance to northern europe.arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have been responsible for some of the most explosive epidemics of emerging infectious diseases over the past decade. their impact on both human and livestock populations has been dramatic. the early detection either through surveillance or diagnosis of virus will be a critical feature in responding and resolving the emergence of such epidemics in the future. although some of the most important emerging arboviruses are human pathogens, this paper aims to high ...201222219660
towards structuring unstructured genbank metadata for enhancing comparative biological studies.within large sequence repositories such as genbank there is a wealth of metadata providing contextual information that may enhance search and retrieval of relevant sequences for a range of subsequent analyses. one challenge is the use of free-text in these metadata fields where approaches are needed to extract, structure, and encode essential information. the goal of the present study was to explore the feasibility of using a combination of existing resources for annotating unstructured genbank ...201122211174
[etiological structure of complex ixodes tickborne borreliosis natural foci of southern taiga].89 primary isolates of b. garinii and 72 b. afzelii from different developmental phases of i. persulcatus, i. trianguliceps and form small mammalian hosts of borrelia were obtained at an area of ca. 30 km2 located in low-mountain southern taiga forests (perm region). the area provides home for two borrelia species (b. garinii and b. afzeli) and their natural carrier ixodes persulcatus. 23 isolate of b.garnii were obtained from skin biopsies and blood samples taken in patients with borreliosis. t ...201122168033
ticks collected from selected mammalian hosts surveyed in the republic of korea during 2008-2009.a tick survey was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ticks associated with selected mammals in the republic of korea (rok) during 2008-2009. a total of 918 ticks were collected from 76 mammals (6 families, 9 species) captured at 6 provinces and 3 metropolitan cities in rok. haemaphysalis longicornis (54.4%) was the most frequently collected tick, followed by haemaphysalis flava (28.5%), ixodes nipponensis (7.6%), ixodes pomerantzevi (4.8%), ixodes persulcatus (4.6% ...201122072840
The impact of climate change on the expansion of Ixodes persulcatus habitat and the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the north of European Russia.The increase in tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) incidence is observed in recent decades in a number of subarctic countries. The reasons of it are widely discussed in scientific publications. The objective of this study was to understand if the climate change in Arkhangelsk Oblast (AO) situated in the north of European subarctic zone of Russia has real impact on the northward expansion of Ixodid ticks and stipulates the increase in TBE incidence.201122028678
humans infected with relapsing fever spirochete borrelia miyamotoi, russia.borrelia miyamotoi is distantly related to b. burgdorferi and transmitted by the same hard-body tick species. we report 46 cases of b. miyamotoi infection in humans and compare the frequency and clinical manifestations of this infection with those caused by b. garinii and b. burgdorferi infection. all 46 patients lived in russia and had influenza-like illness with fever as high as 39.5°c; relapsing febrile illness occurred in 5 (11%) and erythema migrans in 4 (9%). in russia, the rate of b. miya ...201122000350
tick cell lines for study of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus and other arboviruses.abstract continuous cell lines derived from many of the vectors of tick-borne arboviruses of medical and veterinary importance are now available. their role as tools in arbovirus research to date is reviewed and their potential application in studies of tick cell responses to virus infection is explored, by comparison with recent progress in understanding mosquito immunity to arbovirus infection. a preliminary study of propagation of the human pathogen crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cc ...201121955214
[Spread of Ixodes persulcatus P.Sch. in the south and central areas of the Republic of Komi]. 201121936090
Expansion of the Midwestern focus for human granulocytic anaplasmosis into the region surrounding La Crosse, Wisconsin.Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), shares the same enzootic life cycle as Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Although La Crosse, WI, is a well-recognized Lyme disease focus with an abundance of Ixodes scapularis vector ticks and the first documentation of HGA occurred in patients from northwestern Wisconsin, local transmission of A. phagocytophilum has not to date been documented. In this study, we evaluated DNA extrac ...201121918026
[characteristics of the distribution of ticks ixodes persulcatus and ixodes pavlovskyi at the border between the forest and forest-steppe zones in the territory near ob river].field investigations performed in 2009 and 2010 in the novosibirskiy, toguchinskiy, and sovetskiy districts of novosibirsk province showed, that at present, ixodes persulcatus, i. pavlovskyi (subspecies i. pavlovskyi occidentals filippova et panova, 1998), and dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius, 1794) permanently cohabitate in the woodland park of the novosibirsk akademgorodok, and i. pavlovskyi is the dominating species there. the highest abundance of i. pavlovskyi was recorded in pine forests ...201121874842
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato isolates from northeastern china.thirty-two strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato were isolated from ixodes persulcatus ticks collected from northeastern china from may to june in 2004 and 2005. restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis and sequence analysis of 5s-23s rrna intergenic spacer revealed that 29 (90.6%) belonged to borrelia garinii, demonstrating b, c, and a unique pattern. the remaining three isolates (9.4%) were borrelia afzelii with pattern d. the phylogenetic analysis based on 5s-23s rrna int ...201121870355
population genetics, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.in order to understand the population structure and dynamics of bacterial microorganisms, typing systems that accurately reflect the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship of the agents are required. over the past 15years multilocus sequence typing schemes have replaced single locus approaches, giving novel insights into phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships of many bacterial species and facilitating taxonomy. since 2004, several schemes using multiple loci have been developed to bette ...201121843658
evolution of symbiotic organs and endosymbionts in lygaeid stinkbugs.we investigated seed bugs of the genus nysius (insecta: hemiptera: lygaeidae) for their symbiotic bacteria. from all the samples representing 4 species, 18 populations and 281 individuals, specific bacterial 16s rrna gene sequences were consistently identified, which formed a distinct clade in the gammaproteobacteria. in situ hybridization showed that the bacterium was endocellularly localized in a pair of large bacteriomes that were amorphous in shape, deep red in color, and in association with ...201121814289
detection of anaplasma phagocytophilum from wild boars and deer in japan.this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and geographic distribution of anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, in wild deer and boars in japan. we analyzed the blood samples of the study animals using pcr-targeting the 16s rdna followed by dna sequencing. wild deer infected with anaplasma spp., including anaplasma bovis and anaplasma centrale were detected in the region from hokkaido to kyushu. the infection rates of a. phagocytophilum, a. ...201121788712
[study of the heterogeneity of 16s rrna gene and groesl operone in the dna samples of anaplasma phagocytophilum, ehrlichia muris, and "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" determined in the ixodes persulcatus ticks in the area of urals, siberia, and far east of russia].a total of 3552 ixodes persulcatus from sverdlovsk, chelyabinsk, novosibirsk, irkutsk regions and khabarovsk territory were examined on the ehrlichia and anaplasma presence by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. both anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris dna were found in i. persulcatus in all studied regions. a. phagocytophilum was detected in 1.3-6.3% of ticks and e. muris - in 2.0-14.1% of ticks. moreover, "candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis" dna was found in 8 ticks collected in n ...201121786632
[genetic features of borrelia miyamotoi transmitted by ixodes persulcatus].the definition and molecular typing of borrelia miyamotoi transmitted by the ixodes persuccatus ticks was based on the partial sequencing of the 16s rrna, p66, and glpq genes. all the b. miyamotoi analyzed sequences of the 16s rrna, glpq, and p66 gene fragments from i. persulcatus were identical and had 99.9-100% similarity to corresponding genes of the b. miyamotoi strain fr64b isolated in japan. the analyzed amino acid sequences revealed that the 66 protein b. miyamotoi in the site correspondi ...201121786631
genetic diversity of anaplasma and ehrlichia in the asian part of russia.totally, 2590 questing adult ixodes persulcatus ticks and 1458 small mammals from ural, siberia, and the far east as well as 53 haemaphysalis concinna, 136 haem. japonica, and 43 dermacentor silvarum ticks--exclusively adults--from the far east were examined for the presence of ehrlichia and anaplasma by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. both anaplasma phagocytophilum and ehrlichia muris were found in i. persulcatus and small mammals from all the studied regions. myodes spp., microtus spp., ...201021771512
[fatal tick-borne encephalitis].the number of cases with tick-borne encephalitis in europe has increased particularly in the 1990's, and new regions have become endemic. ixodes persulcatus, i.e. the taiga tick, is found on the west coast of finland along the n+ñrpi+â-simo axis. this tick has not been encountered in other parts of western europe. in kokkola archipelago it transmits the siberian subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus. we describe the first and fatal case of tick-borne encephalitis transmitted by the "taiga tic ...201121696004
rickettsia monteiroi sp. nov., infecting the tick amblyomma incisum in brazil.free-living adult amblyomma incisum ticks were collected in an atlantic rainforest area at intervales state park, state of s+úo paulo, brazil. from an a. incisum specimen, rickettsiae were successfully isolated in vero cell culture by the shell vial technique. rickettsial isolation was confirmed by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and pcrs targeting portions of the rickettsial genes glta, htra, rrs, and sca1 on infected cells. fragments of 1,089, 457, 1,362, and 443 nucleoti ...201121685169
prevalence of ehrlichia muris in wisconsin deer ticks collected during the mid 1990s.human ehrlichiosis is due to infection by tick transmitted bacteria of the genus ehrlichia. based on a hypothesis for the biogeography of deer tick transmitted infections, we undertook a focused search for the eurasian e. muris in north american deer ticks. the search was stimulated by anecdotal reports of e. muris-like infection in human ehrlichiosis patients from wisconsin. we analyzed archived adult deer ticks collected in northern wisconsin during the 1990s by specific polymerase chain react ...201121643499
the ecology of tick-transmitted infections in the redwood chipmunk (tamias ochrogenys).the redwood chipmunk contributes to the maintenance of tick-borne diseases in northern california. the range of redwood chipmunks overlaps that of western black-legged ticks and tick-borne disease, including granulocytic anaplasmosis and lyme borreliosis. chipmunks have high anaplasma phagocytophilum pcr- and seroprevalence, are infested with a diversity of ixodes spp. ticks, and are reservoir competent for borrelia burgdorferi. we hypothesized that chipmunks could maintain tick-borne disease on ...201121643481
genetic variability of anaplasma phagocytophilum in ixodes persulcatus ticks and small mammals in the asian part of russia.abstract the specimens of 3552 questing adult ixodes persulcatus and 1698 blood/tissue samples of small mammals collected in ural, siberia, and far east of russia were assayed for the presence of anaplasma phagocytophilum by nested pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. totally, a. phagocytophilum was detected in 112 tick and 88 mammalian samples. the nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna gene and groesl operon (1244-1295 bp) were determined for a. phagocytophilum samples from 65 ticks and 25 small mamm ...201121612528
[formalin fixation in the method of the ixodes persulcatus (ixodidae) age estimation by the state of fat reserves].formalin fixation is proved to be the useful tool in the method of age estimation for the taiga ticks collected in field. formalin does not deform fixed material and does not dissolve fat; hence, it is the best fixing fluid when tick age is estimated by the state of fat reserves in its organism. the ticks preserved in 9% formalin were shown to be suitable for age estimation 1.5-2 months after fixation.201121598671
[the infection of ixodid ticks collected from humans with the tick-borne encephalitis virus in tomsk city and its suburbs].the ticks ixodes persulcatus and i. pavlovskyi collected from people visited gardens and suburban forests have been examined by the ifa methods on the presence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tev). it was established, that the most part of ticks collected from humans belongs to i. persulcatus, despite the fact that i. pavlovskyi dominates on the territory of the city and its suburbs. tev infection was registered more often in fed ticks, in comparison with those without signs of preceding feedi ...201121598663
the current perspective on tick-borne encephalitis awareness and prevention in six central and eastern european countries: report from a meeting of experts convened to discuss tbe in their region.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a potentially life-threatening disease in humans and is caused by a flavivirus spread by infected ticks (ixodes ricinus and ixodes persulcatus). tbe is endemic across much of central and eastern europe and the incidence is increasing, with numbers estimated to be as many as 8755 cases per year. the reasons for this increase are multi-faceted and may involve improvements in diagnosis and reporting of tbe cases, increases in recreational activities in areas inhabit ...201121549781
rodents as sentinels for the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus.abstract introduction: tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) causes one of the most important flavivirus infections of the central nervous system, affecting humans in europe and asia. it is mainly transmitted by the bite of an infected tick and circulates among them and their vertebrate hosts. until now, tbe risk analysis in germany has been based on the incidence of human cases. because of an increasing vaccination rate, this approach might be misleading, especially in regions of low virus circu ...201121548766
[interaction of the siberian and far eastern subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus in mammals with mixed infection. i. factors influencing the type of interaction].polytypic strains containing the fragments of genes of siberian and far eastern tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus subtypes were isolated from the brain of fatal tbe patients, the blood of tbe patients, and ixodes persulcatus ticks in the foci of concomitant circulation of the two subtypes. the interaction of the siberian and far eastern tbe virus subtypes was studied in the neural phase of the infection of albino mice and syrian hamsters in order to understand conditions for formation of these ...201121545035
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in ticks, china-russia border.to the editor: anaplasma phagocytophilum, an emerging human pathogen of public health importance, is transmitted to humans most commonly by tick bites (1). the agent has been detected in various species of ixodes ticks around the world (2) and in dermacentor silvarum ticks in northeastern people's republic of china (3), where 3 a. phagocytophilum strains were isolated from wild and domestic animals (4). in the asiatic region of russia adjacent to china, a. phagocytophilum was identified in ixode ...201121529418
tick-borne encephalitis virus, kyrgyzstan.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is an emerging pathogen in europe and asia. we investigated tbev in kyrgyzstan by collecting small mammals and ticks from diverse localities and analyzing them for evidence of tbev infection. we found tbev circulating in kyrgyzstan much farther south and at higher altitudes than previously reported.201121529400
detection and differentiation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in ticks collected from sheep and cattle in china.abstract:201121529349
correlation of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing ixodes ricinus ticks with specific abiotic traits in the western palearctic.this meta-analysis of reports examining ticks throughout the western palearctic region indicates a distinct geographic pattern for borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato prevalence in questing nymphal ixodes ricinus ticks. the greatest prevalence was reported between the 5°e and 25°e longitudes based on an analysis of 123 collection points with 37,940 nymphal tick specimens (87.43% of total nymphs; 56.35% of total ticks in the set of reports over the target area). climatic traits, such as temperature a ...201121498767
[study on the infection of taiga ticks with borrelia in the territory of novosibirsk scientific center sb pas].in our study, borrelia were revealed in the taiga ticks ixodes persulcatus collected on vegetation by flagging, as well as in the ticks removed from the people who asked for help in the vaccination center located in the novosibirsk scientific center of the siberian branch of russian academy of science (ns sb ras). by the isolation of borrelia on bsk-h medum, the occurrence of b. garinii, b. afzelii, and b. miyamotoi was established in the territory of nsc. b. miyamotoi isolates were unstable and ...201021427963
multilocus sequence typing implicates rodents as the main reservoir host of human-pathogenic borrelia garinii in japan.multilocus sequence typing of borrelia garinii isolates from humans and comparison with rodent and tick isolates were performed. fifty-nine isolates were divided into two phylogenetic groups, and an association was detected between clinical and rodent isolates, suggesting that, in japan, human-pathogenic b. garinii comes from rodents via ticks.201121411595
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