Publications

loss of milk yield due to akabane disease in dairy cows.	akabane disease is an infection with clinical signs of congenital malformation and abortion in ruminants. abnormal parturitions caused by akabane disease result in great economic loss. the purpose of this study is to estimate the reduction in the milk yield from abnormal parturition due to akabane disease. the data were collected from 33 holstein cows on 11 farms. the animals had abnormal parturitions during the period from september 1998 to march 1999, and were diagnosed as having akabane disea ...	2005	15805732
mosquitoborne viruses, czech republic, 2002.	specimens from residents (n = 497) of an area affected by the 2002 flood were examined serologically for mosquitoborne viruses. antibodies were detected against tahyna (16%), sindbis (1%), and batai (0.2%) viruses, but not west nile virus. an examination of paired serum samples showed 1 tahyna bunyavirus (california group) infection.	2005	15705333
isolation of bovine arboviruses from culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in southern japan: 1985--2002.	in 1985--2002, surveillance for bovine arboviruses was conducted in kagoshima, located in the most southern part of the main islands of japan and known to be an area where bovine arboviral diseases have frequently been epidemic. culicoides biting midges were collected in a cowshed by light traps. a total of 456,300 culicoides biting midges representing 13 species were collected, and a portion of each pool of midges were tested for virus isolation. overall, 85 isolates of six different viruses we ...	2005	15691010
[haemorrhagic fever viruses, possible bioterrorist use].	the majority of haemorrhagic fever viruses are responsible for various clinical manifestations, the mutual characteristics of which are fever and haemorrhage in 5 to 70% of cases. all degrees of severity can be observed, ranging from isolated fever to multi-organ failure and death. these viruses belong to one of the following families: filoviridae, arenaviridae, bunyaviridae, and flaviviridae. they must be considered as dangerous biological weapons that could potentially be used. most of the vir ...	2005	15687968
bichat guidelines for the clinical management of haemorrhagic fever viruses and bioterrorism-related haemorrhagic fever viruses.	haemorrhagic fever viruses (hfvs) are a diverse group of viruses that cause a clinical disease associated with fever and bleeding disorder. hfvs that are associated with a potential biological threat are ebola and marburg viruses (filoviridae), lassa fever and new world arenaviruses (machupo, junin, guanarito and sabia viruses) (arenaviridae), rift valley fever (bunyaviridae) and yellow fever, omsk haemorrhagic fever, and kyanasur forest disease (flaviviridae). in terms of biological warfare con ...	2004	15677844
[emerging diseases. crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever].	introduction: recognized for many years in central asia and eastern europe, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a severe zoonotic disease which affects people coming into contact with livestock or ticks. the range of the cchf virus is now known to extend form central asia to india, pakistan, afghanistan, iran, iraq, the middle east, eastern europe, and to most of saharan and sub-saharan africa. etiology: cchf virus is a member of the bunyavirus family, and is classified as a nairovirus. cl ...	2004	15675618
hantaviruses: immunology, treatment, and prevention.	hantaviruses are rodent-borne bunyaviruses that are associated with two main clinical diseases in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. it has been suggested that host-related immune mechanisms rather than direct viral cytopathology may be responsible for the principal abnormality (vascular dysfunction) in these syndromes. this review summarizes the current knowledge on hantaviral host immune responses, immune abnormalities, laboratory diagnosis, and an ...	2004	15671746
la crosse virus nonstructural protein nss counteracts the effects of short interfering rna.	through a process known as rna interference (rnai), double-stranded short interfering rnas (sirnas) silence gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. recently, several viral proteins, including the nonstructural protein nss of tomato spotted wilt virus (a plant-infecting bunyavirus), the interferon antagonist protein ns1 of influenza virus, and the e3l protein of vaccinia virus, have been shown to function as suppressors of rnai, presumably as a counterdefense against cellular mechanisms th ...	2005	15596819
competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of the antibodies specific to akabane virus.	a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-elisa) using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against akabane virus (akav) was developed to detect antibodies to akav in cattle sera. the performance of the test using 7 different competitor mabs was evaluated in sequential serum samples and sera from cattle infected with various bovine arboviruses. the dynamics of the antibody response expressed by percentage of inhibition (pi) in c-elisa coincided with those of neutralizing antibody t ...	2004	15586574
efficient bunyavirus rescue from cloned cdna.	bunyaviruses are trisegmented, negative-sense rna viruses. previously, we described a rescue system to recover infectious bunyamwera virus (genus orthobunyavirus) entirely from cloned cdna (bridgen, a. and elliott, r.m. (1996) proc. nat. acad. sci. usa 93, 15400-15404) utilizing a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase to drive intracellular transcription of transfected t7 promoter-containing plasmids. here we report efforts to improve the efficiency of the system ...	2004	15567443
oligomerization of hantavirus n protein: c-terminal alpha-helices interact to form a shared hydrophobic space.	the structure of the nucleocapsid protein of bunyaviruses has not been defined. earlier we have shown that tula hantavirus n protein oligomerization is dependent on the c-terminal domains. of them, the helix-loop-helix motif was found to be an essential structure. computer modeling predicted that oligomerization occurs via helix protrusions, and the shared hydrophobic space formed by amino acids residues 380-iillf-384 in the first helix and 413-li-414 in the second helix is responsible for stabi ...	2004	15564476
proteomics computational analyses suggest that the carboxyl terminal glycoproteins of bunyaviruses are class ii viral fusion protein (beta-penetrenes).	the bunyaviridae family of enveloped rna viruses includes five genuses, orthobunyaviruses, hantaviruses, phleboviruses, nairoviruses and tospoviruses. it has not been determined which bunyavirus protein mediates virion:cell membrane fusion. class ii viral fusion proteins (beta-penetrenes), encoded by members of the alphaviridae and flaviviridae, are comprised of three antiparallel beta sheet domains with an internal fusion peptide located at the end of domain ii. proteomics computational analyse ...	2004	15544707
the resurgence of shamonda virus, an african simbu group virus of the genus orthobunyavirus, in japan.	six virus isolations were made from culicoides biting midges and blood samples of sentinel cattle in kagoshima and miyazaki prefectures, the southern part of japan, in 2002. serological and genetical tests identified these viruses as isolates of shamonda virus (shav), which belongs to the simbu group of the genus orthobunyavirus of the family bunyaviridae. initially, shav was isolated from cattle and culicoides biting midges in nigeria in the 1960s, and its presence has not been reported until t ...	2005	15503217
complementarity, sequence and structural elements within the 3' and 5' non-coding regions of the bunyamwera orthobunyavirus s segment determine promoter strength.	the genome of bunyamwera virus (bun; family bunyaviridae) consists of three segments of negative-sense, single-stranded rna that are called l (large), m (medium) and s (small), according to their size. the genomic rnas are encapsidated by the viral nucleocapsid protein to form ribonucleoprotein complexes (rnps). the terminal 3' and 5' non-coding sequences are complementary and interact to give a panhandle-like structure to the rnp. located within these non-coding sequences are elements that cont ...	2004	15483240
functional analysis of the noncoding regions of the uukuniemi virus (bunyaviridae) rna segments.	the role of the variable portion of the noncoding regions (ncrs) of the three bunyaviridae rna segments (l, m, s) in transcription, replication, and packaging was studied using the recently developed plasmid-driven rna polymerase i minigenome system for uukuniemi (uuk) virus, genus phlebovirus (11), as a model. comparison of the different segments showed that all ncrs were sufficient to mediate transcription/replication of a minigenome but demonstrated decreased promoter strength in the order m ...	2004	15479814
analysis of the medium (m) segment sequence of guaroa virus and its comparison to other orthobunyaviruses.	guaroa virus (grov), a segmented virus in the genus orthobunyavirus, has been linked to the bunyamwera serogroup (bun) through cross-reactivity in complement fixation assays of s segment-encoded nucleocapsid protein determinants, and also to the california serogroup (cal) through cross-reactivity in neutralization assays of m segment-encoded glycoprotein determinants. phylogenetic analysis of the s-segment sequence supported a closer relationship to the bun serogroup for this segment and it was ...	2004	15448370
missorting of lacrosse virus nucleocapsid protein by the interferon-induced mxa gtpase involves smooth er membranes.	the interferon-induced human mxa protein belongs to the class of dynamin-like, large guanosine-5'-triphosphatases that are involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking and organelle homeostasis. mxa shares many properties with the other members of this protein superfamily, including the propensity to self-assemble and to associate with lipid membranes. however, mxa is unique in that it has antiviral activity and inhibits the replication of several rna viruses. here, we determined the role of me ...	2004	15355513
[investigation of arboviruses in lancang river down-stream area in yunnan province].	to investigate the epidemic state of arboviruses in the downstream area of lancang river in yunnan province.	2003	15340542
ngari virus is a bunyamwera virus reassortant that can be associated with large outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in africa.	two isolates of a virus of the genus orthobunyavirus (family bunyaviridae) were obtained from hemorrhagic fever cases during a large disease outbreak in east africa in 1997 and 1998. sequence analysis of regions of the three genomic rna segments of the virus (provisionally referred to as garissa virus) suggested that it was a genetic reassortant virus with s and l segments derived from bunyamwera virus but an m segment from an unidentified virus of the genus orthobunyavirus. while high genetic d ...	2004	15280501
simultaneous detection of bovine arboviruses using single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) assay was developed to detect and identify arboviruses in infected cell-culture fluids and field specimens. the technique was equally sensitive for detecting five different viruses in cell cultures, namely the chuzan, ibaraki, and bluetongue viruses belonging to orbivirus, and the akabane virus and peaton virus belonging to orthobunyavirus, and was less sensitive than former viruses for detecting aino virus belonging ...	2004	15234812
virus inactivation by nucleic acid extraction reagents.	many assume that common methods to extract viral nucleic acids are able to render a sample non-infectious. it may be that inactivation of infectious virus is incomplete during viral nucleic acid extraction methods. accordingly, two common viral nucleic acid extraction techniques were evaluated for the ability to inactivate high viral titer specimens. in particular, the potential for trizol ls reagent (invitrogen corp., carlsbad, ca) and avl buffer (qiagen, valencia, ca) were examined to render s ...	2004	15158603
inhibition of rna polymerase ii phosphorylation by a viral interferon antagonist.	many viruses subvert the cellular interferon (ifn) system with so-called ifn antagonists. bunyamwera virus (bunv) belongs to the family bunyaviridae and is transmitted by arthropods. we have recently identified the nonstructural protein nss of bunv as a virulence factor that inhibits ifn-beta gene expression in the mammalian host. here, we demonstrate that nss targets the rna polymerase ii (rnap ii) complex. the c-terminal domain (ctd) of rnap ii consists of 52 repeats of the consensus sequence ...	2004	15150262
a bunyamwera virus minireplicon system in mosquito cells.	artificial minigenomes are powerful tools for studying the replication and transcription of negative-strand rna viruses. bunyamwera virus (bun; genus orthobunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) is an arbovirus that shows fundamental biological differences when replicating in mammalian versus mosquito cells. to study bun rna synthesis in mosquito cells, we developed a bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase-based minireplicon system similar to that described previously for mammalian cells. an aedes albopictus ...	2004	15140965
serological evidence of akabane virus infection in northern israel in 2001.	in february 2002 the first cases of a "blind newborn calves" syndrome with hydranencephaly appeared in israel. eighty-one serum samples, from 54 animals on farms where the syndrome was recorded and 27 others from unaffected farms were examined by neutralization of akabane virus (akav, strain obe-1) by the micro-titer method. forty-seven of the 54 samples from the affected farms contained high serum neutralization titers against akav (mean sn titer 79.5 and +/- 44.7, standard deviation), whereas ...	2004	15133276
the emergence in japan of sathuperi virus, a tropical simbu serogroup virus of the genus orthobunyavirus.	in 1999, two viruses were isolated from blood samples of sentinel cattle in the western part of japan. the physiochemical and morphological properties of these viruses indicated that they belonged to the family bunyaviridae. sequence analysis of the s segment indicates that the two viruses are closely related to sathuperi virus (satv). the n-terminal 168 amino acid of the g2 protein of the m segment was highly homologous with that of satv (98.2%). given these results, we conclude that the newly ...	2004	15098114
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus genome l rna segment and encoded protein.	sequence analysis of the l rna genome segment and predicted encoded l polymerase protein of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus (genus nairovirus, family bunyaviridae) demonstrates that they are approximately twice the size of those found in viruses of other bunyavirus genera. the cchf virus l segment and encoded protein (12,164 nucleotides and 3944 amino acids, respectively) are similar in size and sequence to those of the nairovirus dugbe virus (12,255/62% and 4036/62% nucleotide and ...	2004	15033562
prevalence of antibodies against saint louis encephalitis and jamestown canyon viruses in california horses.	jamestown canyon (jc) and saint louis encephalitis (sle) viruses are mosquito-transmitted viruses that have long been present in california. the objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of these two viruses in horses prior to the introduction of west nile (wn) virus. approximately 15% of serum samples collected in 1998 from 425 horses on 44 equine operations horses throughout california had serum antibodies to jc virus, whereas antibodies were not detected to sle virus. the re ...	2004	15001316
bunyamwera bunyavirus rna synthesis requires cooperation of 3'- and 5'-terminal sequences.	bunyamwera virus (bunv) is the prototype of both the orthobunyavirus genus and the bunyaviridae family of segmented negative-sense rna viruses. the tripartite bunv genome consists of small (s), medium (m), and large (l) segments that are each transcribed to yield a single mrna and are replicated to generate an antigenome that acts as a template for synthesis of further genomic strands. as for all negative-sense rna viruses, the 3'- and 5'-terminal nontranslated regions (ntrs) of the bunv s, m, a ...	2004	14722268
inhibition of dugbe nairovirus replication by human mxa protein.	sensitivity to the interferon-induced protein, mxa, has previously been demonstrated for viruses belonging to the orthobunyavirus, hantavirus and phlebovirus genera of the bunyaviridae family. we have extended these findings to a member of the fourth and remaining genus containing viruses that infect man and other animals, the nairovirus dugbe virus (dugv). indirect immunofluorescence experiments using va9 cells (vero cells permanently transfected with mxa cdna) revealed strongly reduced dugv an ...	2004	14687945
linear amplification followed by single primer polymerase chain reaction to amplify unknown dna fragments: complete nucleotide sequence of oropouche virus m rna segment.	the whole nucleotide sequence of oropouche virus medium (m) rna, orthobunyavirus genus, bunyaviridae family, was obtained using a new genomic amplification method. this method is based on the use of a single and specific primer of high melting temperature in a linear amplification (la), followed by a single primer polymerase chain reaction (lasp-pcr). the lasp-pcr was used to walk along the oropouche m rna completing the sequence in seven successive walks. the amplicons obtained in each walking ...	2004	14656460
viral modulators of cell death provide new links to old pathways.	by observing how viruses facilitate their parasitic relationships with host cells, we gain insights into key regulatory pathways of the cell. not only are mitochondria key players in the regulation of programmed cell death, but many viral regulators of cell death also alter mitochondrial functions either directly or indirectly. although cytomegalovirus vmia and epstein-barr virus bhrf1 seem to have opposite effects on mitochondrial morphology, they both inhibit cell death. drosophila reaper, a r ...	2003	14644194
inhibition of translation and induction of apoptosis by bunyaviral nonstructural proteins bearing sequence similarity to reaper.	members of the california serogroup of bunyaviruses (family bunyaviridae) are the leading cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in north america. significant cell death is observed as part of the infection pathology. we now report that a bunyaviral nonstructural protein termed nss shows sequence similarity to reaper, a proapoptotic protein from drosophila. although nss proteins lack the reaper n-terminal motif critical for iap inhibition, they do retain other functions of reaper that map to cons ...	2003	14517326
epidemiological, clinical and laboratory aspects of sandfly fever.	sandfly fever viruses are still a significant health problem in many regions of the world, such as africa, the mediterranean basin, the middle east, and central asia. this review provides an update on the advances in knowledge about epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of infections caused by toscana, sicilian and naples viruses.	2003	14501989
isolation of kaeng khoi virus from dead chaerephon plicata bats in cambodia.	a virus isolated from dead chaerephon plicata bats collected near kampot, cambodia, was identified as a member of the family bunyaviridae by electron microscopy. the only bunyavirus previously isolated from chaerephon species bats in south-east asia is kaeng khoi (kk) virus (genus orthobunyavirus), detected in thailand over 30 years earlier and implicated as a public health problem. using rt-pcr, nucleotide sequences from the m rna segment of several virus isolates from the cambodian c. plicata ...	2003	13679602
puumala virus pulmonary syndrome in a romanian immigrant.	hantaviruses belong to the bunyaviridae family, which is comprised of bunyavirus, phlebovirus, nairovirus, and hantavirus. euroasiatic hantaviruses belong to two distinct subfamilies: murinae (comprising hantaan, dobrava, and seoul viruses), which are responsible for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (hfrs), and arvicolinae (comprising puumala virus), responsible for nephropathia epidemica (ne) and hfrs. on the contrary, the new world hantavirus belongs to the sigmodontinae subfamily and inc ...	2002	12962589
segment-specific terminal sequences of bunyamwera bunyavirus regulate genome replication.	bunyamwera virus (bunv) is the prototype of both the orthobunyavirus genus and the bunyaviridae family of segmented negative sense rna viruses. the tripartite bunv genome consists of small (s), medium (m), and large (l) segments that are transcribed to give a single mrna and replicated to generate an antigenome that is the template for synthesis of further genomic rna strands. we modified an existing cdna-derived rna synthesis system to allow identification of bunv rna replication and transcript ...	2003	12842622
bunyamwera virus nonstructural protein nss counteracts interferon regulatory factor 3-mediated induction of early cell death.	the genome of bunyamwera virus (bun; family bunyaviridae, genus orthobunyavirus) consists of three segments of negative-sense rna. the smallest segment, s, encodes two proteins, the nonstructural protein nss, which is nonessential for viral replication and transcription, and the nucleocapsid protein n. although a precise role in the replication cycle has yet to be attributed to nss, it has been shown that nss inhibits the induction of alpha/beta interferon, suggesting that it plays a part in cou ...	2003	12829839
isolations of bwamba virus from south central uganda and north eastern tanzania.	bwamba virus (genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae) is widely distributed in africa. it causes many unidentified fevers because of its benign nature.	2002	12789111
isolation of a new flavivirus related to cell fusing agent virus (cfav) from field-collected flood-water aedes mosquitoes sampled from a dambo in central kenya.	cell fusing agent virus (cfav) is an rna insect virus that was isolated from a line of aedes aegypti mosquito cells and has been assigned to the family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus. we report here the first isolation of a cfa-like virus from field-collected mosquitoes. mosquito larvae and pupae were sampled from flooded dambos in central province, kenya during the short rain season of 1999. specimens were reared to adults, identified and pooled by species and were tested for the presence of vi ...	2003	12756616
natural infections of pigs with akabane virus.	akabane (aka) virus is considered a pathogen of herbivores in nature. however, we found that pig populations in fields were infected in taiwan. an isolate (nt-14) of aka virus was obtained from pigs. the nt-14 virus was able to infect pigs by the oronasal route. subsequently, low levels of infectious virus particles were excreted into the oronasal discharge during the stage of viremia but they were not sufficient to infect new porcine hosts via contact transmission. the prevalence of serum neutr ...	2003	12742710
sequence analysis of the medium rna segment of three simbu serogroup viruses, akabane, aino, and peaton viruses.	the sequence analysis was carried out for the medium (m) rna segment of the akabane virus (akav), aino virus (ainv), and peaton virus (peav) of the simbu serogroup of the genus orthobunyavirus of the family bunyaviridae. the complementary sequences of the m rna segments of akav, ainv, and peav contain a single large open reading frame (orf), like other orthobunyaviruses. the orfs potentially encode 1401 amino acids (aa), 1404 aa, and 1400 aa polypeptides, respectively. the identity of the m segm ...	2003	12727343
reverse genetics for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus.	the widespread geographical distribution of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) virus (more than 30 countries) and its ability to produce severe human disease with high mortality rates (up to 60%) make cchf a major public health concern worldwide. we describe here the successful establishment of a reverse genetics technology for cchf virus, a member of the genus nairovirus, family bunyaviridae: the rna polymerase i (pol i) system was used to generate artificial viral rna genome segments (mini ...	2003	12719591
activation of pkr by bunyamwera virus is independent of the viral interferon antagonist nss.	double-stranded rna (dsrna) is a by-product of viral rna polymerase activity, and its recognition is one mechanism by which the innate immune system is activated. cellular responses to dsrna include induction of alpha/beta interferon (ifn) synthesis and activation of the enzyme pkr, which exerts its antiviral effect by phosphorylating the eukaryotic initiation factor eif-2 alpha, thereby inhibiting translation. we have recently identified the nonstructural protein nss of bunyamwera virus (bunv), ...	2003	12692253
bunyavirus infections in north carolina white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).	we analyzed serum from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) collected in southeastern north carolina in 1991 for neutralizing antibodies to six mosquito-borne bunyaviruses (lacrosse, jamestown canyon, keystone,cache valley, potosi, and tensaw), including several of public health importance. evidence was found for all six to be locally transmitted, although greatest seroprevalence was found for potosi, jamestown canyon, and cache valley viruses.	2001	12678047
effects of a point mutation in the 3' end of the s genome segment of naturally occurring and engineered bunyamwera viruses.	the genome of bunyamwera virus (bun) consists of three segments of single-stranded rna of negative polarity. the smallest segment, s, encodes the n protein and a nonstructural protein called nss. we recently described a mutant virus (bundelnss) that does not express nss but overexpresses n and grows to lower titres than wild-type (wt) bun. here we report a bundelnss variant that expresses lower levels of n protein and grows to higher titres. sequencing of the 3' and 5' termini of the bundelnss s ...	2003	12655079
[specific markers for the detection of circulation of tahyna, inko and batai viruses (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus) in humans, mosquitoes, ticks and cattle of the ul'ianovsk region].	comprehensive examinations of the population, sanguivorous arthropoda and domestic animals were for the first time held in the territory of the ulyanovsk region. an active circulation of certain arboviruses was detected and a predominantly ecological relation of california encephalitis serogroup viruses with aedes mosquitoes, on the one hand, and of batai viruses with anopheles mosquitoes, on the other hand, was established. the most reliable detection of antibodies to california encephalitis vi ...	2003	12608063
analysis of oropouche virus l protein amino acid sequence showed the presence of an additional conserved region that could harbour an important role for the polymerase activity.	we described here the complete nucleotide sequence of the l rna segment of oropouche virus (genus orthobunyavirus, family bunyaviridae). we found the l rna segment is 6846 nucleotides long and encodes a putative rna polymerase of 2250 amino acids. phylogenetic analysis showed that oro virus cluster to the orthobunyavirus genus confirming the serological classification. it also showed that bunyamwera and california viruses, from the orthobunyavirus genus, are more closely related to each other th ...	2003	12536293
imported viral haemorrhagic fever with a potential for person-to-person transmission: review and recommendations for initial management of a suspected case in belgium.	viral haemorrhagic fevers are caused by a wide range of viruses. there are 4 types of viruses well known to spread from person to person and able to cause nosocomial outbreaks with a high case fatality rate: an arenavirus (lassa fever and more exceptionally the junin and machupo virus), a bunyavirus (crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever) and the filoviridae (ebola and marburg viruses). so far there have been only a limited number of imported cases of viral haemorrhagic fever in industrialized countr ...	2002	12534129
genetic organisation of iris yellow spot virus m rna: indications for functional homology between the g(c) glycoproteins of tospoviruses and animal-infecting bunyaviruses.	the complete nucleotide sequence (4838 nucleotides) of iris yellow spot virus (iysv) m rna indicates, typical for tospoviruses, the presence of two genes in ambisense arrangement. the vrna orf codes for the potential cell-to-cell movement (nsm) protein (34.8 kda) and the vcrna orf for the viral glycoprotein (g1/g2) precursor (128.6 kda). multiple sequence alignment of the nsm and g1/g2 precursor proteins of iysv with those of other tospoviruses, showed highest homologies to peanut bud necrosis v ...	2002	12491100
effect of triethylamine on the recovery of selected south american alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses from mosquito (diptera: culicidae) pools.	we evaluated the effect of triethylamine (tea) on the recovery of infectious virus from pools of mosquitoes for two south american alphaviruses (eastern equine encephalomyelitis and venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis subtypes iiic and id), one flavivirus (ilheus) and two bunyaviruses (mirim [guama group] and itaqui [group c]). mosquitoes were inoculated intrathoracically with virus, held for 7-10 d at 26 degrees c, and handled under one of four regimens before testing for the presence of virus ...	2002	12349865
antigenic drift, antigenic shift and interferon antagonists: how bunyaviruses counteract the immune system.	members of the bunyaviridae family are amongst the most widespread viruses in the world. they can be found on every inhabited continent at virtually every latitude, and are able to infect a wide range of arthropods, plants and mammals including humans. more than 300 named viruses are contained within the family bunyaviridae (virus taxonomy: seventh report of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (2000) 599), and several members cause significant disease in humans or domestic animals ...	2002	12297332
turlock-like bunyavirus associated with encephalomyelitis and myocarditis in an ostrich chick.	in the fall of 1995, a 20-day-old female ostrich chick, 1 of a group of 20, was presented live with clinical signs of 2 days duration characterized by unsteady gait, circling to the left, and walking backward. another bird with similar clinical signs had died and another had recovered. the bird was euthanized and examined at necropsy. twenty-five milliliters of serous fluid was in the abdominal cavity and there was increased pericardial fluid. histopathology of the brain revealed mild to moderat ...	2002	12296386
[microbial warfare and bioterrorism].	infectious diseases have been used as warfares since ancient times. since the 1920s military organizations have studied bacteria of anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism, brucelloses, glander, q-fever, and smallpox virus, filo-, arena-, bunyaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever or alphaviruses eliciting encephalitis. these can be dispersed by aerosol. salmonellae, shigellae, vibrio cholerae, distinguished escherichia coli strains are suitable to contaminate food, water, pharmaceutical products. fana ...	2002	12244657
interferon-induced mx proteins: dynamin-like gtpases with antiviral activity.	mx proteins are interferon-induced gtpases that belong to the dynamin superfamily of large gtpases. similarities include a high molecular weight, a propensity to self-assemble, a relatively low affinity for gtp, and a high intrinsic rate of gtp hydrolysis. a unique property of mx gtpases is their antiviral activity against a wide range of rna viruses, including bunya- and orthomyxoviruses. the human mxa gtpase accumulates in the cytoplasm of interferon-treated cells, partly associating with the ...	2002	12230469
[bunyavirus--virus and host relationship: the coevolution between hantavirus and rodent].		2002	12227181
characterization and identification of oya virus, a simbu serogroup virus of the genus bunyavirus, isolated from a pig suspected of nipah virus infection.	a virus, named oya virus, was isolated in vero cell cultures from the lungs of a pig suspected of nipah virus infection. the virus was revealed as a spherical enveloped rna virus with a diameter of 79 nm. for identification of oya virus, rt-pcr was performed. a common primer set for s-rna of the simbu serogroup of the genus bunyavirus was able to amplify a cdna from oya virus rna. the sequence data of the product revealed that the partial gene of oya virus s-rna segment had 65-70% homology with ...	2002	12181680
bunyamwera bunyavirus nonstructural protein nss counteracts the induction of alpha/beta interferon.	production of alpha/beta interferons (ifn-alpha/beta) in response to viral infection is one of the main defense mechanisms of the innate immune system. many viruses therefore encode factors that subvert the ifn system to enhance their virulence. bunyamwera virus (bun) is the prototype of the bunyaviridae family. by using reverse genetics, we previously produced a recombinant virus lacking the nonstructural protein nss (bundelnss) and showed that nss is a nonessential gene product that contribute ...	2002	12133999
ultrastructural, antigenic and physicochemical characterization of the mojuí dos campos (bunyavirus) isolated from bat in the brazilian amazon region.	the mojuí dos campos virus (mdcv) was isolated from the blood of an unidentified bat (chiroptera) captured in mojuí dos campos, santarém, state of pará, brazil, in 1975 and considerated to be antigenically different from other 102 arboviruses belonging to several antigenic groups isolated in the amazon region or another region by complement fixation tests. the objective of this work was to develop a morphologic, an antigenic and physicochemical characterization of this virus. mdcv produces cytop ...	2002	12048556
an outbreak of rift valley fever in northeastern kenya, 1997-98.	in december 1997, 170 hemorrhagic fever-associated deaths were reported in garissa district, kenya. laboratory testing identified evidence of acute rift valley fever virus (rvfv). of the 171 persons enrolled in a cross-sectional study, 31(18%) were anti-rvfv immunoglobulin (ig) m positive. an age-adjusted igm antibody prevalence of 14% was estimated for the district. we estimate approximately 27,500 infections occurred in garissa district, making this the largest recorded outbreak of rvfv in eas ...	2002	11897064
serological and genetic characterization of newly isolated peaton virus in japan. brief report.	the viruses were isolated from the blood of sentinel cattle and culicoides biting midges in the kyushu district, southwestern japan, in 1999 and identified by neutralization tests as peaton (pea) viruses. before this study, pea virus had been isolated in australia only. the nucleotide identity of the nucleocapsid (n) protein encoded by the s segment ranged from 91.1 to 91.6% between the australian and japanese strains. a phylogenetic analysis of the n protein sequence revealed that the pea virus ...	2002	11890531
antivirally active mxa protein sequesters la crosse virus nucleocapsid protein into perinuclear complexes.	bunyaviruses replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells. new viral particles are formed by budding of nucleocapsids into the golgi apparatus. we have previously shown that the ifn-induced human mxa protein inhibits bunyavirus replication by an unknown mechanism. here we demonstrate that mxa binds to the nucleocapsid protein of la crosse virus (lacv) and colocalizes with the viral protein in cytoplasmic complexes. electron microscopy revealed that these complexes accumulated in the perinuclear ...	2002	11880649
a reassortant bunyavirus isolated from acute hemorrhagic fever cases in kenya and somalia.	in late 1997 and early 1998, a large outbreak of hemorrhagic fever occurred in east africa. clinical samples were collected in kenya and southern somalia, and 27 of 115 (23%) hemorrhagic fever patients tested showed evidence of acute infection with rift valley fever (rvf) virus as determined by igm detection, virus isolation, detection of virus rna by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), or immunohistochemistry. however, two patients (one from kenya and the other from somali ...	2001	11878887
diagnosis of oropouche virus infection by rt-nested-pcr.	using the rt-pcr with primers that anneal to the 5' and the 3' extremities of the genome segments of bunyaviruses and internal primers that anneal to the s segment of simbu serogroup viruses in a nested pcr it was possible to amplify the oropouche virus (oro) genome from the sera of three patients. these results show that this rt-nested-pcr is a useful tool for rapid diagnosis of oropouche fever infections.	2002	11748670
first isolation of la crosse virus from naturally infected aedes albopictus.	la crosse (lac) virus, a california serogroup bunyavirus, is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the united states and an emerging disease in tennessee, west virginia, and north carolina. human cases of lac encephalitis in tennessee and north carolina have increased above endemic levels during 1997 to 1999 and may represent an expansion of a new southeastern endemic focus. this report describes the isolation of lac virus from the exotic mosquito aedes albopictus. the discove ...	2001	11747692
hantavirus infections and their prevention.	hantaviruses are rodent-borne bunyaviruses which cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in humans. this review covers the host interactions of the viruses, including the rodent reservoirs, the clinical outcome of human infections as well as the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of infections. the current stage in prophylaxis and therapy of hantaviral diseases is described and different approaches in vaccine development are discussed.	2001	11709294
interferon-induced rat mx proteins confer resistance to rift valley fever virus and other arthropod-borne viruses.	mx proteins belong to the interferon (ifn)-induced antiviral defense. the rat genome contains three mx genes, ratmx1, ratmx2, and ratmx3. the mx gene products differ in their subcellular localization and antiviral specificity. the nuclear ratmx1 protein confers resistance to influenza a virus, and the cytoplasmic ratmx2 is active against vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), whereas the cytoplasmic ratmx3 protein is antivirally inactive. to investigate the antiviral potential of the rat mx proteins ...	2001	11576460
[anti-arboviral properties of different substances of chemical and plant origin].	the paper deals with the results of search for inhibitors of two arboviral infections, including alfavirus of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (family togaviridae) and bunyavirus tahyna (family bunyaviridae), interferon inducers among 99 substances of organic synthesis and 92 compounds of plant origin. antiarboviral activity of some of these chemicals were investigated as well. reproduction of the studied viruses in cell culture was inhibited by 8 derivatives of triazole, triazine and uracile ...	2001	11558241
phylogeny of the simbu serogroup of the genus bunyavirus.	the simbu serogroup of the genus bunyavirus, family bunyaviridae contains 25 viruses. previous serological studies provided important information regarding some but not all of the relationships among simbu serogroup viruses. this report describes the nucleotide sequence determination of the nucleocapsid (n) gene of the small genomic segment of 14 simbu serogroup viruses and partial nucleotide sequence determination of the g2 glycoprotein-coding region (encoded by the medium rna segment) of 19 vi ...	2001	11514727
arbovirus surveillance from 1990 to 1995 in the barkedji area (ferlo) of senegal, a possible natural focus of rift valley fever virus.	surveillance for mosquito-borne viruses was conducted in barkedji area from 1990 to 1995, following an outbreak of rift valley fever (rvf) virus in southern mauritania. mosquitoes, sand flies, and midges were collected from human bait and trapped by solid-state u.s. army battery-powered cdc miniature light traps baited with dry ice or animals (sheep or chickens) at four ponds. overall, 237,091 male and female mosquitoes representing 52 species in eight genera, 214,967 phlebotomine sand flies, an ...	2001	11476327
jatobal virus is a reassortant containing the small rna of oropouche virus.	jatobal (jat) virus was isolated in 1985 from a carnivore (nasua nasua) in tucuruí, pará state, brazil and was classified as a distinct member of the simbu serogroup of the bunyavirus genus, family bunyaviridae on the basis of neutralization tests. on the basis of nucleotide sequencing, we have found that the small (s) rna of jat virus is very similar (>95% identity) to that of oropouche (oro) virus, in particular, the peruvian genotype of oro virus. in comparison, limited nucleotide sequencing ...	2001	11451484
detection of arboviral rna directly from mosquito homogenates by reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	many arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important human pathogens medically. the development of an effective technique to detect the viruses by using nucleic acid amplification, such as polymerase chain reaction (pcr), improves not only clinical diagnosis but also virologic surveillance of mosquito vectors in the field. in this study, the development of an improved and simplified assay is described for detection of mosquitoes infected with eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus, cache va ...	2001	11337046
comparative analysis of g1 glycoprotein-coding sequences of cache valley virus (bunyaviridae: bunyavirus) isolates.	the complete 4463 nucleotide sequence for the medium segment viral rna of cache valley virus has been cloned and sequenced in four isolates; in addition, the g1 glycoprotein extracellular coding domains are completed for nine additional isolates, including two subtypes, ft. sherman (86msp18) and tlacotalpan (61d240) viruses. the 13 represent isolations spanning over 45 years and a large geographic area, including the u.s., mexico, canada, and panama. glycosylation sites in g1 are generally conse ...	2001	11324749
use of the squirrel monkey saimiri sciureus to optimize serological tests for diagnosis of bunyavirus infection in humans.	several arthropod-borne viruses of the large bunyaviridae virus family have been isolated in south america. there are few data about the incidence of these viruses in man, except for the oropuche virus. since haemagglutination inhibition tests are difficult to perform, only enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are used. nevertheless, positive controls are necessary for elisa, and infected humans are rare. squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus) were therefore infected experimentally to assess ...	2001	11311344
identification of simbu, california and bunyamwera serogroup bunyaviruses by nested rt-pcr.	we describe a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with primers that anneal to the 5' and 3' ends and amplify the bunyavirus s rna segments. the rt-pcr was done on the fluids of c6/36 cells infected with each of 21 bunyaviruses. the bunyaviruses studied, with the exception of catu virus, produced amplicons having 700 to 1300 base pairs and probably contained the whole s rna segment sequence. a nested pcr performed with these amplicons distinguished california and most bunyamw ...	2001	11280054
the bunyamwera virus nonstructural protein nss inhibits viral rna synthesis in a minireplicon system.	the small (s) genomic segment of bunyamwera virus (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) encodes the nucleocapsid protein, n, and a nonstructural protein, nss, in overlapping reading frames. in order to elucidate the function of nss, we established a plasmid-based minireplicon system using mammalian cells that express large amounts of t7 rna polymerase. expression of n, the viral polymerase protein (l), and a minireplicon containing a reporter gene was sufficient to reconstitute functional viru ...	2001	11222097
[rift valley fever].		2000	11221696
bunyamwera bunyavirus nonstructural protein nss is a nonessential gene product that contributes to viral pathogenesis.	bunyamwera virus (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) contains a tripartite negative-sense rna genome. the smallest rna segment, s, encodes the nucleocapsid protein n and a nonstructural protein, nss, in overlapping reading frames. we have generated a mutant virus lacking nss, called bundelnss, by reverse genetics. compared with the wild-type (wt) virus, bundelnss exhibited a smaller plaque size and generated titers of virus approximately 1 log lower. in mammalian cells, the mutant expressed ...	2001	11209062
constitutive expression of interferon-induced human mxa protein in transgenic tobacco plants does not confer resistance to a variety of rna viruses.	mxa is a key component in the interferon-induced antiviral defense in humans. after viral infections, mxa is rapidly induced and accumulates in the cytoplasm. the multiplication of many rna viruses, including all bunyaviruses tested so far, is inhibited by mxa. these findings prompted us to express mxa in plants in an attempt to create resistance to tospoviruses. here, we report the generation of transgenic tobacco plants that constitutively express mxa under the control of the 35 s cauliflower ...	2000	11206971
west nile virus investigations in south moravia, czechland.	seven virus isolates were obtained from 11,334 mosquitoes after the 1997 morava river flooding in south moravia (czech republic): 6 strains of tahyna bunyavirus, california antigenic group (5 from aedes vexans, 1 from ae. cinereus), and 1 strain of west nile flavivirus (wnv) from culex pipiens. in 1999, one isolate of tahyna virus from ae. vexans and one isolate of wnv from cx. pipiens were recovered from a total of 14,354 mosquitoes examined in the same area, whereas no virus was detected there ...	2000	11192289
nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the medium rna segment of oropouche, a simbu serogroup virus: comparison with the middle rna of bunyamwera and california serogroup viruses.	the bunyavirus genus of the family bunyaviridae contains 18 serogroups. to date nucleotide sequence data has been obtained for three serogroups, bunyamwera, california and simbu, based on analysis of the small (s) rna segment. in comparison, there is only nucleotide sequence data for the large and medium (m) rna segments for members of the bunyamwera and california serogroups. in this paper we report the nucleotide sequence of the m rna of oropouche (oro) virus, a member of the simbu serogroup. ...	2001	11172919
inhibition of interferon-mediated antiviral responses by influenza a viruses and other negative-strand rna viruses.		2001	11162793
tomato spotted wilt virus glycoproteins exhibit trafficking and localization signals that are functional in mammalian cells.	the glycoprotein precursor (g1/g2) gene of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) was expressed in bhk cells using the semliki forest virus expression system. the results reveal that in this cell system, the precursor is efficiently cleaved and the resulting g1 and g2 glycoproteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (er) to the golgi complex, where they are retained, a process that could be blocked by tunicamycin. expression of g2 alone resulted in transport to and retention in the golgi c ...	2001	11134314
rna binding properties of bunyamwera virus nucleocapsid protein and selective binding to an element in the 5' terminus of the negative-sense s segment.	the genome of bunyamwera virus (bun) (family bunyaviridae, genus bunyavirus) comprises three negative-sense rna segments which act as transcriptional templates for the viral polymerase only when encapsidated by the nucleocapsid protein (n). previous studies have suggested that the encapsidation signal may reside within the 5' terminus of each segment. the bun n protein was expressed as a 6-histidine-tagged fusion protein in escherichia coli and purified by metal chelate chromatography. an rna pr ...	2000	11024122
identification and localization of conserved antigenic epitopes on the g2 proteins of california serogroup bunyaviruses.	california (cal) serogroup bunyaviruses are significant agents of arboviral encephalitis in humans. they are maintained and transmitted in nature by mosquitoes to preferred vertebrate amplifying hosts. the g2 envelope glycoprotein of la crosse virus (lac) was proposed by ludwig et al. to be a determinant for virus attachment to mosquito midgut cells. monoclonal antibodies to g2 neutralize the infectivity of pronase-treated virus for mosquito cells. we determined the location of antigenic sites o ...	2000	10893000
detection of anti-arboviral immunoglobulin g by using a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	monoclonal antibody (mab)-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for the detection of anti-arboviral immunoglobulin g (igg elisas) were developed for a comprehensive array of medically important arboviruses from the alphavirus, flavivirus, and bunyavirus genera. tests were optimized and standardized so that maximum homology could be maintained among working parameters for the different viral agents, enabling a wide range of viruses to be easily tested for at one time. mabs wer ...	2000	10790108
preferential infection of neuronal and astroglia cells by akabane virus in primary cultures of fetal bovine brain.	akabane virus is a member of the genus bunyavirus; it is pathogenic for ruminants and transmitted by arthropod vectors. infection of adult cattle and sheep causes a transient viremia without obvious clinical signs, while infection of pregnant animals often causes fetal abnormalities including hydranencephaly, poliomyelitis and arthrogryposis. infectious virus or viral antigens is present in the brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle of infected fetuses. to understand the interaction between akab ...	2000	10781726
nucleotide sequences and phylogeny of the nucleocapsid gene of oropouche virus.	the nucleotide sequence of the s rna segment of the oropouche (oro) virus prototype strain trvl 9760 was determined and found to be 754 nucleotides in length. in the virion-complementary orientation, the rna contained two overlapping open reading frames of 693 and 273 nucleotides that were predicted to encode proteins of 231 and 91 amino acids, respectively. subsequently, the nucleotide sequences of the nucleocapsid genes of 27 additional oro virus strains, representing a 42 year interval and a ...	2000	10675412
detection and differentiation of aino and akabane simbu serogroup bunyaviruses by nested polymerase chain reaction.	reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and nested pcr were developed to detect and differentiate aino (aino) and akabane (aka) virus s rna. two pairs of aino- and aka-specific primers for nested pcr were synthesized and examined for their capacity to amplify pcr products using 7 simbu serogroup viruses isolated in japan and australia. rt- and nested pcr using aka-specific primers amplified cdna from tinaroo virus rna as well as homologous rna. nested pcr products were different ...	1999	10603165
genetic engineering of influenza and other negative-strand rna viruses containing segmented genomes.		1999	10582103
bunyavirus superinfection and segment reassortment in transovarially infected mosquitoes.	rapid evolution of bunyaviruses may occur by rna segment reassortment between closely related viruses. reassortment between viruses occurs in dually infected mosquitoes when two different viruses are simultaneously ingested or when the second virus is ingested within 2 days of the first virus. by 3 days after oral infection, interference to superinfection occurs, thus limiting the potential for evolution. aedes triseriatus mosquitoes can also be transovarially infected (ti+) with lacrosse (lac) ...	1999	10567649
murine leukemia virus pseudotypes of la crosse and hantaan bunyaviruses: a system for analysis of cell tropism.	we have developed a system for the preparation of la crosse virus (lac) and hantaan virus (htn) pseudotypes using a murine leukemia virus vector. after concentration, the pseudotypes were present in quantities sufficient to analyze cell tropism and neutralization. cells resistant to lac could not be infected with the mlv (lac) pseudotypes, and the pseudotypes were sensitive to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies prepared against lac glycoproteins, as well as to inhibition by a soluble form of the ...	1999	10500280
sequence comparisons of medium rna segment among 15 california serogroup viruses.	the complete nucleotide sequences have been determined for the m segment of 12 california (cal) serogroup bunyaviruses. a method is described here of long reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) that yields the full-length medium (m) rna genomic segment. a phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparison of the open reading frames (orfs) in the m rna segment of 15 cal serogroup viruses. three distinct branches were identified and they are represented by the california encephaliti ...	1999	10475083
potential for evolution of california serogroup bunyaviruses by genome reassortment in aedes albopictus.	aedes albopictus was introduced into the united states in used tires in 1985. its successful colonization of the upper midwest has potential to alter the current epidemiology of bunyaviruses that circulate in the region. it is permissive for the replication of several arboviruses, including la crosse (lacv) and jamestown canyon (jcv) bunyaviruses. in this study, we demonstrate the ability of lacv and jcv to coinfect ae. albopictus mosquitoes and to form all six possible reassortant genotypes. al ...	1999	10466972
west nile fever in czechland.		1999	10458974
mosquito-borne viruses in western europe: a review.	several mosquito-borne arboviruses belonging to the genera alphavirus, flavivirus, and bunyavirus have been reported to occur in mosquitoes and to infect humans and other vertebrates in western europe. these zoonotic viruses circulate in nature either in an aedes-mammal, anopheles-mammal, or culex-bird transmission cycle. infected humans normally do not contribute to the virus circulation. west nile virus (flavivirus) caused an outbreak of fever, malaise, pain in eyes and muscles, and headache a ...	1999	10436876
seroepidemiology of california and bunyamwera serogroup (bunyaviridae) virus infections in native populations of alaska.	this study investigated the geographic distribution and prevalence of antibodies to california and bunyamwera serogroup viruses in native populations of alaska, and demographic and ecologic risk factors associated with exposure. sera (n = 1,635) from 18 communities were screened using an elisa. all age groups were tested for antibodies to jamestown canyon (jc), inkoo (ink), snowshoe hare (ssh), and northway (nor) viruses; persons > or = 45 years old (n = 90) from six communities were additionall ...	1999	10344657
[identification of california serogroup viruses (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus) using monoclonal antibodies to inkoo virus].	five types of monoclonal antibodies to inkoo virus were used to detect antigenic relationships between 12 inkoo-like strains and the prototype inkoo virus strain. eight strains were found antigenically very close or identical to inkoo virus, and the rest 4 are probably original variants (viruses) of california serogroup.	1999	10190233
a retrospective serological survey of humans in india for wanowrie virus.	wanowrie virus (wan) is an ungrouped arbovirus having morphogenetic characters in common with bunyavirus. it was isolated for the first time from ticks, hyalomma marginatum isacci (6700 strain) and subsequently from a human case (68923 strain). in the absence of any reports on the prevalence of this virus amongst humans in india, 600 human sera were tested in the complement fixation (cf) test against both the strains of wan virus. one hundred human sera were randomly selected from six different ...	1998	9914674
[preparation and use of monoclonal antibodies to the inkoo virus (bunyaviridae, bunyavirus) for differentiating between california serogroup viruses].	five types of monoclonal antibodies (mab) to inkoo virus were obtained. the direction of mabs to virus proteins was determined and reactions of mabs with other california group viruses studied by the fluorescent antibody method.	1998	9791883
role of anopheles quadrimaculatus and coquillettidia perturbans (diptera: culicidae) in the transmission cycle of cache valley virus (bunyaviridae: bunyavirus) in the midwest, usa.	midwestern populations of coquillettidia perturbans (walker) and anopheles quadrimaculatus (say) were tested for their ability to transmit cache valley virus (cv), a recognized human and animal pathogen. field-collected mosquitoes were fed artificial blood meals containing 5.2-6.2 log10 pfu/ml of cv. after 9-23 d at 28 degrees c, 75-93% of blood-fed cq. perturbans had disseminated infections and 6-62% transmitted the virus to suckling mice. however, when infected with a lower virus titer (3.3 lo ...	1998	9775588