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looking for a needle in a haystack: cellular proteins that may interact with the tyrosine-based sorting signal of the tgev s protein.the spike protein s of transmissible gastroenteritis virus, an alphacoronavirus, contains a tyrosine-based sorting signal that is responsible for ergic retention and may be important for a correct viral assembly process. to find out whether the s protein interacts with cellular proteins via this sorting signal, a pulldown assay with gst fusion proteins was performed. filamin a has been identified as a putative interaction candidate. immunofluorescence assays confirmed a co-localization between t ...201525481285
strategies for design and application of enteric viral vaccines.enteric viral infections in domestic animals cause significant economic losses. the recent emergence of virulent enteric coronaviruses [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv)] in north america and asia, for which no vaccines are available, remains a challenge for the global swine industry. vaccination strategies against rotavirus and coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis virus) infections are reviewed. these vaccination principles are applicable against emerging enteric infections such as p ...201525387111
quantitative proteomic analysis reveals that transmissible gastroenteritis virus activates the jak-stat1 signaling pathway.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes lethal watery diarrhea and severe dehydration in piglets. in this study, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry coupled to isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling was used to quantitatively identify differentially expressed cellular proteins after tgev infection in pk-15 cells. in total, 162 differentially expressed cellular proteins were identified, including 60 upregulated ...201425357264
differential response of porcine immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells to virulent and inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus.exposure of piglets less than 2 weeks of age to virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) gives rise to mortality as high as 100%, and adult pigs recovering from its infection often become tgev carriers. these facts suggest an evasion of the immune system by virulent tgev. in this study, we showed that a virulent tgev shxb strain could infect porcine immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-dcs), and down-regulate cell surface markers (sla-ii-dr, cd1a and cd80/86). moreover, shxb- ...201425307113
m gene analysis of canine coronavirus strains detected in korea.the purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic features of canine coronavirus (ccv) strains detected in korea. m gene sequences obtained for isolates from 22 dogs with enteritis over a 5-year period were evaluated. sequence comparison revealed that the 22 korean ccv strains had an 87.2 to 100% nucleotide homology. comparing to the typical reference ccv strains (type ii), the nucleotide sequence of korean strains had homology ranged from 86.3% to 98.3% (89.1% to 99.2% for the amino acid ...201425234323
possible involvement of coaxially stacked double pseudoknots in the regulation of -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting in rna viruses.-1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (prf) in viruses is often stimulated by a pseudoknot downstream from the slippery sequence. at the prf junction of hiv-1, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), barmah forest virus (bfv), fort morgan virus (fmv), and equine arteritis virus (eav), we identified potential double pseudoknots in either a tandem mode or embedded mode. in viruses with tandem pseudoknots (5'pk & 3'pk), the slippery sequence is encompassed in the 5'pk. the ribosome needs to unw ...201525204560
transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus infection induces dramatic changes in the tight junctions and microfilaments of polarized ipec-j2 cells.viral infection converts the normal constitution of a cell to optimise viral entry, replication, and virion production. these conversions contain alterations or disruptions of the tight and adherens junctions between cells as part of their pathogenesis, and reorganise cellular microfilaments that initiate, sustain and spread the viral infections and so on. using porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and a model of normal intestinal epithelial cells ( ...201425173696
antigenic structures stably expressed by recombinant tgev-derived vectors.coronaviruses (covs) are positive-stranded rna viruses with potential as immunization vectors, expressing high levels of heterologous genes and eliciting both secretory and systemic immune responses. nevertheless, its high recombination rate may result in the loss of the full-length foreign gene, limiting their use as vectors. transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was engineered to express porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) small protein domains, as a strategy to im ...201425108114
nucleic acid-based differential diagnostic assays for feline coronavirus.feline coronavirus (fcov) is a pleomorphic, enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded rna virus. owing to the differences in its genotype, fcov belongs to a separate clade along with other viruses, such as transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and canine coronavirus (ccov), which can be isolated from cats. in this study, a pcr assay was developed to differentiate these coronaviruses concurrently. multiplex differential rt-pcr was performed with primers based on the highly conserved coronavi ...201425088974
up-regulation of mdp and tuftsin gene expression in th1 and th17 cells as an adjuvant for an oral lactobacillus casei vaccine against anti-transmissible gastroenteritis virus.the role of muramyl dipeptide (mdp) and tuftsin in oral immune adjustment remains unclear, particularly in a lactobacillus casei (l. casei) vaccine. to address this, we investigated the effects of different repetitive peptides expressed by l. casei, specifically the mdp and tuftsin fusion protein (mt) repeated 20 and 40 times (20mt and 40mt), in mice also expressing the d antigenic site of the spike (s) protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) on intestinal and systemic immune respo ...201424993357
utility of feline coronavirus antibody tests.eight different tests for antibodies to feline coronavirus (fcov) were evaluated for attributes that are important in situations in veterinary practice. we compared four indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests (ifat), one enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) (fcov immunocomb; biogal) and three rapid immunochromatographic (rim) tests against a panel of samples designated by consensus as positive or negative. specificity was 100% for all but the two ifats based on transmissible gastroenteri ...201524966245
us-like strain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus outbreaks in taiwan, 2013-2014.since late 2013, several outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) infection have emerged in taiwan. suckling piglets under 2 weeks of age showed severe vomiting and watery yellowish diarrhea with morbidity and mortality ranging from 80 to 100% and 90 to 100%, respectively. a total of 68 samples from 25 pig farms were confirmed as positive for pedv and negative for rotavirus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus by reverse transcription pcr, and the partial s gene of pedv was analyze ...201424898162
a phage-displayed peptide recognizing porcine aminopeptidase n is a potent small molecule inhibitor of pedv entry.three phage-displayed peptides designated h, s and f that recognize porcine aminopeptidase n (papn), the cellular receptor of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were able to inhibit cell infection by tgev. these same peptides had no inhibitory effects on infection of vero cells by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). however, when pedv, tgev and porcine pseudorabies virus were incubated with peptide h (hvtttfappppr), only infection of vero cells by pedv was inhibited. immunofl ...201424889221
effects of virulent and attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis virus on the ability of porcine dendritic cells to sample and present antigen.virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) results in an acute, severe pathology and high mortality in piglets, while attenuated tgev only causes moderate clinical reactions. dendritic cells (dcs), through uptake and presentation of antigens to t cells, initiate distinct immune responses to different infections. in this study, an attenuated tgev (stc3) and a virulent tgev (shxb) were used to determine whether porcine dcs play an important role in pathogenetic differences between these t ...201424742951
complete genomic sequence of the coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus shxb isolated in china.a strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), shxb, was isolated in shanghai, china. the complete genome of strain shxb was sequenced, and its sequence was compared those of other tgev strains in the genbank database. the comparison showed that there were no insertions or deletions in the 5' and 3'- non-translated regions, in the nonstructural genes orf1, orf3, and orf7, or in the genes encoding the structural proteins envelope (e), membrane (m) and nucleoprotein (n). a phenomenon in c ...201424740387
full-length genome sequence of porcine deltacoronavirus strain usa/ia/2014/8734.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was detected in feces from diarrheic sows during an epidemic of acute and transmissible diarrhea. no transmissible gastroenteritis virus or porcine epidemic diarrhea virus was detected. the pdcov usa/ia/2014/8734 from the herd was sequenced for full-length genomic rna to further characterize pdcov in u.s. swine.201424723718
high-dose dietary zinc oxide mitigates infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus in piglets.zinc (zn) supplementation has been shown to reduce the incidence of diarrhea and to protect animals from intestinal diseases, but the mechanisms of this protective effect against virus infection in vivo have not yet been elucidated. transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) causes diarrhea in piglets with an age-dependent decrease of severity.201424673930
evaluating the virucidal efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapour.surface contamination has been implicated in the transmission of certain viruses, and surface disinfection can be an effective measure to interrupt the spread of these agents.201424656442
a lysine-methionine exchange in a coronavirus surface protein transforms a retention motif into an endocytosis signal.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is an enveloped (+) rna virus belonging to the family coronaviridae. among the viral membrane proteins, the spike (s) protein mediates receptor recognition/attachment to the host cell and fusion of viral and cellular membranes. the cytoplasmic tail of the s protein contains a tyrosine-dependent sorting signal with the consensus sequence yxxφ. in the context of the s protein of tgev (1440yepi1443), this motif acts as a retention signal, preventing surfac ...201424603841
inhibitory effect of silver nanomaterials on transmissible virus-induced host cell infections.coronaviruses belong to the family coronaviridae, which primarily cause infection of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of hosts. transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is an economically significant coronavirus that can cause severe diarrhea in pigs. silver nanomaterials (ag nms) have attracted great interests in recent years due to their excellent anti-microorganism properties. herein, four representative ag nms including spherical ag nanoparticles (ag nps, nm-300), two kinds ...201424524838
cloning and sequence analysis of n gene of transmissible gastroenteritis virus hym-09 isolated from dog in china.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is the etiological agent of tge, and dogs are potential carriers of tgev. in this study, genomic rna were extracted from tgev designated hym-09 isolated from dog naturally infected with tgev. the nucleocapsid (n) gene of hym-09 was amplified by rt-pcr and cloned into pmd18-t vector. the n gene cdna was sequenced and encompassed an open reading frame of 1,149 nucleotides, encoding a 382-amino acids protein. sequence analyses of the n genes were performed ...201224293826
regulation of ros in transmissible gastroenteritis virus-activated apoptotic signaling.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), an enteropathogenic coronavirus, causes severe lethal watery diarrhea and dehydration in piglets. previous studies indicate that tgev infection induces cell apoptosis in host cells. in this study, we investigated the roles and regulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) in tgev-activated apoptotic signaling. the results showed that tgev infection induced ros accumulation, whereas uv-irradiated tgev did not promote ros accumulation. in addition, tgev in ...201324225120
transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection induces cell cycle arrest at s and g2/m phases via p53-dependent pathway.p53 signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of cell cycle. our previous studies have demonstrated that tgev infection induces the activation of p53 signaling pathway. in this study we investigated the effects of tgev infection on the cell cycle of host cells and the roles of p53 activation in this process. the results showed that tgev infection induced cell cycle arrest at s and g2/m phases in both asynchronous and synchronized pk-15 and st cells, while uv-inactivated tgev lo ...201324095767
differential sensitivity of bat cells to infection by enveloped rna viruses: coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses, filoviruses, and influenza viruses.bats (chiroptera) host major human pathogenic viruses including corona-, paramyxo, rhabdo- and filoviruses. we analyzed six different cell lines from either yinpterochiroptera (including african flying foxes and a rhinolophid bat) or yangochiroptera (genera carollia and tadarida) for susceptibility to infection by different enveloped rna viruses. none of the cells were sensitive to infection by transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), a porcine coronavirus, or to infection mediated by the spi ...201324023659
a multiplex rt-pcr assay for rapid and differential diagnosis of four porcine diarrhea associated viruses in field samples from pig farms in east china from 2010 to 2012.since october 2010, clinical outbreaks of diarrhea in suckling piglets have reemerged in pig-producing areas of china, causing an acute increase in the morbidity and mortality in young piglets. four viruses, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine group a rotaviruses (gar), and porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2), are the major causative agents of enteric disease in piglets. a novel multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mrt-pcr) wa ...201323988656
emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the united states: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences.during the 10 days commencing april 29, 2013, the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory received the first 4 of many submissions from swine farms experiencing explosive epidemics of diarrhea and vomiting affecting all ages, with 90-95% mortality in suckling pigs. histology revealed severe atrophy of villi in all segments of the small intestines with occasional villus-epithelial syncytial cells, but testing for rotaviruses and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (alphacoronavirus ...201323963154
sialic acid binding properties of soluble coronavirus spike (s1) proteins: differences between infectious bronchitis virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus.the spike proteins of a number of coronaviruses are able to bind to sialic acids present on the cell surface. the importance of this sialic acid binding ability during infection is, however, quite different. we compared the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and the spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). whereas sialic acid is the only receptor determinant known so far for ibv, tgev requires interaction with its receptor aminopeptidase n to initiate infectio ...201323896748
prevalence of swine viral and bacterial pathogens in rodents and stray cats captured around pig farms in korea.in 2008, 102 rodents and 24 stray cats from the areas around 9 pig farms in northeast south korea were used to determine the prevalence of the following selected swine pathogens: ten viral pathogens [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), rotavirus, classical swine fever virus (csfv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), pseudorabies ...201323892461
transmissible gastroenteritis virus: identification of m protein-binding peptide ligands with antiviral and diagnostic potential.the membrane (m) protein is one of the major structural proteins of coronavirus particles. in this study, the m protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was used to biopan a 12-mer phage display random peptide library. three phages expressing tgev-m-binding peptides were identified and characterized in more depth. a phage-based immunosorbent assay (phage-elisa) capable of differentiating tgev from other coronaviruses was developed using one phage, phtgev-m7, as antigen. when the pha ...201323830854
alphacoronavirus protein 7 modulates host innate immune response.innate immune response is the first line of antiviral defense resulting, in most cases, in pathogen clearance with minimal clinical consequences. viruses have developed diverse strategies to subvert host defense mechanisms and increase their survival. in the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) as a model, we previously reported that accessory gene 7 counteracts the host antiviral response by associating with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (pp1c). in the present work, the e ...201323824792
transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection induces cell apoptosis via activation of p53 signalling.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) infection induced apoptosis in several cell lines in vitro. our previous studies demonstrated that tgev could activate fasl- and mitochondria-mediated pathways to induce apoptosis in pk-15 cells. in this study, we investigated the regulation of p53 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) signalling pathways in the interaction of tgev with host cells. we observed that tgev infection decreased p300/cbp, downregulated mdm2 and promoted p53 phospho ...201323677787
negatively charged residues in the endodomain are critical for specific assembly of spike protein into murine coronavirus.coronavirus spike (s) protein assembles into virions via its carboxy-terminus, which is composed of a transmembrane domain and an endodomain. here, the carboxy-terminal charge-rich motif in the endodomain was verified to be critical for the specificity of s assembly into mouse hepatitis virus (mhv). recombinant mhvs exhibited a range of abilities to accommodate the homologous s endodomains from the betacoronaviruses bovine coronavirus and human sars-associated coronavirus, the alphacoronavirus p ...201323628137
a monoclonal antibody against transmissible gastroenteritis virus generated via immunization of a dna plasmid bearing tgev s1 gene.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is a member of the coronaviruses. the viral spike (s) protein of tgev mediates interaction between tgev and its susceptible cells. herein, dna plasmid bearing tgev s1 gene (the n terminal half of tgev s gene) was used to immunize balb/c mice followed by generation of a monoclonal antibody (mab) using the hybridoma technique. the generated mab (1h4) was identified by elisa. immunofluorescence assays showed that mab 1h4 was able to detect infection of cel ...201323600507
monoclonal antibody against membrane protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is a porcine coronavirus that can cause piglet diarrhea with high mortality rates. tgev membrane (m) protein not only plays a vital role in the process of virus assembly and budding, but also induces the production of interferon-α during infection. in this study, a monoclonal antibody (mab) designated 7g7, against the tgev m protein was generated by inoculating balb/c mice with tgev followed by hybridoma technique. immunofluorescence assays indicated th ...201323600504
evaluation on the efficacy and immunogenicity of recombinant dna plasmids expressing spike genes from porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pdev) can cause severe diarrhea in pigs. development of effective vaccines against tgev and pedv is one of important prevention measures. the spike (s) protein is the surface glycoprotein of tgev and pedv, which can induce specific neutralization antibodies and is a candidate antigen for vaccination attempts. in this study, the open reading frames of the tgev s1 protein and in addition of the s or s1 proteins ...201323526943
[development of a nested polymerase chain reaction test for the diagnosis of transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs].the aim of this study was to develop a nested polymerase chain reaction (nested pcr) for the rapid detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) of pigs. the primers were designed on the basis of highly conserved regions of several tgev sequences included in the analysis. external primers were used to amplify a fragment of the expected size (441 bp) in all the samples evaluated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), but with very low intensity. in the second am ...201223520755
development of porcine rotavirus vp6 protein based elisa for differentiation of this virus and other viruses.the context and purpose of the study included 1) bacterial expression of viral protein 6 (vp6) of porcine rotavirus (prv) and generation of rabbit polyclonal antiserum to the vp6 protein; 3) establishment of a discrimination elisa to distinguish prv from a panel of other porcine viruses.201323517810
occurrence and investigation of enteric viral infections in pigs with diarrhea in china.between february 2011 and february 2012, 985 and 324 samples were collected from diarrheal and healthy pigs, respectively, to detect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine kobuvirus (pkov), porcine bocavirus (pbov), porcine group a rotavirus (garv), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). pedv and pkov clearly predominated in diarrheal pigs. compared to healthy pigs, a substantial prevalence of mixed infections was observed in diarrheal pigs (72.3 %) (p < 0.001). all of the coin ...201323494226
canine coronavirus, greece. molecular analysis and genetic diversity characterization.canine coronavirus (ccov) is an etiologic agent of diarrhea in dogs and is known to have spread worldwide. mild disease or asymptomatic carriage are probably in many cases common outcomes of infection. to date, two different genotypes of ccov are known, ccov type i (ccov-i) and ccov type ii (ccov-ii). ccov type ii is divided in two subtypes, ccov-iia (classical strains) and ccov-iib, with ccov-iib emerging as a result of a putative recombination between ccov-iia and transmissible gastroenteritis ...201323410992
identification and molecular characterization of porcine kobuvirus in u. s. swine.porcine kobuvirus has been associated with piglet diarrhea in asia and europe, but there are no reports of its presence in the u.s. swine farms. we screened intestinal contents from 114 diarrheic pigs and fecal samples from 46 apparently healthy pigs to determine the presence of kobuvirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using 3d (rna polymerase) region primers (amplicon size 216 bp). the samples from ill pigs came from 15 different u.s. states, while those from healthy pigs we ...201323334473
structure of alphacoronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus nsp1 has implications for coronavirus nsp1 function and evolution.coronavirus nsp1 has been shown to induce suppression of host gene expression and to interfere with the host immune response. however, the mechanism is currently unknown. the only available structural information on coronavirus nsp1 is the nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) structure of the n-terminal domain of nsp1 from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) from the betacoronavirus genus. here we present the first nsp1 structure from an alphacoronavirus, transmissible gastroent ...201223269811
the survey of porcine teschoviruses, porcine circovirus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus infecting piglets in clinical specimens in china.a multiplex pcr assay was developed and evaluated for its ability to simultaneously detect three viral infections of swine. specific primers were carefully selected from articles published for each of the following three viruses: porcine circovirus type ii (pcv2), porcine teschovirus (ptv) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). each target produced a specific amplicon with a size of 353 bp (pcv2), 168 bp (ptv) and 499 bp (tgev). the sensitivity of the multiplex pcr using purifie ...201323224864
antiviral effects of a probiotic enterococcus faecium strain against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus.the enteropathogenic coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) causes severe disease in young piglets. we have studied the protective effects of the probiotic enterococcus faecium ncimb 10415 (e. faecium), which is approved as a feed additive in the european union, against tgev infection. e. faecium was added to swine testicle (st) cells before, concomitantly with, or after tgev infection. viability assays revealed that e. faecium led to a dose-dependent rescue of viability of tgev- ...201323188495
complete genome of transmissible gastroenteritis virus ayu strain isolated in shanghai, china.transmissible gastroenteritis virus strain ayu was isolated in shanghai. the complete genome has a length of 28,582 bp and contains seven open reading frames. sequence analysis suggested that shanghai strain ayu and u.s. strain purdue p115 are derived from a common ancestor, as they have 99.6% similarity at the nucleotide level.201223043168
identification of a conserved linear b-cell epitope in the m protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.the major structural protein of coronaviruses, the membrane (m) protein, can elicit the formation of protective antibodies, but little information is available about the m protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). identification of epitopes on the pedv m protein will be helpful in the elucidation of the antigenic properties of this protein.201223025700
detection and molecular characterization of porcine astrovirus strains associated with swine diarrhea.astrovirus has been reported to be associated with diarrhea in pigs. the current study was conducted for the detection and molecular characterization of astroviruses in diarrheic pigs submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory, university of minnesota. intestinal contents from 269 pigs were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and 62% were found positive for astroviruses. of the positive samples, 20% were positive for astrovirus alone while astrovirus with ...201222956487
broad-spectrum antivirals against 3c or 3c-like proteases of picornaviruses, noroviruses, and coronaviruses.phylogenetic analysis has demonstrated that some positive-sense rna viruses can be classified into the picornavirus-like supercluster, which includes picornaviruses, caliciviruses, and coronaviruses. these viruses possess 3c or 3c-like proteases (3cpro or 3clpro, respectively), which contain a typical chymotrypsin-like fold and a catalytic triad (or dyad) with a cys residue as a nucleophile. the conserved key sites of 3cpro or 3clpro may serve as attractive targets for the design of broad-spectr ...201222915796
structural bases of coronavirus attachment to host aminopeptidase n and its inhibition by neutralizing antibodies.the coronaviruses (covs) are enveloped viruses of animals and humans associated mostly with enteric and respiratory diseases, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome and 10-20% of all common colds. a subset of covs uses the cell surface aminopeptidase n (apn), a membrane-bound metalloprotease, as a cell entry receptor. in these viruses, the envelope spike glycoprotein (s) mediates the attachment of the virus particles to apn and subsequent cell entry, which can be blocked by neutralizing a ...201222876187
several enteropathogens are circulating in suckling and newly weaned piglets suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara, cuba.intestinal contents of suckling (n = 45) and newly weaned (n = 45) piglets, suffering from diarrhea in the province of villa clara in cuba, were tested for viral, bacterial, and parasitic enteropathogens from may to june 2008. at least one enteropathogen was identified in 53.3 % of piglets and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec; 25.6 %) was the major pathogen; mostly sta(+)/stb(+) or f4(+)/sta(+)/stb(+) etec were isolated. the overall occurrence of the rest of pathogens was 10 % for transmis ...201322843242
antiviral activity of zinc salts against transmissible gastroenteritis virus in vitro.zinc has been shown to mediate antiviral effects against certain viruses. however, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. we investigated the effects of the two zinc salts, zinc chloride (zncl(2)) and zinc sulfate (znso(4)), on infection of swine testicle (st) cells with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and compared it to the effects of a control salt, magnesium sulfate (mgso(4)). virus yield reduction experiments showed that zncl(2) and znso(4) did not exhibit direct vir ...201222818659
post-transcriptional control of type i interferon induction by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in its natural host cells.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) is not only a poor inducer of type i interferon but also inhibits the efficient induction of type i interferon by porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and synthetic dsrna molecules, poly i:c. however, the mechanistic basis by which prrsv interferes with the induction of type i interferon in its natural host cells remains less well defined. the purposes of this review are to summarize the key findings in supporting the post ...201222754646
feline infectious peritonitis virus with a large deletion in the 5'-terminal region of the spike gene retains its virulence for cats.in this study, the japanese strain of type i feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv), c3663, was found to have a large deletion of 735 bp within the gene encoding the spike (s) protein, with a deduced loss of 245 aa of the n-terminal region of the s protein. this deletion is similar to that observed in porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcov) when compared to transmissible gastroenteritis virus, which correlates with reduced virulence. by analogy to prcov, we expected that the pathogenicity of ...201222718568
comparative in vivo analysis of the nsp15 endoribonuclease of murine, porcine and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses.the purpose of this study was to compare the biochemical and biological properties of nonstructural protein (nsp) 15 among mouse hepatitis virus (mhv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) in virus-infected and ectopically expressed cells. in virus-infected cells, mhv nsp15 distributed unevenly throughout the cytoplasm but predominantly in the perinuclear region. when expressed as n-terminal enhanced green fluorescence protein (e ...201222617024
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) field strains in south china.a total of 127 porcine samples were collected from 48 farms in six provinces in south china. the positive rate of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) was 43.0 % (55/127), and the co-infection rate of pedv and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was 12.0 % (15/127). the partial s gene and complete m gene were amplified from pedv-positive strains by rt-pcr, cloned, sequenced and compared with each other, as well as with the reference strains in genbank. sequence homology results of the p ...201222528639
generation of a mouse scfv library specific for porcine aminopeptidase n using the t7 phage display system.porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) is a common cellular receptor for swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). to investigate single-chain fragment variable (scfv) repertoire against papn, the genes encoding the immunoglobulin light chain variable region (vl) and heavy chain variable region (vh) were amplified by reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) using a series of degenerate primers from the spleen of babl/c mice immunized with ...201222481024
immunostimulatory effect of gold nanoparticles conjugated with transmissible gastroenteritis virus.animals were immunized with transmissible gastroenteritis virus conjugated with gold nanoparticles. the resultant antibodies had a higher titer than antibodies produced in response to native virus. immunization with the antigen-colloidal gold complex led to a significant increase of the peritoneal macrophages respiratory activity and of plasma ifn-γ level in immunized animals.201122448360
diagnostic investigation of porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome: lack of compelling evidence linking to common porcine pathogens.porcine periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome (pfts), an increasingly recognized syndrome in the swine industry of north america, is characterized by the anorexia of nursery pigs noticeable within 1 week of weaning, and progressive loss of body condition and lethargy during the next 1-2 weeks. morbidity caused by pfts is moderate, but case fatality is high. the etiology of pfts is presently unknown and may include infectious agent(s), noninfectious factors, or both. pfts was identified in a hig ...201122362939
transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection induces apoptosis through fasl- and mitochondria-mediated pathways.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) has been reported to induce apoptosis in swine testis (st) cells. however, the mechanisms underlying tgev-induced apoptosis are still unclear. in this study we observed that tgev infection induced apoptosis in porcine kidney (pk-15) cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. tgev infection up-regulated fasl, activated fasl-mediated apoptotic pathway, leading to activation of caspase-8 and cleavage of bid. in addition, tgev infection down-regulated bcl- ...201222341312
quarantine protects falkland islands (malvinas) cats from feline coronavirus infection.feline coronavirus (fcov) causes feline infectious peritonitis (fip). since 2002, when 20 cats on the falkland islands were found to be fcov seronegative, only seronegative cats could be imported. between 2005-2007, 95 pet and 10 feral cats tested negative by indirect immunofluorescence antibody (ifa) analysis using two strains of type ii fcov, two transmissible gastroenteritis virus assays, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and rapid immunomigration test. twenty-four samples (23%) showed non ...201222314098
prevalence of antibodies to selected viral pathogens in wild boars (sus scrofa) in croatia in 2005-06 and 2009-10.we determined prevalence of antibody to selected viral pathogens important for domestic pigs and livestock in 556 wild boar (sus scrofa) sera collected during 2005-06 and 2009-10 in four counties in croatia. these counties account for an important part of the croatian commercial pig production and have a high density of wild boars. samples were tested for antibodies to porcine parvovirus (ppv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2), swine influenza virus, porcine respi ...201222247381
transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus rna-dependent rna polymerase and nonstructural proteins 2, 3, and 8 are incorporated into viral particles.coronavirus replication and transcription are processes mediated by a protein complex, with the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) as a main component. proteomic analysis of highly purified transmissible gastroenteritis virus showed the rdrp to be a component of the viral particles. this finding was confirmed by western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy analyses. interestingly, the replicase nonstructural proteins 2, 3, and 8 colocalized with the rdrp in the viral fact ...201222090122
virus-binding activity of the truncated c subunit of porcine aminopeptidase n expressed in escherichia coli.seven overlapping truncated forms of the c subunit of porcine aminopeptidase n (papn-c) were expressed in escherichia coli. by western blotting and elisa test, all recombinant proteins were recognized by the antibody against native porcine aminopeptidase n. recombinant proteins, rpapn-c2 (aa 623-722) and rpapn-c3 (aa 673-772), had the highest binding activity with swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus among the truncated papn-c recombinant proteins. the overlapping region (aa 673-722) betwee ...201122083718
The sialic acid binding activity of the S protein facilitates infection by porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus.Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has a sialic acid binding activity that is believed to be important for enteropathogenicity, but that has so far appeared to be dispensable for infection of cultured cells. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of sialic acid binding for the infection of cultured cells under unfavorable conditions, and comparison of TGEV strains and mutants, as well as the avian coronavirus IBV concerning their dependence on the sialic acid binding activit ...201121910859
enhanced protection against infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus in piglets by oral co-administration of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing swine interferon-+¦ and interleukin-18.the enhanced effect of cytokine combinations has been assessed empirically, based on their immunobiological mechanisms. however, far less is known of the enhanced protection of practical cytokine combinations against viral infection in the livestock industry, due to cost and production issues associated with mass administration. this study demonstrates the enhanced protection of oral co-administration of swine interferon-+¦ (swifn-+¦) and interleukin-18 (swil-18) against infection with transmiss ...201121719106
gene n proximal and distal rna motifs regulate coronavirus nucleocapsid mrna transcription.coronavirus subgenomic mrna (sgmrna) transcription requires a discontinuous rna synthesis mechanism driven by the transcription-regulating sequences (trss), located at the 3' end of the genomic leader (trs-l) and also preceding each gene (trs-b). in transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), the free energy of trs-l and ctrs-b (complement of trs-b) duplex formation is one of the factors regulating the transcription of sgmrnas. in addition, n gene sgmrna transcription is controlled by a transcri ...201121715479
bacterial expression of antigenic sites a and d in the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and evaluation of their inhibitory effects on viral infection.the spike (s) protein is a key structural protein of coronaviruses including, the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). the s protein is a type i membrane glycoprotein located in the viral envelope and is responsible for mediating the binding of viral particles to specific cell receptors and therefore specific cell types. it is also an important immune target for the host in neutralizing the virus. four antigenic sites a, b, c, and d that reside near the n-terminal domain have been ...201121701858
coronavirus gene 7 counteracts host defenses and modulates virus virulence.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) genome contains three accessory genes: 3a, 3b and 7. gene 7 is only present in members of coronavirus genus a1, and encodes a hydrophobic protein of 78 aa. to study gene 7 function, a recombinant tgev virus lacking gene 7 was engineered (rtgev-+ö7). both the mutant and the parental (rtgev-wt) viruses showed the same growth and viral rna accumulation kinetics in tissue cultures. nevertheless, cells infected with rtgev-+ö7 virus showed an increased cytopa ...201121695242
action mechanisms of lithium chloride on cell infection by transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is a porcine coronavirus. lithium chloride (licl) has been found to be effective against several dna viruses, such as herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus. recently, we and others have reported the inhibitory effect of licl on avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) infection, an rna virus. in the current study, the action mechanism of licl on cell infection by tgev was investigated. plaque assays and 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phe ...201121573100
differentiation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus n protein using a virus-based elisa.the bacterially expressed nucleocapsid (n) protein of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv) was used as immunogen to generate a rabbit-derived polyclonal antibody. the immunoreactivity of the protein to the antibody was confirmed by western blot analysis. using prrsv, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, pseudorabies virus, and avian infectious bronchitis virus as coating antigens, a virus-based elisa was established. the polyclonal antibody ...201121529294
construction and characterization of lactobacillus pentosus expressing the d antigenic site of the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.this study explored the feasibility of lactobacillus pentosus as a live vehicle to deliver and express antigen. first of all, l. pentosus transformed by electroporation with the plasmids pg611-6d (anchored) and pg612-6d (secretory) based on the xylose operon generated the recombinant strains rlppg611-6d and rlppg612-6d, respectively, expressing the d antigenic site of the spike (s) protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), for intragastric administration in mice. secondly, we collec ...201121529121
immunogenic characterization and epitope mapping of transmissible gastroenteritis virus rna dependent rna polymerase.coronavirus rna synthesis is a sophisticated process performed by a viral multienzymatic replicase complex, together with cellular factors. a key enzyme of this replication complex is the rna dependent rna polymerase (rdrp). to study the replication of coronavirus genome, six monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) rdrp were generated and characterized. his-tagged rdrp was expressed in baculovirus, purified and used as immunogen to produce mabs. the t ...201121513742
isolation, tissue distribution and molecular characterization of two recombinant canine coronavirus strains.canine coronavirus (ccov) is an enveloped rna virus, responsible for gastrointestinal infection in dogs. to date, two different ccov genotypes have been recognized, ccov type i and ccov type ii. recently, ccov type ii strains of potential recombinant origin with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were detected and characterized as a new subtype (ccov-iib) of canine coronavirus, in order to be differentiated from the "classical" ccov type ii strains (ccov-iia). in the present study, two c ...201121481551
establishment of a stable cho cell line with high level expression of recombinant porcine ifn-ß.a cho cell clone (cho-poifn-ß) with stable porcine ifn-ß expression under control of cmv promoter was selected under g418 pressure. in a 25cm(2) cell culture flask (5 ml culture medium), the cumulative protein yield of recombinant poifn-ß reached 2.3×10(6) iu/ml. this cells clone maintained stable expression for at least 20 generations even in the absence of g418 selection pressure. the expressed recombinant poifn-ß could induce the expression of porcine mx protein in pk15 cells, and activate th ...201121459017
the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein affects coronavirus rna accumulation levels and relocalizes viral rnas to novel cytoplasmic domains different from replication-transcription sites.the coronavirus (cov) discontinuous transcription mechanism is driven by long-distance rna-rna interactions between transcription-regulating sequences (trss) located at the 5' terminal leader (trs-l) and also preceding each mrna-coding sequence (trs-b). the contribution of host cell proteins to cov transcription needs additional information. polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb) was reproducibly identified in association with positive-sense rnas of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus ...201121411518
structure and functional relevance of a transcription-regulating sequence involved in coronavirus discontinuous rna synthesis.transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) genomic rna transcription generates 5'- and 3'-coterminal subgenomic mrnas. this process involves a discontinuous step during the synthesis of minus-sense rna that is modulated by transcription-regulating sequences located at the 3' end of the leader (trs-l) and also preceding each viral gene (trs-bs). trss include a highly conserved core sequence (cs) (5'-cuaaac-3') and variable flanking sequences. it has been previously proposed that trs-bs act ...201121389138
development of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.in this study, a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was developed for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). six primers were designed to amplify the nucleocapsid (n) gene of pedv. the optimization, sensitivity, and specificity of the rt-lamp were investigated. the results showed that the optimal reaction condition for rt-lamp amplifying pedv n gene was achieved at 63°c for 50 min. the rt-lamp assay was more sensitive than gel-based rt-pcr and en ...201121286798
immunogenicity and protective efficacy in dogs of an mf59™-adjuvanted vaccine against recombinant canine/porcine coronavirus.recently, canine coronavirus (ccov) strains with putative recombinant origin with porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) were shown to be widespread in europe. in this study, a killed vaccine against tgev-like ccov strains, included in the new subtype ccov-iib, was developed through inactivation with betapropiolactone and emulsification with mf59™ adjuvant. safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of the developed vaccine were evaluated in vivo. five 10-week-old beagle pups were administe ...201121272607
inactivation of surrogate coronaviruses on hard surfaces by health care germicides.in the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak, finding viral nucleic acids on hospital surfaces suggested surfaces could play a role in spread in health care environments. surface disinfection may interrupt transmission, but few data exist on the effectiveness of health care germicides against coronaviruses on surfaces.201121256627
antigenic modules in the n-terminal s1 region of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus spike protein.the n-terminal s1 region of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) spike (s) glycoprotein contains four antigenic sites (c, b, d and a, from the n- to the c-terminal end) and is engaged in host-cell receptor recognition. the most n-terminal portion of the s1 region, which comprises antigenic sites c and b, is needed for the enteric tropism of tgev, whereas the major antigenic site a at the c-terminal moiety is required for both respiratory and enteric cell tropism, and is engaged in reco ...201121228126
characterization and utility of monoclonal antibodies against spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.this work aims to characterize the utility of four newly generated monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev).201121223341
north american porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses inhibit type i interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells.although enveloped viruses typically trigger the prodigious secretion of alpha interferon (ifn-α) by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc), porcine pdc remain quiescent when exposed to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). this inactivity is likely due to virus-mediated interference since the typical ifn-α response by either purified or nonsorted porcine pdc to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) or the toll-like receptor 9 agonist, oligodeoxynucleotide (odn) d19, was ...201021191013
molecular study of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus after serial animal passages revealed point mutations in s protein.porcine respiratory coronavirus is related genetically to porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus with a large deletion in s protein. the respiratory virus is a mutated form that may be a consequence of the gastroenteritis virus's evolution. intensive passages of the virus in its natural host may enhance the appearance of mutations and therefore may contribute to any attenuated form of the virus. the objective of this study was to characterize the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus ...201021188626
phage displayed peptides recognizing porcine aminopeptidase n inhibit transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus infection in vitro.porcine aminopeptidase n (papn) is a cellular receptor of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), a porcine coronavirus. interaction between the spike (s) protein of tgev and papn initiates cell infection. small molecules, especially peptides are an expanding area for therapy or diagnostic assays for viral diseases. here, the peptides capable of binding the papn were, for the first time, identified by biopanning using a random 12-mer peptide library to the immobilized protein. three chemical ...201021176936
porcine kobuvirus from pig stool in korea.to survey for porcine kobuvirus infection, a total of 119 pig fecal samples in korea were collected from three pig farms with good breeding facilities in three provinces. forty-three (36.1%) of the fecal samples tested were positive for porcine kobuvirus. in addition, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) infections were not identified in any of the fecal samples, but porcine group a rotavirus (gar) infection was identified in 11.8% (14/119) of the ...201021161358
reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is the causative agent of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis, and sensitive detection methods are required for preventing the disease. in this article, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) was developed to detect tgev. three pairs of primers targeting the nucleocapsid (n) gene of tgev were synthesized and used in the rt-lamp. the optimization, sensitivity, and specificity of the rt-lamp were evaluated. our results sh ...201021127872
transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev)-based vectors with engineered murine tropism express the rotavirus vp7 protein and immunize mice against rotavirus.a coronavirus vector based on the genome of the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) expressing the rotavirus vp7 protein was constructed to immunize and protect against rotavirus infections in a murine model. the tropism of this tgev-derived vector was modified by replacing the spike s protein with the homologous protein from mouse hepatitis virus (mhv). the rotavirus gene encoding the vp7 protein was cloned into the coronavirus cdna. balb/c and stat1-deficient mice were inoculate ...201021094967
preparation and characterization of polyclonal antibody against severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus spike protein.a truncated gene (designated s1) encoding the receptor-binding domain (rbd) in the spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) was amplified by pcr. the gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pgex-6p-1, resulting in a recombinant plasmid pgex-sars-s1. subsequently, pgex-sars-s1 was transformed into host cells bl21(de3)plyss, and the expression of the s1 protein was induced by isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside (iptg). polyclonal antibody agains ...201021087096
alphacoronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus nsp1 protein suppresses protein translation in mammalian cells and in cell-free hela cell extracts but not in rabbit reticulocyte lysate.the nsp1 protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), an alphacoronavirus, efficiently suppressed protein synthesis in mammalian cells. unlike the nsp1 protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, a betacoronavirus, the tgev nsp1 protein was unable to bind 40s ribosomal subunits or promote host mrna degradation. tgev nsp1 also suppressed protein translation in cell-free hela cell extract; however, it did not affect translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate (rrl). our data ...201021047955
complete genomic sequence of transmissible gastroenteritis virus ts and 3' end sequence characterization following cell culture.the complete genome sequence of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) strain ts, previously isolated from gansu province, was cloned and compared with published sequence data from other tgev strains. phylogenetic tree analysis based on the amino acid and nucleotide sequences of the s gene showed that the tgev strains were divided into 3 clusters. tgev ts showed a close evolutionary relationship to the american miller cluster but had a 5' non-translated region (ntr) sequence closely related ...201020960296
cholesterol is important for a post-adsorption step in the entry process of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.cholesterol is a major constituent of detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (drms). we localized transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) spike (s) protein in drms in the viral envelope. though s protein was not solubilized by cold non-ionic detergents, this behavior was unchanged when cholesterol was depleted from viral membrane by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβcd) and the protein did not comigrate with cellular drm marker proteins in flotation analyses. therefore, the s protein is not anchore ...201020951168
development of a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus m protein-based elisa for virus detection.a membrane (m), protein-based elisa was developed to detect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv). the m gene of pedv was expressed in escherichia coli. the purified recombinant m protein was used to immunize rabbits to generate a polyclonal antibody. immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the anti-pedv-m antibody reacted with pedv-infected cells. the antibody was utilized to develop an indirect elisa to detect pedv. other viruses, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, avian in ...201020882317
detection of swine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus using loop-mediated isothermal amplification.a conserved nucleic acid fragment of the nucleocapsid gene of swine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (tgev) was chosen as the target, six special primers were designed successfully. loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) was developed to detect the tgev by incubation at 60°c for 1 h and the product specificity was confirmed by hphi digestion. standard curves with high accuracy for tgev quantization was constructed by adding 1 × sybr greeni in the lamp reaction. the assay establis ...201020799985
identification of phenanthroindolizines and phenanthroquinolizidines as novel potent anti-coronaviral agents for porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus and human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.the discovery and development of new, highly potent anti-coronavirus agents and effective approaches for controlling the potential emergence of epidemic coronaviruses still remains an important mission. here, we identified tylophorine compounds, including naturally occurring and synthetic phenanthroindolizidines and phenanthroquinolizidines, as potent in vitro inhibitors of enteropathogenic coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev). the potent compounds showed 50% maximal effective ...201020727913
production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) is a member of coronaviruses. the viral spike (s) protein mediates the interaction between tgev and its susceptible cells. here, we expressed a truncated gene encoding the n terminal half of tgev s gene (designated s1 gene) in a prokaryotic system. the resulting s1 protein was used to immunize balb/c mice followed by the generation of a monoclonal antibody (mab). a generated mab (7f9) was identified by elisa and the chromosome number of the hybridoma ce ...201020715993
papain-like protease 1 from transmissible gastroenteritis virus: crystal structure and enzymatic activity toward viral and cellular substrates.coronaviruses encode two classes of cysteine proteases, which have narrow substrate specificities and either a chymotrypsin- or papain-like fold. these enzymes mediate the processing of the two precursor polyproteins of the viral replicase and are also thought to modulate host cell functions to facilitate infection. the papain-like protease 1 (pl1(pro)) domain is present in nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) of alphacoronaviruses and subgroup 2a betacoronaviruses. it participates in the proteolytic ...201020668092
binding characterization of determinants in porcine aminopeptidase n, the cellular receptor for transmissible gastroenteritis virus.four truncated porcine aminopeptidase n (papn, a cellular receptor for porcine coronaviruses) proteins were expressed in prokaryotic cells. the recognizing of a specific serum against papn to these proteins was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunoblotting. the binding ability of the proteins to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), a porcine coronavirus, was analyzed by elisa. the inhibitory effect of these proteins to cell infection by tgev was analyzed usi ...201020643168
putative probiotic lactobacillus spp. from porcine gastrointestinal tract inhibit transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus and enteric bacterial pathogens.a total of 310 bacterial strains isolated from the porcine gastrointestinal tract were tested for their activity against transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) coronavirus and other enteric pathogens. based on activity, the strains probio-38 and probio-37 were selected as potential probiotics and identified as lactobacillus plantarum probio-38 and lactobacillus salivarius probio-37 respectively by 16s rrna gene sequencing. supernatants of these strains inhibited tge coronavirus in vitro in st cells ...201020623187
vectored vaccines to protect against prrsv.prrsv is the causative agent of the most important infectious disease affecting swine herds worldwide, producing great economic losses. commercially available vaccines are only partially effective in protection against prrsv. moreover, modified live vaccines may allow virus shedding, and could revert generating virulent phenotypes. therefore, new efficient vaccines are required. vaccines based on recombinant virus genomes (virus vectored vaccines) against prrsv could represent a safe alternative ...201020600388
detection and genotyping of canine coronavirus rna in diarrheic dogs in japan.to clarify the prevalence of canine coronavirus (ccov) infection in japan, faecal samples from 109 dogs with diarrhoea were examined for ccov rna together with canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2) dna. the detection rates of ccov and cpv-2 for dogs aged less than 1 year were 66.3% and 43.8%, while those for dogs aged 1 year or older were 6.9% and 10.3%, respectively, which were significantly different (p<0.0001 and p=0.0003, respectively), indicating not cpv-2 but ccov is an important diarrhoea-caus ...201120557915
live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium expressing swine interferon-alpha has antiviral activity and alleviates clinical signs induced by infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus in piglets.enhancing innate and acquired immunity by cytokines such as ifn-alpha appears to be useful as a first line of defense against viral infection. however, the practical use of cytokines in livestock is not evident due to cost and production issues associated with mass administration. in this study, we tested the efficacy of live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium designed to secrete swine ifn-alpha (swifn-alpha) protein for preventing the clinical signs caused by infection with tran ...201020488264
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