Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| synthesis, polymorphism, and insecticidal activity of methyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-iodo-2-methyl-6-oxo-1,6-dihydro-4h-pyrimido[2,1-b]quinazoline-3-carboxylate against anopheles arabiensis mosquito. | mosquitoes are the major vectors of pathogens and parasites including those causing malaria, the most deadly vector-borne disease. the negative environmental effects of most synthetic compounds combined with widespread development of insecticide resistance encourage an interest in finding and developing alternative products against mosquitoes. in this study, pyrimido[2,1-b]quinazoline derivative dhpm3 has been synthesized by three-step chemical reaction and screened for larvicide, adulticide, an ... | 2016 | 26841246 |
| efficient attractants and simple odor-baited sticky trap for surveillance of anopheles arabiensis patton mosquito in ethiopia. | many efforts have been made to ease the burden of malaria through vector control, among whichis the development of odor-baited traps and evaluation of efficient attractants that could replace host odor. however, most traps and evaluated attractants are expensive, which poor communities cannot afford. this study was conductedwith the aim to devise asimple and affordable odor-baited trap and to investigate effective but affordable attractants for trapping anopheles arabiensis. | 2016 | 26829541 |
| therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in northwest benin. | artemether/lumefantrine (coartem(®)) has been used as a treatment for uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum infection since 2004 in benin. this open-label, non-randomized study evaluated efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine (al) in treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in children aged 6-59 months in two malaria transmission sites in northwest benin. | 2016 | 26801767 |
| seasonal dynamics, longevity, and biting activity of anopheline mosquitoes in southwestern ethiopia. | continuous monitoring of vector species composition, abundance, dynamics, feeding pattern, and host finding strategy is the base to determine when, what, and how control should be implemented. thus, this study was conducted to assess entomological parameters of anopheline mosquitoes in nine villages in seka district, southwestern ethiopia, from june to december 2012. mosquito collection was carried out from selected households in each of the nine study villages using light trap catches from june ... | 2016 | 26798142 |
| the potential for fungal biopesticides to reduce malaria transmission under diverse environmental conditions. | the effectiveness of conventional malaria vector control is being threatened by the spread of insecticide resistance. one promising alternative to chemicals is the use of naturally-occurring insect-killing fungi. numerous laboratory studies have shown that isolates of fungal pathogens such as beauveria bassiana can infect and kill adult mosquitoes, including those resistant to chemical insecticides.unlike chemical insecticides, fungi may take up to a week or more to kill mosquitoes following exp ... | 2015 | 26792946 |
| combining synthetic human odours and low-cost electrocuting grids to attract and kill outdoor-biting mosquitoes: field and semi-field evaluation of an improved mosquito landing box. | on-going malaria transmission is increasingly mediated by outdoor-biting vectors, especially where indoor insecticidal interventions such as long-lasting insecticide treated nets (llins) are widespread. often, the vectors are also physiologically resistant to insecticides, presenting major obstacles for elimination. we tested a combination of electrocuting grids with synthetic odours as an alternative killing mechanism against outdoor-biting mosquitoes. | 2016 | 26789733 |
| news from africa: novel anopheline species transmit plasmodium in western kenya. | 2016 | 26787151 | |
| combining long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying for malaria prevention in ethiopia: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. | long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) are the main malaria prevention interventions in ethiopia. there is conflicting evidence that the combined application of both interventions is better than either llins or irs used alone. this trial aims to investigate whether the combination of llins (permanet 2.0, vestergaard frandsen, lausanne, switzerland) with irs using propoxur will enhance the protective benefits and cost-effectiveness of the interventions against m ... | 2016 | 26758744 |
| mind the gap: residual malaria transmission, veterinary endectocides and livestock as targets for malaria vector control. | 2016 | 26755345 | |
| the effect of indoor residual spraying on the prevalence of malaria parasite infection, clinical malaria and anemia in an area of perennial transmission and moderate coverage of insecticide treated nets in western kenya. | insecticide treated nets (itns) and indoor residual spraying (irs) have been scaled up for malaria prevention in sub-saharan africa. however, there are few studies on the benefit of implementing irs in areas with moderate to high coverage of itns. we evaluated the impact of an irs program on malaria related outcomes in western kenya, an area of intense perennial malaria transmission and moderate itn coverage (55-65% use of any net the previous night). | 2016 | 26731524 |
| spatially variable risk factors for malaria in a geographically heterogeneous landscape, western kenya: an explorative study. | large reductions in malaria transmission and mortality have been achieved over the last decade, and this has mainly been attributed to the scale-up of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets and indoor residual spraying with insecticides. despite these gains considerable residual, spatially heterogeneous, transmission remains. to reduce transmission in these foci, researchers need to consider the local demographical, environmental and social context, and design an appropriate set of interventions. ex ... | 2016 | 26729363 |
| frequencies distribution of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroate synthetase mutant alleles associated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance in plasmodium falciparum population from hadhramout governorate, yemen. | malaria in yemen is mainly caused by plasmodium falciparum and 25% of the population is at high risk. sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) had been used as monotherapy against p. falciparum. emergence of chloroquine resistance led to the shift in anti-malarial treatment policy in yemen to artemisinin-based combination therapy, that is artesunate (as) plus sp as first-line therapy for uncomplicated malaria and artemether-lumefantrine as second-line treatment. this study aimed to screen mutations in the ... | 2015 | 26693691 |
| zoophagic behaviour of anopheline mosquitoes in southwest ethiopia: opportunity for malaria vector control. | increased understanding of the feeding behaviours of malaria vectors is important to determine the frequency of human-vector contact and to implement effective vector control interventions. here we assess the relative feeding preferences of anopheles mosquitoes in relation to cattle and human host abundance in southwest ethiopia. | 2015 | 26684464 |
| development and evaluation of mosquito-electrocuting traps as alternatives to the human landing catch technique for sampling host-seeking malaria vectors. | the human landing catch (hlc) is the gold standard method for sampling host-seeking malaria vectors. however, the hlc is ethically questionable because it requires exposure of humans to potentially infectious mosquito bites. | 2015 | 26670881 |
| effects of a new outdoor mosquito control device, the mosquito landing box, on densities and survival of the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis, inside controlled semi-field settings. | the significance of malaria transmission occurring outdoors has risen even in areas where indoor interventions such as long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying are common. the actual contamination rates and effectiveness of recently developed outdoor mosquito control device, the mosquito landing box (mlb), on densities and daily survival of host-seeking laboratory anopheles arabiensis, which readily bites humans outdoors was demonstrated. | 2015 | 26645085 |
| consolidating strategic planning and operational frameworks for integrated vector management in eritrea. | contemporary malaria vector control relies on the use of insecticide-based, indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins). however, malaria-endemic countries, including eritrea, have struggled to effectively deploy these tools due technical and operational challenges, including the selection of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors. this manuscript outlines the processes undertaken in consolidating strategic planning and operational frameworks for vector control t ... | 2015 | 26630934 |
| acceptability and effectiveness of a monofilament, polyethylene insecticide-treated wall lining for malaria control after six months in dwellings in vhembe district, limpopo province, south africa. | south africa uses indoor residual spraying (irs) for vector control in its malaria control programme (mcp). insecticide-treated wall linings (itwls) offer possible advantages over irs and long-lasting, insecticide-treated nets (llins). this study assessed the user acceptability and perceived effectiveness, and the durability, including efficacy through bioassays, of a newly developed, monofilament polyethylene itwl. | 2015 | 26628275 |
| malaria control at a gold mine in sadiola district, mali, and impact on transmission over 10 years. | the semos gold mine's malaria vector control programme forms part of the company's community responsibilities with the programme being managed by the mine's health department since 2005. | 2015 | 26626339 |
| malaria case in madagascar, probable implication of a new vector, anopheles coustani. | indoor spraying of insecticides and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets are key strategies for national malaria vector control in the central highlands of madagascar. during the year 2013, malaria outbreaks were reported by the national malaria control programme in the highlands, including the district of ankazobe. | 2015 | 26620552 |
| a venue-based survey of malaria, anemia and mobility patterns among migrant farm workers in amhara region, ethiopia. | mobile populations present unique challenges to malaria control and elimination efforts. each year, a large number of individuals travel to northwest amhara region, ethiopia to seek seasonal employment on large-scale farms. agricultural areas typically report the heaviest malaria burden within amhara thereby placing migrants at high risk of infection. yet little is known about these seasonal migrants and their malaria-related risk factors. | 2015 | 26619114 |
| reticulate speciation and barriers to introgression in the anopheles gambiae species complex. | speciation as a process remains a central focus of evolutionary biology, but our understanding of the genomic architecture and prevalence of speciation in the face of gene flow remains incomplete. the anopheles gambiae species complex of malaria mosquitoes is a radiation of ecologically diverse taxa. this complex is well-suited for testing for evidence of a speciation continuum and genomic barriers to introgression because its members exhibit partially overlapping geographic distributions as wel ... | 2015 | 26615027 |
| a genome-scale investigation of incongruence in culicidae mosquitoes. | comparison of individual gene trees in several recent phylogenomic studies from diverse lineages has revealed a surprising amount of topological conflict or incongruence, but we still know relatively little about its distribution across the tree of life. to further our understanding of incongruence, the factors that contribute to it and how it can be ameliorated, we examined its distribution in a clade of 20 culicidae mosquito species through the reconstruction and analysis of the phylogenetic h ... | 2015 | 26608059 |
| resting behaviour of anopheles gambiae s.l. and its implication on malaria transmission in uyui district, western tanzania. | an entomological survey to determine resting behaviour and species composition of malaria vectors was carried out in uyui district in western tanzania in may 2009. mosquitoes were collected using indoor resting catch, window exit trap and outdoor "bed-net" techniques. the mosquitoes were identified using morphological key and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). a total of 672 anopheles gambiae sensu lato were collected. of these, 661 (98.4%) were collected outdoor whereas few (1.6%) were collected ... | 2011 | 26592058 |
| the emergence of insecticide resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles funestus (diptera: culicidae) from sentinel sites in mutare and mutasa districts, zimbabwe. | insecticide resistance in major malaria vectors poses severe challenges for stakeholders responsible for controlling the disease. during the 2013/14 season, malaria vector sentinel sites in mutare and mutasa districts, zimbabwe, experienced high presence of gravid malaria vector mosquitoes resting indoors in recently pyrethroid-sprayed structures. subsequently, an evaluation of insecticide resistance in anopheles funestus populations, the major malaria vector, was conducted to better inform the ... | 2015 | 26589891 |
| gains attained in malaria control coverage within settings earmarked for pre-elimination: malaria indicator and prevalence surveys 2012, eritrea. | eritrea, like most countries in sub-saharan africa, has expended much effort towards malaria control with the view of transitioning from reduction of the disease burden to elimination. this paper reports on the level of achievement as highlighted by the follow-on, malaria-endemic area representative, survey that aimed to provide data and to assess progress on malaria indicators and parasite prevalence at household level across the country. | 2015 | 26589786 |
| plasmodium vivax transmission in africa. | malaria in sub-saharan africa has historically been almost exclusively attributed to plasmodium falciparum (pf). current diagnostic and surveillance systems in much of sub-saharan africa are not designed to identify or report non-pf human malaria infections accurately, resulting in a dearth of routine epidemiological data about their significance. the high prevalence of duffy negativity provided a rationale for excluding the possibility of plasmodium vivax (pv) transmission. however, review of v ... | 2015 | 26587988 |
| monitoring dry season persistence of anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in a contained semi-field system in southwestern burkina faso, west africa. | to gain insight into the dry season survival strategies of anopheles gambiae s.l., a new contained semi-field system was developed and used for the first time in burkina faso, west africa. the system consisted of a screened greenhouse within which the local environment was reproduced, including all ecological requirements for mosquito development cycle completion. the system was seeded with the progenies of female anopheles gambiae, anopheles coluzzii, and anopheles arabiensis collected in the v ... | 2016 | 26576935 |
| insecticidal decay effects of long-lasting insecticide nets and indoor residual spraying on anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis in western kenya. | indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) are the first-line tools for malaria prevention and control in africa. vector resistance to insecticides has been extensively studied, however the insecticidal effects of the nets and sprayed walls on pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes has not been studied thoroughly. we evaluated the bioefficacy of llins of different ages and lambda-cyhalothrin (icon 10cs) on the sprayed mud walls for a period of time on malaria vector survi ... | 2015 | 26567915 |
| larval ecology of anopheles coluzzii in cape coast, ghana: water quality, nature of habitat and implication for larval control. | there is a growing interest in larval control intervention to supplement existing malaria control strategies, particularly in urban areas. however, effective implementation requires a good understanding of habitat ecology of anopheles mosquitoes. clean water bodies have long been reported by several studies as a preferred breeding habitat for anopheles gambiae. other studies have also reported the breeding of an. gambiae in polluted water bodies. however, the term clean or polluted is mostly bas ... | 2015 | 26558365 |
| progress toward malaria elimination in jazan province, kingdom of saudi arabia: 2000-2014. | the draft global technical strategy for malaria aims to eliminate malaria from at least 10 countries by 2020. yemen and saudi arabia remain the last two countries on the arabian peninsula yet to achieve elimination. over the last 50 years, systematic efforts to control malaria in the kingdom of saudi arabia has successfully reduced malaria cases to a point where malaria is now constrained largely to jazan province, the most south-western area along the red sea. the progress toward elimination in ... | 2015 | 26552387 |
| the cytochrome p450 cyp6p4 is responsible for the high pyrethroid resistance in knockdown resistance-free anopheles arabiensis. | pyrethroid insecticides are the front line vector control tools used in bed nets to reduce malaria transmission and its burden. however, resistance in major vectors such as anopheles arabiensis is posing a serious challenge to the success of malaria control. herein, we elucidated the molecular and biochemical basis of pyrethroid resistance in a knockdown resistance-free anopheles arabiensis population from chad, central africa. using heterologous expression of p450s in escherichia coli coupled w ... | 2016 | 26548743 |
| arthropod surveillance programs: basic components, strategies, and analysis. | effective entomological surveillance planning stresses a careful consideration of methodology, trapping technologies, and analysis techniques. herein, the basic principles and technological components of arthropod surveillance plans are described, as promoted in the symposium "advancements in arthropod monitoring technology, techniques, and analysis" presented at the 58th annual meeting of the entomological society of america in san diego, ca. interdisciplinary examples of arthropod monitoring f ... | 0 | 26543242 |
| correction: distribution and frequency of kdr mutations within anopheles gambiae s.l. populations and first report of the ace.1g119s mutation in anopheles arabiensis from burkina faso (west africa). | 2015 | 26528719 | |
| a historical perspective on malaria control in brazil. | malaria has always been an important public health problem in brazil. the early history of brazilian malaria and its control was powered by colonisation by europeans and the forced relocation of africans as slaves. internal migration brought malaria to many regions in brazil where, given suitable anopheles mosquito vectors, it thrived. almost from the start, officials recognised the problem malaria presented to economic development, but early control efforts were hampered by still developing pub ... | 0 | 26517649 |
| transmission indices and microfilariae prevalence in human population prior to mass drug administration with ivermectin and albendazole in the gomoa district of ghana. | the lymphatic filariasis elimination programme in ghana involves annual mass drug administration (mda) of ivermectin and albendazole to persons living in endemic areas. this is repeated annually for 4-6 years to span across the reproductive lifespan of adult worms. in order to stimulate participation of community members in the mda programme, this study was carried out to understand local views on transmission, management and prevention of the disease. the study also presents baseline transmissi ... | 2015 | 26503363 |
| use of different transmission metrics to describe malaria epidemiology in the highlands of western kenya. | monitoring and evaluation of malaria programmes may require a combination of approaches to detect any effects of control. this is particularly true at lower transmission levels where detecting both infection and exposure to infection will provide additional evidence of any change. this paper describes use of three transmission metrics to explore the malaria epidemiology in the highlands of western kenya. | 2015 | 26502920 |
| insecticide resistance in malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in zimbabwe: a review. | malaria is a global public health problem, with about 3.2 billion people at risk of infection. the populations at risk mainly reside in africa, asia and america, with african populations accounting for the largest burden of the disease. in 2013, close to 198 million malaria cases were reported, leading to 584,000 deaths. much (90 %) of the mortality rates were recorded from the world health organization (who) database in the african region and 78 % of these occurred in children under the age of ... | 2015 | 26497808 |
| investigating a non-mesh mosquito net among outdoor sleeping nomadic communities in kenya. | rising reports of exophagic malaria vectors make even more pressing the need for alternatives to traditional, mesh, long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) designed for indoor sleeping and often inadequate in the protection of outdoor-sleeping populations. this study tests and evaluates the retention, utilization, and durability of novel, non-mesh nets designed for outdoor use. longitudinal, cross-sectional surveys were conducted, the physical condition of nets was assessed, and bio-efficacy and ... | 2015 | 26416107 |
| emerging knock-down resistance in anopheles arabiensis populations of dakar, senegal: first evidence of a high prevalence of kdr-e mutation in west african urban area. | urban malaria is now considered a major emerging health problem in africa and urban insecticide resistance may represent a serious threat to the ambitious programme of further scaling-up coverage with long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spray. this study evaluates the levels and mechanisms of insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae populations in 44 urban areas of dakar in a longitudinal entomological surveillance study. | 2015 | 26395241 |
| comparative evaluation of the sticky-resting-box-trap, the standardised resting-bucket-trap and indoor aspiration for sampling malaria vectors. | understanding mosquito resting behaviour is important for the control of vector-borne diseases, but this remains a challenge because of the paucity of efficient sampling tools. we evaluated two novel sampling methods in the field: the sticky resting box (srb) and the resting bucket trap (rbu) to test their efficiency for sampling malaria vectors resting outdoors and inside houses in rural tanzania. the performance of rbu and srb was compared outdoors, while indoors srb were compared with the bac ... | 2015 | 26383620 |
| treatment of livestock with systemic insecticides for control of anopheles arabiensis in western kenya. | despite the implementation of vector control strategies, including insecticide-treated bed nets (itn) and indoor residual spraying (irs) in western kenya, this area still experiences high level of malaria transmission. novel vector control tools are required which target such vector species, such as anopheles arabiensis, that feed outdoors and have minimal contact with itns and irs. | 2015 | 26377691 |
| evaluation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis as a control agent for adult anopheles gambiae. | unlike the application of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) for the control of larval mosquitoes, studies of its effects on adults, for its possible use in attractive toxic sugar baits, have resulted in conflicting results. five species have shown a decrease in adult survival due to bti ingestion, whereas adults of anopheles arabiensis have not. we sought to determine if ingestion of bti by adults of anopheles gambiae, a sibling species of an. arabiensis, increases their mortality. labora ... | 2015 | 26375907 |
| rise of multiple insecticide resistance in anopheles funestus in malawi: a major concern for malaria vector control. | deciphering the dynamics and evolution of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is crucial for successful vector control. this study reports an increase of resistance intensity and a rise of multiple insecticide resistance in anopheles funestus in malawi leading to reduced bed net efficacy. | 2015 | 26370361 |
| prevalence of the dhfr and dhps mutations among pregnant women in rural burkina faso five years after the introduction of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. | the emergence and spread of drug resistance represents one of the biggest challenges for malaria control in endemic regions. sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) is currently deployed as intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (iptp) to prevent the adverse effects of malaria on the mother and her offspring. nevertheless, its efficacy is threatened by sp resistance which can be estimated by the prevalence of dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) and dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) mutations. this was m ... | 2015 | 26368675 |
| comparison of methods for xenomonitoring in vectors of lymphatic filariasis in northeastern tanzania. | monitoring wuchereria bancrofti infection in mosquitoes (xenomonitoring) can play an important role in determining when lymphatic filariasis has been eliminated, or in focusing control efforts. as mosquito infection rates can be low, a method for collecting large numbers of mosquitoes is necessary. gravid traps collected large numbers of culex quinquefasciatus in tanzania, and a collection method that targets mosquitoes that have already fed could result in increased sensitivity in detecting w. ... | 2015 | 26350454 |
| malaria impact of large dams in sub-saharan africa: maps, estimates and predictions. | while there is growing recognition of the malaria impacts of large dams in sub-saharan africa, the cumulative malaria impact of reservoirs associated with current and future dam developments has not been quantified. the objective of this study was to estimate the current and predict the future impact of large dams on malaria in different eco-epidemiological settings across sub-saharan africa. | 2015 | 26337834 |
| monitoring changes in malaria epidemiology and effectiveness of interventions in ethiopia and uganda: beyond garki project baseline survey. | scale-up of malaria interventions seems to have contributed to a decline in the disease but other factors may also have had some role. understanding changes in transmission and determinant factors will help to adapt control strategies accordingly. | 2015 | 26337671 |
| electrostatic coating enhances bioavailability of insecticides and breaks pyrethroid resistance in mosquitoes. | insecticide resistance poses a significant and increasing threat to the control of malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. we present a novel method of insecticide application based on netting treated with an electrostatic coating that binds insecticidal particles through polarity. electrostatic netting can hold small amounts of insecticides effectively and results in enhanced bioavailability upon contact by the insect. six pyrethroid-resistant anopheles mosquito strains from across africa we ... | 2015 | 26324912 |
| factors associated with sustained use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets following a reduction in malaria transmission in southern zambia. | understanding factors influencing sustained use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llin) in areas of declining malaria transmission is critical to sustaining control and may facilitate elimination. from 2008 to 2013, 655 households in choma district, zambia, were randomly selected and residents were administered a questionnaire and malaria rapid diagnostic test. mosquitoes were collected concurrently by light trap. in a multilevel model, children and adolescents of 5-17 years of age were ... | 2015 | 26324729 |
| characterizing the insecticide resistance of anopheles gambiae in mali. | the impact of indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticide nets (llins), key components of the national malaria control strategy of mali, is threatened by vector insecticide resistance. the objective of this study was to assess the level of insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae sensu lato populations from mali against four classes of insecticide recommended for irs: organochlorines (ocs), pyrethroids (pys), carbamates (cas) and organophosphates (ops). characterization of res ... | 2015 | 26296644 |
| effectiveness and safety of artemether-lumefantrine versus artesunate-amodiaquine for unsupervised treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in patients of all age groups in nanoro, burkina faso: a randomized open label trial. | several studies have reported high efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based combination therapy (act) mostly under strict supervision of drug intake and limited to children less than 5 years of age. patients over 5 years of age are usually not involved in such studies. thus, the findings do not fully reflect the reality in the field. this study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of act in routine treatment of uncomplicated malaria among patients of all age groups in nanoro, burkina fas ... | 2015 | 26289949 |
| where have all the mosquito nets gone? spatial modelling reveals mosquito net distributions across tanzania do not target optimal anopheles mosquito habitats. | malaria remains the deadliest vector-borne disease despite long-term, costly control efforts. the united republic of tanzania has implemented countrywide anti-malarial interventions over more than a decade, including national insecticide-treated net (itn) rollouts and subsequent monitoring. while previous analyses have compared spatial variation in malaria endemicity with itn distributions, no study has yet compared anopheles habitat suitability to determine proper allocation of itns. this study ... | 2015 | 26283538 |
| a systematic, realist review of zooprophylaxis for malaria control. | integrated vector management (ivm) is recommended as a sustainable approach to malaria control. ivm consists of combining vector control methods based on scientific evidence to maximize efficacy and cost-effectiveness while minimizing negative impacts, such as insecticide resistance and environmental damage. zooprophylaxis has been identified as a possible component of ivm as livestock may draw mosquitoes away from humans, decreasing human-vector contact and malaria transmission. it is possible, ... | 2015 | 26264913 |
| insecticide resistance in areas under investigation by the international centers of excellence for malaria research: a challenge for malaria control and elimination. | scale-up of the main vector control interventions, residual insecticides sprayed on walls or structures and/or impregnated in bed nets, together with prompt diagnosis and effective treatment, have led to a global reduction in malaria transmission. however, resistance in vectors to almost all classes of insecticides, particularly to the synthetic pyrethroids, is posing a challenge to the recent trend of declining malaria. ten international centers of excellence for malaria research (icemr) locate ... | 2015 | 26259947 |
| malaria epidemiology and control within the international centers of excellence for malaria research. | understanding the epidemiological features and metrics of malaria in endemic populations is a key component to monitoring and quantifying the impact of current and past control efforts to inform future ones. the international centers of excellence for malaria research (icemr) has the opportunity to evaluate the impact of malaria control interventions across endemic regions that differ in the dominant plasmodium species, mosquito vector species, resistance to antimalarial drugs and human genetic ... | 2015 | 26259946 |
| antimalarial drug resistance: literature review and activities and findings of the icemr network. | antimalarial drugs are key tools for the control and elimination of malaria. recent decreases in the global malaria burden are likely due, in part, to the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapies. therefore, the emergence and potential spread of artemisinin-resistant parasites in southeast asia and changes in sensitivities to artemisinin partner drugs have raised concerns. in recognition of this urgent threat, the international centers of excellence for malaria research (icemrs) are ... | 2015 | 26259943 |
| entomological monitoring and evaluation: diverse transmission settings of icemr projects will require local and regional malaria elimination strategies. | the unprecedented global efforts for malaria elimination in the past decade have resulted in altered vectorial systems, vector behaviors, and bionomics. these changes combined with increasingly evident heterogeneities in malaria transmission require innovative vector control strategies in addition to the established practices of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. integrated vector management will require focal and tailored vector control to achieve malaria elimination. ... | 2015 | 26259942 |
| population genetics, evolutionary genomics, and genome-wide studies of malaria: a view across the international centers of excellence for malaria research. | the study of the three protagonists in malaria-the plasmodium parasite, the anopheles mosquito, and the human host-is key to developing methods to control and eventually eliminate the disease. genomic technologies, including the recent development of next-generation sequencing, enable interrogation of this triangle to an unprecedented level of scrutiny, and promise exciting progress toward real-time epidemiology studies and the study of evolutionary adaptation. we discuss the use of genomics by ... | 2015 | 26259940 |
| spatial patterns of incident malaria cases and their household contacts in a single clinic catchment area of chongwe district, zambia. | reactive case detection (racd) for malaria is a strategy that may be used to complement passive surveillance, as passive surveillance fails to identify infections that are asymptomatic or do not seek care. the spatial and seasonal patterns of incident (index) cases reported at a single clinic in chongwe district were explored. | 2015 | 26246383 |
| how diverse detrital environments influence nutrient stoichiometry between males and females of the co-occurring container mosquitoes aedes albopictus, ae. aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus. | allocation patterns of carbon and nitrogen in animals are influenced by food quality and quantity, as well as by inherent metabolic and physiological constraints within organisms. whole body stoichiometry also may vary between the sexes who differ in development rates and reproductive allocation patterns. in aquatic containers, such as tree holes and tires, detrital inputs, which vary in amounts of carbon and nitrogen, form the basis of the mosquito-dominated food web. differences in development ... | 2015 | 26244643 |
| diversification of the genus anopheles and a neotropical clade from the late cretaceous. | the anopheles genus is a member of the culicidae family and consists of approximately 460 recognized species. the genus is composed of 7 subgenera with diverse geographical distributions. despite its huge medical importance, a consensus has not been reached on the phylogenetic relationships among anopheles subgenera. we assembled a comprehensive dataset comprising the coi, coii and 5.8s rrna genes and used maximum likelihood and bayesian inference to estimate the phylogeny and divergence times o ... | 2015 | 26244561 |
| long-lasting insecticidal nets no longer effectively kill the highly resistant anopheles funestus of southern mozambique. | chemical insecticides are crucial to malaria control and elimination programmes. the frontline vector control interventions depend mainly on pyrethroids; all long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and more than 80% of indoor residual spraying (irs) campaigns use chemicals from this class. this extensive use of pyrethroids imposes a strong selection pressure for resistance in mosquito populations, and so continuous resistance monitoring and evaluation are important. as pyrethroids have also been ... | 2015 | 26242977 |
| strengthening tactical planning and operational frameworks for vector control: the roadmap for malaria elimination in namibia. | namibia has made tremendous gains in malaria control and the epidemiological trend of the disease has changed significantly over the past years. in 2010, the country reoriented from the objective of reducing disease morbidity and mortality to the goal of achieving malaria elimination by 2020. this manuscript outlines the processes undertaken in strengthening tactical planning and operational frameworks for vector control to facilitate expeditious malaria elimination in namibia. | 2015 | 26242587 |
| indoor use of attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) to effectively control malaria vectors in mali, west africa. | attractive toxic sugar bait (atsb) solutions containing any gut toxins can be either sprayed on plants or used in simple bait stations to attract and kill sugar-feeding female and male mosquitoes. this field study in mali demonstrates the effect of atsb bait stations inside houses as a vector control method that targets and kills endophilic african malaria vectors. | 2015 | 26242186 |
| developmental succession of the microbiome of culex mosquitoes. | the native microflora associated with mosquitoes have important roles in mosquito development and vector competence. sequencing of bacterial v3 region from 16s rrna genes across the developmental stages of culex mosquitoes (early and late larval instars, pupae and adults) was used to test the hypothesis that bacteria found in the larval stage of culex are transstadially transmitted to the adult stage, and to compare the microbiomes of field-collected versus laboratory-reared mosquitoes. | 2015 | 26205080 |
| design of a study to determine the impact of insecticide resistance on malaria vector control: a multi-country investigation. | progress in reducing the malaria disease burden through the substantial scale up of insecticide-based vector control in recent years could be reversed by the widespread emergence of insecticide resistance. the impact of insecticide resistance on the protective effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (itn) and indoor residual spraying (irs) is not known. a multi-country study was undertaken in sudan, kenya, india, cameroon and benin to quantify the potential loss of epidemiological effectivenes ... | 2015 | 26194648 |
| modified veranda-trap hut for improved evaluation of vector control interventions. | experimental huts with veranda traps have been used in tanzania since 1963 for the study of residual insecticides for use with insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying. mosquitoes are allowed unrestricted entry through the eaves to facilitate the collection of an estimable proportion of mosquitoes that attempt to exit through the eave gaps, which are left open on two sides of the hut. this study was designed to validate the use of eave baffles to funnel entry and to prevent mosquito ... | 2015 | 26194052 |
| predicting scenarios for successful autodissemination of pyriproxyfen by malaria vectors from their resting sites to aquatic habitats; description and simulation analysis of a field-parameterizable model. | large-cage experiments indicate pyriproxifen (ppf) can be transferred from resting sites to aquatic habitats by anopheles arabiensis--malaria vector mosquitoes to inhibit emergence of their own offspring. ppf coverage is amplified twice: (1) partial coverage of resting sites with ppf contamination results in far higher contamination coverage of adult mosquitoes because they are mobile and use numerous resting sites per gonotrophic cycle, and (2) even greater contamination coverage of aquatic hab ... | 2015 | 26186730 |
| past and new challenges for malaria control and elimination: the role of operational research for innovation in designing interventions. | this meeting report presents the outcomes of a workshop held in bangkok on december 1st 2014, where the following challenges were discussed: the threat of resistance to artemisinin and artemisinin-based combination therapy in the greater mekong sub-region (gms) and in africa; access to treatment for most at risk and hard to reach population; insecticide resistance, residual and outdoors transmission. the role of operational research and the interactions between research institutions, national ma ... | 2015 | 26185098 |
| incidence of severe malaria syndromes and status of immune responses among khat chewer malaria patients in ethiopia. | although more emphasis has been given to the genetic and environmental factors that determine host vulnerability to malaria, other factors that might have a crucial role in burdening the disease have not been evaluated yet. therefore, this study was designed to assess the effect of khat chewing on the incidence of severe malaria syndromes and immune responses during malaria infection in an area where the two problems co-exist. clinical, physical, demographic, hematological, biochemical and immun ... | 2015 | 26173100 |
| assessment of control measures and trends of malaria in burie-zuria district, west gojjam zone, amhara region, north west ethiopia. | introduction. malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite plasmodium and transmitted by the bite of anopheles mosquitoes. the aim of this study was to assess control measures and trends of malaria and guide intervention measures at burie-zuria district, amhara region. methods. descriptive cross-sectional assessment of control measures was undertaken. we used health facility records of malaria data. we surveyed households for clinical malaria cases and utilization of long lasting impregnated nets ... | 2015 | 26171274 |
| stimulating anopheles gambiae swarms in the laboratory: application for behavioural and fitness studies. | male anopheles mosquitoes that swarm rely in part on features of the environment including visual stimuli to locate swarms. swarming is believed to be the primary behaviour during which mating occurs in the field, but is not a common behaviour in the laboratory. features that stimulate male anopheles gambiae g3 strain swarming were created in novel large indoor cages. | 2015 | 26169677 |
| 'a bite before bed': exposure to malaria vectors outside the times of net use in the highlands of western kenya. | the human population in the highlands of nyanza province, western kenya, is subject to sporadic epidemics of plasmodium falciparum. indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticide treated nets (llins) are used widely in this area. these interventions are most effective when anopheles rest and feed indoors and when biting occurs at times when individuals use llins. it is therefore important to test the current assumption of vector feeding preferences, and late night feeding times, in ... | 2015 | 26109384 |
| modified mosquito landing boxes dispensing transfluthrin provide effective protection against anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes under simulated outdoor conditions in a semi-field system. | efforts to control malaria vectors have primarily focused on scaling-up of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying. although highly efficient against indoor-biting and indoor-resting vectors, these interventions have lower impact on outdoor-biting mosquitoes. innovative vector control tools are required to prevent outdoor human-mosquito contacts. in this work, the potential of spatial repellents, delivered in an active system that requires minimal user compliance, to ... | 2015 | 26104719 |
| preventing malaria transmission by indoor residual spraying in malawi: grappling with the challenge of uncertain sustainability. | in the past decade, there has been rapid scale-up of insecticide-based malaria vector control in the context of integrated vector management (ivm) according to world health organization recommendations. endemic countries have deployed indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets as hallmark vector control interventions. this paper discusses the successes and continued challenges and the way forward for the irs programme in malawi. | 2015 | 26104657 |
| seasonal associations of climatic drivers and malaria in the highlands of ethiopia. | the impacts of interannual climate fluctuations on vector-borne diseases, especially malaria, have received considerable attention in the scientific literature. these effects can be significant in semi-arid and high-elevation areas such as the highlands of east africa because cooler temperature and seasonally dry conditions limit malaria transmission. many previous studies have examined short-term lagged effects of climate on malaria (weeks to months), but fewer have explored the possibility of ... | 2015 | 26104276 |
| heterochromatin, histone modifications, and nuclear architecture in disease vectors. | interactions between a pathogen and a vector are plastic and dynamic. such interactions can be more rapidly accommodated by epigenetic changes than by genetic mutations. gene expression can be affected by the proximity to the heterochromatin, by local histone modifications, and by the three-dimensional position within the nucleus. recent studies of disease vectors indicate that gene regulation by these factors can be important for susceptibility to pathogens, reproduction, immunity, development, ... | 0 | 26097808 |
| the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen terminates egg diapause in the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus. | the asian tiger mosquito, aedes albopictus, is a highly invasive mosquito species that transmits chikungunya and dengue. this species overwinters as diapausing eggs in temperate climates. early diapause termination may be a beneficial strategy for winter mosquito control; however, a mechanism to terminate the diapause process using chemicals is not known. we tested the hypothesis that a hormonal imbalance caused by the administration of juvenile hormone analog would terminate egg diapause in a. ... | 2015 | 26090954 |
| analysing the oviposition behaviour of malaria mosquitoes: design considerations for improving two-choice egg count experiments. | choice egg-count bioassays are a popular tool for analysing oviposition substrate preferences of gravid mosquitoes. this study aimed at improving the design of two-choice experiments for measuring oviposition substrates preferences of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae senso lato, a mosquito that lays single eggs. | 2015 | 26088669 |
| rna-seq based phylogeny recapitulates previous phylogeny of the genus flaveria (asteraceae) with some modifications. | the genus flaveria has been extensively used as a model to study the evolution of c4 photosynthesis as it contains c3 and c4 species as well as a number of species that exhibit intermediate types of photosynthesis. the current phylogenetic tree of the genus flaveria contains 21 of the 23 known flaveria species and has been previously constructed using a combination of morphological data and three non-coding dna sequences (nuclear encoded ets, its and chloroplast encoded trnl-f). | 2015 | 26084484 |
| knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in indian anopheles culicifacies populations. | anopheles culicifacies s.l. is one of the primary vectors of malaria in india responsible for the highest number of malaria cases. this vector is resistant to ddt in most parts of the country with indication of emerging resistance to pyrethroids. since knockdown resistance (kdr) is known to confer cross-resistance between ddt and pyrethroids owing to a common target site of action, knowledge of prevalence of knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles is important from insecticide resistance management p ... | 2015 | 26082160 |
| applications and limitations of centers for disease control and prevention miniature light traps for measuring biting densities of african malaria vector populations: a pooled-analysis of 13 comparisons with human landing catches. | measurement of densities of host-seeking malaria vectors is important for estimating levels of disease transmission, for appropriately allocating interventions, and for quantifying their impact. the gold standard for estimating mosquito-human contact rates is the human landing catch (hlc), where human volunteers catch mosquitoes that land on their exposed body parts. this approach necessitates exposure to potentially infectious mosquitoes, and is very labour intensive. there are several safer an ... | 2015 | 26082036 |
| impregnating hessian strips with the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin prevents outdoor exposure to vectors of malaria and lymphatic filariasis in urban dar es salaam, tanzania. | semi-field trials using laboratory-reared anopheles arabiensis have shown that, delivering the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin by absorption into hessian strips, consistently provided > 99% human protective efficacy against bites for 6 months without retreating. here the impact of this approach upon human exposure to wild populations of vectors for both malaria and filariasis under full field conditions is assessed for the first time. | 2015 | 26063216 |
| spatial abundance and human biting rate of anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus in savannah and rice agro-ecosystems of central tanzania. | this study was carried out to determine the spatial variations in malaria mosquito abundance and human biting rate in five villages representing rice-irrigation and savannah ecosystems in kilosa district, central tanzania. the study involved five villages namely tindiga and malui (wetland/rice irrigation), twatwatwa and mbwade (dry savannah) and kimamba (wet savannah). indoor mosquitoes were sampled using centers for disease control and prevention light traps in three houses in each village. ano ... | 2015 | 26054517 |
| long-lasting insecticidal nets in zambia: a cross-sectional analysis of net integrity and insecticide content. | long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) are a mainstay of malaria prevention in africa. more llins are available now than in any time previously due to increases in funding for malaria control. llins are expected to last three to five years before they need to be replaced. reports of nets lasting less than three years are frequent in zambia, which, if true, will increase the number of llins needed to maintain universal coverage. | 2015 | 26054336 |
| characteristics of anopheles arabiensis larval habitats in tubu village, botswana. | documented information on the ecology of larval habitats in botswana is lacking but is critical for larval control programs. therefore, this study determined the characteristics of these habitats and the influences of biotic and abiotic factors in tubu village, botswana. eight water bodies were sampled between january and december, 2013. the aquatic vegetation and invertebrate species present were characterized. water parameters measured were turbidity (ntu), conductivity (μs/cm), oxygen (mg/l), ... | 2015 | 26047193 |
| assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice about malaria and itns utilization among pregnant women in shashogo district, southern ethiopia. | malaria causes variety of adverse consequences in pregnant women due to invasion of the placenta by plasmodium. it increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome for the mother, the foetus and the new-born. therefore, knowledge, attitudes and practices of this vulnerable group about malaria and the effective use of insecticide-treated nets (itns) contribute to sustainable control of the disease and its effects. | 2015 | 26040464 |
| analysing chemical attraction of gravid anopheles gambiae sensu stricto with modified bg-sentinel traps. | cues that guide gravid anopheles gambiae sensu lato to oviposition sites can be manipulated to create new strategies for monitoring and controlling malaria vectors. however, progress towards identifying such cues is slow in part due to the lack of appropriate tools for investigating long-range attraction to putative oviposition substrates. this study aimed to develop a relatively easy-to-use bioassay system that can effectively analyse chemical attraction of gravid anopheles gambiae sensu strict ... | 2015 | 26036270 |
| the impact of six annual rounds of mass drug administration on wuchereria bancrofti infections in humans and in mosquitoes in mali. | wuchereria bancrofti prevalence and transmission were assessed in six endemic villages in sikasso, mali prior to and yearly during mass drug administration (mda) with albendazole and ivermectin from 2002 to 2007. microfilaremia was determined by calibrated thick smear of night blood in adult volunteers and circulating filarial antigen was measured using immunochromatographic card test in children < 5 years of age. mosquitoes were collected by human landing catch from july to december. none of th ... | 2015 | 26033027 |
| evaluation of icon maxx, a long-lasting treatment kit for mosquito nets: experimental hut trials against anopheline mosquitoes in tanzania. | insecticide-treated nets are the primary method of preventing malaria. to remain effective, the pyrethroid insecticide must withstand multiple washes over the lifetime of the net. icon(®) maxx is a 'dip-it-yourself' kit for long-lasting treatment of polyester nets. the twin-sachet kit contains a slow-release capsule suspension of lambda-cyhalothrin plus binding agent. to determine whether icon maxx meets the standards required by the world health organization pesticide evaluation scheme (whopes) ... | 2015 | 26025026 |
| mosquitocidal properties of igg targeting the glutamate-gated chloride channel in three mosquito disease vectors (diptera: culicidae). | the glutamate-gated chloride channel (glucl) is a highly sensitive insecticide target of the avermectin class of insecticides. as an alternative to using chemical insecticides to kill mosquitoes, we tested the effects of purified immunoglobulin g (igg) targeting the extracellular domain of glucl from anopheles gambiae (agglucl) on the survivorship of three key mosquito disease vectors: anopheles gambiae s.s., aedes aegypti and culex tarsalis. when administered through a single blood meal, anti-a ... | 0 | 25994632 |
| repellent efficacy of deet, mygga, neem (azedirachta indica) oil and chinaberry (melia azedarach) oil against anopheles arabiensis, the principal malaria vector in ethiopia. | in ethiopia, anopheles arabiensis is the main vector responsible for the transmission of malaria in the country and its control mainly involves application of indoor residual spraying (irs) and use of insecticide-treated bed nets (itns). | 2015 | 25935845 |
| parasites and vectors of malaria on rusinga island, western kenya. | there is a dearth of information on malaria endemicity in the islands of lake victoria in western kenya. in this study malaria prevalence and plasmodium sporozoite rates on rusinga island were investigated. the contribution of different anopheles species to indoor and outdoor transmission of malaria was also determined. | 2015 | 25928743 |
| underestimation of foraging behaviour by standard field methods in malaria vector mosquitoes in southern africa. | defining the anopheline mosquito vectors and their foraging behaviour in malaria endemic areas is crucial for disease control and surveillance. the standard protocol for molecular identification of host blood meals in mosquitoes is to morphologically identify fed mosquitoes and then perform polymerase chain reaction (pcr), precipitin tests, or elisa assays. the purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the feeding rate and human blood indices (hbis) of malaria vectors were under ... | 2015 | 25927429 |
| sequence analysis of insecticide action and detoxification-related genes in the insect pest natural enemy pardosa pseudoannulata. | the pond wolf spider pardosa pseudoannulata, an important natural predatory enemy of rice planthoppers, is found widely distributed in paddy fields. however, data on the genes involved in insecticide action, detoxification, and response are very limited for p. pseudoannulata, which inhibits the development and appropriate use of selective insecticides to control insect pests on rice. we used transcriptome construction from adult spider cephalothoraxes to analyze and manually identify genes encon ... | 2015 | 25923714 |
| balancing drug resistance and growth rates via compensatory mutations in the plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter. | the widespread use of chloroquine to treat plasmodium falciparum infections has resulted in the selection and dissemination of variant haplotypes of the primary resistance determinant pfcrt. these haplotypes have encountered drug pressure and within-host competition with wild-type drug-sensitive parasites. to examine these selective forces in vitro, we genetically engineered p. falciparum to express geographically diverse pfcrt haplotypes. variant alleles from the philippines (ph1 and ph2, which ... | 2015 | 25898991 |
| the influence of dams on malaria transmission in sub-saharan africa. | the construction of dams in sub-saharan africa is pivotal for food security and alleviating poverty in the region. however, the unintended adverse public health implications of extending the spatial distribution of water infrastructure are poorly documented and may minimize the intended benefits of securing water supplies. this paper reviews existing studies on the influence of dams on the spatial distribution of malaria parasites and vectors in sub-saharan africa. common themes emerging from th ... | 2015 | 25894956 |
| mosquito host preferences affect their response to synthetic and natural odour blends. | the anthropophilic malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (hereafter termed anopheles gambiae) primarily takes blood meals from humans, whereas its close sibling anopheles arabiensis is more opportunistic. previous studies have identified several compounds that play a critical role in the odour-mediated behaviour of an. gambiae. this study determined the effect of natural and synthetic odour blends on mosquitoes with different host preferences to better understand the host-seeking beha ... | 2015 | 25889954 |
| genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum isolates based on msp-1 and msp-2 genes from kolla-shele area, arbaminch zuria district, southwest ethiopia. | the genetic diversity of plasmodium falciparum has been extensively studied in various countries. however, limited data are available from ethiopia. this study was conducted to evaluate the extent of genetic diversity of p. falciparum in kolla-shele, in the southwest of ethiopia. | 2015 | 25889847 |
| the physicochemical and environmental factors affecting the distribution of anopheles merus along the kenyan coast. | members of the anopheles gambiae complex are the main transmitters of malaria. anopheles merus is a member of the complex found along the kenyan coast because it breeds in saline waters. an entomological study was conducted in garithe malindi district, to investigate the physicochemical and environmental factors affecting the distribution of an. merus. | 2015 | 25889775 |