Publications

circumsporozoite gene of plasmodium cynomolgi (gombak):cdna cloning and expression of the repetitive circumsporozoite epitope.	we report the identification, sequence, and expression in escherichia coli of the immunodominant epitope of the circumsporozoite (cs) gene of plasmodium cynomolgi (gombak), a simian malaria parasite. this epitope is encoded by a dna sequence that is tandemly repeated 10 times in the cdna clone. subclones that contain and express only repeats and in variable number have been constructed. we show that the binding of a specific anti-cs protein monoclonal antibody correlates positively with the numb ...	1984	6209717
biology of the simian malarias of southeast asia. ii. the susceptibility of some malaysian mosquitoes to infection with five strains of plasmodium cynomolgi.		1966	5969101
[comparative studies of the development of plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii in anopheles stephensi and a. albimanus].		1968	5715367
transformation of the plasmodium cynomolgi oocyst.		1971	5547075
plasmodium cynomolgi: x-irradiation and development of exo-erythrocytic schizonts in macaca mulatta.		1970	5499672
a note on the effects of antimalarial drugs on the sporogonous cycle of plasmodium cynomolgi in anopheles stephensi.		1970	5483911
plasmodium cynomolgi: sources of variation in susceptibility of anopheles quadrimaculatus, a. balabacensis, and a. stephensi.		1970	5413008
[the use of plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii in serodiagnosis, by means of immune-fluorescence, of human malaria].		1965	5334893
[the evolution of fluorescent antibodies in monkeys in the course of an experimental infection with plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii].		1971	5005960
the action of 'terramycin' on the primary exoerythrocytic development of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium cynomolgi ceylonensis.		1971	4993964
[studies on immunity and serological reactions in monkeys after infection with plasmodium cynomolgi bastianelli].		1970	4990718
fine structure of the exoerythrocytic stage of plasmodium cynomolgi.	the light microscopy of primate exoerythrocytic stages (liver stage) of malaria is well described. this report demonstrates the ultrastructure of the 7-day exoerythrocytic stage of plasmodium cynomolgi in the liver of a rhesus monkey.	1970	4990053
the activities of chlorinated lincomycin derivatives against infections with plasmodium cynomolgi in macaca mulatta.		1970	4984584
activity of chlorinated lincomycin analogues against plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys.		1969	4978594
increased virulence of plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii in the rhesus monkey.		1969	4978542
immunological studies with simian malarias. i. antigenic variants of plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii.		1969	4978046
activities of trimethoprim against infections with pyrimethamine susceptible and resistant strains of plasmodium cynomolgi.		1969	4976952
antimalarial activity of tetrahydrohomopteroic acid.	tetrahydrohomopteroic acid, an analog of tetrahydrofolic acid, shows antimalarial activity against plasmodium cynomolgi and a pyrimethamine-resistant variant of this organism.	1967	4960875
fluorescent-antibody studies on simian malaria. ii. development of antibodies to plasmodium cynomolgi.		1967	4960704
morphological characteristics of the sporogonous cycle of plasmodium cynomolgi in anopheles stephensi.		1970	4904946
[cross serological reactions between plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii. application to the serodiagnosis, by immunofluorescence, of human plasmodium falciparum malaria].		1966	4860834
plasmodium cynomolgi: the comparative infectiousness of individual rhesus monkeys.		1973	4632461
plasmodium cynomolgi malaria: accidental human infection.		1973	4631763
studies on the prophylactic and radical curative activity of rc-12 against plasmodium cynomolgi in macaca mulatta.	the compound 4-(2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,1,7,7-tetraethyldiethylenetriamine (rc-12) has been shown to be active against the exoerythrocytic (ee) stages of the malaria parasite. experiments on plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys showed that single weekly doses of 25 mg per kg of body weight would prevent the development and/or maturation of ee stages. the usefulness of rc-12 for effecting radical cures is, however, still open to doubt.	1972	4631044
studies on the transmission of simian malaria. v. infection and transmission of the b strain of plasmodium cynomolgi.		1972	4626891
immunization of monkeys against plasmodium cynomolgi by x-irradiated sporozoites.		1972	4624244
destruction of erythrocytes in monkeys (macaca mulatta) infected with plasmodium cynomolgi.		1972	4621818
gametocytocidal and sporontocidal effects of antimalarial drugs on malaria parasites. ii. action of the folic reductase inhibitors, chlorguanide, and pyrimethamine against plasmodium cynomolgi.		1974	4413531
[susceptibility of various anopheles species to the pathogenic agent of simian malaria, plasmodium cynomolgi bastinelli].		1968	4386476
biology of the simian malarias of southeast asia. iv. sporogony of four strains of plasmodium cynomolgi.		1966	4381841
biology of the simian malarias of southeast asia. 3. sporogony of the cambodian strain of plasmodium cynomolgi.		1966	4381840
studies on the antimalarial effects of rc-12 and wr 14,997 on the development of plasmodium cynomolgi in mosquitoes and rhesus monkeys.		1974	4207342
accidental human infection with plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii.		1973	4207080
plasmodium cynomolgi: influence of x-irradiation and sporozoite dilution on relapse patterns in infected rhesus monkeys.		1974	4206933
letter: the antimalarial activity of rc-12 against gametocytes and sporogony of plasmodium cynomolgi.		1973	4204929
gametocytocidal and sporontocidal effects of antimalarial drugs on malaria parasites. i. effect of single and multiple doses of primaquine on plasmodium cynomolgi.		1973	4200769
immune response of man to inoculation with plasmodium cynomolgi and challenge with p. vivax.		1966	4161488
detection of early exoerythrocytic schizonts of plasmodium cynomolgi by immunofluorescence.		1973	4123941
infection of aotus azarae boliviensis monkeys with the ro strain of plasmodium cynomolgi.		1985	4093822
antimalarial activities and subacute toxicity of rc-12, a 4-amino-substituted pyrocatechol.	rc-12 [1,2-dimethoxy-4-(bis-diethylaminoethyl)-amino-5-bromobenzene] was evaluated for prophylactic, radical curative, and suppressive activities against infections with plasmodium cynomolgi and subacute toxicity in rhesus monkeys. applied as a prophylactic agent, rc-12, administered in doses of 6.25 to 25.0 mg/kg daily throughout the incubation period, provided near-complete to complete protection against 10(5) to 10(6) times the minimum infective dose of sporozoites. applied as a suppressive a ...	1985	4091527
[therapeutic effect of pyronaridine given intragastrically on plasmodium cynomolgi-infected rhesus monkeys].		1985	4072704
sulfur-interrupted 8-amino side chain analogues of 4-methyl-5-[m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]primaquine as potential antimalarial agents.	two isomeric sulfur-interrupted 8-amino side chain analogues of 4-methyl-5-[m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]primaquine (2) were prepared and tested for antimalarial activity. the compounds were evaluated for blood schizonticidal activity against plasmodium berghei in mice and radical curative activity against plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys. in addition, they were evaluated for causal prophylactic activity against plasmodium berghei yoelii in mice. both compounds were more active and less toxi ...	1985	4068013
4-substituted 5-[m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]primaquine analogues as potential antimalarial agents.	five 4-substituted 5-[m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]primaquine analogues were synthesized and tested for radical curative activity against plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys and for blood schizonticidal antimalarial activity against plasmodium berghei in mice. in addition, they were evaluated for causal prophylactic antimalarial activity against plasmodium berghei yoelii in mice. one compound, 4-ethyl-5-[m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]primaquine (2b), showed radical curative activity equivalent to ...	1985	4067985
observations on early and late post-sporozoite tissue stages in primate malaria. iii. further attempts to find early forms and to correlate hypnozoites with growing exo-erythrocytic schizonts and parasitaemic relapses in plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii infections.	rhesus monkeys were heavily infected with sporozoites of plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii in an attempt to demonstrate the site of invasion of sporozoites into tissue cells and their growth there. further attempts were made to correlate the appearance and loss of hypnozoites with parasitaemic relapses. hypnozoites were demonstrated and once again shown to decrease in numbers over 229 days during which time the infection showed parasitaemic relapses. liver biopsies taken at two-day intervals for ...	1985	4002302
activities of the tetrahydrofuran derivative, ba-41,799, against plasmodium cynomolgi infections in rhesus monkeys.	ba-41,799, a tetrahydrofuran derivative that at one time attracted considerable interest as an antimalarial agent because of a combination of structural novelty with activities against infections with plasmodium berghei and plasmodium berghei yoelii in mice, has been evaluated for its capacities to effect prophylaxis and radical cure in rhesus monkeys challenged or already infected with sporozoites of the drug-susceptible ro strain or the pyrimethamine-resistant ro/pm strain of plasmodium cynomo ...	1985	3985599
antigenic diversity of the circumsporozoite proteins in the plasmodium cynomolgi complex.	antigenic diversity was observed in the circumsporozoite (cs) proteins of five of the six plasmodium cynomolgi isolates (nih, mulligan, london, gombak, ceylon, ro) that we examined. monoclonal antibodies were produced against salivary gland sporozoites of three of the isolates. interaction of these monoclonal antibodies with the sporozoites was isolate specific, the exception being the anti-nih monoclonals which also reacted with mulligan strain sporozoites. inhibition of binding between the dif ...	1985	3982450
enhancement of the curative activity of primaquine by concomitant administration of mirincamycin.	mirincamycin, a lincomycin derivative with unequivocal but limited activity against the pre-erythrocytic and persisting exoerythrocytic stages of plasmodium cynomolgi, has been evaluated for capacity to enhance the radical curative potential of the conventional primaquine-chloroquine combination. established infections with sporozoites of the above plasmodium in rhesus monkeys served this evaluation. the results showed that the dose of primaquine required for cure of 50% of active infections was ...	1985	3885847
the circumsporozoite gene of the plasmodium cynomolgi complex.	an analysis of the circumsporozoite (cs) genes of six closely related plasmodia is presented. like other plasmodial antigens, the cs protein contains tandem repeats flanked by conventional nonrepeated sequences. our analysis shows that the repeats, which encode the immunodominant epitope of the cs protein, diverge more rapidly than the remainder of the gene, and that the maintenance and evolution of the repeats cannot be explained as the result of selection at the protein level. we argue that a ...	1987	3802196
[on the residual activity of pyronaridine against plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys].		1986	3769158
[further studies on the relapse of plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys].		1986	3769157
4,5-disubstituted primaquine analogues as potential antimalarial agents.	three 4,5-disubstituted primaquine analogues were synthesized and evaluated for radical curative activity against plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys. one of the compounds showed moderate activity; however, none of the three compounds were as active as the lead compounds 5-methoxy-4-methylprimaquine and 4-(methoxy-methyl)-5-[m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]primaquine.	1986	3746825
evolutionary profile of the circumsporozoite gene of the plasmodium cynomolgi complex.	the circumsporozoite genes and flanking sequences of the ceylon, gombak, london, nih and mulligan strains of the plasmodium cynomolgi complex were isolated by molecular cloning and compared. about 11,000 bases of the gombak clone were mapped in detail and found to have their exact counterparts in all the other strains. in contrast the epitope-encoding region, a 600-base sequence consisting of short tandem repeats, exhibited no homology with any of the other clones. these findings show that diffe ...	1986	3735434
attenuation of the virulence of the m strain of plasmodium cynomolgi during prolonged multiplication in splenectomized rhesus monkeys.	the primary data in this report showed that prolonged multiplication of the m strain of plasmodium cynomolgi in splenectomized rhesus monkeys led frequently to emergence of parasites whose virulence for monkeys with intact spleens was markedly attenuated while that for splenectomized monkeys was unimpaired. expressions of attenuation regularly included reductions in the height of the peak parasitemia and in some instances failure to induce infection with inocula 1,000-fold those infective for sp ...	1987	3688305
tissue schizontocidal activity of minocycline against a relapsing malaria parasite plasmodium cynomolgi b.		1987	3666853
relapse patterns in plasmodium cynomolgi malaria.		1987	3661833
modifications of primaquine as antimalarials. 4. 5-alkoxy derivatives of primaquine.	thirty-two 5-alkoxyprimaquines have been synthesized and evaluated as blood schizonticides (plasmodium berghei, mouse) and tissue schizonticides (plasmodium cynomolgi, monkey). several of these compounds were extremely active in both screens. such a broad spectrum of antimalarial efficacy offers the possibility of a single drug that could cure the various relapsing and nonrelapsing malarias.	1987	3599024
sequential changes in ifa titres and protein fractions of sera from plasmodium cynomolgi b infected simian hosts.		1986	3570370
[in vitro cultivation of plasmodium cynomolgi bastianelli in hepatocytes of the macaca rhesus].	primary cultures of rhesus monkey were infected with sporozoites of p. c. bastianelli. despite a high level of contamination, two schizonts were seen at days 6 and 11.	1987	3566091
compatibility of relapse patterns of plasmodium cynomolgi infections in rhesus monkeys with continuous cyclical development and hypnozoite concepts of relapse.	this report encompasses the results of two studies on the relapse patterns of infections with the b strain of plasmodium cynomolgi treated repetitively with chloroquine. one study of sizeable dimensions dealt primarily with relapses that occurred within 120 days of onset of patency in infections induced with inocula of 10(5) to 7 x 10(6) sporozoites. the second study, of more limited dimensions, dealt with relapses that occurred over a 689-day period after inoculation with 5 x 10(0) to 5 x 10(6) ...	1986	3538919
genetic selection of a plasmodium-refractory strain of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	the anopheline mosquito is the target in most malaria control programs, primarily through the use of residual insecticides. a mosquito was studied that is refractory to most species of malaria through a genetically controlled mechanism. a strain of anopheles gambiae, which was selected for complete refractoriness to the simian malaria parasite plasmodium cynomolgi, also has varying degrees of refractoriness to most other malaria species examined, including the human parasites p. falciparum, p. o ...	1986	3532325
correlation of survival rates of anopheles dirus a (diptera: culicidae) with different infection densities of plasmodium cynomolgi.	the survival rates are described for 36 paired replicates of anopheles dirus a mosquitos that had been allowed to engorge themselves on rhesus monkeys that were either infected or non-infected with plasmodium cynomolgi. the survival rates of infected mosquitos with a mean number of oocysts less than 10 did not differ significantly from those that were non-infected; however, there was a significant difference in the survival rates of non-infected groups and those with a mean number of oocysts in ...	1986	3493859
[suppressive effect of 3 combinations of antimalarials against plasmodium cynomolgi].		1987	3450444
[study on the treatment of plasmodium cynomolgi infections of the macaque with ketotifen].		1987	3450138
experimental studies on the effect of artesunate sustained released tablet on plasmodium cynomolgi.		1987	3449712
[establishment of plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii-anopheles stephensi-macaca mulatta simian malaria model].		1987	3447780
ultrastructure of the encapsulation of plasmodium cynomolgi (b strain) on the midgut of a refractory strain of anopheles gambiae.	using transmission electron microscopy, we investigated the encapsulation of the simian malaria parasite, plasmodium cynomolgi, in a refractory strain of the mosquito, anopheles gambiae. after the ookinete penetrates the mosquito midgut epithelium and lodges between the basal membrane and the basal lamina, an electron-dense, melanin-like substance begins to coalesce around the parasite. completely encapsulated parasites were found as early as 16 hr after the blood meal. granules of the melanin-l ...	1988	3379524
[detection of antibodies to vivax-malaria by elisa using in vitro cultured erythrocytic plasmodium cynomolgi as antigen].		1988	3289786
peptide derivatives of primaquine as potential antimalarial agents.	three peptide derivatives of primaquine were synthesized. the compounds were tested for radical curative antimalarial activity against plasmodium cynomolgi in rhesus monkeys and blood schizonticidal antimalarial activity against plasmodium berghei in mice. all three peptide derivatives showed activity against p. cynomolgi greater than that expected for the primaquine content of each prodrug. the toxicity of one of the peptide derivatives was less than that of primaquine in mice.	1988	3280798
observations on early and late post-sporozoite tissue stages in primate malaria. v. the effect of pyrimethamine and proguanil upon tissue hypnozoites and schizonts of plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii.	two rhesus monkeys were each infected with 2.1 x 10(6) sporozoites of plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii; one was treated with 1.0 mg of pyrimethamine base per kg body weight for 5 d after sporozoite inoculation. a further 2 monkeys were each infected with 9.75 x 10(6) sporozoites of the same parasite; one was treated with 10 mg of proguanil per kg body weight for 4 out of 5 d after inoculation. the treated monkeys showed a delayed primary parasitaemia and relapses. in sections of liver biopsies ...	1988	3250556
cultivation of exoerythrocytic stages of plasmodium cynomolgi, p. knowlesi, p. coatneyi, and p. inui in macaca mulatta hepatocytes.	exoerythrocytic stage parasites of plasmodium cynomolgi, p. knowlesi, p. coatneyi, and p. inui were cultured by inoculating primary cultures of hepatocytes from macaca mulatta with sporozoites. less than 1% of inoculated sporozoites survived. morphology and size of the liver stages in all 4 species were similar to in vivo descriptions and the time required for in vitro maturation correlated well with prepatent periods described.	1988	3207173
human interferon-gamma protects rhesus monkeys against sporozoite-induced plasmodium cynomolgi malaria infection.	earlier we reported that prophylactic treatment with recombinant human interferon gamma (rhuifn-gamma) for a prolonged duration completely suppressed experimental infection with plasmodium cynomolgi b sporozoites in rhesus monkeys. we now show that reducing the rhuifn-gamma treatment to three administrations given close to the time (on days -1, 0, and +1) of infection was sufficient for complete protection. animals initially protected by rhuifn-gamma treatment are susceptible to reinfection. stu ...	1988	3132512
recombinant human gamma interferon inhibits simian malaria.	prophylactic treatment with 0.1 mg of human gamma interferon per kg (body weight) per day completely suppressed experimental infection with plasmodium cynomolgi b sporozoites in rhesus monkeys. treatment with lower doses partially suppressed this infection. prophylactic treatment with human gamma interferon, however, had no protective effect against trophozoite-induced infection, suggesting that the interferon effect was limited to the exoerythrocytic stage of parasitic development.	1986	3091507
does biased gene conversion influence polymorphism in the circumsporozoite protein-encoding gene of plasmodium vivax?	variation between north korean and latin american isolates in the circumsporozoite (cs) protein encoding gene of the human malaria parasite plasmodium vivax was studied. polymorphic positions are confined to the central tandemly repeated sequences. nucleotide substitutions in the tandem repeats produce variants; these substituted positions within the repeat array tend to be conserved between genes. the north korean cs gene has a short insertion after the repeats encoding a 4-amino acid repeat (a ...	1988	3054880
[action of nitroquine on tissue schizonts of plasmodium cynomolgi].		1986	2945393
in vitro activity of antimalarial compounds on the exoerythrocytic stages of plasmodium cynomolgi and p. knowlesi.	primary cultures of macaca mulatta hepatocytes infected with sporozoites of plasmodium knowlesi, p. cynomolgi (cambodian strain), and p. cynomolgi bastianellii were exposed in vitro to 7 antimalarial compounds. the number of exoerythrocytic schizonts present after 4-7 days of culture was used to assess the activity. with pyrimethamine, proguanil, cycloguanil, primaquine, and 2 of its analogues (wr242511 and wr238605), marked inhibition of schizont formation could be achieved at concentrations be ...	1989	2929849
localization of circumsporozoite antigen in exoerythrocytic schizonts of plasmodium cynomolgi.	we used colloidal gold probes and post-embedding immunoelectron microscopy to localize circumsporozoite (cs) antigen in 5- and 8-day-old in vitro cultures of plasmodium cynomolgi exoerythrocytic (ee) schizonts. both small uninucleated and large multinucleated ee schizonts were found in 5-day-old cultures. a mouse monoclonal antibody to the repeat region of the p. cynomolgi cs protein densely labeled the plasma membrane and surface of 5-day-old ee schizonts as well as the surrounding parasitophor ...	1989	2919723
the genome of plasmodium cynomolgi is partitioned into separable domains which appear to differ in sequence stability.	the genome of plasmodium cynomolgi is partitioned into at least 7 distinct genetic domains. each domain is apparently uniform in dna density and is separable from the others by cscl density centrifugation in the presence of hoechst dye. the protein-encoding genes that were tested are localized in the two heaviest density domains (isochores). the ribosomal genes are in two lighter isochores as well as in one of the isochores that contains protein encoding genes. telomeric sequences are mainly, if ...	1988	2837737
in-vitro exoerythrocytic development of plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii: inhibitory activity of monoclonal antibodies against sporozoites of different p. cynomolgi strains and of p. knowlesi.	the inhibitory effect of anti-sporozoite monoclonal antibodies (moab) on the in-vitro development of liver stages of plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii (nih strain) was evaluated using primary cultures of rhesus monkey hepatocytes. moabs against the circumsporozoite proteins of five strains of p. cynomolgi (nih, london, gombak, ceylon, berok), and of p. knowlesi (h strain) were used. incubation of sporozoites of p. cynomolgi bastianellii with the anti-nih strain moabs entirely prevented liver-sta ...	1989	2771427
artemisinin (qinghaosu)--a new gametocytocidal drug for malaria.	gametocytocidal activity of artemisinin (qinghaosu) has been demonstrated against simian malaria parasite plasmodium cynomolgi b. colony-bred anopheles stephensi were allowed to feed on gametocyte-carrying rhesus monkeys and the mosquito infectivity rate and oocyst count of the infected mosquito gut were recorded on day 8-9 postinfection. control (pretreatment) feedings of mosquito on gametocyte-carrying monkeys showed good infectivity in different batches of the mosquitoes ranging from 57.14 to ...	1989	2766860
association of a plasmodium-refractory phenotype with an esterase locus in anopheles gambiae.	in a genetically selected strain of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae, most species of plasmodium parasites are surrounded by melanized capsules and killed in the wall of the mosquito midgut. genetic studies demonstrate a significant association between the refractory response to plasmodium cynomolgi b strain and the est a allele at an autosomal esterase locus. increased susceptibility to parasites is associated with an alternate est c allele. lines selected to be homozygous for the est a and ...	1989	2742037
a general system of resistance to malaria infection in anopheles gambiae controlled by two main genetic loci.	genetic analysis of a system of plasmodium refractoriness in anopheles gambia suggests that the joint action of 2 unlinked genetic loci substantially controls expression of the susceptible and refractory phenotypes. one genetic component, here named pif-b (for plasmodium infectivity factor), is closely linked or identical to a polymorphic autosomal esterase locus which can be visualized by gel electrophoresis. this locus exerts the major controlling effect on susceptibility to plasmodium cynomol ...	1989	2742036
radical curative activity of a new 8-aminoquinoline derivative (cdri 80/53) against plasmodium cynomolgi b in monkeys.	an analogue of primaquine, n1-(3-acetyl-4-5-dihydro-2-furanyl)-n4-(6-methoxy-8-quinolinyl) 1,4-pentanediamine, cdri code 80/53), has been evaluated for anti-relapse activity against sporozoite induced plasmodium cynomolgi b infection in rhesus monkeys. the compound has shown 100% curative anti-relapse activity at 1.25 mg/kg x 7 day dose schedule, thereby giving a primaquine index of 0.8. the compound is currently under phase-i clinical trials.	1989	2641640
infectivity studies on anopheles stephensi using plasmodium cynomolgi b infection in rhesus monkeys.	the characteristics of primary and secondary asexual peak parasitaemia during sporozoite induced plasmodium cynomolgi b infections in 40 rhesus monkeys have been studied. colony bred anopheles stephensi were fed on different days on the gametocyte carrying monkeys and the infectivity of mosquitoes as determined by oocyst count on day 8 post-feeding was recorded. following the day of sporozoite inoculation, the mean prepatent period was 8.58 +/- 0.87 days. the primary asexual peak was attained on ...	1989	2623421
enhancement of in vitro infectivity of simian malaria sporozoites to hepatocytes by centrifugation.	sporozoites of plasmodium cynomolgi, plasmodium knowlesi, and plasmodium coatneyi were deposited onto monolayers of hepatocytes from rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). when sporozoites were centrifuged (1,600 g for 5 min), 4-13-fold more schizonts were observed than were found in noncentrifuged control cultures. centrifugation of hepatocyte monolayers before adding sporozoites did not modify the number of parasites.	1989	2614610
comparison of antimalarial efficacy of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and arteether against plasmodium cynomolgi b infection in monkeys.	arteether (30:70 mixture of alpha and beta epimers) used as injectable intramuscular preparation (in neutralized ground-nut oil) had curative action at 5 mg/kg x 3 d against blood-induced plasmodium cynomolgi b infection in rhesus monkeys, while the curative dose of artemisinin (qinghaosu) oil suspension was 10 mg/kg x 7 d or 20 mg/kg x 3 d. parasite clearance with arteether was achieved within 24 h. neither arteether nor artemisinin exhibited any causal prophylactic or radical curative action u ...	1989	2603208
[comparison in susceptibility of anopheles dirus and anopheles stephensi to b strain of plasmodium cynomolgi].	this paper reports on the comparative susceptibility of a. dirus (hainan strain) and a. stephensi (hor strain) to the b strain of p. cynomolgi in paired feeding experiments. in the most susceptible infective period, the infection rate in midgut and salivary gland of the two species was over 90%, the difference is not statistically significant. in relatively infective period, three experiments were performed, the infection rate in midgut of a. dirus was 24.4-60.4% with an average of 46.5% (53/114 ...	1989	2591037
antimalarial activity of demeclocycline against plasmodium cynomolgi bastianellii in rhesus monkeys.	demeclocycline was tested for causal prophylactic (at 25, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 dose levels), radical curative (at 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1 dose levels) and blood schizontocidal (at 25, 50 and 100 mg-1 dose levels) activities against plasmodium cynomolgi b in rhesus monkeys. for causal prophylactic activity, demeclocycline extended the prepatent period at all dose levels. the maximum delay in patency was observed at 100 mg kg-1 (prepatent period = 40.66 +/- 14.57 days). for radical curative acti ...	1989	2513785
ultrastructural localization of phenoloxidase in the midgut of refractory anopheles gambiae and association of the enzyme with encapsulated plasmodium cynomolgi.	a melanogenic enzyme, phenoloxidase, was localized ultrastructurally in the midgut epithelia of 2 strains of anopheles gambiae, a refractory strain that melanotically encapsulates plasmodium cynomolgi ookinetes on the midgut, and a susceptible strain that does not. midguts were incubated with either dopa or dopamine, and the resultant electron-dense product of phenoloxidase activity was localized on the basal lamina (bl) and cellular basal membrane labyrinth (bml) in uninfected mosquitoes of bot ...	1989	2503600
characterization of cross-reactive blood-stage antigens of the plasmodium cynomolgi complex using anti-plasmodium vivax monoclonal antibodies.	five out of 18 monoclonal antibodies (moab's) produced against blood stages of a brazilian (belem) strain of plasmodium vivax were shown to cross-react with all of the 11 strains of the p. cynomolgi complex that were assayed. the 5 moab's produced 3 different patterns of immunofluorescence, identical for both p. vivax and p. cynomolgi. three of these moab's appeared to react with antigens associated with the cytoplasm or membranes of infected erythrocytes. by western blot analysis, 2 of these 3 ...	1988	2454311
further studies on the antigenic diversity of the circumsporozoite proteins of the plasmodium cynomolgi complex.	the circumsporozoite (cs) proteins of strains of the plasmodium cynomolgi complex have been examined using antisporozoite monoclonal antibodies (mab) in various immunologic assays. we found extensive antigenic diversity in the repeating immunodominant epitope of the cs proteins of the various strains. based on the antigenicity and the electrophoretic mobility of their cs protein, the 11 strains that we examined can be placed in 7 distinct groups. our data also indicate homology between the immun ...	1986	2422969
circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax: gene cloning and characterization of the immunodominant epitope.	the gene encoding the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of the human malaria parasite plasmodium vivax has been cloned. the deduced sequence of the protein consists of 373 amino acids with a central region of 19 tandem repeats of the nonapeptide asp-arg-ala-asp/ala-gly-gln-pro-ala-gly. a synthetic 18-amino acid peptide containing two tandem repeats binds to a monoclonal antibody directed to the cs protein of plasmodium vivax and inhibits the interaction of this antibody with the native protein in sp ...	1985	2414847
causal prophylactic activity of a new 8-aminoquinoline derivative against plasmodium cynomolgi b in rhesus monkeys.	a new 8-aminoquinoline derivative, n1-(3-acetyl-4-5-dihydro-2 furanyl)-n4-(6-methoxy-8-quinolinyl)1,4-pentanediamine, synthesized at cdri, lucknow, showed causal prophylactic activity at 3.16 mg/kg x 3 doses (on day -1, 0 and +1) against sporozoite induced p. cynomolgi b infection in rhesus monkeys. single dose of 10 mg/kg of this compound on day 0 also prevented establishment of patient infection. activity of the compound was comparable to that of primaquine (with causal prophylactic activity a ...	1990	2397941
plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis circumsporozoite gene structure and its implications for the evolution of the repeat regions.	the circumsporozoite (cs) gene encodes the most immunogenic component of the plasmodial sporozoites. the immunodominant epitope-encoding domain of the cs gene shows sequences that are repeated in tandem. a detailed analysis of the cs repeats of certain closely related malaria parasites (strains of plasmodium cynomolgi, plasmodium knowlesi, and plasmodium vivax) showed that they evolve rapidly yet are well conserved within the gene. we were interested in studying whether the cs repeats of plasmod ...	1990	2290446
gametocytocidal activity of the antimalarial alpha/beta arteether against plasmodium cynomolgi b.	a new sesquiterpene lactone alpha/beta arteether (a 30:70 mixture of enantiomers), which possesses very high blood schizontocidal activity, has been evaluated for gametocytocidal/sporontocidal action against plasmodium cynomolgi b infection in the rhesus monkey. this paper reports gametocytocidal action of this new antimalarial drug at 2.5-5 mg/kg (single im dose) against p. cynomologi b as shown by the complete absence of mosquito infectivity. no sporontocidal action was demonstrable in the vec ...	1990	2267960
natural killer activity against human k562 tumour cells during plasmodium cynomolgi malarial infection of rhesus monkeys.	this study assessed the natural killer (nk) cell activity profile during plasmodium cynomolgi infection in rhesus monkeys. there was a significant decrease in the nk cell activity in the peripheral blood leukocytes of infected monkeys during the early, ascending phase of infection. however, as the parasite load decreased, nk cell activity returned to normal levels. this could be correlated with the peak increase in lymphocyte counts. this indicated that a decrease in nk cell activity observed at ...	1990	2257166
study of the gametocytocidal/sporontocidal action of qinghaosu (artemisinin) by electron microscopy.	the gametocytocidal efficacy of artemisinin (qinghaosu) was evaluated and scanning electron microscopical evidence is given for gametocytocidal action of a single 5-10-mg/kg dose of artemisinin against simian malarial parasite (plasmodium cynomolgi b). no sporontocidal effect of artemisinin was observed.	1990	2254819
[effect of artesunate transdermal preparation on plasmodium cynomolgi].	artensunate transdermal preparation at 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg, bid, for 3 days applied locally on the shaved skin of the back of monkeys showed reliable therapeutic effects on plasmodium cynomolgi, but recrudescence of the parasites was not controlled. if some azone was added in the artesunate transdermal preparation at the dosage of 5 mg/kg, bid, for 3 days, the parasitemia of plasmodium cynomolgi could be cleared and recrudescence prevented, thus, the antimalarial effects was enhanced.	1990	2239338
plasmodium cynomolgi: serum-mediated blocking and enhancement of infectivity to mosquitoes during infections in the natural host, macaca sinica.	the infectivity of plasmodium cynomolgi in its natural host, the toque monkey, macaca sinica, to anopheles tessellatus mosquitoes was studied in relation to the evolution of anti-sexual-stage immunity in the host during the course of a blood-induced infection. the effects of serum on the infectivity of gametocytes and the intrinsic infectivity of gametocytes to mosquitoes on each day were assessed in membrane feeding experiments. mosquitoes were also directly fed on the animal on each day. our r ...	1990	2209788
homologous sequences in plasmodium cynomolgi and the gene of the histidine-rich knob protein of plasmodium falciparum.		1990	2183051
the role of cytokines in malaria infection.	we have tested the prophylactic effect of escherichia coli-derived recombinant human interferon gamma (rhuifn-(gamma] against sporozoite- or trophozoite-induced plasmodium cynomolgi b malaria infection in rhesus monkeys. data show that treatment with only five doses of rhuifn-(gamma) (0.1 mg/kg body weight) given on days -2, 0, and +2 after infection protected the monkeys against sporozoite-induced p. cynomolgi infection. animals initially protected by rhuifn-(gamma) treatment remained susceptib ...	1990	2128826