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the lipid composition of blood and culture forms of trypanosoma lewisi and trypanosoma rhodesiense compared with that of their environment. 19705440923
comparative studies on blood-stream and culture forms of trypanosoma lewisi. ii. biochemical composition. 19705435731
intracellular stages of trypanosoma lewisi in fleas and attempts to find such stages in other trypanosome species. 19695374709
intracellular stages of trypanosoma lewisi in fleas and attempts to find such stages in other trypanosome species. 19695357319
cultivation of trypanosoma lewisi in a dialysate medium. i. amino acid alterations during growth. 19695347604
trypanosoma lewisi infection in the rat: effect of adenine.the reproductive activity of trypanosoma lewisi was strikingly enhanced and sometimes prolonged for 2 days when sublethal doses of adenine were given to rats. the drug was effective when given for 5 or 7 days in the diet and/or intraperitoneally, starting one or two days before infection through two days after infection. peak parasitemia was also enhanced. in terms of host immunity, daily sublethal doses of adenine given to rats within two days before or after infection with t. lewisi significan ...19715276290
[comparative studies of the desoxythymidylate synthesis in plasmodium chabaudi, trypanosoma gambiense and trypanosoma lewisi]. 19705275559
the effect of the immunosuppressive agent cyclophosphamide on igg levels and parasite number in experimental trypanosomiasis. 19715003594
[reaction of the mouse to serotherapy and infection with trypanosoma lewisi]. 19715002625
[analysis and preparation of antigens from trypanosoma lewisi]. 19694987192
[trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice following their sensitization with trypanosoma lewisi]. 19694976979
further studies on antigenic changes in trypanosoma lewisi. 19684975999
[protection induced in albino rats by the non-hydrosoluble fraction of trypanosoma lewisi against infection by the homologous strain]. 19714949103
[experimental infection in mastomys natalensis (smith 1834) with trypanosoma species of the lewisi-congolense and brucei-evansi groups]. 19714946451
studies on the prevelence and effect of trypanosoma lewisi infection in finnish rats. 19714945234
trypanosoma lewisi: in vitro behavior of rat spleen cells. 19714944992
the effects of antilymphocytic serum (als) on trypanosoma lewisi infection. 19714943629
[some data on zooflagellate ribosomes]. 19714942544
carnitine acetyltransferase activity in trypanosoma lewisi. 19714941537
[protection of mice with trypanosoma lewisi antigen and its fractions against experimental trypanosoma cruzi infection]. 19724630386
trypanosoma lewisi: production of exoantigens during infection in the rat. 19724626124
letter: trypanosomiasis in rats with trichinosis. 19744617351
comparison of the effects of neonatal thymectomy on plasmodium berghei, trypanosoma lewisi and trypanosoma cruzi infection in the albino rat. 19744611081
trypanosoma lewisi: ultrastructural changes in rat liver. 19744611080
trypanosoma lewisi: characteristics of an antigen which induced ablastic antibody. 19744609788
isoenzymic differences between culture forms of trypanosoma rangeli, t. cruzi, and t. lewisi. 19744608715
ultrastructure of trypanosoma lewisi, localization and alterations in rat liver. 19734599886
physiological and antigenic changes in trypanosoma lewisi mediated by epinephrine. 19734596409
comparative studies on the persistence of trypanosoma (herpetosoma) musculi and t.(h.) lewisi in immune hosts. 19734593644
the relative activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in bloodstream trypanosomes. 19734593642
[interferon-inducing capability of trypanosoma lewisi]. 19734593361
trypanosoma lewisi: oxygen uptake of rat liver mitochondria. 19734589787
preliminary study of a trypanosoma lewisi-like parasite of rats in chiang mai, thailand. 19734588621
survival and growth pattern of trypanosoma lewisi in two heterologous hosts: albino mouse and guinea-pig. 19724587804
trypanosome identification by electrophoresis of soluble enzymes. 19734583509
trypanosoma lewisi: electron microscopy of the infected spleen. 19734583054
[identification of a laboratory strain hitherto believed to be trypanosoma lewisi (author's transl)]. 19734582780
[fractional makeup of the lipids in cultures of trypanosoma lewisi i trypanosoma cruzi]. 19724580549
species-characteristic isoenzymes of two aminotransferases in trypanosomes. 19734578888
transport of nucleosides in trypanosoma lewisi. 19734575538
trypanosoma lewisi: cell populations and antibody formation in riboflavin deficient rats. 19734574318
trypanosoma lewisi: termination of pregnancy in the infected rat. 19734570981
electron microscope investigations of the structure of some specimens of the trypanosomidae family in connection with their ability to occur in the dyskinetoplastic state. 1. trypanosoma. 19724563776
trypanosome sterols and their metabolic origins. 19724561635
trypanosoma lewisi: immune spleen cell transfer in rats. 19724559020
some aspects of aminotransferases of trypanosomes. 19724558830
trypanosoma lewisi: influence of sera and peritoneal exudate cells. 19724558416
trypanosoma lewisi: duration of immune state in rats. 19724557723
trypanosoma lewisi: in vitro growth in mammalian cell culture media. 19724552681
trypanosome sterols and their metabolic origins. 19724552279
mechanisms of amino acid transport in trypanosoma lewisi. 19724402092
the lipid metabolism of blood and culture forms of trypanosoma lewisi and trypanosoma rhodesiense. 19714330390
the effects of adrenalectomy and splenectomy on trypanosoma lewisi infection in white rats. 19664288989
inhibition of reproduction in trypanosoma lewisi by ouabain. 19724260966
trypanosoma lewisi: creatine phosphokinase, ornithine carbamyl transferase, atpases, pi, and glucose levels in the rat host. 19684236169
respiratory activity of trypanosoma lewisi during several phases of infection in the rat. 19684236168
interaction of nutrition and infection: trypanosoma lewisi, folic acid levels in sera and tissues of normal and folic acid-deficient rats. 19744215256
lack of protection against trypanosoma cruzi by multiple doses of t. lewisi culture forms. a discussion on some strains of "lewisi". 19744207915
influence of methods of preparation on the infectivity, agglutination, activity, and ultrastructure of bloodstream trypanosomes. 19744206929
chromatographic separation of a rat serum growth factor required by trypanosoma lewisi. 19694180860
mouse serum as an environment for the growth of trypanosoma lewisi. 19684172378
the effect of some amino acids on carbohydrate uptake by trypanosoma lewisi. 19744156217
serologic characterization of the somatic antigens of forms of trypanosoma lewisi from the bloodstream and cultures. 19714107191
monoclonal antibodies to metacyclic stage antigens of trypanosoma cruzi.hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies against the tulahuén strain of trypanosoma cruzi were produced by the fusion of sp2/o-ag 14 myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with irradiated metacyclic trypomastigotes. twenty of the monoclonals synthesized by the hybridomas were identified as igm, 2 as igg1, 10 as igg2a, 3 as igg2b, 4 as igg3, 1 as ige, and 1 as iga. twenty-three of these antibodies had kappa light chains and 18 showed delta chains. twelve of the monoclonal ...19853927760
trypanolytic activity, agglutinins, and opsonins in sera from animals refractory to trypanosoma lewisi.an examination of sera from a range of animals refractory to trypanosoma lewisi showed that some contain trypanolytic activity and agglutinins for this trypanosome. trypanolytic activity was demonstrated in bovine, sheep, and rabbit serum. these sera were shown to also contain agglutinins. the trypanolytic activity in all three sera was abolished by heat inactivation at 56 degrees c for 30 min. studies with bovine serum showed that the lytic activity was totally inhibited by the addition of edta ...19853926649
immunization of rats against trypanosoma lewisi infection. 19853912436
effect of some antibiotics and chemotherapeutics on trypanosoma lewisi infection in albino rats. 19853902989
interaction of nutrition and infection: effect of vitamin b12 deficiency on resistance to trypanosoma lewisi.a metabolic imbalance technique was employed to study vitamin b(12) deficiency in rats infected with trypanosoma lewisi. throughout the observational period, animals on the deficient diet had lowered serum vitamin b(12) levels compared with complete and pair-fed animals. the decline in the level of the vitamin, ten days after the initiation of the experiment, continued progressively until the termination of the study. body weight gains and food consumption in rats on complete, vitamin b(12)-defi ...19853889354
trypanosoma lewisi: restriction of alternative complement pathway c3/c5 convertase activity.the rat parasite trypanosoma lewisi was incubated in vitro with rat or human serum, washed, and extracted in detergent. extracts were fractionated by electrophoresis in denaturing gels, transferred to nitrocellulose, allowed to renature, then immunoblotted with polyclonal antibodies to rat complement component c3 and human complement components c3, c5, and factor b. molecules that reacted with these antibodies were detected in the extracts. fragments of rat c3 were detected in extracts of parasi ...19873556206
the specific anti-parasite immune responses of germ-free and conventional rats infected with trypanosoma lewisi.to test the hypothesis that the rapid immune response of rats to trypanosoma lewisi is elicited by prior exposure to cross-reacting environmental antigens, the early immune response to infection with this nonpathogenic protozoan was studied in germ-free and conventional rats. in germ-free rats, initial levels of both igg and igm were significantly lower than those of conventional rats. after infection, the germ-free rats made more immunoglobulins of both classes, and made them more quickly, than ...19873553515
isoenzyme characterization of trypanosomes of the subgenus herpetosoma.isoenzyme analysis was used to characterize 6 species of trypanosomes of the subgenus herpetosoma using 13 different enzyme systems. the species studied were trypanosoma lewisi, t. musculi, t. grosi, t. microti, t. evotomys and t. nabiasi which cannot be distinguished on morphological grounds. extracts for thin-layer starch-gel electrophoresis were prepared from cultures of insect forms in either schneider's drosophila or grace's insect tissue culture media with foetal calf serum or a nutrient a ...19873547258
elicitation of the reproduction-inhibiting antibody ablastin by serum exoantigens of trypanosoma lewisi.serum exoantigens of trypanosoma lewisi were collected 5 days after infection from immunocompetent (untreated) rats and rats immunosuppressed by treatment with either hydrocortisone acetate or dexamethasone. normal rats were then immunized with pooled, whole exoantigen-containing serum from 1 of these 3 sources plus alum as an adjuvant, and the immune sera produced were tested individually. all contained agglutinating (trypanocidal) antibodies to both antigenic variants of t. lewisi, but only ab ...19863546658
flow cytometric analysis of immunoglobulin and complement component c3 on the surface of trypanosoma lewisi.we have reinvestigated whether surface immunoglobulin (sig) on trypanosoma lewisi is antibody directed toward parasite antigen by using flow cytometry to analyze parasites stained with fluoresceinated f(ab')2 fragments of antibodies to rat igg and igm. we have confirmed that igg antibody to the parasites is present both in the serum of rats and on the surface of parasites between the fourth and twentieth days of infection, that the amount of sig per cell increases as the infection progresses, an ...19863525820
a surface glycoprotein of trypanosoma lewisi binds immunoglobulin g from the serum of uninfected rats.detergent extracts of whole trypanosoma lewisi were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose for immunoblotting analysis. antibody probes to rat immunoglobulin g (igg) and igm detected intact gamma chains, mu chains, and light chains in extracts. the amount of immunoglobulin detected increased as the infection progressed. transfers were also incubated in serum from conventionally reared (crs), specific-pathogen-free (spfs), or germ-free rats before bei ...19863525414
trypanosoma lewisi in liquid culture: findings and comparisons with different types of media. culture medium for trypanosoma lewisi.the culture technique used proved to be more simple and economical than the different culture methods described in literature. this process permits the in vitro growth of parasites for a period long enough (10 days) to determine the possible activity of drugs. on the 10th day the cultures are infectious.19863521672
the occurrence and distribution of alpha-hydroxy-acid dehydrogenase in some members of the order kinetoplastida.ldh-x is the isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase found in mammalian spermatozoa, occurring in cytosolic and mitochondrial locations. gossypol strongly inhibits it, and the spermicidal action of this compound is attributed to the disruption of a reducing shuttle. the flagellated protozoan, trypanosoma cruzi, contains an enzyme activity similar to ldh-x, called alpha-hydroxy-acid dehydrogenase, which is here shown to possess cytosolic and glycosomal components. the glycosome is a microbody-like org ...19863516722
trypanosoma lewisi: stage-specific surface antigens and exoantigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies.the stage-specific expression of surface antigens by trypanosoma lewisi was investigated using monoclonal antibodies directed against this parasite. hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies were produced by the fusion of sp2/0-ag 14 mouse plasmacytomas with spleen cells from rats infected previously with the taliaferro strain of t. lewisi. additivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests indicated the determinant recognized by monoclonal antibody tl40 ...19863514258
the occurrence and localization in trypanosomes and other endo-parasites of an antigen cross-reacting with mitochondrial antibodies of primary biliary cirrhosis.1. a mitochondrion-associated antigen to primary biliary cirrhosis (pbc) in man has been shown by solid-phase radioimmunoassay and immunoautoradiography to occur in several parasitic protozoa (trypanosoma, plasmodium and eimeria spp.) and in the helminths ascaridia galli and nippostrongylus brasiliensis. 2. stercorarian trypanosomes and t. brucei procyclics, with more highly-developed mitochondria, appear to contain more pbc antigen than the salivarian trypomastigote, in accordance with the know ...19873427933
interaction of trace metal contaminants on hematological responses: influence of infection with trypanosoma lewisi.the influence of trace metal contaminants (lead, cadmium, and mercury) on sprague-dawley rats was investigated to determine whether subclinical levels of these metals might have adverse effects on the host's ability to respond to an infective agent.in the present study, a trace metal contaminant-trypanosome system was employed to observe the hematological changes in rats infected with trypanosoma lewisi. the animal groups were: (1) lead (pb), (2) cadmium (cd), (3) mercury (hg), and (4) controls ...19873295265
interaction of nutrition and infection: macrophage activity in vitamin b12-deficient rats infected with trypanosoma lewisi.macrophage activity was studied in rats infected with trypanosoma lewisi in three protocol groups: one group was fed complete diet, a second group was given a vitamin b(12)-deficient diet, and a third group was fed a pair-fed control (calorically restricted) diet. throughout the observational period, in animals fed complete and pairfed diets, marked increases in acid phosphatase levels in peritoneal macrophages were directly related to the degree of parasitemia. acid phosphatase levels in rats d ...19873295263
in vitro cultivation of herpetosoma trypanosomes on embryonic fibroblasts and in semidefined cell-free medium.microtus agrestis embryo fibroblasts (maef) support the survival and multiplication at 37 c of the mammalian multiplicative forms of the herpetosoma trypanosomes trypanosoma microti, t. evotomys, t. musculi, and t. lewisi passaged from cultures on schneider's drosophila medium and of t. grosi from grace's medium. maef layers with parasites were maintained for a period of over 5 mo. a semidefined cell-free medium also supported the multiplication (at 37 c) of the mammalian forms of the same trypa ...19883288740
trypanosoma lewisi: effects of trace metal contaminants on immunological responses.the effects of trace metal contaminants (lead, cadmium, and mercury) on the immunologic responses of rats infected with trypanosoma lewisi were investigated to determine whether chronic exposures to subclinical levels of these metals have adverse effects on the host's ability to respond to an infective agent.earlier and higher levels of parasitemia were detected in animals exposed to cadmium, lead, and mercury. the variability in length of trypanosome cells in metal-exposed animals became consta ...19883150464
in vitro cultivation of herpetosoma trypanosomes in insect cell tissue culture media.the cultivation of herpetosoma trypanosomes in insect tissue culture media supplemented with foetal calf serum is described. trypanosoma lewisi and t. musculi, which can be grown in blood agar media, were compared with four other species of herpetosoma trypanosomes, t. microti, t. evotomys, t. grosi and t. nabiasi, in their growth in schneider's drosophila medium, grace's, mitsuhashi-maramorosch, rpmi 1640, tcm 199 and nutrient blood agar media. schneider's drosophila and grace's media supplemen ...19873101063
kinetoplast dna in trypanosomid flagellates. 19863082787
trypanosoma lewisi: study of the activity of lonidamine in vitro and in vivo in rats. 19883069222
bent helical structure in trypanosoma lewisi minicircles.by gel retardation assay and computational analysis we demonstrated a bent region in trypanosoma lewisi, localized in two different classes of minicircles. we showed that in each minicircle this bent region is unique, adjacent to one of two highly conserved regions and characterized by adenine stretches. the same properties are conserved in the majority of minicircles from trypanosomes tested so far. therefore, we suggest that the genetic information could be located in a definite structure of m ...19883066494
a comparative study of d-lactate, l-lactate and glycerol formation by four species of leishmania and by trypanosoma lewisi and trypanosoma brucei gambiense.leishmania braziliensis panamensis, l. donovani, l. major, and l. mexicana amazonensis promastigotes, trypanosoma lewisi bloodstream forms, and t. brucei gambiense procyclic forms were incubated with glucose as sole carbon source. all species consumed glucose more rapidly under aerobic than anaerobic conditions. all produced glycerol under anaerobic conditions, though the rate of glycerol production by t. lewisi was markedly lower than that by the other species. the four leishmania species produ ...19883054535
a general survey of blood and tissue parasites of some rodents in arbil province, iraq.in a survey of blood and tissue parasites from 233 mice and rats, consisting of 105 specimens of house mice (mus musculus), 99 black rats (rattus rattus), and 29 norway rats (rattus norvegicus), collected from different localities of arbil province, northern iraq, trypanosoma lewisi was found in 7 (7.07%) of 99 r. rattus and in 5 (17.86%) of 29 r. norvegicus, while trypanosoma musculi was found in 4 (3.80%) of 105 m. musculus and this is the first record of this trypanosome from rodents in iraq. ...19883052538
cooperative action of complement component c3 and phagocytic effector cells in innate murine resistance to trypanosoma lewisi.mice display strong natural resistance to the rat-specific trypanosoma lewisi. intravenously injected intact t. lewisi parasites were eliminated by mice within 18 to 24 h. in comparison, "nude" t. lewisi organisms lacking the surface coat were rapidly and totally cleared from the bloodstream within 2 h postinoculation. similarly, in vitro-cultivated trypanosomes were readily eliminated by mice with the conspicuous absence of a lag phase. elimination of nude t. lewisi, like that of intact trypano ...19873026965
murine natural resistance to trypanosoma lewisi involves complement component c3 and radiation-resistant, silica dust-sensitive effector cells.the phenomenon of natural (innate) resistance is exemplified by the solid resistance of mice to infection with the rat-specific trypanosoma lewisi. we provide more information about the mechanism of resistance in this model system. resistance was not diminished in aged mice or reduced by ionizing radiation or splenectomy. there was no difference in resistance of c5-deficient mice (b10.d2/osn and akr) compared with their normocomplementemic counterparts (b10.d2/nsn and c57bl/6). treatment of mice ...19852981195
infectivity and route of penetration in rats after oral and intraperitoneal inoculations of bloodstream and in vitro-cultured metacyclic forms of trypanosoma lewisi.morphological changes of trypanosoma lewisi blood trypomastigotes cultured in schneider's drosophila medium (sdm), supplemented or not with uric acid (sdm + ua), were compared to those that occurred in a control medium (m-199). no difference in trypanosome morphology and numbers was observed between sdm + ua and sdm cultures; there was little transformation into metacyclic stages in m-199. no difference was observed between the capacity of sdm- or sdm + ua-cultured metacyclic stages to infect ra ...19892693677
metabolic activity of trypanosoma lewisi cultured in vitro in the presence of normal or ablastinic rat serum.trypanosoma lewisi, in cultures supplemented with normal rat serum, synthesized the majority of new rna during the first 13 hr of the culture, whereas dna synthesis occurred from the 8th hr onwards and amino acids were incorporated into macromolecules uniformly throughout the 24 hr culture period. thymidine was taken up by the parasite only between the 7th and 14th hr of culture, unlike uracil and amino acids which were taken up as required. ablastin, a trypanostatic factor in the serum of infec ...19852581735
a medium for the continuous cultivation of bloodstream forms of trypanosoma lewisi at 37 c.trypanosoma lewisi has been maintained continuously at 37 c for more than 2 yr in iscove's modified dulbecco's medium with 10% fetal calf serum and a feeder layer of rat fibroblasts. in this medium the continuously reproducing hematozoic culture forms resemble bloodstream forms of t. lewisi in that they appear morphologically similar in giemsa-stained preparations examined by light microscopy and have a surface coat that is absent in culture forms grown at ambient temperatures, when examined by ...19902213414
a putative flagellar ca2(+)-binding protein of the flagellum of trypanosomatid protozoan parasites. 19902198539
comparative histochemical studies of rats infected with a pathogenic and nonpathogenic trypanosome.histochemical variations in tissues from rats inoculated with trypanosoma lewisi and trypanosoma rhodesiense were investigated. during peak parasitemia, the liver of rats inoculated with t lewisi showed increased glycogen distribution. however, glycogen depletion was noted in the liver and spleen of animals inoculated with living cells of t rhodesiense. depletion was very apparent from day 4 to day 10. throughout the period of observation, only a small amount of lipid infiltration occurred in ti ...19911875425
immune responses of germfree mice to experimental infection with trypanosoma cruzi.1. the immune responses to trypanosoma cruzi infection of germfree mice were compared to the responses of infected conventional mice. two groups (40 animals in each group) of 2-month old female cfw germfree and conventional mice were used. the igm and igg which bound to the surface of t. cruzi epimastigotes determined by elisa were significantly lower in germfree than in conventional mice (1/3 and 1/5 for igm and igg, respectively). 2. after infection there was a three-fold increase in the circu ...19911843873
[new biologically active substances from protozoa and an evaluation of their action].novel biologically active substances were obtained from nonpathogenic for humans and free-living protozoa: crithidia oncopelti, trypanosoma lewisi, and astasia longa. there were studied conditions of biosynthesis, composition and biological activity of the total lipid fraction from the protozoa species, sucrose ethers and fatty acids, the latter were isolated from a. longa--(astazilide preparation), reserve beta-1,3 glucan from a. longa (astazian preparation), and fraction of surface glycophosph ...19911809783
suppressor and protector factors derived from trypanosoma lewisi.trypanosoma lewisi is a specific protozoan blood parasite of rats. normal rats infected 2 h after treatment with plasma from day 8 irradiated (8.5 gy) infected rats had significantly higher parasitaemia; in contrast, animals infected 7 days post-plasma treatment were significantly protected. trypanolytic and ablastic antibodies could be demonstrated in the serum of normal rats treated with the plasma; the trypanolytic antibodies were stage-specific. suppression of normal rat splenocyte responses ...19911774111
analyses of surface membrane carbohydrates in parasitic flagellates of the order kinetoplastida using lectins.crithidia fasciculata, leishmania donovani, leishmania major, leishmania mexicana amazonensis, leishmania tropica, leishmania tarentolae, trypanosoma sp. from formosan bats (tb), trypanosoma lewisi, trypanosoma musculi, and different strains of trypanosoma cruzi (tc) were cultivated at 27 degrees c in a liquid culture medium. flagellates harvested from log phase culture were analyzed for their lectin agglutinating characteristics with concanavalin a (con a), peanut agglutinin, ricinus communis a ...19901696387
chitinase secreted by leishmania functions in the sandfly vector.leishmania major parasites ingested with host blood by the sandfly phlebotomus papatasi multiply confined within the peritrophic membrane. this membrane consists of a chitin framework and a protein carbohydrate matrix and it is secreted around the food by the insect midgut. histological sections of infected flies show lysis of the chitin layer in the anterior region of the peritrophic membrane that permits the essential forward migration of a concentrated mass of parasites. both the location and ...19911682935
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