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utilization of a conidia-deficient mutant to study sexual development in fusarium graminearum.transcriptome analysis is a widely used approach to study the molecular mechanisms underlying development and the responses of fungi to environmental cues. however, it is difficult to obtain cells with a homogeneous status from the sexually-induced culture of the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. in this study, we provided phenotypic and genetic evidence to show that the current conditions applied for perithecia induction inevitably highly induced asexual sporulation in this fungus. ...201627175901
suppressed recombination and unique candidate genes in the divergent haplotype encoding fhb1, a major fusarium head blight resistance locus in wheat.fine mapping and sequencing revealed 28 genes in the non-recombining haplotype containing fhb1 . of these, only a gdsl lipase gene shows a pathogen-dependent expression pattern. fhb1 is a prominent fusarium head blight resistance locus of wheat, which has been successfully introgressed in adapted breeding material, where it confers a significant increase in overall resistance to the causal pathogen fusarium graminearum and the fungal virulence factor and mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. the fhb1 region ...201627174222
fungal innate immunity induced by bacterial microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps).plants and animals detect bacterial presence through microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) which induce an innate immune response. the field of fungal-bacterial interaction at the molecular level is still in its infancy and little is known about mamps and their detection by fungi. exposing fusarium graminearum to bacterial mamps led to increased fungal membrane hyperpolarization, a putative defense response, and a range of transcriptional responses. the fungus reacted with a different tr ...201627172188
chlorinated organic compounds produced by fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum, a pathogen of wheat and maize, not only reduces grain yield and degrades quality but also produces mycotoxins in the infected grain. focus has been on mycotoxins because of the human and animal health hazards associated with them. in addition to work done on mycotoxins, chemical profiling of f. graminearum to identify other compounds produced by this fungus remains critical. with chemical profiling of f. graminearum the entire chemistry of this fungus can be understood. the ...201627165533
larval western bean cutworm feeding damage encourages the development of gibberella ear rot on field corn.a 2 year study was conducted to determine whether western bean cutworm (striacosta albicosta smith) (wbc) larval feeding damage increases severity of the fungal disease gibberella ear rot [fusarium graminearum (schwein.) petch] in field corn (zea mays l.). the effect of a quinone-outside inhibiting fungicide, pyraclostrobin, on gibberella ear rot severity and mycotoxin production, both with and without wbc pressure, was also evaluated. the impact of each variable was assessed individually and in ...201727158946
antioxidant secondary metabolites in cereals: potential involvement in resistance to fusarium and mycotoxin accumulation.gibberella and fusarium ear rot and fusarium head blight are major diseases affecting european cereals. these diseases are mainly caused by fungi of the fusarium genus, primarily fusarium graminearum and fusarium verticillioides. these fusarium species pose a serious threat to food safety because of their ability to produce a wide range of mycotoxins, including type b trichothecenes and fumonisins. many factors such as environmental, agronomic or genetic ones may contribute to high levels of acc ...201627148243
inoculum potential of fusarium spp. relates to tillage and straw management in norwegian fields of spring oats.the increased occurrence of fusarium-mycotoxins in norwegian cereals over the last decade, is thought to be caused by increased inoculum resulting from more cereal residues at the soil surface as a result of reduced tillage practices. in addition, weather conditions have increasingly promoted inoculum development and infection by fusarium species. the objective of this work was to elucidate the influence of different tillage regimes (autumn plowing; autumn harrowing; spring plowing; spring harro ...201627148236
genetic variation and biological control of fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat in assiut-egypt.fusarium graminearum schwabe causes fusarium head blight (fhb), a devastating disease that leads to extensive yield and quality loss of wheat and other cereal crops. twelve isolates of f. graminearum were collected from naturally infected spikes of wheat from assiut egypt. these isolates were compared using srap. the results indicated distinct genetic groups exist within f. graminearum, and demonstrated that these groups have different biological properties, especially with respect to their path ...201627147934
fusarium head blight symptom discrimination: a useful tool in the field evaluation of fungicide treatments.fusarium head blight (fhb) is one of the major diseases affecting wheat. it is caused by a complex of fungal species, resulting in yield losses and health problems due to mycotoxin production. the presence of multiple fungal species on wheat ears, with varying responses to active fungicide ingredients used in the field, makes the disease difficult to manage. in order to evaluate the efficacy of the timing of applications (at gs 39, gs 61 and gs 39+61) of a prothioconazole + fluoxastrobin-based f ...201527141745
corrigendum to: a fusarium graminearum strain-comparative proteomic approach identifies regulatory changes triggered by agmatine [j. proteomics (2016) 137; 107-116]. 201627140391
exogenous abscisic acid and gibberellic acid elicit opposing effects on fusarium graminearum infection in wheat.although the roles of salicylate (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) have been well-characterized in fusarium head blight (fhb)-infected cereals, the roles of other phytohormones remain more ambiguous. here, the association between an array of phytohormones and fhb pathogenesis in wheat is investigated. comprehensive profiling of endogenous hormones demonstrated altered cytokinin, gibberellic acid (ga), and ja metabolism in a fhb-resistant cultivar, whereas challenge by fusarium graminearum increased ab ...201627135677
β1 tubulin rather than β2 tubulin is the preferred binding target for carbendazim in fusarium graminearum.tubulins are the proposed target of anticancer drugs, anthelminthics, and fungicides. in fusarium graminearum, β2 tubulin has been reported to be the binding target of methyl benzimidazole carbamate (mbc) fungicides. however, the function of f. graminearum β1 tubulin, which shares 76% amino acid sequence identity with β2 tubulin, in mbc sensitivity has been unclear. in this study, mbc sensitivity relative to that of a parental strain (2021) was significantly reduced in a β1 tubulin deletion stra ...201627135676
binary and tertiary combination of alternariol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol on hepg2 cells: toxic effects and evaluation of degradation products.fungi producers of mycotoxins are able to synthesize more than one toxin. alternariol (aoh) is one of the mycotoxins produced by several alternaria species, the most common one being alternaria alternata. the toxins 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-adon) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-adon) are acetylated forms of deoxynivalenol (don) produced by fusarium graminearum. in the present work it is determined and evaluated the toxic effects of binary and tertiary combination treatment of hepg2 cells with ...201627131905
effect of environmental factors on fusarium population and associated trichothecenes in wheat grain grown in jiangsu province, china.the present study was performed to identify prevailing fusarium species and the environmental factors affecting their frequencies and the contamination of grain with major mycotoxins in jiangsu province. the precipitation levels were 184.2mm, 156.4mm, and 245.8mm in the years 2013-2015, respectively, and the temperature fluctuated by an average of 10.6±7.2°c in 2013, 10.9±7.2°c in 2014, and 10.6±6.3°c in 2015. co-occurrence of deoxynivalenol (don), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3adon), and 15-acetylde ...201627127840
relationship between mycoparasites lifestyles and biocontrol behaviors against fusarium spp. and mycotoxins production.global food security research is seeking eco-friendly solutions to control mycotoxins in grain infected by fungi (molds). in particular, mycotoxigenic fusarium spp. outbreak is a chronic threat for cereal grain production, human, and animal health. in this review paper, we discuss up-to-date biological control strategies in applying mycoparasites as biological control agents (bca) to prevent plant diseases in crops and mycotoxins in grain, food, and feed. the aim is to increase food safety and t ...201627121573
hydroxylations of trichothecene rings in the biosynthesis of fusarium trichothecenes: evolution of alternative pathways in the nivalenol chemotype.fusarium sporotrichioides genes fstri11, fstri13, and fstri1 encode cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (cyps) responsible for hydroxylations at c-15, c-4, and c-8 of the trichothecene skeleton, respectively. however, the corresponding genes of nivalenol (niv)-chemotype fusarium graminearum remain to be functionally elucidated. in this study, we characterized the roles of these cyps in niv biosynthesis. analyses of the metabolites of the f. graminearum fgtri11(-) mutant, a disruptant of fgtri11 encod ...201627120196
chitin synthase gene fgchs8 affects virulence and fungal cell wall sensitivity to environmental stress in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is the major causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat and barley and is considered to be one of the most devastating plant diseases worldwide. chitin is a critical component of the fungal cell wall and is polymerized from udp-n-acetyl-alpha-d-glucosamine by chitin synthase. we characterized fgchs8, a new class of the chitin synthase gene in f. graminearum. disruption of fgchs8 resulted in reduced accumulation of chitin, decreased chitin synthase activity, and had ...201627109372
metabolic biomarker panels of response to fusarium head blight infection in different wheat varieties.metabolic changes in spikelets of wheat varieties fl62r1, stettler, muchmore and sumai3 following fusarium graminearum infection were explored using nmr analysis. extensive 1d and 2d 1h nmr measurements provided information for detailed metabolite assignment and quantification leading to possible metabolic markers discriminating resistance level in wheat subtypes. in addition, metabolic changes that are observed in all studied varieties as well as wheat variety specific changes have been determi ...201627101152
myosins famyo2b and famyo2 affect asexual and sexual development, reduces pathogenicity, and famyo2b acts jointly with the myosin passenger protein fasmy1 to affect resistance to phenamacril in fusarium asiaticum.we previously reported that mutations occurred in the gene myosin5 were responsible for resistance to the fungicide phenamacril in fusarium graminearum. here, we determined whether there is a functional link between phenamacril resistance and the myosin proteins famyo2b and famyo2 in fusarium asiaticum, which is the major causal agent of fusarium head blight in china. we found that famyo2b acts jointly with fasmy1 to affect resistance to phenamacril in f. asiaticum. we also found that famyo2b di ...201627099966
posttranslational hypusination of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor-5a regulates fusarium graminearum virulence.activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eif5a requires a posttranslational modification, forming the unique amino acid hypusine. this activation is mediated by two enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase, dhs, and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase, dohh. the impact of this enzymatic complex on the life cycle of a fungal pathogen is unknown. plant pathogenic ascomycetes possess a single copy of the eif5a activated by hypusination. we evaluated the importance of imbalances in eif5a hypusination in ...201627098988
a european database of fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum trichothecene genotypes.fusarium species, particularly fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum, are the main cause of trichothecene type b contamination in cereals. data on the distribution of fusarium trichothecene genotypes in cereals in europe are scattered in time and space. furthermore, a common core set of related variables (sampling method, host cultivar, previous crop, etc.) that would allow more effective analysis of factors influencing the spatial and temporal population distribution, is lacking. consequently, b ...201627092107
the cold-induced defensin tad1 confers resistance against snow mold and fusarium head blight in transgenic wheat.tad1 (triticum aestivum defensin 1) is induced during cold acclimation in winter wheat and encodes a plant defensin with antimicrobial activity. in this study, we demonstrated that recombinant tad1 protein inhibits hyphal growth of the snow mold fungus, typhula ishikariensis in vitro. transgenic wheat plants overexpressing tad1 were created and tested for resistance against t. ishikariensis. leaf inoculation assays revealed that overexpression of tad1 confers resistance against the snow mold. in ...201627080445
microwave-assisted synthesis and antifungal activity of novel coumarin derivatives: pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-2,5-diones.a series of novel fused coumarin analogues pyrano[3,2-c]chromene-2,5-diones have been synthesized through an optimized microwave-assisted protocol. all target compounds were tested and evaluated for their antifungal activity against botrytis cinerea, colletotrichum copsica, alternaria solani, gibberella zeae and rhizoctorzia solani. the bioassay results indicated that some of the compounds exhibited potent antifungal activities at concentration less than 50 ppm. for the compounds 5d, 6c and 7b, ...201627060759
fgprp4 kinase is important for spliceosome b-complex activation and splicing efficiency in fusarium graminearum.prp4 encodes the only kinase among the spliceosome components. although it is an essential gene in the fission yeast and other eukaryotic organisms, the fgprp4 mutant was viable in the wheat scab fungus fusarium graminearum. deletion of fgprp4 did not block intron splicing but affected intron splicing efficiency in over 60% of the f. graminearum genes. the fgprp4 mutant had severe growth defects and produced spontaneous suppressors that were recovered in growth rate. suppressor mutations were id ...201627058959
susceptibility of maize to stalk rot caused by fusarium graminearum deoxynivalenol and zearalenone mutants.fusarium graminearum is a destructive pathogen of cereals that can cause stalk rot in maize. stalk rot results in yield losses due to impaired grain filling, premature senescence, and lodging, which limits production and harvesting of ears. in addition, mycotoxins can make infected tissues unfit for silage. our objectives were to evaluate the natural variation in stalk rot resistance among maize inbreds, to establish whether deoxynivalenol (don)- and zearalenone (zea)-deficient strains are patho ...201627050573
characterization of thermophilic fungal community associated with pile fermentation of pu-erh tea.this study aimed to characterize the thermophilic fungi in pile-fermentation process of pu-erh tea. physicochemical analyses showed that the high temperature and low ph provided optimal conditions for propagation of fungi. a number of fungi, including blastobotrys adeninivorans, thermomyces lanuginosus, rasamsonia emersonii, aspergillus fumigatus, rhizomucor pusillus, rasamsonia byssochlamydoides, rasamsonia cylindrospora, aspergillus tubingensis, aspergillus niger, candida tropicalis and fusari ...201627046629
endophytic fungi from selected varieties of soybean (glycine max l. merr.) and corn (zea mays l.) grown in an agricultural area of argentina.endophytic fungi are ubiquitous and live within host plants without causing any noticeable symptoms of disease. little is known about the diversity and function of fungal endophytes in plants, particularly in economically important species. the aim of this study was to determine the identity and diversity of endophytic fungi in leaves, stems and roots of soybean and corn plants and to determine their infection frequencies. plants were collected in six areas of the provinces of buenos aires and e ...201727045749
a cytoplasmic cu-zn superoxide dismutase sod1 contributes to hyphal growth and virulence of fusarium graminearum.superoxide dismutases (sods) are scavengers of superoxide radicals, one of the main reactive oxygen species (ros) in the cell. sod-based ros scavenging system constitutes the frontline defense against intra- and extracellular ros, but the roles of sods in the important cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum are not very clear. there are five sod genes in f. graminearum genome, encoding cytoplasmic cu-zn sod1 and mnsod3, mitochondrial mnsod2 and fesod4, and extracellular cusod5. previous studies re ...201627037138
crystal structure and functional analysis of isocitrate lyases from magnaporthe oryzae and fusarium graminearum.the glyoxylate cycle bypasses a co2-generating step in the tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle and efficiently assimilates c2 compounds into intermediates that can be used in later steps of the tca cycle. it plays an essential role in pathogen survival during host infection such that the enzymes involved in this cycle have been suggested as potential drug targets against human pathogens. isocitrate lyase (icl) catalyzes the first-step reaction of the glyoxylate cycle, using isocitrate from the tca cy ...201627016285
from fhb resistance qtls to candidate genes identification in triticum aestivum l.fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum is a worldwide destructive disease affecting cereals such as wheat. fhb resistance is a quantitative trait, and information for fhb resistance qtls in wheat is available. however, little is known about genes underlying the fhb resistance qtl regions. using a computational approach in this study, we have mined eight fhb resistance qtls in wheat and predicted the candidate genes falling within these qtl intervals based on the available sequ ...201627016253
identifying rare fhb-resistant segregants in intransigent backcross and f2 winter wheat populations.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused mainly by fusarium graminearum schwabe [telomorph: gibberella zeae schwein.(petch)] in the us, is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat (triticum aestivum l. and t. durum l.). infected grain is usually contaminated with deoxynivalenol (don), a serious mycotoxin. the challenge in fhb resistance breeding is combining resistance with superior agronomic and quality characteristics. exotic qtl are widely used to improve fhb resistance. success depends on the ...201627014202
synthesis, characterization, and antifungal activity of phenylpyrrole-substituted tetramic acids bearing carbonates.for the aim of discovering new fungicide, a series of phenylpyrrole-substituted tetramic acid derivatives bearing carbonates 6a-q were designed and synthesized via 4-(2,4-dioxopyrrolidin-3-ylidene)-4-(phenylamino)butanoic acids 4a-k and the cyclized products 1',3,4,5'-tetrahydro-[2,3'-bipyrrolylidene]-2',4',5(1h)-triones 5a-k. the compounds were characterized using ir, ¹h- and (13)c-nmr spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (ei-ms), and elemental analysis. the structure of 6b was confirmed by x-ray di ...201627007370
synthesis and evaluation of ester derivatives of 10-hydroxycanthin-6-one as potential antimicrobial agents.as part of our continuing research on canthin-6-one antimicrobial agents, a new series of ester derivatives of 10-hydroxycanthin-6-one were synthesized using a simple and effective synthetic route. the structure of each compound was characterized by nmr, esi-ms, ft-ir, uv, and elemental analysis. the antimicrobial activity of these compounds against three phytopathogenic fungi (alternaria solani, fusarium graminearum, and fusarium solani) and four bacteria (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, ra ...201627007362
updated survey of fusarium species and toxins in finnish cereal grains.the aim of the project was to produce updated information during 2005-14 on the fusarium species found in finnish cereal grains, and the toxins produced by them, as the last comprehensive survey study of fusarium species and their toxins in finland was carried out at the turn of the 1960s and the 1970s. another aim was to use the latest molecular and chemical methods to investigate the occurrence and correlation of fusarium species and their mycotoxins in finland. the most common fusarium specie ...201627002810
compartmentalized gene regulatory network of the pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum.head blight caused by fusarium graminearum threatens world-wide wheat production, resulting in both yield loss and mycotoxin contamination. we reconstructed the global f. graminearum gene regulatory network (grn) from a large collection of transcriptomic data using bayesian network inference, a machine-learning algorithm. this grn reveals connectivity between key regulators and their target genes. focusing on key regulators, this network contains eight distinct but interwoven modules. enriched f ...201626990214
population genetic analysis and trichothecene profiling of fusarium graminearum from wheat in uruguay.fusarium graminearum sensu stricto (f. graminearum s.s.) is the major causal agent of fusarium head blight of wheat worldwide, and contaminates grains with trichothecene mycotoxins that cause serious threats to food safety and animal health. an important aspect of managing this pathogen and reducing mycotoxin contamination of wheat is knowledge regarding its population genetics. therefore, isolates of f. graminearum s.s. from the major wheat-growing region of uruguay were analyzed by amplified f ...201626985955
2-d dige proteomic profiles of three strains of fusarium graminearum grown in agmatine or glutamic acid medium.2d dige proteomics data obtained from three strains belonging to fusarium graminearum s.s. species growing in a glutamic acid or agmatine containing medium are provided. a total of 381 protein species have been identified which do differ for abundance among the two treatments and among the strains (anova<0.05 and abundance ratio>±1.3). data on the diversity of protein species profiles between the two media for each strain are made available. shared profiles among strains are discussed in pasqual ...201626981549
mechanism of action of the benzimidazole fungicide on fusarium graminearum: interfering with polymerization of monomeric tubulin but not polymerized microtubule.tubulins are the proposed target of clinically relevant anticancer drugs, anthelmintic, and fungicide. β2-tubulin of the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum was considered as the target of benzimidazole compounds by homology modeling in our previous work. in this study, α1-, α2-, and β2-tubulin of f. graminearum were produced in escherichia coli. three benzimidazole compounds (carbendazim, benomyl, and thiabendazole) interacted with the recombinant β2-tubulin and reduced the maximum fluorescence ...201626976730
cellular tracking and gene profiling of fusarium graminearum during maize stalk rot disease development elucidates its strategies in confronting phosphorus limitation in the host apoplast.the ascomycete fungus fusarium graminearum causes stalk rot in maize. we tracked this pathogen's growth in wound-inoculated maize stalks using a fluorescence-labeled fungal isolate and observed that invasive hyphae grew intercellularly up to 24 h post inoculation, grew intra- and inter-cellularly between 36-48 h, and fully occupied invaded cells after 72 h. using laser microdissection and microarray analysis, we profiled changes in global gene expression during pathogen growth inside pith tissue ...201626974960
trichothecene genotypes of the fusarium graminearum species complex isolated from brazilian wheat grains by conventional and quantitative pcr.we compared two well-established methods, fungal isolation followed by conventional pcr and dna analysis by quantitative pcr (qpcr), to define trichothecene genotypes in brazilian wheat grains from different locations. for this purpose, after fungal isolation from 75 wheat samples, 100 isolates of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc) were genotyped by pcr to establish their trichothecene profile. for profiling by qpcr, dna was extracted from the wheat samples and analyzed. the methods ...201626973624
fungal quorum sensing molecules: role in fungal morphogenesis and pathogenicity.when microorganisms live together in high numbers, they need to communicate with each other. to achieve cell-cell communication, microorganisms secrete molecules called quorum-sensing molecules (qsms) that control their biological activities and behaviors. fungi secrete qsms such as farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethanol, and tryptophol. the role of qsms in fungi has been widely studied in both yeasts and filamentous fungi, for example in candida albicans, c. dubliniensis, aspergillus niger, a. nidula ...201626972663
imidazolium salts with antifungal potential for the control of head blight of wheat caused by fusarium graminearum.evaluate the in vitro effect of imidazolium salts (ims) on the conidia germination and mycelial growth of fusarium graminearum and their in vivo efficacy for suppressing the symptoms of the disease and infection of kernels in wheat plants.201626972421
endosomal sorting complexes required for transport-0 is essential for fungal development and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen that causes head blight of major cereal crops. the vacuolar protein sorting (vps) protein vps27 is a component of escrt-0 involved in the multivesicular body (mvb) sorting pathway during endocytosis. in this study, we investigated the function of fgvps27 using a gene replacement strategy. the fgvps27 deletion mutant (δfgvps27) exhibited a reduction in growth rate, aerial hyphae formation and hydrophobicity. it also showed increased sensitivity ...201626971885
molecular characterization, fitness and mycotoxin production of fusarium graminearum laboratory strains resistant to benzimidazoles.six benzimidazole (bmz)-resistant fusarium graminearum strains were obtained after uv mutagenesis and selection on carbendazim (mbc)-amended medium. in vitro bioassays resulted in the identification of two resistant phenotypes that were highly hr (rf: 40-170, based on ec50) and moderately mr (rf: 10-20) resistant to carbendazim. cross resistance studies with other fungicides showed that all mutant strains tested were also resistant to other bmzs, such as benomyl and thiabendazole, but retained t ...201626969433
genome-wide association study identifies novel candidate genes for aggressiveness, deoxynivalenol production, and azole sensitivity in natural field populations of fusarium graminearum.genome-wide association studies can identify novel genomic regions and genes that affect quantitative traits. fusarium head blight is a destructive disease caused by fusarium graminearum that exhibits several quantitative traits, including aggressiveness, mycotoxin production, and fungicide resistance. restriction site-associated dna sequencing was performed for 220 isolates of f. graminearum. a total of 119 isolates were phenotyped for aggressiveness and deoxynivalenol (don) production under na ...201626959837
tri6 and tri10 play different roles in the regulation of deoxynivalenol (don) production by camp signalling in fusarium graminearum.the biosynthesis of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) in fusarium graminearum is regulated by two pathway-specific transcription factors tri6 and tri10 and affected by various host and environmental factors. in this study, we showed that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) treatment induced don production by stimulating tri gene expression and don-associated cellular differentiation in f. graminearum. interestingly, exogenous camp had no effects on the tri6 mutant but partially recovered the defe ...201626940955
genome-wide a-to-i rna editing in fungi independent of adar enzymes.yeasts and filamentous fungi do not have adenosine deaminase acting on rna (adar) orthologs and are believed to lack a-to-i rna editing, which is the most prevalent editing of mrna in animals. however, during this study with the puk1(fgrres_01058) pseudokinase gene important for sexual reproduction in fusarium graminearum, we found that two tandem stop codons, ua(1831)gua(1834)g, in its kinase domain were changed to ug(1831)gug(1834)g by rna editing in perithecia. to confirm a-to-i editing of pu ...201626934920
high-throughput facs-based mutant screen identifies a gain-of-function allele of the fusarium graminearum adenylyl cyclase causing deoxynivalenol over-production.fusarium head blight and crown rot, caused by the fungal plant pathogen fusarium graminearum, impose a major threat to global wheat production. during the infection, plants are contaminated with mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don), which can be toxic for humans and animals. in addition, don is a major virulence factor during wheat infection. however, it is not fully understood how don production is regulated in f. graminearum. in order to identify regulators of don production, a high-through ...201626932301
fgssn3 kinase, a component of the mediator complex, is important for sexual reproduction and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is an important pathogen of wheat and barley. in addition to severe yield losses, infested grains are often contaminated with harmful mycotoxins. in this study, we characterized the functions of fgssn3 kinase gene in different developmental and infection processes and gene regulation in f. graminearum. the fgssn3 deletion mutant had a nutrient-dependent growth defects and abnormal conidium morphology. it was significantly reduced in don production, tri gene expression, and v ...201626931632
the potential for cereal rye cover crops to host corn seedling pathogens.cover cropping is a prevalent conservation practice that offers substantial benefits to soil and water quality. however, winter cereal cover crops preceding corn may diminish beneficial rotation effects because two grass species are grown in succession. here, we show that rye cover crops host pathogens capable of causing corn seedling disease. we isolated fusarium graminearum, f. oxysporum, pythium sylvaticum, and p. torulosum from roots of rye and demonstrate their pathogenicity on corn seedlin ...201626926485
the plant response induced in wheat ears by a combined attack of sitobion avenae aphids and fusarium graminearum boosts fungal infection and deoxynivalenol production.the pathogen fusarium graminearum, producer of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, and sitobion avenae aphids both reside on wheat ears. we explored the influence of an earlier aphid infestation on the expression profile of specific molecular markers associated with f. graminearum infection. using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, we followed the expression of wheat defence genes on s. avenae infestation and explored the effect on a subsequent f. graminearum infect ...201726918628
the protein kinase a pathway regulates zearalenone production by modulating alternative zeb2 transcription.zearalenone (zea) is an estrogenic mycotoxin that is produced by several fusarium species, including fusarium graminearum. one of the zea biosynthetic genes, zeb2, encodes two isoforms of zeb2 by alternative transcription, forming an activator (zeb2l-zeb2l homooligomer) and an inhibitor (zeb2l-zeb2s heterodimer) that directly regulate the zea biosynthetic genes in f. graminearum. cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase a (pka) signaling regulates secondary metabolic processes in several filamentous ...201626907763
the effect of agmatine on trichothecene type b and zearalenone production in fusarium graminearum, f. culmorum and f. poae.agmatine and other putrescines are known for being strong inducers of deoxynivalenol (don) production in fusarium graminearum. other important species produce don and/or other trichothecene type b toxins (3 acetylated don, 15 acetylated don, fusarenon-x, nivalenol), such as f. culmorum and f. poae. in order to verify whether the mechanism of the regulation of trichothecene type b induction by agmatine is shared by different species of fusarium, we tested the hypothesis on 19 strains belonging to ...201626893962
a novel transcription factor gene fhs1 is involved in the dna damage response in fusarium graminearum.cell cycle regulation and the maintenance of genome integrity are crucial for the development and virulence of the pathogenic plant fungus fusarium graminearum. to identify transcription factors (tfs) related to these processes, four dna-damaging agents were applied to screen a f. graminearum tf mutant library. sixteen tfs were identified to be likely involved in dna damage responses. fhs1 is a fungal specific zn(ii)2cys6 tf that localises exclusively to nuclei. fhs1 deletion mutants were hypers ...201626888604
data independent acquisition-digital archiving mass spectrometry: application to single kernel mycotoxin analysis of fusarium graminearum infected maize.new and conjugated mycotoxins of concern to regulators are frequently being identified, necessitating the costly need for new method development and sample reanalysis. in response, we developed an lc-data independent acquisition (lc-dia) method on a q-exactive orbitrap mass spectrometer tailored for mycotoxins analysis. this method combines absolute quantification of targeted fungal metabolites with non-targeted digital archiving (da) of data on all ionizable compounds for retrospective analysis ...201626886743
a deoxynivalenol-activated methionyl-trna synthetase gene from wheat encodes a nuclear localized protein and protects plants against fusarium pathogens and mycotoxins.fusarium graminearum is the fungal pathogen that causes globally important diseases of cereals and produces mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). owing to the dearth of available sources of resistance to fusarium pathogens, characterization of novel genes that confer resistance to mycotoxins and mycotoxin-producing fungi is vitally important for breeding resistant crop varieties. in this study, a wheat methionyl-trna synthetase (tametrs) gene was identified from suspension cell cultures treat ...201626882849
microwave-assisted synthesis and antifungal activity of coumarin[8,7-e][1,3]oxazine derivatives.the synthesis of novel coumarin[8,7-e][1,3]oxazine derivatives through a microwave-assisted three-component one-pot mannich reaction is described in this study. all the target compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antifungal activity against botrytis cinerea, colletotrichum capsici, alternaria solani, gibberella zeae, rhizoctonia solani, and alternaria mali. the preliminary bioassays showed that 5e, 5m, and 5s exhibited good antifungal activity and the most active compound was 5m with an [ ...201626880591
retrograde trafficking from the endosome to the trans-golgi network mediated by the retromer is required for fungal development and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum.in eukaryotes, the retromer is an endosome-localized complex involved in protein retrograde transport. however, the role of such intracellular trafficking events in pathogenic fungal development and pathogenicity remains unclear. the role of the retromer complex in fusarium graminearum was investigated using cell biological and genetic methods. we observed the retromer core component fgvps35 (vacuolar protein sorting 35) in the cytoplasm as fast-moving puncta. fgvps35-gfp co-localized with both ...201626875543
biotechnological potential of a rhizosphere pseudomonas aeruginosa strain producing phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and phenazine-1-carboxamide.bacterial phenazine metabolites belong to a group of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds with antimicrobial activities. in this study, a rhizosphere pseudomonas aeruginosa strain pa1201 was isolated and identified through 16s rdna sequence analysis and fatty acid profiling. pa1201 inhibited the growth of various pathogenic microorganisms, including rhizotonia solani, magnaporthe grisea, fusarium graminearum, xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, and staphylococc ...201626873561
effect of preceding crop on fusarium species and mycotoxin contamination of wheat grains.the fusarium graminearum species complex infects several cereals and causes the reduction of grain yield and quality. many factors influence the extent of fusarium infection and mycotoxin levels. such factors include crop rotation. in the present study, we explored the effect of rice or maize as former crops on mycotoxin accumulation in wheat grains.201626867679
influence of a family 29 carbohydrate binding module on the recombinant production of galactose oxidase in pichia pastoris.herein, we report the extracellular expression of carbohydrate active fusion enzymes in pichia pastoris. particularly, cbm29-1-2 from piromyces equi was separately fused to the n- and c-terminus of galactose 6-oxidase (gao, d-galactose: oxygen 6-oxidoreductase, ec 1.1.13.9, cazy family aa5) from fusarium graminearum, generating cbm29-gao and gao-cbm29, respectively. p. pastoris was transformed with expression vectors encoding gao, cbm29-gao and gao-cbm29, and the fusion proteins were expressed i ...201626858983
identification of an attenuated barley stripe mosaic virus for the virus-induced gene silencing of pathogenesis-related wheat genes.virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) has become an emerging technology for the rapid, efficient functional genomic screening of monocot and dicot species. the barley stripe mosaic virus (bsmv) has been described as an effective vigs vehicle for the evaluation of genes involved in wheat and barley phytopathogenesis; however, these studies have been obscured by bsmv-induced phenotypes and defense responses. the utility of bsmv vigs may be improved using a bsmv genetic background which is more toler ...201626839581
determining the order of resistance genes against stagonospora nodorum blotch, fusarium head blight and stem rust on wheat chromosome arm 3bs.stagonospora nodorum blotch (snb), fusarium head blight (fhb) and stem rust (sr), caused by the fungi parastagonospora (synonym stagonospora) nodorum, fusarium graminearum and puccinia graminis, respectively, significantly reduce yield and quality of wheat. three resistance factors, qsng.sfr-3bs, fhb1 and sr2, conferring resistance, respectively, to snb, fhb and sr, each from a unique donor line, were mapped previously to the short arm of wheat chromosome 3b. based on published reports, our hypo ...201626833226
the fdb3 transcription factor of the fusarium detoxification of benzoxazolinone gene cluster is required for mboa but not boa degradation in fusarium pseudograminearum.a number of cereals produce the benzoxazolinone class of phytoalexins. fusarium species pathogenic towards these hosts can typically degrade these compounds via an aminophenol intermediate, and the ability to do so is encoded by a group of genes found in the fusarium detoxification of benzoxazolinone (fdb) cluster. a zinc finger transcription factor encoded by one of the fdb cluster genes (fdb3) has been proposed to regulate the expression of other genes in the cluster and hence is potentially i ...201626828593
fungal biotransformation of chlorogenic and caffeic acids by fusarium graminearum: new insights in the contribution of phenolic acids to resistance to deoxynivalenol accumulation in cereals.fusarium head blight and gibberella ear rot, mainly caused by the fungi fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum, are two of the most devastating diseases of small-grain cereals and maize. in addition to yield loss, these diseases frequently result in contamination of kernels with toxic type b trichothecenes. the potential involvement of chlorogenic acid in cereal resistance to fusarium head blight and gibberella ear rot and to trichothecene accumulation was the focus of this study. the effect ...201626812586
antifungal mechanisms of a plant defensin mtdef4 are not conserved between the ascomycete fungi neurospora crassa and fusarium graminearum.defensins play an important role in plant defense against fungal pathogens. the plant defensin, mtdef4, inhibits growth of the ascomycete fungi, neurospora crassa and fusarium graminearum, at micromolar concentrations. we have reported that mtdef4 is transported into the cytoplasm of these fungi and exerts its antifungal activity on intracellular targets. here, we have investigated whether the antifungal mechanisms of mtdef4 are conserved in these fungi. we show that n. crassa and f. graminearum ...201626801962
the fgnot3 subunit of the ccr4-not complex regulates vegetative growth, sporulation, and virulence in fusarium graminearum.the ccr4-not complex is evolutionarily conserved and important for multiple cellular functions in eukaryotic cells. in this study, the biological roles of the fgnot3 subunit of this complex were investigated in the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum. deletion of fgnot3 resulted in retarded vegetative growth, retarded spore germination, swollen hyphae, and hyper-branching. the δfgnot3 mutants also showed impaired sexual and asexual sporulation, decreased virulence, and reduced expressio ...201626799401
transcriptome dynamics of a susceptible wheat upon fusarium head blight reveals that molecular responses to fusarium graminearum infection fit over the grain development processes.in many plant/pathogen interactions, host susceptibility factors are key determinants of disease development promoting pathogen growth and spreading in plant tissues. in the fusarium head blight (fhb) disease, the molecular basis of wheat susceptibility is still poorly understood while it could provide new insights into the understanding of the wheat/fusarium graminearum (fg) interaction and guide future breeding programs to produce cultivars with sustainable resistance. to identify the wheat gr ...201626797431
characteristics of mature wheat embryos with different resistance to scab cultured in vitro with fusarium graminearum crude toxin.five wheat varieties with different resistance to scab were used to study the effect of fusarium graminearum crude toxin on culture characteristics of mature wheat embryos in vitro. the results showed that the rate of induction and differentiation of mature embryo callus differed significantly between varieties, toxin concentration, and concentration x varieties. a low concentration (5 g/l) of f. graminearum crude toxin promoted callus formation in very resistant varieties, while high concentrat ...201526782375
specific binding of fusarium graminearum hex1 protein to untranslated regions of the genomic rna of fusarium graminearum virus 1 correlates with increased accumulation of both strands of viral rna.the hex1 gene of fusarium graminearum was previously reported to be required for the efficient accumulation of fusarium graminearum virus 1 (fgv1) rna in its host. to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the production of fghex1 and the replication of fgv1 viral rna, we conducted electrophoretic mobility shift assays (emsa) with recombinant fghex1 protein and rna sequences derived from various regions of fgv1 genomic rna. these analyses demonstrated that fghex1 and both the 5'- and 3'- ...201626773381
molecular characterization of a novel mycovirus of the family tymoviridae isolated from the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum.we isolated a novel mycovirus, fusarium graminearum mycotymovirus 1 (fgmtv1/sx64), which is related to members of the family tymoviridae, from the plant pathogenic fungus f. graminearum strain sx64. the complete 7863 nucleotide sequence of fgmtv1/sx64, excluding the poly (a) tail, was determined. the genome of fgmtv1/sx64 is predicted to contain four open reading frames (orfs). the largest orf1 is 6723 nucleotides (nt) in length and encodes a putative polyprotein of 2242 amino acids (aa), which ...201626744993
an antibody that confers plant disease resistance targets a membrane-bound glyoxal oxidase in fusarium.plant germplasm resources with natural resistance against globally important toxigenic fusarium are inadequate. cwp2, a fusarium genus-specific antibody, confers durable resistance to different fusarium pathogens that infect cereals and other crops, producing mycotoxins. however, the nature of the cwp2 target is not known. thus, investigation of the gene coding for the cwp2 antibody target will likely provide critical insights into the mechanism underlying the resistance mediated by this disease ...201626720747
involvement of fungal pectin methylesterase activity in the interaction between fusarium graminearum and wheat.the genome of fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight of wheat, contains two putative pectin methylesterase (pme)-encoding genes. however, when grown in liquid culture containing pectin, f. graminearum produces only a single pme, which was purified and identified. its encoding gene, expressed during wheat spike infection, was disrupted by targeted homologous recombination. two δpme mutant strains lacked pme activity but were still able to grow on highly methyl-esterified p ...201626713352
identification and characterization of carboxylesterases from brachypodium distachyon deacetylating trichothecene mycotoxins.increasing frequencies of 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-adon)-producing strains of fusarium graminearum (3-adon chemotype) have been reported in north america and asia. 3-adon is nearly nontoxic at the level of the ribosomal target and has to be deacetylated to cause inhibition of protein biosynthesis. plant cells can efficiently remove the acetyl groups of 3-adon, but the underlying genes are yet unknown. we therefore performed a study of the family of candidate carboxylesterases (cxe) genes of th ...201526712789
characterization of a novel single-stranded rna virus, closely related to fusariviruses, infecting the plant pathogenic fungus alternaria brassicicola.the alternaria blackspot of rapeseed is one of the most prominent diseases of rapeseed. it is caused by three species of the genus alternaria: alternaria brassicicola, alternaria brassicae, and alternaria raphanin. here we report a novel positive-sense rna virus from an a. brassicicola strain 817-14. the virus has a 6639 nucleotide (nt) long genome, excluding a poly (a)-tail, and was predicted to contain three putative open reading frames (orf1, orf2, and orf3). the large orf1 encoded a 174-kda ...201626707921
effect of natural compounds on fusarium graminearum complex.a search is underway for new solutions to counter farm loss caused by fungal contamination of grains, since the active agents of fungicides can remain in the environment and contribute to the development of resistant and toxigenic species. in this study, the antifungal activity of natural compounds (γ-oryzanol, phenolic extract of neem seeds and of rice bran) was assessed on three toxigenic strains of fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat, rice and barley. their efficacy was compared to that ...201626699689
host-preferential fusarium graminearum gene expression during infection of wheat, barley, and maize.fusarium graminearum is a broad host pathogen threatening cereal crops in temperate regions around the world. to better understand how f. graminearum adapts to different hosts, we have performed a comparison of the transcriptome of a single strain of f. graminearum during early infection (up to 4 d post-inoculation) of barley, maize, and wheat using custom oligomer microarrays. our results showed high similarity between f. graminearum transcriptomes in infected wheat and barley spike tissues. qu ...201626693688
structure-function characterization reveals new catalytic diversity in the galactose oxidase and glyoxal oxidase family.alcohol oxidases, including carbohydrate oxidases, have a long history of research that has generated fundamental biological understanding and biotechnological applications. despite a long history of study, the galactose 6-oxidase/glyoxal oxidase family of mononuclear copper-radical oxidases, auxiliary activity family 5 (aa5), is currently represented by only very few characterized members. here we report the recombinant production and detailed structure-function analyses of two homologues from ...201526680532
hydroxylation of longiborneol by a clm2-encoded cyp450 monooxygenase to produce culmorin in fusarium graminearum.a second structural gene required for culmorin biosynthesis in the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum is described. clm2 encodes a regio- and stereoselective cytochrome p450 monooxygenase for c-11 of longiborneol (1). clm2 gene disruptants were grown in liquid culture and assessed for culmorin production via hplc-evaporative light scattering detection. the analysis indicated a complete loss of culmorin (2) from the liquid culture of the δclm2 mutants. culmorin production resumed in a δclm2 comp ...201626673640
identification of putative phosphoproteins in wheat spikes induced by fusarium graminearum.phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events were initiated in wheat scab resistance. the putative fhb-responsive phosphoproteins are mainly involved in three functional groups and contain at least one tyrosine, serine, or threonine phosphorylation site. fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum, is a severe disease in wheat. protein phosphorylation plays an important role in plant-pathogen interactions, however, a global analysis of protein phosphorylation in response to fhb in ...201626669597
antifungal saponins from the maya medicinal plant cestrum schlechtendahlii g. don (solanaceae).bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract (80% etoh) of the leaves of cestrum schlechtendahlii, a plant used by q'eqchi' maya healers for treatment of athlete's foot, resulted in the isolation and identification of two spirostanol saponins (1 and 2). structure elucidation by ms, 1d-nmr, and 2d-nmr spectroscopic methods identified them to be the known saponin (25r)-1β,2α-dihydroxy-5α-spirostan-3-β-yl-o-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-d-galactopyranoside (1) and new saponin (25r)-1β,2α-dihy ...201626666462
fgmon1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor of fgrab7, is important for vacuole fusion, autophagy and plant infection in fusarium graminearum.the ccz1-mon1 protein complex, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (gef) of the late endosomal rab7 homolog ypt7, is required for the late step of multiple vacuole delivery pathways, such as cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (cvt) pathway and autophagy processes. here, we identified and characterized the yeast mon1 homolog in fusarium graminearum, named fgmon1. fgmon1 encodes a trafficking protein and is well conserved in filamentous fungi. targeted gene deletion showed that the ∆fgmon1 mutant w ...201526657788
is the fgap1 mediated response to oxidative stress chemotype dependent in fusarium graminearum?this study aims to compare the role of the transcription factor fgap1 in oxidative stress response for two fusarium graminearum strains belonging to the two chemotypes don/adon and niv/fx. while the response to h2o2 was shown to be chemotype dependent, an opposite result was observed for diamide: whatever the chemotype, the global level of tctb (i.e. trichothecene b) production was strongly increased by the treatment with diamide. fgap1 was shown to be involved in this regulation for both chemot ...201626656279
extracellular peptidases of the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum.the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum (fgr) creates economic and health risks in cereals agriculture. fgr causes head blight (or scab) of wheat and stalk rot of corn, reducing yield, degrading grain quality, and polluting downstream food products with mycotoxins. fungal plant pathogens must secrete proteases to access nutrition and to breakdown the structural protein component of the plant cell wall. research into the proteolytic activity of fgr is hindered by the complex nature of th ...201526635820
germination of fusarium graminearum ascospores and wheat infection are affected by dry periods and by temperature and humidity during dry periods.the effects of temperature and relative humidity (rh) on germination of fusarium graminearum ascospores, and of dry periods (dp) of different lengths and of temperature and rh during dp on ascospore survival were studied both in vitro and in planta. optimal temperatures for ascospore germination at 100% rh were 20 and 25°c; germination was ≤5% when ascospores were incubated at 20°c and rh ≤ 93.5%. viable ascospores were found at all tested combinations of dp duration (0 to 48 h) × temperature (5 ...201626623994
chemical constituents of the mangrove-associated fungus capnodium sp. sz-f22. a new eremophilane sesquiterpene.a new eremophilane sesquiterpene, capnodiumone (1), along with five known eremophilane sesquiterpenes (2-6) and eight other compounds (7-14), have been isolated from a mangrove-associated fungus capnodium sp. sz-f22. the chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. the broth extract of the fungus exhibited a good inhibitory effect on the mycelium growth against fusarium graminearum at 100 μg/ml, however, all the 14 compounds showed no expected antifungal ...201626615670
identification of regulated proteins in naked barley grains (hordeum vulgare nudum) after fusarium graminearum infection at different grain ripening stages.we analyzed the effect of fusarium graminearum infection on field-grown naked barley (hordeum vulgare nudum). the ears were inoculated with f. graminearum spores during anthesis. in the course of ripening, grains in five phenological growth stages of naked barley from milk ripe to plant death were sampled. the albumin and globulin proteins of inoculated grains and untreated (control) grains were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. forty-five spots composing of proteins that were ch ...201626612662
fgnoxr, a regulatory subunit of nadph oxidases, is required for female fertility and pathogenicity in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is a filamentous fungal pathogen that causes wheat fusarium head blight. in this study, we identified fgnoxr, a regulatory subunit of nadph oxidases (nox) in f. graminearum, and found that it plays an important role in the pathogenicity of f. graminearum. fgnoxr is localized on punctate structures throughout the cytoplasm in aerial hyphae while these structures tend to accumulate at or near the plasma membrane, septa and hyphal tips in germinated conidia. deletion of the fgn ...201626607286
genome-wide analysis of fusarium graminearum field populations reveals hotspots of recombination.fusarium graminearum (fg) is a ubiquitous pathogen of wheat, barley and maize causing fusarium head blight. large annual yield losses and contamination of foodstuffs with harmful mycotoxins make fg one of the most-studied plant pathogens. analyses of natural field populations can lead to a better understanding of the evolutionary processes affecting this pathogen. restriction site associated dna sequencing (radseq) was used to conduct population genomics analyses including 213 pathogen isolates ...201526602546
fungal diversity and natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in freshly harvested wheat grains from brazil.this study investigated the fungal diversity and presence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in 150 samples of freshly harvested wheat grains collected in three regions of brazil (sao paulo, parana, and rio grande do sul). analysis of the mycobiota showed a predominance of alternaria sp., fusarium sp. and epicoccum sp. microdochium nivale (23%), a fungus rarely found in brazilian crops, was detected in sao paulo. four members of the fusarium graminearum species complex were isolated: f. graminear ...201626593513
a fusarium graminearum strain-comparative proteomic approach identifies regulatory changes triggered by agmatine.plant pathogens face different environmental clues depending on the stage of the infection cycle they are in. fusarium graminearum infects small grain cereals producing trichothecenes type b (tb) that act as virulence factor in the interaction with the plant and have important food safety implications. this study addresses at the proteomic level the effect of an environmental stimulus (such as the presence of a polyamine like agmatine) possibly encountered by the fungus when it is already within ...201626585460
mycotoxins are a component of fusarium graminearum stress-response system. 201526583017
the piriformospora indica effector piin_08944 promotes the mutualistic sebacinalean symbiosis.pathogenic and mutualistic microbes actively suppress plant defense by secreting effector proteins to manipulate the host responses for their own benefit. current knowledge about fungal effectors has been mainly derived from biotrophic and hemibiotrophic plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes with restricted host range. we studied colonization strategies of the root endophytic basidiomycete piriformospora indica that colonizes a wide range of plant species thereby establishing long-term mutualisti ...201526579156
wheat blast and fusarium head blight display contrasting interaction patterns on ears of wheat genotypes differing in resistance.the interaction of wheat with two ear pathogens, magnaporthe wheat blast (mwb) and fusarium graminearum (fusarium head blight, fhb), was studied on the phenotypic, histological, and gene expression level. most of the 27 wheat cultivars inoculated with mwb and f. graminearum displayed inverse disease responses to blast and fhb infection. two cultivars, milan and sumai 3, were selected expressing converse disease phenotypes to blast (milan, r)/(sumai 3, s) and fhb (milan, s)/(sumai 3, r). confocal ...201626574785
triterpenoids from the herbs of salicornia bigelovii.a new nortriterpene saponin, 3-o-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl-30-norolean-12,20(29)-dien-23- oxo-28-oic acid, namely bigelovii d (11), was isolated from the hydroalcoholic extract of herbs of salicornia bigelovii along with 10 known saponins (1-10). their chemical structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic analyses including two-dimensional nmr and a comparison with literature data. some of these compounds showed potent antifungal activities in vitro. compounds 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10 and 11 d ...201526569214
acetohydroxyacid synthase fgilv2 and fgilv6 are involved in bcaa biosynthesis, mycelial and conidial morphogenesis, and full virulence in fusarium graminearum.in this study, we characterized fgilv2 and fgilv6, the catalytic and regulatory subunits of acetohydroxyacid synthase (ahas) from the important wheat head scab fungus fusarium graminearum. ahas catalyzes the first common step in the parallel pathways toward branched-chain amino acids (bcaas: isoleucine, leucine, valine) and is the inhibitory target of several commercialized herbicides. both fgilv2 and fgilv6 deletion mutants were bcaa-auxotrophic and showed reduced aerial hyphal growth and red p ...201526552344
pam: particle automata model in simulation of fusarium graminearum pathogen expansion.the multi-scale nature and inherent complexity of biological systems are a great challenge for computer modeling and classical modeling paradigms. we present a novel particle automata modeling metaphor in the context of developing a 3d model of fusarium graminearum infection in wheat. the system consisting of the host plant and fusarium pathogen cells can be represented by an ensemble of discrete particles defined by a set of attributes. the cells-particles can interact with each other mimicking ...201626549468
transcriptome analysis of wheat inoculated with fusarium graminearum.plants are frequently exposed to microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and viruses that cause biotic stresses. fusarium head blight (fhb) is an economically risky wheat disease, which occurs upon fusarium graminearum (fg) infection. moderately susceptible (cv. "mizrak 98") and susceptible (cv. "gun 91") winter type bread wheat cultivars were subjected to transcriptional profiling after exposure to fg infection. to examine the early response to the pathogen in wheat, we measured gene expression al ...201526539199
genome-wide analysis of small secreted cysteine-rich proteins identifies candidate effector proteins potentially involved in fusarium graminearum-wheat interactions.pathogen-derived, small secreted cysteine-rich proteins (sscps) are known to be a common source of fungal effectors that trigger resistance or susceptibility in specific host plants. this group of proteins has not been well studied in fusarium graminearum, the primary cause of fusarium head blight (fhb), a devastating disease of wheat. we report here a comprehensive analysis of sscps encoded in the genome of this fungus and selection of candidate effector proteins through proteomics and sequence ...201626524547
the abc transporter abcg29 is involved in h2o2 tolerance and biocontrol traits in the fungus clonostachys rosea.for successful biocontrol interactions, biological control organisms must tolerate toxic metabolites produced by themselves or plant pathogens during mycoparasitic/antagonistic interactions, by host plant during colonization of the plant, and xenobiotics present in the environment. atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters can play a significant role in tolerance of toxic compounds by mediating active transport across the cellular membrane. this paper reports on functional characterization of an a ...201626520102
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